Associations
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Plant / grows inside
Limnoria lignorum grows inside submerged timber of Trees
Habitat
provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Boring into wood
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Comprehensive Description
provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Biology/Natural History: This species bores into wood near the intertidal zone, such as pilings and driftwood. Its boring rate is about 1-3 cm/year, and it can eventually do extensive damage. The burrows of this isopod are far smaller in diameter than that of the shipworms, being only about 1 mm in diameter. When digging, they jerk their head back and forward while turning slowly in the burrow. They typically start to burrow into the wood at a shallow angle rather than digging straight in. They swallow the wood chips, which pass through the gut as rapidly as 80 minutes. Besides being of much smaller diameter, the burrows of gribbles are much shallower than those of shipworms, going only a centimeter or two into the wood. Also, unlike shipworms, they often dig interconnections between their burrows. Although this species has several ciliated protozoan symbionts, some of which also produce cellulases, it is a very unusual animal because it appears to produce the cellulase enzymes necessary for digesting the cellulose in the wood itself. The gut, where the wood is digested, appears to be sterile, with very few or no bacteria or protozoans within it. One further problem with digesting cellulose from wood is that much of the cellulose is bound in lignin, which is very difficult to digest. A related species has high amounts of hemocyanin in its gut which may produce phenoloxidase. The phenoloxidase may be used to break up lignin, plus may explain why bacteria seem absent from the gut since phenoloxidase is toxic to bacteria. Various symbionts can be found on the outer surface, especially the pleopods, and may be important in providing nitrogen to the animal. Females of this species carry around 22 large eggs in their marsupium or pouch between the front legs. The eggs are nearly 1/4 the width of the body. They do not hatch into a larval stage but instead hatch like small adults which begin burrowing. Therefore gribble colonies in wood are quite localized and spread slowly across the wood surface as they reproduce and start more burrows. Young and eggs can be found year-round, but peak breeding in the Salish Sea area is in April and May. Not only do the young not normally swim, but they do not even seem to be chemically attracted to wood, as many other larvae are attracted to their appropriate substrates when settling. Presumably they simply remain on the wood in which they are born and begin burrowing there by default. Later in life, some adults do swim away, especially in the spring and summer. During this migration phase they do respond positively to wood. Their preference for wood seems to be enhanced by the presence of fungus or fungal metabolites on the surface or the scent of other gribbles.
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Comprehensive Description
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As in other Flabelliferan isopods, the uropods are flattened and are lateral to the pleotelson rather than ventral or terminal. The exopodites of the uropods do not arch over the pleotelson and pereopod 1 is not greatly enlarged. This family is unusual for an isopod because the head is not attached broadly to the pereon so the head can rotate, and the uropods are unusually small. The first thoracic segment in Limnoria is about twice as long as the rest. In this species the pleon has 4-5 visible pleonites plus the pleotelson. The animal can roll up into a ball. The uropods are small, and the exopodites of the uropods are somewhat clawlike. The incisor process of the right mandible has file-like ridges, and the incisor process of the left mandible has rasplike scales. The dorsal surface of the pleotelson has a small median ridge that splits into two ridges posteriorly but does not have 3 or 4 small tubercles. Bores into wood. Usually less than 4 mm long.
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Distribution
provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Geographical Range: In temperate and polar waters of the northern hemisphere. From Kodiak Alaska to Point Arena, California on our coast.
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Look Alikes
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How to Distinguish from Similar Species: Limnoria algarum bores into kelp holdfasts. Limnoria tripunctata bores into wood but it has 3 small tubercles on the dorsal pleotelson instead of the bifurcating ridge.
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Habitat
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Depth Range: Intertidal to 20 m
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Limnoria lignorum
provided by wikipedia EN
Limnoria lignorum, commonly known as the gribble, is a species of isopod in the family Limnoriidae. It is found in shallow water in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean where it tunnels into wood and attacks and destroys submerged wooden structures.
