Description
provided by AmphibiaWeb articles
Melanobatrachus indicus is a rare frog with a slender, elongated bodied of uniform width (Beddome 1878). The snout-vent length is reported as up to 28.7 mm in Daltry and Martin (1997), however, the original description states that the body length is 31.75 – 34.92 mm (Beddome 1878) and later summaries on the species state the snout-vent length is 24 – 28 mm (Vitt and Caldwell 2014). The head is wider than long and the short snout length is longer than the eye diameter and the interorbital distance. There is no canthus rostralis or cranial ridges. The pupils are circular and the eye diameter is greater than the distance between the eyes (Daltry and Martin 1997). There is no tympanum or parotid gland. The mouth has a cleft that extends towards the eyelid (Beddome 1878).The skin on the dorsum of the head and body, and on the hind limbs are covered in tubercles. The arms, flanks, and ventrum are smooth (Beddome 1878, Daltry and Martin 1997).The fingers are unwebbed and not dilated at the tips. The third finger is twice the length as the other fingers. The fourth finger is short. The hind limbs are about the same length as the snout-vent length with the thigh being shorter than the shank. The cylindrical toes have basal webbing and are undilated at the tips. The fourth toe is much longer than the third (Beddome 1878, Daltry and Martin 1997).From Duttaphrynus melanostictus, M. indicus can be differentiated by the prominent vertebral ridge in the former that is not found in the latter (Beddome 1878).In life, the dorsum is black with small white dots. The ventrum sometimes has a few scarlet blotches on the anterior region of chest that can extend to the upper arms and humerus. There are larger white dots on the belly. There is a broad scarlet band across the ventral surface of its thighs near to the groin area that can completely encircle the thighs (Beddome 1878, Daltry and Martin 1997). The aposematic coloration of the belly and limbs remain largely hidden when the species exhibits anti-predator, contraction behavior (Kanagavel & Tapley 2013).The species authority is: Beddome, R. H. (1878). “Description of a new Batrachian from southern India, belonging to the family Phryniscidae.” Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1878; 722. Melanobatrachus indicus is the only known species in the family Melanobatrachinae. Its sister family is Asterophryninae (Vitt and Caldwell 2014).
- Beddome, R. H. (1878). ''Description of a new batrachian from southern India, belonging to the family Phryniscidae.'' Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878(3), 722-723.
- Biju, S.D., Vasudevan, K., Bhuddhe, G.D., Dutta, S., Srinivasulu, C., Vijayakumar, S.P. (2004). “Melanobatrachus indicus”. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T13032A3406563. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T13032A3406563.en. Downloaded on 02 May 2019.
- Daltry, J.C., Martin, G. (1997). ''Rediscovery of the black narrow-mouth frog Melanobatrachus indicus Beddome, 1878.'' Hamadryad , 22, 57-58.
- Kanagavel, A., Tapley, B. (2013). ''Defensive behaviour of Melanobatrachus indicus (Anura: Microhylidae) in the Western Ghats, India.'' Herpetology notes, 6, 607-608.
- Vitt, L.J., Caldwell, J. P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press, Elsevier, San Diego, CA.
- author
- Mikel Busto Gonzalez
- author
- Ann T. Chang
Distribution and Habitat
provided by AmphibiaWeb articles
Melanobatrachus indicus, the only known species of its genus, is endemic to the Western Ghats of south-western India. The earliest known specimens were found at in the Anaimalai Hills and subsequent specimens were collected from Valparai in the Anaimalais, the Travancore region of Kerala, Vallakadavu Reserve Forest in Kerala State, and in Kalakkad Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nandu State, India (Daltry and Matin 1997). There are only three currently verified sites of this species, which are Kalakad (in the Agasthyamala Hills), Indira Gandhi National Park (in the Anaimalai Hills, Tamil Nadu State), and Periyar Tiger Reserve (in Kerala State). The species is found at an elevational range of 900 – 1,200 m a.s.l. (Biju et al. 2004). Specimens were found under rotting logs, in leaf-litter, under rocks and other moist ground cover near streams in evergreen tropical forests. However, specimens have also been found in degraded tropical forests near primary forests (Daltry and Martin 1997, Biju et al. 2004).
- author
- Mikel Busto Gonzalez
- author
- Ann T. Chang
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
provided by AmphibiaWeb articles
The black microhylid frog is an extremely rare species that was rediscovered in 1997 after a long absence. Although the species can be found in protected areas such as Kalakkad-Mudanthurai Tiger Reserve, Indira Gandhi National Park, and Periyar Tiger Reserve, the species is listed as “Endangered” because its it can only be found in an Extent of Occurrence of less than 5,000 km2 and that range is severely fragmented and continuing to decline in the extent and quality outside of the protected areas. The causes of habitat decline include the conversion of forested areas to cultivated land (including eucalyptus, coffee, and tea plantations) and the development of dams within the region (Biju et al. 2004).
