In recent years, research on the genus Trimeresurus has revealed a number of instances of paraphyly and cryptic species. As of 2007, the species included in Trimeresurus sensu lato (Brattstrom 1964) had been separated into 11 different genera, although fewer genera are now generally recognized as a result of new phylogenetic data (e.g., Malhotra and Thorpe 2004 a,b,2005, Guo et al. 2007 and references therein; Guo et al. 2009; Hoser 2012 and references therein).
Asian pitvipers
Asian lanceheads
Southeast Asia from India to southern China and Japan and the Malay Archipelago to Timor, Indonesia (McDiarmid et al., 1999).
Type-species: Trimeresurus gramieneus (Shaw, 1802).
Trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in Asia from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China, and the Pacific Islands. Currently 44 species are recognized.[2] Common names include Asian palm pit vipers,[3] Asian lanceheads, and green pit vipers.[4]
Most species in the genus Trimeresurus are relatively small, primarily arboreal species, with thin bodies and prehensile tails. Most Trimeresurus species are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange, red, or gold markings.
The diet of Trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals, including lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals.
Like most viper species, many of the species in the genus Trimeresurus are ovoviviparous, bearing live young. However, some species such as T. flavoviridis, T. kaulbacki, and T. macrolepis are oviparous, laying eggs. Also, the reproductive biology of some Trimeresurus species is as yet unknown.
Trimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans.
Species in the genus Trimeresurus are found in Southeast Asia from India (including regions of the North Chotanagpur division of Jharkhand) to Southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor.[1]
*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
T) Type species.[1]
Additional species that may be recognized by other sources include:[11]
The genus Trimeresurus (sensu lato) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000, resulting in the recognition of additional genera within this complex. Most authors now recognise the genus Protobothrops for the species cornutus, flavoviridis, jerdonii, kaulbacki, mucrosquamatus, tokarensis, xiangchengensis,[12][13][14] since these have been shown not to be closely related to other Trimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses.
In addition, Malhotra and Thorpe (2004)[13] proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus, splitting Trimeresurus into seven genera. Their proposed arrangement (including species described since 2004) is shown in the table below:
This new arrangement has been followed by many,[14][15] but not all[11][16] subsequent authors.
David et al. (2011) considered some of the genera of Malhotra & Thorpe to be subgenera of the genus Trimeresurus, creating new combinations such as "Trimeresurus (Parias) flavomaculatus", "Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum", "Trimeresurus (Viridovipera) stejnegeri", etc.[17]
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A juvenile T. vogeli in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
Trimeresurus fucatus from Khao Sok National Park, Thailand
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Trimeresurus albolabris from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand
Trimeresurus gumprechti, Gumprecht's green pit viper, from Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park, Thailand
Trimeresurus macrops from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
-Kaeng-Krachan-National-Park.jpg)
Trimeresurus popeiorum from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand
Trimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in Asia from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China, and the Pacific Islands. Currently 44 species are recognized. Common names include Asian palm pit vipers, Asian lanceheads, and green pit vipers.
