Clubmosses

Classification

The rank and name used for the taxon holding the extant lycophytes (and their closest extinct relatives) varies widely. Table 1 below shows some of the highest ranks that have been used. Systems may use taxa at a rank lower than the highest given in the table with the same circumscription; for example, a system that uses Lycopodiophyta as the highest ranked taxon may place all of its members in a single subclass.

Some systems use a higher rank for a more broadly defined taxon of lycophytes that includes some extinct groups more distantly related to extant lycophytes, such as the zosterophylls. For example, Kenrick & Crane (1997) use the subdivision Lycophytina for this purpose, with all extant lycophytes falling within the class Lycopsida.^[4] Other sources exclude the zosterophylls from any "lycophyte" taxon.^[7]

In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the three orders are placed in a single class, Lycopodiopsida, holding all extant lycophyte species. Older systems have used either three classes, one for each order, or two classes, recognizing the closer relationship between Isoetales and Selaginellales. In these cases, a higher ranked taxon is needed to contain the classes (see Table 1). As Table 2 shows, the names "Lycopodiopsida" and "Isoetopsida" are both ambiguous.

Subdivisions

The PPG I system divides up the extant lycophytes as shown below.

Class Lycopodiopsida Bartl. (3 orders)

Order Lycopodiales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1 extant family)

Family Lycopodiaceae P.Beauv. (16 extant genera)

Order Isoetales Prantl (1 extant family)

Family Isoetaceae Dumort. (1 extant genus)

Order Selaginellales Prantl (1 extant family)

Family Selaginellaceae Willk (1 extant genus)

Some extinct groups, such as zosterophylls, fall outside the limits of the taxon as defined by the classifications in Table 1 above. However, other extinct groups fall within some circumscriptions of this taxon. Taylor et al. (2009) and Mauseth (2014) include a number of extinct orders in their division (phylum) Lycophyta, although they differ on the placement of some genera.^[7]^[5] The orders included by Taylor et al. are:^[7]

Order †Drepanophycales (including Baragwanathia, Drepanophycus and Asteroxylon)
Order †Protolepidodendrales
Order †Lepidodendrales
Order †Pleuromeiales

Mauseth uses the order †Asteroxylales, placing Baragwanathia in the Protolepidodendrales.^[5]

The relationship between some of these extinct groups and the extant ones was investigated by Kenrick and Crane in 1997. When the genera they used are assigned to orders, their suggested relationship is:^[14]

†Drepanophycales (†Asteroxylon, †Baragwanathia, †Drepanophycus)

Lycopodiales

†Protolepidodendrales (†Leclercqia, †Minarodendron)

Selaginellales (Selaginella, including subg. Stachygynandrum and subg. Tetragonostachys)

Isoetales (Isoetes)

†Lepidodendrales (†Paralycopodites)

Evolution

Artist's impression of a Lepidodendron

External impression of Lepidodendron from the Upper Carboniferous of Ohio

Axis (branch) from Archaeosigillaria or related lycopod from the Middle Devonian of Wisconsin

The Lycopodiopsida are distinguished from other vascular plants by the possession of microphylls and by their sporangia, which are lateral as opposed to terminal and which open (dehisce) transversely rather than longitudinally. In some groups, the sporangia are borne on sporophylls that are clustered into strobili. Phylogenetic analysis shows the group branching off at the base of the evolution of vascular plants and they have a long evolutionary history. Fossils are abundant worldwide, especially in coal deposits. Fossils that can be ascribed to the Lycopodiopsida first appear in the Silurian period, along with a number of other vascular plants. The Silurian Baragwanathia longifolia is one of the earliest identifiable species. Lycopodolica is another Silurian genus which appears to be an early member of this group.^[15] The group evolved roots independently from the rest of the vascular plants.^[16]^[17]

From the Devonian onwards, some species grew large and tree-like. Devonian fossil trees from Svalbard, growing in equatorial regions, raise the possibility that they drew down enough carbon dioxide to change the earth's climate significantly.^[18] During the Carboniferous, tree-like forms (such as Lepidodendron and other "scale-trees" of the order Lepidodendrales) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape. Unlike modern trees, leaves grew out of the entire surface of the trunk and branches, but fell off as the plant grew, leaving only a small cluster of leaves at the top. The trees are marked with diamond-shaped scars where they once had leaves. Quillworts (order Isoetales) and Selaginella are considered their closest extant relatives and share some unusual features with these fossil trees, including the development of both bark, cambium and wood, a modified shoot system acting as roots, bipolar and secondary growth, and an upright stance.^[2]^[19] The remains of scale-trees formed many fossil coal deposits. In Fossil Park, Glasgow, Scotland, fossilized lycophyte trees can be found in sandstone.