- author
- Mikel Busto Gonzalez
- author
- Ann T. Chang
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
provided by AmphibiaWeb articles
Melanobatrachus indicus is a rare terrestrial species found in primary and disturbed evergreen to semi-evergreen tropical forests under rotting logs, leaf-litter, rocks, and other moist ground cover within 10 m of streams or in swampy areas (Daltry and Martin 1997, Kanagvel and Tapley 2013). Males can be found calling in pools and streams (Biju et al. 2004). The species breeds in permanent forest streams (Vitt and Caldwell 2014). When the animal is threatened, it retracts its limbs and arches its back in a form of defensive behavior, known as “contraction”. The main function of this behavior is thought to be to prevent injury during handling and ingestion by predators (Kanagvel and Tapley 2013).
- author
- Mikel Busto Gonzalez
- author
- Ann T. Chang
Kéralka indická
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Kéralka indická (Melanobatrachus indicus) je druh žáby, který náleží do monotypického roku kéralka. Obývá vlhké stálezelené lesy indického pohoří Západní Ghát v nadmořské výšce v nadmořské výšce od 900 do 1500 metrů. Žije mezi kameny a spadaným listím, vajíčka klade do tůní horských potoků. Dosahuje délky 3–3,5 cm. Tělo je leskle černé a pokryté šedobílými hrbolky, na spodní části těla se nacházejí velké šarlatově zbarvené skvrny. Kéralka je ohroženým druhem, který byl znovuobjeven v roce 1997. Její způsob života je málo zmapován, byla nalezena pouze na třech lokalitách v indických státech Tamilnádu a Kérala (podle něhož dostala český název), celková rozloha jejího areálu se odhaduje na necelých 5000 km².[2]
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ Amphibia Web Dostupné online
Externí odkazy
Kéralka indická: Brief Summary
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Kéralka indická (Melanobatrachus indicus) je druh žáby, který náleží do monotypického roku kéralka. Obývá vlhké stálezelené lesy indického pohoří Západní Ghát v nadmořské výšce v nadmořské výšce od 900 do 1500 metrů. Žije mezi kameny a spadaným listím, vajíčka klade do tůní horských potoků. Dosahuje délky 3–3,5 cm. Tělo je leskle černé a pokryté šedobílými hrbolky, na spodní části těla se nacházejí velké šarlatově zbarvené skvrny. Kéralka je ohroženým druhem, který byl znovuobjeven v roce 1997. Její způsob života je málo zmapován, byla nalezena pouze na třech lokalitách v indických státech Tamilnádu a Kérala (podle něhož dostala český název), celková rozloha jejího areálu se odhaduje na necelých 5000 km².
Melanobatrachus indicus
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Melanobatrachus indicus ist eine Amphibien-Art aus der Familie der Engmaulfrösche. Sie ist die einzige Art der Gattung Melanobatrachus und der Unterfamilie Melanobatrachinae.
Beschreibung
Die Art erreicht eine Länge von 31 Millimeter. Die Oberseite ist höckerig, die Flanken und die Unterseite sind glatt. Die Grundfarbe ist schwarz, die Höcker auf dem Rücken sind grau. Der Bauch ist grau punktiert. An der Vorder- und Unterseite der Oberschenkel befindet sich jeweils ein großer, scharlachfarbener Fleck. Der Vorderkopf ist kurz und stumpf. Der Canthus rostralis ist ziemlich undeutlich. Der Interorbitalraum ist breiter als ein oberes Augenlid. Die Pupillen sind vertikal. Die Zunge ist elliptisch, ganzrandig und hinten frei abhebbar. Gaumenzähne und Gaumenfalten fehlen. Finger und Zehen sind kurz und abgeplattet. Die Finger sind frei, die Zehen sind zu einem Drittel ihrer Länge durch Schwimmhäute verbunden. Die Schwimmhäute greifen nicht zwischen den Metatarsen der 4. und 5. Zehe ein. Die Finger- und Zehenspitzen sind nicht verbreitert und besitzen einfache, knöcherne Endphalangen. Der erste Finger ist viel kürzer als der zweite. Subarticular- und Metatarsalhöcker sind sehr undeutlich ausgebildet. Das Tarsometatarsalgelenk reicht bei nach vorn an den Körper angelegtem Hinterbein bis vor das Auge. Die Praecoracoide sind sehr schwach ausgebildet und verlaufen mit den Coracoiden fast parallel. Das Omosternum (vorderer Teil des Brustbeins) fehlt. Das Sternum ist knorpelig. Die Querfortsätze des Sacralwirbels sind mäßig stark verbreitert. Männchen besitzen eine subgurale Schallblase.[1]
Vorkommen
Die Art kommt im südlichen Indien in Kerala und Tamil Nadu südlich von 13° nördlicher Breite vor. Sie besiedelt feuchte, immergrüne Wälder in den Westghats in Höhenlagen von 1000 bei 1500 Meter.[2]
Systematik
Die Art Melanobatrachus indicus wurde 1878 von Richard Henry Beddome erstbeschrieben. Sie ist die einzige Art der Gattung Melanobatrachus Beddome, 1878 und der Unterfamilie Melanobatrachinae Noble, 1931.[2]
Einzelnachweise
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↑ Fritz Nieden: Anura II. In: F. E. Schulze, W. Kükenthal, K. Heider (Hrsg.): Das Tierreich. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin und Leipzig 1926, S. 18–19.