Description
Limnoria lignorum grows to a maximum length of 5.6 mm (0.22 in) but a more usual size range is 1 to 4 mm (0.04 to 0.16 in). It is a yellowish colour and is about three times as long as it is broad.[3] It has a woodlouse-like body with fourteen segments. It bores its way into wood to a depth of about 12 mm (0.5 in).[4]
Distribution
Limnoria lignorum is found in the boreal and temperate seas of the northern Atlantic Ocean and North Sea and it is also known from the west coast of North America. Its range extends from Norway southwards to France,[5] and from the Gulf of St Lawrence southwards to Cobscook Bay and Cape Cod. Its depth range is from the littoral zone to a depth of about 20 m (66 ft)[1] It is unclear from exactly where it originated because it has spread widely, aided in its dispersal by tunnelling into the hulls of wooden ships and inside floating driftwood. It was first described by the German zoologist Martin Rathke in 1799 from a location is Norway.[3]
Biology
Limnoria lignorum is a wood borer and in favourable conditions can be present in large numbers, with densities of as many as four hundred individuals per 1 in3 (16.4 cm3) of wood. The isopods are very small and the damage is at first confined to near the surface of the wood. The tunnels are about 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter and usually follow the line of less-lignified material. As the upper layer of wood crumbles away under this onslaught, deeper parts of the timber are attacked and in time, pilings and other wooden structures are eaten away.[6]
Limnoria lignorum ingest wood fragments as they burrow. They do not seem to house bacteria in their gut that are able to digest lignin, as is the case in some other wood-boring species, and seem to rely on their cellulolytic enzymes to digest cellulose. They may also feed on fungal hyphae directly or may consume them indirectly in wood that is already softened as a result of attack by fungi and bacteria.[7] The enzymes it produces to break up wood into sugars which it can digest are being investigated for producing biofuel.[8]
The eggs of Limnoria lignorum are retained by the female in the brood pouch under her thorax. The eggs hatch directly into mancae, juveniles that are miniature versions of the adult, which means there is no free-living larval stage to aid dispersal of this species. It has been shown that the water temperature influences reproductive processes. Little tunnelling or reproduction takes place during the winter but activity starts earlier in the year and continues later, and the young develop more rapidly under the warmer conditions that exist near the exit of a water cooling system.[9]
Effect on piers
It has been known to damage wooden piles in piers, something first observed in 1810 by Robert Stevenson in the timbers he used in constructing the Bell Rock Lighthouse.[10] In 1830 the Trinity Chain Pier had to be almost completely rebuilt after attack from the organism.[11] The use of creosote does not protect wood against it.[10]
References
-
^ a b Schotte, Marilyn (2013). "Limnoria lignorum (Rathke, 1799)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
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^ "DEpository: information about the fauna of Germany". Retrieved 14 September 2015.
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^ a b "Limnoria lignorum". Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
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^ "Gribble". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
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^ de Kluijver, M. J.; Ingalsuo, S. S. "Limnoria lignorum". Macrobenthos of the North Sea: Crustacea. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
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^ Johnson, Martin W. (1935). "Seasonal Migrations of the Wood-Borer Limnoria lignorum (Rathke) at Friday Harbor, Washington". Biological Bulletin. 69 (3): 427–438. JSTOR 1537402.
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^ Daniel, G.; Nilsson, T.; Cragg, S. (1991). "Limnoria lignorum ingest bacterial and fungal degraded wood". Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 49 (12): 488–490. doi:10.1007/BF02619480.
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^ "Meet the gribbles". BBSRC. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
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^ Eltringham, S. K. (1967). "The Effects of Temperature on the Development of Limnoria Eggs (Isopoda: Crustacea)". Journal of Applied Ecology. 4 (2): 521–529. doi:10.2307/2401353.
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^ a b Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Oliver & Boyd. 1862. pp. 612–616.
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^ Brewster, Sir David (1828). The Edinburgh Journal of Science. Vol. 8. William Blackwood. pp. 157–158.
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Limnoria lignorum: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Limnoria lignorum, commonly known as the gribble, is a species of isopod in the family Limnoriidae. It is found in shallow water in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean where it tunnels into wood and attacks and destroys submerged wooden structures.
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Limnoria lignorum
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Limnoria lignorum es una especie de crustáceo isópodo marino de la familia Limnoriidae.[1]
Distribución geográfica
Es casi cosmopolita.
Referencias
-
↑ Schotte, M., ed. (2014). «Limnoria lignorum». Marinespecies (en inglés). Consultado el 5 de diciembre de 2014.
- Junoy, J. y J. Castelló. 2003. Catálogo de las especies ibéricas y baleares de isópodos marinos (Crustacea: Isopoda). Boletín. Instituto Español de Oceanografía 19 (1-4): 293-325.
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Limnoria lignorum: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Limnoria lignorum es una especie de crustáceo isópodo marino de la familia Limnoriidae.
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Porasiira
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
![src=]()
Limnoria-siiran jäytämää puuta
Porasiira (Limnoria lignorum) on siiroihin kuuluva tuhoäyriäinen. Se tekee käytäviä mm. merenrannoilla oleviin puisiin rakennelmiin kuten laitureiden paalutuksiin. Niiden tuottama vahinko voi olla hyvinkin tuhoisaa.
