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Rainbow Smelt

Osmerus mordax (Mitchill 1814)

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 7 years (wild)
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Migration

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Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Susan M. Luna
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Life Cycle

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Spawning runs occur when temperature is between 8.9-18.3°C, may last for 3 weeks, peak for 1 week. Lengths of both sexes decrease as spawning progress. Two or more tuberculated males maintain position against a female in swift water, eggs released in clusters and presumably milt released simultaneously. Spawning usually takes place at night, spawners move downstream to the lake during daytime.
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Diagnostic Description

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Body elongate, laterally compressed, greatest depth at anterior of dorsal fin origin. Head moderate; eye moderately large; snout elongate, pointed. Mouth large; lower jaw protruding, maxillary extending to middle of eye or beyond, well toothed on vomer, palatine, pterygoid, basibranchial, dentary, maxillary, and tongue. Teeth specially enlarged on tongue and front of vomer. Body color is pale green on back, with purple, blue, and pink iridescent reflections on the side when freshly caught.
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 8; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 12 - 16; Vertebrae: 58 - 70
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Trophic Strategy

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Sensitive to temperature and light. Do not inhabit flowing waters of streams and rivers except at spawning time. Exhibit pronounced post-spawning mortality (Ref. 1998). Anadromous (Ref. 5951). It is preyed upon by mergansers, cormorants, gulls, crows, Atlantic cod, Atlantic salmon, brook trout, seals, lake trout, burbot, walleye and perch.
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Biology

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Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Inhabits cool clear lakes, medium to large rivers, and coastal waters (Ref. 86798). A schooling species that occurs in midwater of lakes or inshore coastal waters (Ref. 1998); at temperatures ranging from 7.2-15.6°C. Coastal population are anadromous (Ref, 86798). Migrates up to 1,000 km upstream in rivers (Ref. 6793). Occurs possibly to 425 m (Ref. 2851). Feeds on invertebrates such as amphipods, ostracods, aquatic insect larvae and aquatic worms (Ref. 1998); food also include copepods, euphausiids, mysids and small fishes (silversides, mummichogs and herring) (Ref. 5951, 10294). Headed, gutted, sold fresh, frozen and precooked. Eaten sautéed and fried (Ref. 9988).
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Importance

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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Osmerus mordax ( Azerbaijani )

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Osmerus mordax (lat. Osmerus mordax) - osmerus cinsinə aid balıq növü.

Yarımnövləri

İstinadlar

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Osmerus mordax: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Osmerus mordax (lat. Osmerus mordax) - osmerus cinsinə aid balıq növü.

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Iłhuaġniq ( Inupiaq )

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Iłhuaġniq

Iłhuaġniq (Osmerus mordax)

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Rainbow smelt

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Rainbow smelt

The rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) is a North American species of fish of the family Osmeridae. Walleye, trout, and other larger fish prey on these smelt. The rainbow smelt prefer juvenile ciscoes, zooplankton such as calanoid copepods (Leptodiaptomus ashlandi, L. minutus, L. sicilis), and other small organisms, but are aggressive and will eat almost any fish they find. They are anadromous spring spawners and prefer clean streams with light flow and light siltation. The rainbow smelt face several barriers. They are weak swimmers and struggle to navigate fish ladders preventing them from making it past dams to the headwater streams where they spawn.[2] The rise in erosion and dams helped to decimate the smelt population in the 1980s. There are currently plans to try to reduce damming and to help control erosion.

Description

The body of the rainbow smelt is slender and cylindrical. It has a silvery, pale green back and is iridescent purple, blue, and pink on the sides, with a light underside. When full grown, the rainbow smelt is between 7 and 9 inches (18 and 23 cm) long and weighs about 3 ounces (85 g). Individuals over 12 inches (30 cm) long are known.[3]

Distribution and habitat

The rainbow smelt is widespread across North American watersheds.[4] The North American native range of the rainbow smelt extends through the Atlantic drainages between New Jersey and Labrador to Arctic drainages, and the Pacific drainages as far south as Vancouver Island. The rainbow smelt has been introduced into water bodies in the U.S. states of Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin.[5]