-
↑ a b Darrel R. Frost: Melanobatrachus indicus Beddome, 1878. In: Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (abgerufen am 22. Februar 2014). (online).
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Melanobatrachus indicus: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Melanobatrachus indicus ist eine Amphibien-Art aus der Familie der Engmaulfrösche. Sie ist die einzige Art der Gattung Melanobatrachus und der Unterfamilie Melanobatrachinae.
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Melanobatrachus
provided by wikipedia EN
Melanobatrachus is a genus of narrow-mouthed frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is the only remaining genus in the monotypic subfamily Melanobatrachinae. It contains a single species, Melanobatrachus indicus,[2] also known as the Indian black microhylid frog and Malabar black narrow-mouthed frog. It is endemic to wet evergreen forests of southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu states of India. It has been recorded from Anaimalai, Munnar, Palni hills, Periyar Tiger Reserve and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve[3]
Melanobatrachus indicus is a rare species[1] that was only rediscovered in 1997.[4] It lives amongst leaf-litter, rocks and other ground cover of moist evergreen tropical forests.[1]
The subfamily Melanobatrachinae included two African genera, Hoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928 and Parhoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928, in the past but they are now placed in the subfamily Hoplophryninae.[5]
Melanobatrachus indicus is an Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species.[4] It is classified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1]
References
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Melanobatrachus: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Melanobatrachus is a genus of narrow-mouthed frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is the only remaining genus in the monotypic subfamily Melanobatrachinae. It contains a single species, Melanobatrachus indicus, also known as the Indian black microhylid frog and Malabar black narrow-mouthed frog. It is endemic to wet evergreen forests of southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu states of India. It has been recorded from Anaimalai, Munnar, Palni hills, Periyar Tiger Reserve and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
Melanobatrachus indicus is a rare species that was only rediscovered in 1997. It lives amongst leaf-litter, rocks and other ground cover of moist evergreen tropical forests.
The subfamily Melanobatrachinae included two African genera, Hoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928 and Parhoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928, in the past but they are now placed in the subfamily Hoplophryninae.
Melanobatrachus indicus is an Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species. It is classified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
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Melanobatrachus indicus
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Melanobatrachus indicus es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Microhylidae y única representante del género Melanobatrachus.
Distribución geográfica y hábitat
Es endémica del sur de los Ghats occidentales (India). Su rango altitudinal oscila entre 900 y 1200 msnm.
Estado de conservación
Se encuentra amenazada por la pérdida de su hábitat natural.
Referencias
- Frost, D.R. «Melanobatrachus indicus ». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Consultado el 21 de julio de 2015.
- S.D. Biju, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Gajanan Dasaramji Bhuddhe, Sushil Dutta, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S.P. Vijayakumar. 2004. Melanobatrachus indicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. Acceso: 21 de julio de 2015.
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Melanobatrachus indicus: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Melanobatrachus indicus es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Microhylidae y única representante del género Melanobatrachus.
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Melanobatrachus indicus
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Melanobatrachus indicus: Brief Summary
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
Melanobatrachus indicus Melanobatrachus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Microhylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
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Melanobatrachus indicus
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Melanobatrachus indicus, unique représentant du genre Melanobatrachus et de la sous-famille Melanobatrachinae, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae[1].