Porasiirat ovat harmaanvalkeita ja muodoltaan muita siiroja putkilomaisempia. Ne ovat noin 12 mm pitkiä ja 5 mm leveitä. Niillä on ruumiin molemmilla puolilla seitsemän raajaa. Edessä on neljä lyhyttä tuntosarvea, takana kaksi uloketta. Ravintona porasiira käyttää kuolleita lehtiä, puuta tai muuta vastaavaa.
Lähteet
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Porasiira: Brief Summary
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
![src=]()
Limnoria-siiran jäytämää puuta
Porasiira (Limnoria lignorum) on siiroihin kuuluva tuhoäyriäinen. Se tekee käytäviä mm. merenrannoilla oleviin puisiin rakennelmiin kuten laitureiden paalutuksiin. Niiden tuottama vahinko voi olla hyvinkin tuhoisaa.
Porasiirat ovat harmaanvalkeita ja muodoltaan muita siiroja putkilomaisempia. Ne ovat noin 12 mm pitkiä ja 5 mm leveitä. Niillä on ruumiin molemmilla puolilla seitsemän raajaa. Edessä on neljä lyhyttä tuntosarvea, takana kaksi uloketta. Ravintona porasiira käyttää kuolleita lehtiä, puuta tai muuta vastaavaa.
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Limnoria lignorum
(
Indonesian
)
provided by wikipedia ID
Limnoria lignorum (bahasa Inggris: gribble) adalah spesies isopoda dalam familia Limnoriidae. Hal ini ditemukan di perairan dangkal di Samudera Atlantik Utara dan Samudera Pasifik Utara tempat ia melubangi ke dalam kayu dan menyerang dan menghancurkan struktur kayu terendam.
Referensi
Limnoria lignorum: Brief Summary
(
Indonesian
)
provided by wikipedia ID
Limnoria lignorum (bahasa Inggris: gribble) adalah spesies isopoda dalam familia Limnoriidae. Hal ini ditemukan di perairan dangkal di Samudera Atlantik Utara dan Samudera Pasifik Utara tempat ia melubangi ke dalam kayu dan menyerang dan menghancurkan struktur kayu terendam.
Boorpissebed
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De boorpissebed (Limnoria lignorum) is een pissebed uit de familie Limnoriidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1799 door Rathke.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties -
↑ Schotte, M. (2011). Limnoria lignorum (Rathke, 1799). In: Schotte, M., Boyko, C.B, Bruce, N.L., Poore, G.C.B., Taiti, S., Wilson, G.D.F. (Eds) (2011). World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database. Gebaseerd op informatie uit het World Register of Marine Species, te vinden op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=118917
Geplaatst op:
15-12-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen.
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Limnoria lignorum
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Limnoria lignorum là một loài chân đều trong họ Limnoriidae. Loài này được Rathke miêu tả khoa học năm 1799.[2]
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
-
^ Schotte, Marilyn (2013). “Limnoria lignorum (Rathke, 1799)”. Cơ sở dữ liệu sinh vật biển. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 3 năm 2014.
-
^ Schotte, M. (2011). Limnoria lignorum (Rathke, 1799). In: Schotte, M., Boyko, C.B, Bruce, N.L., Poore, G.C.B., Taiti, S., Wilson, G.D.F. (Eds) (2011). World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database. Gebaseerd op informatie uit het Cơ sở dữ liệu sinh vật biển, te vinden op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=118917
Tham khảo
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Limnoria lignorum: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Limnoria lignorum là một loài chân đều trong họ Limnoriidae. Loài này được Rathke miêu tả khoa học năm 1799.
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Depth range
provided by World Register of Marine Species
0-20
Van Wyk, B. & Malan, S. (1988) Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of the Witwatersrand and Pretoria Region Struik, Cape Town Pages 54 - 55 (Includes a picture).
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Distribution
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Gulf of St. Lawrence (unspecified region), Magdalen Islands (from Eastern Bradelle valley to the west, as far as Cape North, including the Cape Breton Channel), lower St. Lawrence estuary, Prince Edward Island (from the northern tip of Miscou Island, N.B. to Cape Breton Island south of Cheticamp, including the Northumberland Strait and Georges Bay to the Canso Strait causeway), western slope of Newfoundland, including the southern part of the Strait of Belle Isle but excluding the upper 50m in the area southwest of Newfoundland and including the southwestern slope of NL; Cobscook Bay to Cape Cod
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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Habitat
provided by World Register of Marine Species
infralittoral and circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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