The Lycopodiopsida had their maximum diversity in the Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), particularly tree-like Lepidodendron and Sigillaria that dominated tropical wetlands. The complex ecology of these tropical rainforests collapsed during the Middle Pennsylvanian due to a change in climate.^[20] In Euramerica, tree-like species apparently became extinct in the Late Pennsylvanian, as a result of a transition to a much drier climate, giving way to conifers, ferns and horsetails. In Cathaysia (now South China), tree-like species survived into the Permian. Nevertheless, lycopodiopsids are rare in the Lopingian (latest Permian), but regained dominance in the Induan (earliest Triassic), particularly Pleuromeia. After the worldwide Permian–Triassic extinction event, members of this group pioneered the repopulation of habitats as opportunistic plants. The heterogeneity of the terrestrial plant communities increased markedly during the Middle Triassic when plant groups like horsetails, ferns, pteridosperms, cycads, ginkgos and conifers resurfaced and diversified quickly.^[21]

Microbial associations

Lycophytes form associations with microbes such as fungi and bacteria, including arbuscular mycorrhizal and endophytic associations.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations have been characterized in all stages of the lycophyte lifecycle: mycoheterotrophic gametophyte, photosynthetic surface-dwelling gametophyte, young sporophyte, and mature sporophyte.^[3] Arbuscular mycorrhizae have been found in Selaginella spp. roots and vesicles.^[22]

During the mycoheterotrophic gametophyte lifecycle stage, lycophytes gain all of their carbon from subterranean glomalean fungi. In other plant taxa, glomalean networks transfer carbon from neighboring plants to mycoheterotrophic gametophytes. Something similar could be occurring in Huperzia hypogeae gametophytes which associate with the same glomalean phenotypes as nearby Huperzia hypogeae sporophytes.^[3]

Fungal endophytes have been found in many species of lycophyte, however the function of these endophytes in host plant biology is not known. Endophytes of other plant taxa perform roles such as improving plant competitive fitness, conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, promoting plant growth through phytohormone production or production of limiting nutrients.^[23] However, some endophytic fungi in lycophytes do produce medically relevant compounds. Shiraia sp Slf14 is an endophytic fungus present in Huperzia serrata that produces Huperzine A, a biomedical compound which has been approved as a drug in China and a dietary supplement in the U.S. to treat Alzheimer's Disease.^[24] This fungal endophyte can be cultivated much more easily and on a much larger scale than H. serrata itself which could increase the availability of Huperzine A as a medicine.

Uses

The spores of lycopods are highly flammable and so have been used in fireworks.^[25] Lycopodium powder, the dried spores of the common clubmoss, was used in Victorian theater to produce flame-effects. A blown cloud of spores burned rapidly and brightly, but with little heat. (It was considered safe by the standards of the time.)

References

^ Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems
^ ^a ^b Awasthi, D.K. (2009). "7.21". Cryptogams (Algae, Bryophyta and Pterldophyta). Meerut, India: Krishna Prakashan Media. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c Winther, J.L. & Friedman, W.E. (2008). "Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Lycopodicaceae". New Phytologist. 177 (3): 790–801. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02276.x. PMID 17971070.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997a). The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-730-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mauseth, James D. (2014). Botany : An introduction to Plant Biology (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-6580-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009). Paleobotany : The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8.
^ Niklas, Karl J. (2016). "Table 0.1". Plant Evolution: An Introduction to the History of Life. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-34214-6. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
^ Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D. & Kirk, Paul M. (2015). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521.
^ Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997b). "The origin and early evolution of plants on land". Nature. 389 (6646): 33–39. Bibcode:1997Natur.389...33K. doi:10.1038/37918. S2CID 3866183.
^ Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 122–127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x.
^ Baillie, Jonathan; Hilton-Taylor, Craig & Stuart, S.N. (2004). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: A Global Species Assessment. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN—The World Conservation Union. p. 27. ISBN 978-2-8317-0826-3. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
^ Yatsentyuk, S.P.; Valiejo-Roman, K.M.; Samigullin, T.H.; Wilkström, N.; Troitsky, A.V. (2001). "Evolution of Lycopodiaceae Inferred from Spacer Sequencing of Chloroplast rRNA Genes". Russian Journal of Genetics. 37 (9): 1068–1073. doi:10.1023/A:1011969716528. S2CID 22187626.
^ Kenrick & Crane (1997a), p. 239.
^ Raymond, A.; Gensel, P. & Stein, W.E. (2006). "Phytogeography of Late Silurian macrofloras". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 142 (3–4): 165–192. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.02.005.
^ Hetherington, A.J. & Dolan, L. (2018). "Stepwise and independent origins of roots among land plants". Nature. 561 (7722): 235–239. Bibcode:2018Natur.561..235H. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0445-z. PMC 6175059. PMID 30135586.
^ Hetherington, A.J. & Dolan, L. (2019). "Rhynie chert fossils demonstrate the independent origin and gradual evolution of lycophyte roots". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 47: 119–126. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2018.12.001. PMID 30562673. S2CID 56476813.
^ "Tropical fossil forests unearthed in Arctic Norway".
^ Stewart, Wilson N. & Rothwell, Gar W. (1993). Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–153. ISBN 978-0-521-38294-6.
^ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica". Geology. 38 (12): 1079–1082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1.
^ Moisan, Philippe & Voigt, Sebastian (2013). "Lycopsids from the Madygen Lagerstätte (Middle to Late Triassic, Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 192: 42–64. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.12.003.
^ Lara-Pérez, L.A. & Valdés-Baizabal, M.D. (2015). "Mycorrhizal associations of ferns and lycopods of central Veracruz, Mexico". Symbiosis. 65 (2): 85–92. doi:10.1007/s13199-015-0320-8. S2CID 8550654.
^ Bacon, C.W. & Hinton, D.M. (2007). "Bacterial endophytes: the endophytic niche, its occupants, and its utility". In Gnanamanickam, S.S. (ed.). Plant-Associated Bacteria. Dorcrecht: Springer. pp. 155–194.
^ Zhu, D. (2010). "A novel endophytic Huperzine A-producing fungus, Shirai sp. Slf14, isolated from Huperzia serrata". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 109 (4): 1469–1478. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04777.x. PMID 20602655. S2CID 43582152.
^ Cobb, B. & Foster, L.L. (1956). A Field Guide to Ferns and their related families: Northeastern and Central North America with a section on species also found in the British Isles and Western Europe. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 215.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lycopodiopsida&oldid=1154319532"