Lake Superior-caught rainbow smelt

Rainbow smelt invaded the Great Lakes watershed through the intentional introduction of eggs from historically known landlocked populations in Maine to Crystal Lake, Michigan in 1912.[5] This lake drains into Lake Michigan, from which fish escaped into Lake Michigan and spread quickly throughout the Great Lakes and their tributaries. Early records documenting the smelt's range expansion in the Great Lakes include Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, and Lake Superior.[5] Rainbow smelt were first reported from Lake Ontario in 1929, and probably reached it by dispersal along natural waterways from the Finger Lakes, New York, where they were intentionally introduced in 1917. The ability of rainbow smelt to disperse is determined by the connectivity of lakes, the ability of smelt to move through connecting streams, and the suitability of connected lakes as habitat.[6] Rainbow smelt are weak swimmers so they cannot make it over fish ladders. This has helped to prevent an even wider spread of their range.[2]

Rainbow smelt occur in rivers, coastal areas and ponds. In their anadromous territories, they spend the summers along the coast, normally in waters no more than 20 feet (6.1 m) deep and no more than 1 mile (1.6 km) from shore. They overwinter under the ice in estuaries, producing an antifreeze protein and glycerol.[7] In the spring, they spawn at night in small streams, often ones that go dry in the summer.

Ecology

In 1883 Stedman and Argyle found that the rainbow smelt consumed bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) and alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus). However, they also stated that this predator had not affected the population of bloaters but that impact could be a possibility.[5] A 2003 study by Horppila et al. shows that smelt densities can exceed 40,000 individuals per hectare and may create a large predation pressure on the lake.[6] Horppila et al. also states that a single smelt can consume between 0.12–0.14 grams food wet weight per day.[6] Another study showed that in Lake Ontario the primary food sources for rainbow smelt were slimy sculpins (Cottus cognatus) and opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta), but nothing was said on whether this predation had significant impact on the populations.[5] In 1973 Havey reported that there was increased growth in landlocked Atlantic salmon populations after the introduction of the smelt. It was also shown by Brandt and Madon in 1986 that adult lake trout (Salvalinus namaycush) could be a keystone predator species for the smelt.[5] Hrabik et al. (1998) found evidence of competition for food between introduced rainbow smelt and native yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Wisconsin lake habitats, and smelt may be partially responsible for the decline of Great Lakes whitefish (Coregonus spp.).[5] The U.S. EPA stated in 2008 that they believe the smelt contributed to the extinction of the blue pike (Stizostedion vitreum glaucum) by outcompeting for food.[5] Acidity may alter smelt distributions because they were not found in small lakes with pH less than 6.0 in several surveys. Because of snowmelt, rainbow smelt eggs might be exposed to lethal pH decreases in poorly buffered lakes.[6]

Life history

Rainbow smelt are anadromous, ascending from saltwater to freshwater to spawn. Smelt are also capable of completing their life history exclusively in freshwater. Landlocked adult rainbow smelt spawn shortly after ice-off at night in the lower reaches of streams.[6] Shaw found in his research that no shoreline spawning had ever occurred.[8] McKenzie states that the number of eggs extruded by a female is positively related to its size and Nellbring stated in his 1989 research that the eggs are adhesive and attach to substrates such as gravel, sand, mud, or submerged vegetation.[6] Eggs are left unattended and hatch in 1–4 weeks, depending on water temperature. The time to sexual maturity is dependent on food supply and water temperature and abundant food and warmer temperatures encourage faster growth.[6] Crossman and Scott state that in optimal conditions and large lakes, rainbow smelt may reach 35.6 centimetres (14.0 in) and can live for over seven years.[6]

Fishing

Ice fishing for rainbow smelts

Rainbow smelt are fished both commercially and for sport. Commercial harvests are down from historic levels; for example around 1880 an annual harvest from the Charles River alone was around 9 million fish, while today few smelt are found in the Charles River. They are commonly processed into animal feed, but are also eaten by humans. They are a popular winter game fish and the spring smelt run is a tradition in many parts of their distribution. Fishing for rainbow smelt using a gill net has historically been a popular activity along the City of Chicago's lakefront.[9]

Management

The populations of the rainbow smelt in areas where it has been introduced, such as the Great Lakes, have been increasing in many regions, even with efforts to control its spread.[10] Several things are being done to manage this species. Massive fish removal by over-fishing reduced the rainbow smelt populations in some lakes by the 1980s.[6] Some people are taking a chemical approach to this growing problem, using Rotenone. While this is effective, it also harms other organisms and is unpopular with the public. Cox and Kitchell state that declines in smelt numbers, following natural recovery or stocking of grown predator fish, have been reported from lakes ranging in size from Lake Superior and Hessen. Additionally, similar results were found in a small pond near Lillehammer, Norway in 1983. This research shows that the reintroduction of large piscivores such as walleye can help lead to the reduction of chemicals and poison needing to be used.

