dcsimg

Description

provided by AmphibiaWeb articles
Adult snout-vent lengths range from 47 to 103 mm for males and from 49 to 115 mm for females. The body is large and broad, with prominent parotoid glands, and numerous, small dorsal tubercles. On the head, the two cranial crest form a "V" between the eyes. Dorsal coloration is usually greenish, but may be grey, brown, or brownish-yellow. Large dorsal patches are paired and may be bordered by a black and a cream or white band. Smaller spots are present on the sides of the body, and green spots are found on the legs. Males have a black vocal sac, covered by a light-colored throat sac. The call is described as metallic and loud.See another account at californiaherps.com (http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/a.cognatus.html).
license
cc-by-3.0
author
Franziska Sandmeier
original
visit source
partner site
AmphibiaWeb articles

Distribution and Habitat

provided by AmphibiaWeb articles
The range extends westward from central Missouri, western Minnesota, and Iowa into central Montana, southeastern California, and Nevada. It extends southward from southern Manitoba to Alberta into Aquascalientes and San Luis Potosi in Mexico. Anaxyrus cognatus is usually found at elevations up to 1800 m, and as high as 2400 m in the San Luis Valley of Colorado.The habitat of A. cognatus includes both short and tall-grass prairie grasslands as well as mesquite grassland, desert scrub, an desert riparian associations in the western and southern portions of its range.
license
cc-by-3.0
author
Franziska Sandmeier
original
visit source
partner site
AmphibiaWeb articles

Habitat

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Great Plains toads are common toads of the great open spaces of broad grasslands, and the arid southwest. They are usually found in the lower, damper sections of these areas. These toads frequent irrigation canals, flood plains of rivers, temporary rain pools, and reservoirs.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland

Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams; temporary pools

Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; riparian

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Axley, E. 1999. "Anaxyrus cognatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anaxyrus_cognatus.html
author
Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The adult Great Plains toad averages 4.8-9 cm in length. On its back it has large dark blotches. Each blotch is boldly bordered by light pigment and contains many warts. The colors of this toad are generally yellowish, brown, greenish, or gray on top. Below is unspotted, cream to white, with a yellow or orange-yellow seat patch. Some specimens have been found with a narrow, light mid dorsal stripe. The head of the Great Plains toad is relatively small with a well-developed cranial crest. Their snout is blunt and rounded.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Axley, E. 1999. "Anaxyrus cognatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anaxyrus_cognatus.html
author
Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
10.7 years.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Axley, E. 1999. "Anaxyrus cognatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anaxyrus_cognatus.html
author
Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The range of Great Plains toads stretches from extreme southwest Manitoba, Canada, to southeast Alberta, Canada, and south to Texas; eastern-central Utah to extreme southeast California and far south into Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and San Luis Potosi, Mexico. There is a disjunct colony of Great Plains toads in south-central Colorado.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Axley, E. 1999. "Anaxyrus cognatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anaxyrus_cognatus.html
author
Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The Great Plains toad is an insectivore with a diet that includes, moths, flies, cutworms and beetles. Of its prey, cutworms pose the biggest problem to humans. This toad is known to be important to agriculture because they eat cutworms and many other noxious insects that feed on and damage crops. The Great Plains toad is nocturnal, thus feeds at night, which makes it hard to observe their food habits.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Axley, E. 1999. "Anaxyrus cognatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anaxyrus_cognatus.html
author
Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The Great Plains toad is an effective enemy of over-wintering cutworms in Oklahoma. Their value to agriculture on a yearly basis in Oklahoma has been estimated at $25 per individual toad.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Axley, E. 1999. "Anaxyrus cognatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anaxyrus_cognatus.html
author
Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Life Cycle

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Axley, E. 1999. "Anaxyrus cognatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anaxyrus_cognatus.html
author
Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status

provided by Animal Diversity Web

In order to protect this species its natural habitat must be protected. In many states in the Great Plains region there are laws in place that protect the plains. To ensure the continued survival of this species this protection of habitat must continue.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Axley, E. 1999. "Anaxyrus cognatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anaxyrus_cognatus.html
author
Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The Great Plains toad breeds only after rain storms in spring and summer when the temperature exceeds 12 degrees C. Breeding sites are restricted to relatively clear shallow water, which include buffalo wallows, flooded fields, and the edges of extensive temporary pools. They breed usually in large congresses built up by the reaction of males to one another's call. A calling male clutches any toad that happens to touch him, and once a female is clasped she is retained tenaciously. A single female may lay as many as 20,000 eggs, which are attached to debris near the bottom of temporary pools, permanent springs, and small streams. Roughly two days after laying the eggs hatch. The tadpoles are small when first hatched and grow only to about 25 mm in length. About 1 1/2 months after the eggs are laid, metamorphosis begins and takes less than two weeks to complete. The newly transformed young of the year will not become sexually mature until they are 3-5 years old.

Range number of offspring: 20000 (high) .