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Lycopodiopsida: Brief Summary

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Lycopodiopsida is a class of vascular plants known as lycopods, lycophytes or other terms including the component lyco-. Members of the class are also called clubmosses, firmosses, spikemosses and quillworts. They have dichotomously branching stems bearing simple leaves called microphylls and reproduce by means of spores borne in sporangia on the sides of the stems at the bases of the leaves. Although living species are small, during the Carboniferous, extinct tree-like forms (Lepidodendrales) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape and contributed to coal deposits.

The nomenclature and classification of plants with microphylls varies substantially among authors. A consensus classification for extant (living) species was produced in 2016 by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG I), which places them all in the class Lycopodiopsida, which includes the classes Isoetopsida and Selaginellopsida used in other systems. (See .) Alternative classification systems have used ranks from division (phylum) to subclass. In the PPG I system, the class is divided into three orders, Lycopodiales, Isoetales and Selaginellales.

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Lycopsida ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lycopsida o Lycopodiopsida es una clase de plantas pteridofitas que agrupa a todos los miembros vivientes de la división Lycophyta, un grupo antiguo y basal de plantas vasculares. El término Lycopodiidae pertenece a la categoría taxonómica de subclase en la moderna clasificación de Christenhusz et al. 2011.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Filogenia

Los licopodios actuales se relacionan del siguiente modo:

Lycopsida  

Isoëtales

Lycopsida se origina y se diversifica en varios órdenes durante el Devónico.^[6] Tomando en cuenta los grupos extintos, se postula la siguiente filogenia:^[7] ^[8]

Lycophyta  

Zosterophyllopsida † (P)

  Lycopsida  

Drepanophycales †

Protolepidodendrales †

Lepidodendrales †

Pleuromeiales †

Taxonomía

Introducción teórica en Taxonomía

La clasificación más actualizada es la de Christenhusz et al. 2011^[1]^[2]^[3] (basada en Smith et al. 2006,^[4] 2008^[5]); que también provee una secuencia lineal de las licofitas y monilofitas.

Subclase I. Lycopodiidae Bek., Kurs Bot. 1: 115 (1863).
Sinónimos: Selaginellidae Knobl. in J.E.B.Warming, Handb. Syst. Bot .: 157 (1890). Isoëtidae Reveal, Phytologia 79: 70 (1996).
- Orden A. Lycopodiales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl, P řir. Rostlin: 272 (1820).
  1 familia.
  - Familia 1. Lycopodiaceae P.Beauv. ex Mirb. in Lam. & Mirb., Hist. Nat. Vég. 4: 293 (1802).
    
    Sinónimos: Phylloglossaceae Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlín) 1: 722 (1843). Huperziaceae Rothm., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 66: 236 (1962).
    
    1–3 géneros, quizás más. (Huperzia Bernh., Lycopodiella Holub, Lycopodium L., el género Phylloglossum Kunze está incluido en Huperzia (Wikström & Kenrick 1997) ) Referencias: DiMichele & Skog (1992), Herter (1949–1950), Markham et al. (1983), Øllgaard (1975, 1979, 1987, 1990), Wagner (1992), Wikström (1999), Wikström et al. (1999).
- Orden B. Isoëtales Prantl, Lehrb. Bot.: 116 (1874).
- Géneros de posición taxonómica desconocida: †Clevelandodendron, †Isoetites, †Nathorstianella, †Otzinachsonia, †Pleuromeia, †Porostrobus, †Wexfordia
  1 familia viva
  - Familia 2. Isoëtaceae Reichenb., Bot. Damen : 309 (1828).
    1 género Isoëtes. Referencias: Hoot et al. (2004, 2006), Rydin & Wikström (2002), Schuettpelz & Hoot (2006), Taylor & Hickey (1992), Taylor et al. (2004).
  2 familias extintas
  - Familia: †Chaloneriaceae
    - 4 géneros: †Bodeodendron, †Chaloneria, †Polysporia, †Sporangiostrobus
  - Familia: †Nathorstianaceae
    - 1 género :†Nathorstiana
- Orden C. Selaginellales Prantl, Lehrb. Bot.: 116 (1874).
  1 familia.
  - Familia 3. Selaginellaceae Willk., Anleit. Stud. Bot. 2: 163 (1854).
    1 género (Selaginella). Referencias: Korall & Kenrick (2004), Korall et al. (1999).