The rainbow smelt is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Species of Concern, one of those species about which the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ NatureServe (2013). "Osmerus mordax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202413A18229730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202413A18229730.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Landsman, S. J.; Wilson, A. D. M.; Cooke, S. J.; van den Heuvel, M. R. (2017). "Fishway passage success for migratory rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax is not dictated by behavioural type" (PDF). River Research and Applications. 33 (8): 1257–1267. doi:10.1002/rra.3176.
  3. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Osmerus mordax" in FishBase. June 2006 version.
  4. ^ Bentzen, P.; Taylor, E. B. (1993). "Evidence for multiple origins and sympatric divergence of trophic ecotypes of smelt (Osmerus) in Northeastern North America". Evolution. 47 (3): 813–832. doi:10.2307/2410186. JSTOR 2410186. PMID 28567890.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Fuller P. and E. Maynard (2011) Osmerus mordax. USGS Nonindiginous Aquatic Species Database. nas.er.usgs.gov.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rooney, R. C.; Paterson, M. J. (2009). "Ecosystem effects of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) invasions in inland lakes". Canadian Technical report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2845: 1–20.
  7. ^ Treberg, J. R.; Wilson, C. E.; Richards, R. C.; Ewart, K. V.; Driedzic, W. R. (2002). "The freeze-avoidance response of smelt Osmerus mordax: initiation and subsequent suppression of glycerol, trimethylamine oxide and urea accumulation". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 205 (Pt 10): 1419–1427. doi:10.1242/jeb.205.10.1419. PMID 11976353.
  8. ^ Shaw, J. L.; Curry, R. A. (2011). "Ontogenetic divergence of growth among rainbow smelt morphotypes". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 92 (2): 217–227. doi:10.1007/s10641-011-9835-x. S2CID 20838420.
  9. ^ "Chicago's smelt tradition". Chicago Tribune. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  10. ^ Roth, B.M.; T. R. Hrabik; C. T. Solomon; N. Mercado-Silva; T. F. Kitchell (2010). "A simulation of food-web interactions leading to rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax dominance in Sparkling Lake, Wisconsin". Journal of Fish Biology. 77 (6): 1379–1405. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02764.x. PMID 21039511.
  11. ^ Species of Concern NOAA
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Rainbow smelt: Brief Summary

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Rainbow smelt

The rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) is a North American species of fish of the family Osmeridae. Walleye, trout, and other larger fish prey on these smelt. The rainbow smelt prefer juvenile ciscoes, zooplankton such as calanoid copepods (Leptodiaptomus ashlandi, L. minutus, L. sicilis), and other small organisms, but are aggressive and will eat almost any fish they find. They are anadromous spring spawners and prefer clean streams with light flow and light siltation. The rainbow smelt face several barriers. They are weak swimmers and struggle to navigate fish ladders preventing them from making it past dams to the headwater streams where they spawn. The rise in erosion and dams helped to decimate the smelt population in the 1980s. There are currently plans to try to reduce damming and to help control erosion.

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Osmerus mordax ( Basque )

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Osmerus mordax Osmerus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Osmeridae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Osmerus mordax FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Osmerus mordax: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Osmerus mordax Osmerus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Osmeridae familian sailkatzen da.

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Amerikankuore ( Finnish )

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Amerikankuore (Osmerus mordax) on Pohjois-Amerikan koillisosissa elävä rasvaevällinen kalalaji, eurooppalaisen kuoreen (Osmerus eperlanus) lähisukulainen.

Ulkonäkö ja koko

Amerikankuoreen pituus on korkeintaan 20 cm. Lajille tunnusomainen piirre on kyljessä oleva juova.[2]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Amerikankuore elää Pohjois-Amerikan koillisosan rannikon vesistöissä ja jokisuissa sekä sisämaassa muiden muassa kaikissa Suurissa järvissä.[3]

Pohjois-Amerikan länsirannikolla elävää kuorelajia Osmerus dentex on aiemmin pidetty amerikankuoreen alalajina Osmerus mordax dentex.

Lisääntyminen

Kala saavuttaa sukukypsyyden yleensä 3-5-vuotiaana. Tosin jotkut yksilöt saattavat kutea jo yksivuotiaina.[2]

Katso myös

Lähteet

  1. Osmerus mordax IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Antal Vida, Tamás Kótal: ”Amerikankuore”, 365 kalaa. Suomentanut Eeva-Liisa Hallanaro. Vince Books, 2007. ISBN 978-3-8331-2547-8.
  3. Osmerus mordax mordax FishBase
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Amerikankuore: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Amerikankuore (Osmerus mordax) on Pohjois-Amerikan koillisosissa elävä rasvaevällinen kalalaji, eurooppalaisen kuoreen (Osmerus eperlanus) lähisukulainen.

