Carinacea: Brief Summary
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The infraclassis Carinacea includes most living species of regular sea urchin, and fossil forms going back as far as the Triassic.
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Classification
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Although represented here as sister groups, Euechinoidea, Carinacea and Irregularia actually form a set of nested clades. Due to the limitations of WoRMS this cannot be reflected in the database at present.
Kroh, A. & Smith, A.B. (2010): The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8/2: 147-212.
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Classification
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Mongiardino Koch et al. (2022), based on a large phylogenomic study, reassigned Salenioida from Calycina to Echinacea because saleniids were reseloved as sistergroup to Camarodonta+Stomopneustoida in their analysis.
5. Alden, P. (1995)
Collins Guide to African Wildlife. Harper Collins Publishers, London.
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Description
provided by World Register of Marine Species
This group units the traditional groups of Camarodonta, Stirodonta and Irregularia. Although primitive irregular echinoids all have keeled teeth, cassiduloids retain teeth only in the earliest developmental stages and clypeasteroids have modified wedge-shaped teeth, holasteroids and spatangoids have secondarily lost their lantern and show no trace of a lantern at any stage.
Kroh, A. & Smith, A.B. (2010): The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8/2: 147-212.
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