Referencias

↑ ^a ^b ^c Christenhusz et al. 2011. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns. Phytotaxa 19: 7-54.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Preface to “Linear sequence, classification, synonymy, and bibliography of vascular plants: Lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms” http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p006.pdf
↑ ^a ^b ^c Corrections to Phytotaxa 19: Linear sequence of lycophytes and ferns http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00028p052.pdf
↑ ^a ^b A. R. Smith, K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider, P. G. Wolf. 2006. "A classification for extant ferns". Taxon 55(3), 705-731 ( pdf)
↑ ^a ^b Smith, A.R., Pryer, K.M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P., Schneider, H., & Wolf, P.G. (2008) Fern classification, pp. 417–467 en: Ranker, T.A., & Haufler, C.H. (eds.), Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge , Cambridge University Press.
↑ E. Taylor, T. Taylor, M. Krings 2009, Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants.
↑ Jason Hilton & Richard M. Bateman 2006, Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133(1):119-168.
↑ Kathy Willis & Jennifer McElwain 2002-2014, The Evolution of Plants. 3. The colonization of land. Oxford UP

Datos: Q1149748
Multimedia:
Especies: Lycopodiopsida

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Lycopsida: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lycopsida o Lycopodiopsida es una clase de plantas pteridofitas que agrupa a todos los miembros vivientes de la división Lycophyta, un grupo antiguo y basal de plantas vasculares. El término Lycopodiidae pertenece a la categoría taxonómica de subclase en la moderna clasificación de Christenhusz et al. 2011.

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Kollad ( Estonian )

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Kollad ehk pärisraikad (Lycopodiopsida) on soontaimede klass.

Seltse:

Lycopodiales
Drepanophycales †

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Liekomaiset (luokka) ( Finnish )

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Liekomaiset (Lycopodiopsida, synon. Lycopsida) on sanikkaisiin kuuluva luokka. Sen taksonomisesta luokittelusta on käyty keskusteluja. Integrated Taxonomic Information System ITIS:in mukaan luokkaan kuuluu kolme lahkoa: Isoetales, Lycopodiales ja Selaginellales. Kuhunkin näistä lahkoista kuuluu vain yksi heimo. ^[2]

Liekomaiset muistuttavat varhaisimpia putkilokasveja; niitä voi pitää elävinä fossiileina. Liekomaisia oli runsaasti kivihiilikaudella.^[3]

Lähteet

↑ Tirri, R., Lehtonen, J., Lemmetyinen, R., Pihakaski, S. & Portin, P.: Biologian sanakirja. (suomenkieliset nimet). Helsinki: Otava, 2001. ISBN 951-1-17618-8.
↑ ITIS
↑ PEDA

Tämä kasveihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.

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Liekomaiset (luokka): Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Liekomaiset (Lycopodiopsida, synon. Lycopsida) on sanikkaisiin kuuluva luokka. Sen taksonomisesta luokittelusta on käyty keskusteluja. Integrated Taxonomic Information System ITIS:in mukaan luokkaan kuuluu kolme lahkoa: Isoetales, Lycopodiales ja Selaginellales. Kuhunkin näistä lahkoista kuuluu vain yksi heimo.

Liekomaiset muistuttavat varhaisimpia putkilokasveja; niitä voi pitää elävinä fossiileina. Liekomaisia oli runsaasti kivihiilikaudella.

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Lycopodiopsida ( French )

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Les Lycopodiopsida sont une classe de végétaux.

Liste des sous-classes et des ordres

Selon BioLib (25 avril 2019)^[1] :

ordre des Drepanophycales Pichi-Sermolli, 1958 †
ordre des Isoetales Prantl
ordre des Lepidocarpales †
ordre des Lepidodendrales †
ordre des Lycopodiales DC. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
ordre des Miadesmiales †
ordre des Pleuromeiales †
ordre des Protolepidodendrales †
ordre des Selaginellales Prantl

Selon Catalogue of Life (25 avril 2019)^[2], NCBI (25 avril 2019)^[3] et World Register of Marine Species (25 avril 2019)^[4] :

ordre des Isoetales Prantl, 1874
ordre des Lycopodiales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl, 1820
ordre des Selaginellales Prantl, 1874

Selon ITIS (25 avril 2019)^[5] :

sous-classe des Lycopodiidae

Notes et références

↑ BioLib, consulté le 25 avril 2019
↑ Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 25 avril 2019
↑ NCBI, consulté le 25 avril 2019
↑ World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 25 avril 2019
↑ Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 25 avril 2019

Références taxinomiques

(en) Référence BioLib : Lycopodiopsida Bartl. (consulté le 25 avril 2019)
(en) Référence Catalogue of Life : Lycopodiopsida (consulté le 11 décembre 2020)
(fr+en) Référence ITIS : Lycopodiopsida (consulté le 25 avril 2019)
(en) Référence NCBI : Lycopodiopsida Lycopodiidae Bek., 1863 (taxons inclus) (consulté le 25 avril 2019)
(en) Référence Tree of Life Web Project : Lycopodiopsida (consulté le 25 avril 2019)
(en) Référence uBio : Lycopodiopsida Bartl. class. (consulté le 25 avril 2019)
(en) Référence World Register of Marine Species : taxon Lycopodiopsida (+ liste ordres + liste familles) (consulté le 25 avril 2019)

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Lycopodiopsida: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Lycopodiopsida sont une classe de végétaux.

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Garbhógach ( Irish )

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Planda a tháirgeann spóir, gaolta le raithneach is eireaball capaill. An gas fada, ag cur géag amach go rialta, cumhdaithe le cuid mhaith duilleog beag. Spóragáin in ascaillí na nduilleog, eagraithe go minic i strobalas foirceanta cónchruthach. Faightear i ngach áit é, beagnach, agus an-chuid i bhfraochmhánna is gnáthóga cosúla. Níl beo anois ach garbhógach, caonach spícíneach, agus lus an chleite, baill de ghrúpa ársa, Lycopsida, a bhí ilghnéitheach, fiú le foirmeacha ar dhéanamh crainn, sa tréimhse Charbónmhar, a bhfaightear iontaisí díobh go minic.

Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.

Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.

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Crvotočnice ( Croatian )

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Crvotočnice (crvotočine, lat. Lycopodiopsida), jedan od razreda papratnjača u koje su tradicionalno svrstavane sa pravim papratima (Polypodiopsida, Filicatae), preslicama (Equisetatae) i izumrlim razredom psilofite (Psilophytatae), s kojima čine odjeljak nižih vaskularnih stablašica.

Crvotočnice su dana podijeljene na redove Lycopodiales koji ime nosi po rodu crvotočina ili prečica (Lycopodium), Isoetales sa rodom črnovka i Selaginellales sa rodom selagina (Selaginella) ^[1]

Crvotočnice su zeljasto bilje dijelom izosporne (Lycopodiales), dijelom heterosporne (Selaginellales i Isoetales).

Rod Lycopodium kojemu pripada i vrsta kijačasta prečica pospješuje izlučivanje mokračne kiseline, te se koristi u liječenju gihta. Zbog toga što joj spore lako izgaraju u srednjem vijeku su korištene za postizanje pirotehničkih efekata, a kasnije i za stvaranje bljeska prilikom fotografiranja.^[2]

Redovi

Isoetales Prantl
Lycopodiales DC. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Selaginellales Prantl
Drepanophycales †
Lepidocarpales †
Lepidodendrales †
Pleuromeiales †
Protolepidodendrales †
Protolepidophytales †

Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Crvotočnice

Wikivrste imaju podatke o: Lycopodiopsida

Izvori

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Crvotočnice: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Crvotočnice (crvotočine, lat. Lycopodiopsida), jedan od razreda papratnjača u koje su tradicionalno svrstavane sa pravim papratima (Polypodiopsida, Filicatae), preslicama (Equisetatae) i izumrlim razredom psilofite (Psilophytatae), s kojima čine odjeljak nižih vaskularnih stablašica.

Crvotočnice su dana podijeljene na redove Lycopodiales koji ime nosi po rodu crvotočina ili prečica (Lycopodium), Isoetales sa rodom črnovka i Selaginellales sa rodom selagina (Selaginella)

Crvotočnice su zeljasto bilje dijelom izosporne (Lycopodiales), dijelom heterosporne (Selaginellales i Isoetales).

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Lycopodiopsida ( Indonesian )

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Lycopodiopsida mencakup berbagai jenis tumbuhan berpembuluh berspora dengan struktur pembuluh yang primitif dengan daun yang sempit dan cenderung duduk. Dalam klasifikasi tumbuhan versi awal yang diajarkan di tingkat sekolah menengah, paku kawat ditempatkan bersama-sama dengan rane ke dalam kelas Lycopodiinae^[1]. Menurut sistem klasifikasi masa kini, yang memasukkan informasi pendukung dari data molekuler, rane dipisahkan ke dalam kelas Isoetopsida, bersama-sama dengan Isoetes.

Di dalam sistematika tumbuhan yang dianut banyak peneliti (lihat Smith et al. 2006^[2]), paku kawat tidak lagi dimasukkan ke dalam kelompok paku-pakuan sejati (divisi Pteridophyta arti sempit, sensu stricto) melainkan ke dalam divisi tersendiri untuk menghindari terbentuknya pengelompokan yang parafiletik.

Anggota-anggota Lycopodiopsida mempunyai daun yang sempit dan duduk, sehingga terkadang mirip rambut keras atau sisik. Paku ini juga memiliki batang yang kaku seperti kawat. Karena itulah paku ini sering disebut sebagai paku kawat. Pada beberapa jenis, daunnya mempunyai lidah-lidah (ligula). Sporangium pada Lycopodiopsida tersusun dalam strobilus dan terbentuk di ujung cabang.

Lycopodiopsida memiliki satu bangsa dan satu suku, dengan empat marga yang hidup pada masa kini: Lycopodium, Lycopodiella, Huperzia, dan Phylloglossum. Berbagai spesies fosil anggota kelas ini, yang hidup di Zaman Karbon, telah membentuk batu bara. Contoh-contohnya adalah Asteroxylon dan Drepanophycus.

Referensi

^ Buku sekolah elektronik [Kistinnah, Endang Sri Lestari] (2009). Biologi 1 : Makhluk Hidup dan Lingkungannya Untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. ISBN 978-979-068-129-3 (no. jilid lengkap) / ISBN 978-979-068-131-6. Periksa nilai |author-link1= (bantuan)
^ Smith AR, Pryer KM, Schuettpelz E, Korall P, Schneider H, Wolf PG 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55:705-731.

Artikel bertopik biologi ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

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Lycopodiopsida: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Lycopodiopsida mencakup berbagai jenis tumbuhan berpembuluh berspora dengan struktur pembuluh yang primitif dengan daun yang sempit dan cenderung duduk. Dalam klasifikasi tumbuhan versi awal yang diajarkan di tingkat sekolah menengah, paku kawat ditempatkan bersama-sama dengan rane ke dalam kelas Lycopodiinae. Menurut sistem klasifikasi masa kini, yang memasukkan informasi pendukung dari data molekuler, rane dipisahkan ke dalam kelas Isoetopsida, bersama-sama dengan Isoetes.