Répartition et habitat
Cette espèce est endémique du Sud des Ghâts occidentaux en Inde. Elle n'est connue qu'en trois sites, Kalakkad et le parc national Indira Gandhi dans l'État du Tamil Nadu, et le parc national de Periyar dans l'État du Kerala. Elle est présente entre 900 et 1 200 m d'altitude[1],[2].
C'est une espèce terrestre qui vit sur la litière de feuilles ou sur les rochers de la forêt sempervirente humide [2].
Description
Melanobatrachus indicus mesure environ 30-35 mm. Son dos est noir et présente de petites taches blanches devenant plus grandes au niveau de la gorge.
Étymologie
Le nom du genre Melanobatrachus est formé à partir du grec μέλανος, melanos, « noir », et βάτραχος, batrakos, « crapaud ». Le nom d'espèce, indicus, lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, l'Inde.
Publications originales
- Beddome, 1878 : Description of a new batrachian from southern India, belonging to the family Phryniscidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 1878, p. 722-723 (texte intégral).
- Noble, 1931 : The Biology of the Amphibia. New York and London, McGraw-Hill, p. 1-577 (texte intégral).
Notes et références
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Melanobatrachus indicus: Brief Summary
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Melanobatrachus indicus, unique représentant du genre Melanobatrachus et de la sous-famille Melanobatrachinae, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae.
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Melanobatrachus indicus
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Melanobatrachus indicus, Beddome, 1878[2], è l'unica specie di rana appartenente al genere Melanobatrachus della sottofamiglia Melanobatrachinae della famiglia Microhylidae.[3]
Etimologia
Il nome indicus, che caratterizza la specie, gli è stato conferito per il luogo della sua scoperta, l'India.
Il nome del genere Melanobatrachus è composto dalla parola in greco antico μέλανος (melanos), "nero", e da βάτραχος (batrakos), "rospo".
Descrizione
Le rane di questa specie misurano circa 30-35 mm di lunghezza. La colorazione del dorso è di colore nero caratterizzata da piccole chiazza bianche che tendono ad ingrandirsi sulla gola.[4]
Distribuzione e habitat
Questa specie è endemica delle montagne dei Ghati occidentali nel sud dell'India. Si trova principalmente in tre siti, nel Kalakkad e nel il Parco Nazionale Indira Gandhi nello stato del Tamil Nadu e nel Parco nazionale di Periyar nel Kerala. Vive tra i 900 e 1500 metri di altitudine.[3][1]
Note
-
^ a b (EN) S.D. Biju, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Gajanan Dasaramji Bhuddhe, Sushil Dutta, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S.P. Vijayakumar 2004, Melanobatrachus indicus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
-
^ Beddome, pp. 722-723.
-
^ a b (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Melanobatrachus indicus Beddome, 1878, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 15 ottobre 2014.
-
^ Malabar black narrow-mouthed frog (Melanobatrachus indicus), su arkive.org. URL consultato il 16-07-2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 26 luglio 2013).
Bibliografia
- (EN) Beddome, R. H., Proceedings of the Zoological Society ., London, 1878, pp. 722-723.
- Stuart, S. N., M. Hoffmann, J. Chanson, N. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B. Young (Eds.) . 2008. Threatened Amphibians of the World [Barcelona, Spain; International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland. Switzerland; Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A.]: Lynx Editions.
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Melanobatrachus indicus: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Melanobatrachus indicus, Beddome, 1878, è l'unica specie di rana appartenente al genere Melanobatrachus della sottofamiglia Melanobatrachinae della famiglia Microhylidae.
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Indische zwarte kikker
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
Herpetologie De Indische zwarte kikker[1] (Melanobatrachus indicus) is een kikker uit de familie smalbekkikkers (Microhylidae).[2] De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Richard Henry Beddome in 1878. Het is de enige soort uit de monotypische onderfamilie zwarte kikkers (Melanobatrachinae).
De kikker komt voor in Azië en leeft endemisch in zuidelijk India.[3] De soort is aangetroffen in vochtige bergbossen op een hoogte van 1000 tot 1500 meter boven zeeniveau. Het is een bodembewoner die leeft tussen de bladeren en de rotsen.
- Referenties
- Bronnen
-
(en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Melanobatrachus indicus - Website Geconsulteerd 14 februari 2017
-
(en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Melanobatrachus indicus - Website
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Melanobatrachus indicus
(
Vietnamese
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Melanobatrachus indicus: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Melanobatrachus là một chi động vật lưỡng cư trong họ Nhái bầu, thuộc bộ Anura. Chi này có 1 loài và 100% bị đe dọa hoặc tuyệt chủng.
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