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Osmerus mordax ( French )

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Osmerus mordax, l'Éperlan arc-en-ciel ou Éperlan d'Amérique, est une espèce de poissons anadromes, vivant en eaux salées, saumâtres ou douces et migrant en eaux douces pour se reproduire. Comme d'autres espèces anadromes (le gaspereau et le saumon de l'Atlantique), l'éperlan peut passer la totalité de son cycle de vie en eau douce, en vivant en lac et en se reproduisant dans les cours d'eau.

On le retrouve dans l'hémisphère nord, principalement dans les océans Atlantique et Pacifique. Lors de l'accouplement, qui se produit habituellement dans une période assez courte (trois semaines tout au plus, une semaine visiblement plus intense), au début du printemps, on peut le retrouver dans de nombreux lacs et rivières, tributaires directs de cours d'eau salée. Ce poisson peut vivre jusqu'à 6 ans et atteindre une longueur de 35 cm. On peut le rencontrer jusqu'à des profondeurs de plus de 400 m.

Les éperlans font partie de la famille des Osmeridae. L'Éperlan arc-en-ciel est un poisson au corps allongé et mince, de couleur argentée, vert pâle sur le dos et avec des reflets irisés sur les flancs. Sa longueur varie habituellement de 18 à 20 cm. Il possède une nageoire adipeuse et sa grande bouche est munie de dents bien développées.

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Osmerus mordax mordax ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

Osmerus mordax mordax is een ondersoort van de straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van de spieringen (Osmeridae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1814 door Mitchill.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Osmerus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
Geplaatst op:
06-03-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Азиатская корюшка ( Russian )

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Корюшка.
Rainbow smelt (Haviland B).JPG
 src=
Вяленая корюшка (Osmerus mordax)
(поймана в Амурском заливе)

Азиа́тская ко́рюшка[1], или американская корюшка[1] (лат. Osmerus mordax) — вид лучепёрых рыб семейства корюшковых (Osmeridae).

Некоторые авторы выделяют несколько подвидов: Osmerus mordax dentex (азиатская корюшка), Osmerus mordax mordax (восточноамериканская корюшка), Osmerus mordax spectrum (озёрная форма корюшки в Северной Америке).

Корюшка — проходная рыба, имеет пресноводные озерные подвиды. Широко распространена и обладает высокой численностью.

Тело удлиненное, покрыто крупной, легко спадающей чешуей. Рот большой. Бока тела серебристые, спина буро-зеленая. Питается зоопланктоном, молодью и икрой рыб. Свежая корюшка издаёт характерный запах свежих огурцов. Размеры и масса тела колеблются в зависимости от региона обитания. Максимальный размер её 34 см (Белое море), масса 342 г и предельный возраст 10—11 лет. Созревает она в возрасте 3—4 года при длине 16—18 см. Нерест происходит с апреля по июнь в зависимости от географического распространения. Азиатская корюшка отличается от европейской более длинной боковой линией и крепкими зубами.

Обитает азиатская зубатая корюшка в прибрежных районах морей и в предустьевых пространствах рек Северного Ледовитого океана, от бассейнов Белого и Баренцева морей на восток до Берингова пролива и далее в Америку (от мыса Барроу и до реки Маккензи). В Тихом океане от Берингова пролива вдоль азиатских берегов на юг до п-ова Корея (до Вонсана) и Японии (Хоккайдо). Встречается на Чукотке, Камчатке, Охотоморском побережье, Курильских островах, Сахалине, в Амуре, в заливе Петра Великого (река Раздольная).

Наиболее интенсивный откорм происходит летом и осенью, в непосредственной близости от берегов, где и находится большую часть года. Молодь и неполовозрелая зубастая корюшка питается, главным образом, мелким зоопланктоном, донными ракообразными, личинками моллюсков и полихет, а также икрой. Взрослые особи переходят к хищному образу жизни, питаясь личинками и молодью рыб, в основном образующими скопления (в том числе мойвой, песчанкой, сельдью, молодью лососей).