Di dalam sistematika tumbuhan yang dianut banyak peneliti (lihat Smith et al. 2006), paku kawat tidak lagi dimasukkan ke dalam kelompok paku-pakuan sejati (divisi Pteridophyta arti sempit, sensu stricto) melainkan ke dalam divisi tersendiri untuk menghindari terbentuknya pengelompokan yang parafiletik.

Lycopodiopsida memiliki satu bangsa dan satu suku, dengan empat marga yang hidup pada masa kini: Lycopodium, Lycopodiella, Huperzia, dan Phylloglossum. Berbagai spesies fosil anggota kelas ini, yang hidup di Zaman Karbon, telah membentuk batu bara. Contoh-contohnya adalah Asteroxylon dan Drepanophycus.

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Pataisainiai ( Lithuanian )

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Pataisainiai (lot. Lycopodiopsida) – augalų (Plantae) karalystės, pataisūnų (Lycopodophyta) skyriaus klasė. Priklauso sporinių induočių grupei.

Šeima.
- Gentis. Padraika (Diphasiastrum)
  - Rūšis. Dvišakė padraika (Diphasiastrum complanatum)
  - Rūšis. Trivarpė padraika (Diphasiastrum tristachyum)

Šeima. Pataisiniai (Lycopodiaceae)
- Gentis. Atgiris (Huperzia)
  - Rūšis. Statusis atgiris (Huperzia selago). Įrašytas į Lietuvos raudonąją knygą. Pav.
- Gentis. Pataisas (Lycopodium)
  - Rūšis. Pataisas varinčius (Lycopodium annotinum)
  - Rūšis. Vaistinis pataisas arba pataisas šarkakojis (Lycopodium clavatum)
- Gentis. Pataisiukas (Lycopodiella)
  - Rūšis. Patvankinis pataisiukas (Lycopodiella inundata) Įrašytas į Lietuvos raudonąją knygą

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Staipekņi ( Latvian )

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Staipekņu klases augi, staipekņi,(latīņu: Lycopodiopsida) ir sporaugu (Pteridophytes) staipekņu nodalījuma (Lycopodiophyta) augi. Mūsdienu staipekņi ir gan staipekņu dzimtas , gan apdziru dzimtas augi, kas pieder staipekņu kārtai (Lycopodiales). Staipekņu klasē ir arī viena aizvēsturiska, izmirusi kārta Drepanophycales.

Zinātnieki uzskata, ka vissenākie vaskulārie augi izskatījās līdzīgi staipekņiem. Tiem bija ložņājoši stublāji ar stāviem zariem, kas bija klāti ar mazām lapiņām, un tie vairojās ar sporām.

Apraksts

Staipekņi ir viengadīgi vai daudzgadīgi mūžzaļi lakstaugi. Tiem ir ložņājošs stumbrs, no kura paceļas vairāki stāvi zari. Uz zariem attīstās iegarenas vārpiņas, kuras sauc par strobiliem. Strobili var veidoties uzreiz zara galā, vai uz pagarināta kātiņa staipekņu dzimtas augiem, bet apdziru dzimtas augiem sporas attīstās lapiņu žāklēs. Strobilos veidojas sporangiji ar sporām. Strobili ir zaļā krāsā, bet pirms sporu izbiršanas tie kļūst dzelteni. Zarus klāj nelielas lapiņas, kas var būt gan īlenveida, lancetiskas vai zvīņveida.^[1] Staipekņi aug ļoti lēni, maksimums pāris centimetrus gadā.^[2]

Dažu staipekņu sugu attīstība no sporas līdz brīdim, kad tas pats var ražot sporas, var ilgt pat 30 gadus, tādēļ visi Latvijā augošie staipekņi ir aizsargājami augi.^[3] Mūsdienās staipekņus, bet biežāk to sporas izmanto homeopātijā un farmakoloģijā. Latvieši senos laikos staipekņu sporas sauca par raganu miltiem.^[4]

Staipekņu kārta

Staipekņu kārtas (Lycopodiales) sistematizācija pēdējos gados ir pārkārtota un pārgrupēta. Šobrīd zinātnieki cenšas staipekņus sagrupēt detalizētāk un ne tik vispārīgi kā tas bija senāk, izmantojot morfoloģiskos un ģenētiskos pētījumus. Līdz ar to apdziras, kas kādreiz piederēja staipekņu dzimtai ir izdalītas atsevišķā apdziru dzimtā (Huperziaceae).

Klasifikācija

klase Staipekņi (Lycopodiopsida)
- Staipekņu kārta (Lycopodiales)
  - Staipekņu dzimta (Lycopodiaceae)
  - Apdziru dzimta (Huperziaceae)
- † kārta Drepanophycales

† izmirusi augu grupa

Atsauces

↑ Staipekņi
↑ «Arhivēta kopija». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2011. gada 27. jūnijā. Skatīts: 2011. gada 27. jūnijā.
↑ V.Baroniņa, I.Lodziņa "Populārzinātniskā Latvijas Sarkanā grāmata", 1992.g., ISBN 5-7966-0544-5
↑ «E-Mistērija». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2010. gada 15. decembrī. Skatīts: 2010. gada 17. martā.

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Staipekņi: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Staipekņu klases augi, staipekņi,(latīņu: Lycopodiopsida) ir sporaugu (Pteridophytes) staipekņu nodalījuma (Lycopodiophyta) augi. Mūsdienu staipekņi ir gan staipekņu dzimtas , gan apdziru dzimtas augi, kas pieder staipekņu kārtai (Lycopodiales). Staipekņu klasē ir arī viena aizvēsturiska, izmirusi kārta Drepanophycales.

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Lycopsida ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Lycopsida vormen een klasse van vaatplanten die de ordes van de Lycopodiales, de Isoetales en de Selaginellales omvat. In de 23e druk van de "Heukels" wordt de naam Lycopsida gebruikt voor de klasse die de wolfsklauwfamilie (Lycopodiaceae) omvat, met vijf soorten in Nederland, alsook de biesvarenfamilie (Isoetaceae), met twee soorten in Nederland.

De familie Lycopodiaceae wordt geplaatst in de orde Lycopodiales, terwijl de Isoetaceae geplaatst wordt in de orde Isoetales. Bij deze groep hoort ook Selaginella, die niet van nature in Nederland en België voorkomt, en die ingedeeld wordt in de orde Selaginellales.

In andere literatuur wordt de groep ook wel onder andere namen behandeld, al dan niet in een andere rang. Dergelijke andere namen die gebruikt worden zijn Lycophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Lycopodiopsida. Hierbij is

Lycophyta een beschrijvende plantennaam die in elke rang (boven die van familie) gebruikt mag worden.
Lycopodiophyta een naam in de rang van afdeling (divisio of phylum), gevormd uit de familienaam Lycopodiaceae.
Lycopodiopsida een naam in de rang van klasse, gevormd uit de familienaam Lycopodiaceae. Deze naam kan gebruikt worden voor de hele groep, maar, afhankelijk van taxonomisch inzicht, ook voor een deelgroep (binnen de Lycopodiophyta).

Het is een zeer oude groep van planten, die in het verre verleden veel groter was. Uit fossiele vondsten uit het Devoon en Carboon zijn boomgrote vertegenwoordigers bekend, die geplaatst worden in een orde Lepidodendrales, een van de vele ordes met alleen fossiele vertegenwoordigers.

Fylogenetische stamboom van de Tracheophyta, vaatplanten

Embryophyta (landplanten)
- Stam Marchantiophyta (Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977) (→ mossen s.l., bryofyten)
- - Stam Bryophyta (Schimper 1836) (→ mossen s.l., bryofyten)
  - - Stam Anthocerotophyta (Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 1977) (→ mossen s.l., bryofyten)
    - Tracheophyta, vaatplanten
      
      † Rhyniophyta (Banks 1975)^[1]
      
      † Stam Zosterophyllophyta (Banks 1975)
      
      Stam Lycopodophyta (Cronquist & al. 1966)
      
      † Stam Trimerophytophyta (Banks 1975)
      
      Euphyllophyta (Kenrick & Crane 1997)
      
      † Klasse Cladoxylidopsida
      
      † Klasse Coenopteridopsida
      
      Stam Pteridophyta (Schimper 1879), varens
      
      Lignophyta
      
      † Orde Aneurophytales^[2]
      
      † Orde Protopityales^[2]
      
      † Orde Archaeopteridales^[2]
      
      Spermatophyta, zaadplanten
      
      † Klasse Lyginopteridopsida^[3]
      
      † Klasse Medullosopsida^[3]
      
      † Klasse Callistophytopsida^[3]
      
      Klasse Cycadopsida^[4]
      
      † Klasse Peltaspermopsida^[3]
      
      Stam Ginkgophyta^[4]
      
      Stam Gnetophyta^[4]
      
      Stam Coniferophyta^[4]
      
      † Klasse Caytoniopsida^[3]
      
      † Stam Cycadeoidophyta^[4]
      
      Stam Angiospermophyta (Berry 1915), bedektzadigen
      
      basale 'angiosperms'^[5]
      
      'magnoliids', magnoliiden (Magnoliopsida)
      
      Monocotyledoneae ('monocots')
      
      Dicotyledoneae ('eudicots')

een polyfyletische groep

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

↑ Tot de polyfyletische groep van de rhyniofyten behoren † Horneophyton, † Aglaophyton en de † Rhyniales
↑ ^a ^b ^c wordt gerekend tot de parafyletische groep van de progymnospermofyten
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e wordt gerekend tot de parafyletische groep van de zaadvarens
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e wordt gerekend tot de parafyletische groep van de naaktzadigen
↑ tot de polyfyletische groep van de ANA grade behoren: Amborellales, Nymphaeales en Austrobaileyales

Externe links

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Widłaki jednakozarodnikowe ( Polish )

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Lycopodiella cernua Systematyka Reveala Domena eukarionty Królestwo rośliny Podkrólestwo naczyniowe Gromada widłaki Klasa widłaki jednozarodnikowe Nazwa systematyczna Lycopodiopsida Bartl. pub. Ord. Nat. Pl.: 14, 19. Sep 1830.

Widłaki jednozarodnikowe, widłaki właściwe, widłakowe właściwe (Lycopodiopsida) - klasa roślin naczyniowych.

Charakterystyka

Tworzą pokładające się pędy i korzenie. Ich liście posiadają tylko 1 wiązkę przewodzącą. Wielkość pędów może sięgać do 20 centymetrów. Pojedyncze zarodnie znajdują się na wierzchniej stronie liścia.