Используется как промысловый вид. Объект массового любительского зимнего (подлёдного) лова. Ловят корюшку на маленькие блёсны (крючок шириной около 5 мм), на коротких поводках блёсны собираются в ярусы по 5—10 штук. Употребляется обычно в жареном и вяленом виде.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 72. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
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Азиатская корюшка: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Корюшка. Rainbow smelt (Haviland B).JPG  src= Вяленая корюшка (Osmerus mordax)
(поймана в Амурском заливе)

Азиа́тская ко́рюшка, или американская корюшка (лат. Osmerus mordax) — вид лучепёрых рыб семейства корюшковых (Osmeridae).

Некоторые авторы выделяют несколько подвидов: Osmerus mordax dentex (азиатская корюшка), Osmerus mordax mordax (восточноамериканская корюшка), Osmerus mordax spectrum (озёрная форма корюшки в Северной Америке).

Корюшка — проходная рыба, имеет пресноводные озерные подвиды. Широко распространена и обладает высокой численностью.

Тело удлиненное, покрыто крупной, легко спадающей чешуей. Рот большой. Бока тела серебристые, спина буро-зеленая. Питается зоопланктоном, молодью и икрой рыб. Свежая корюшка издаёт характерный запах свежих огурцов. Размеры и масса тела колеблются в зависимости от региона обитания. Максимальный размер её 34 см (Белое море), масса 342 г и предельный возраст 10—11 лет. Созревает она в возрасте 3—4 года при длине 16—18 см. Нерест происходит с апреля по июнь в зависимости от географического распространения. Азиатская корюшка отличается от европейской более длинной боковой линией и крепкими зубами.

Обитает азиатская зубатая корюшка в прибрежных районах морей и в предустьевых пространствах рек Северного Ледовитого океана, от бассейнов Белого и Баренцева морей на восток до Берингова пролива и далее в Америку (от мыса Барроу и до реки Маккензи). В Тихом океане от Берингова пролива вдоль азиатских берегов на юг до п-ова Корея (до Вонсана) и Японии (Хоккайдо). Встречается на Чукотке, Камчатке, Охотоморском побережье, Курильских островах, Сахалине, в Амуре, в заливе Петра Великого (река Раздольная).

Наиболее интенсивный откорм происходит летом и осенью, в непосредственной близости от берегов, где и находится большую часть года. Молодь и неполовозрелая зубастая корюшка питается, главным образом, мелким зоопланктоном, донными ракообразными, личинками моллюсков и полихет, а также икрой. Взрослые особи переходят к хищному образу жизни, питаясь личинками и молодью рыб, в основном образующими скопления (в том числе мойвой, песчанкой, сельдью, молодью лососей).

Используется как промысловый вид. Объект массового любительского зимнего (подлёдного) лова. Ловят корюшку на маленькие блёсны (крючок шириной около 5 мм), на коротких поводках блёсны собираются в ярусы по 5—10 штук. Употребляется обычно в жареном и вяленом виде.

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美洲胡瓜魚 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Osmerus mordax
(Mitchill, 1814) Subspecies

Osmerus mordax mordax
Osmerus mordax dentex

美洲胡瓜魚學名Osmerus mordax),又名彩虹香鱼(Rainbow smelt),輻鰭魚綱胡瓜魚目胡瓜魚科胡瓜魚屬的一的品種。体型小,一般体长19cm,体重0.9kg,最大体长35cm,体重2kg,但游泳速度较快,可达60km/h。此鱼性胆小,所以很难钓到,但因其肉味鲜美,所以广受世界钓手的欢迎。也可作为观赏鱼,但性娇贵,不易飼養。

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美洲胡瓜魚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

美洲胡瓜魚(學名:Osmerus mordax),又名彩虹香鱼(Rainbow smelt),輻鰭魚綱胡瓜魚目胡瓜魚科胡瓜魚屬的一的品種。体型小,一般体长19cm,体重0.9kg,最大体长35cm,体重2kg,但游泳速度较快,可达60km/h。此鱼性胆小,所以很难钓到,但因其肉味鲜美,所以广受世界钓手的欢迎。也可作为观赏鱼,但性娇贵,不易飼養。

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Diet

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Feeds on copepods, eggs, crustaceans, fishes, squids, worms and insects

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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WoRMS Editorial Board
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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Distribution

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Labrador to Pennsylvania

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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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WoRMS Editorial Board
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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
anadromous species; ascend streams in spring to spawn, landlocked species also exist

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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WoRMS Editorial Board
contributor
Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat

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nektonic

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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WoRMS Editorial Board
contributor
Kennedy, Mary [email]