Systematyka

Pozycja w systemie Reveala

Gromada widłaki (Lycopodiophyta), podgromada Lycopodiophytina, klasa: widłaki jednakozarodnikowe ^[1]

podklasa: Lycopodiidae Beck.
- rząd: widłakowce, widłakowce właściwe (Lycopodiales Dumort.)
podklasa: Selaginellidae Knobl. in Warm.
- rząd: widliczkowce (Selaginellales Prantl)

Pozycja klasy w systemie (?)

Rząd: † prawidłakowce (Asteroxylales)
Rząd: widłakowce, widłakowce właściwe (Lycopodiales Dumort.)
Rząd: † pralepidodendronowce (Protolepidodendrales)

Przypisy

↑ Reveal James L. System of Classification. PBIO 250 Lecture Notes: Plant Taxonomy. Department of Plant Biology, University of Maryland, 1999 Systematyka klasy Lycopodiopsida według Reveala

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Widłaki jednakozarodnikowe: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Widłaki jednozarodnikowe, widłaki właściwe, widłakowe właściwe (Lycopodiopsida) - klasa roślin naczyniowych.

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Lycopodiopsida ( Portuguese )

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Lycopodiopsida (ou Lycopsida) é uma classe de plantas vasculares sem sementes (pteridófitas) da divisão Lycopodiophyta que agrupa a ordem extante Lycopodiales e a ordem Drepanophycales, apenas conhecida do registo fóssil. Na classificação de Christenhusz et al. 2011,^[1]^[2]^[3] o agrupamento é considerado na categoria taxonómica de subclasse, com a designação de Lycopodiidae, sendo nesse sistema o único táxon da divisão Lycopodiophyta que contém representantes vivos.

Índice

1 Sistemática e filogenia
2 Taxonomia
3 Filogenia
4 Notas
5 Ligações externas

Sistemática e filogenia

O cladograma que se segue apresenta a estrutura e enquadramento filogenético do agrupamento:

Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiopsida Lycopodiales

Lycopodiaceae

Drepanophycales †

Isoetopsida

Lepidodendrales †

Pleuromeia †

Agrupa a todos os membros extantes da divisão Lycophyta, um grupo antigo e basal de plantas vasculares. O termo Lycopodiidae pertence à categoria taxonómica de subclasse na moderna classificação de Christenhusz et al. 2011,^[1]^[2]^[3] sendo nesse sistema o único táxon do grupo que contém representantes vivos. A subclasse é dividida em três ordens:

Lycopodiales (família 1)
Isoëtales (família 2)
Selaginellales (família 3).

Taxonomia

A classificação mais atualizada é a do Christenhusz et al. 2011^[1]^[2]^[3] (basada en Smith et al. 2006,^[4] 2008^[5]); que também fornece uma sequência linear das licófitas e monilófitas.

Subclasse I. Lycopodiidae Bek., Kurs Bot. 1: 115 (1863).
Sinónimos: Selaginellidae Knobl. in J.E.B.Warming, Handb. Syst. Bot .: 157 (1890). Isoëtidae Reveal, Phytologia 79: 70 (1996).
- Ordem A. Lycopodiales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl, P řir. Rostlin: 272 (1820).
  1 família.
  - Família 1. Lycopodiaceae P.Beauv. ex Mirb. in Lam. & Mirb., Hist. Nat. Vég. 4: 293 (1802).
    
    Sinónimos: Phylloglossaceae Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 1: 722 (1843). Huperziaceae Rothm., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 66: 236 (1962).
    
    1–3 géneros, quizás más. (Huperzia Bernh., Lycopodiella Holub, Lycopodium L., el género Phylloglossum Kunze está incluido en Huperzia (Wikström & Kenrick 1997) ) Referencias: DiMichele & Skog (1992), Herter (1949–1950), Markham et al. (1983), Øllgaard (1975, 1979, 1987, 1990), Wagner (1992), Wikström (1999), Wikström et al. (1999).
- Ordem B. Isoetales Prantl, Lehrb. Bot.: 116 (1874).
- Géneros de posición taxonómica desconocida: †Clevelandodendron, †Isoetites, †Nathorstianella, †Otzinachsonia, †Pleuromeia, †Porostrobus, †Wexfordia
  1 família viva
  - Família 2. Isoetaceae Reichenb., Bot. Damen : 309 (1828).
    1 género Isoëtes. Referencias: Hoot et al. (2004, 2006), Rydin & Wikström (2002), Schuettpelz & Hoot (2006), Taylor & Hickey (1992), Taylor et al. (2004).
  2 famílias extintas
  - Família: †Chaloneriaceae
    - 4 géneros: †Bodeodendron, †Chaloneria, †Polysporia, †Sporangiostrobus
  - Família: †Nathorstianaceae
    - 1 género :†Nathorstiana
- Ordem C. Selaginellales Prantl, Lehrb. Bot.: 116 (1874).
  1 família.
  - Família 3. Selaginellaceae Willk., Anleit. Stud. Bot. 2: 163 (1854).
    1 género (Selaginella). Referências: Korall & Kenrick (2004), Korall et al. (1999).

Filogenia

Os licopódios actuais, ou seja extantes, estão relacionados entre si do seguinte modo:

Lycopodiopsida

O agrupamento Lycopsida apareceu e diversificou-se em várias ordens durante o Devónico.^[6] Tomando em conta os grupos extintos, pode ser postulada a seguinte filogenia:^[7]^[8]

Lycophyta

Zosterophyllopsida † (P)

Lycopodiopsida

Drepanophycales †

Protolepidodendrales †