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
1460 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
1460 days.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Axley, E. 1999. "Anaxyrus cognatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anaxyrus_cognatus.html
author
Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Anaxyrus cognatus ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

Anaxyrus cognatus és una espècie d'amfibi que viu a Nord-amèrica.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Anaxyrus cognatus Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Anaxyrus cognatus: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

Anaxyrus cognatus és una espècie d'amfibi que viu a Nord-amèrica.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Great Plains toad

provided by wikipedia EN

The Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus) is a relatively large species of true toad native to central North America.

Distribution

The amphibian is native throughout the Canadian Prairies (northern Great Plains) in southern Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan; and into northern Mexico in the Sonoran Desert and Mexican Plateau.[1][2][3]

Description

The Great Plains toad is grey, brown, and green in color, with darker colored blotching. It can grow to anywhere between 5.1 and 11.4 cm (2 and 4.5 in) in length. Its primary diet is various species of cutworms. It prefers grassland habitat with loose soil that is easy to burrow in. Breeding occurs throughout the spring and summer months, most often immediately after heavy rainfall. In dry areas it may only emerge from its burrow for a few weeks when conditions are right, and usually at night, but in areas with permanent water bodies and abundant rain it may be active all day.[4] Its mating call is a very loud, harsh chirping noise repeated many times, very fast.

Ecology

The great plains toad feeds a range of insects such as lepidopterans, dipterans, hymenopterans, coleopterans, ants, and termites. The toad is preyed upon by the plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix), among others.[3] It uses chemoreceptors to sense chemical cues left by the snake.

The great plains toad occur in deserts, grasslands, semi-desert shrublands, open floodplains, and agricultural areas. When inactive they burrow underground. Breeding takes place in temporary water bodies such as rain pools, flooded areas, and ponds; they can also use margins of reservoirs. The eggs and larvae develop in shallow water and metamorphose after 17 to 45 days.[1][3]

Conservations

The Great Plains toad has wide distribution and is not considered threatened, although it may suffer from road kills, farming, and suburban sprawl, increased droughts, and urbanization.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Anaxyrus cognatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T54612A196333146. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T54612A196333146.en. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  2. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Anaxyrus cognatus (Say, 1822)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "Anaxyrus cognatus". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  4. ^ Grismer, L. L. (2002). Amphibians and Reptiles of Baja California. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 69.

Further sources

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Great Plains toad: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Great Plains toad (Anaxyrus cognatus) is a relatively large species of true toad native to central North America.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Anaxyrus cognatus ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Anaxyrus cognatus es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Bufonidae. Anteriormente incluida en el género Bufo. Su color es grisáceo, marrón y verdoso. Puede tener desde 5,1 hasta 11 cm en longitud. Su alimentación se basa en larvas de varias especies de lepidópteros. Prefiere las praderas de suelo ligero fácil de excavar. La reproducción ocurre en primavera y verano, inmediatamente después de fuertes lluvias. En áreas secas solo es activo durante la noche durante unas pocas semanas, pero en áreas más húmedas con cuerpos de agua permanente es activo durante todo el día.[1]​ Su canto de cortejo es muy ruidoso y muy rápido. Su depredador principal es la serpiente (Thamnophis radix), y el sapo tiene quimiorreceptores especiales para detectar las señales químicas de la serpiente.

Distribución

Se puede encontrar hasta una altitud de 2440 m y se distribuye desde Alberta (Canadá) hasta el norte de México, pasando por los estados de Minnesota, Iowa, Misuri, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Nuevo México, Dakota del sur, Dakota del Norte, Nebraska y Kansas.

Publicación original

  • Say in James, 1823: Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20: by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party, vol. 3, p. 1-347 (texto íntegro).

Referencias

  • Pauly, G. B., D. F. F. M. Hillis, and D. C. Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  • Hammerson & Santos-Barrera (2004). «Bufo cognatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2006. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
  • Herps of Texas: Bufo cognatus
  1. Grismer, L. L. (2002). Amphibians and Reptiles of Baja California. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 69.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Anaxyrus cognatus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Anaxyrus cognatus es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Bufonidae. Anteriormente incluida en el género Bufo. Su color es grisáceo, marrón y verdoso. Puede tener desde 5,1 hasta 11 cm en longitud. Su alimentación se basa en larvas de varias especies de lepidópteros. Prefiere las praderas de suelo ligero fácil de excavar. La reproducción ocurre en primavera y verano, inmediatamente después de fuertes lluvias. En áreas secas solo es activo durante la noche durante unas pocas semanas, pero en áreas más húmedas con cuerpos de agua permanente es activo durante todo el día.​ Su canto de cortejo es muy ruidoso y muy rápido. Su depredador principal es la serpiente (Thamnophis radix), y el sapo tiene quimiorreceptores especiales para detectar las señales químicas de la serpiente.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Anaxyrus cognatus ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Anaxyrus cognatus Anaxyrus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Anaxyrus cognatus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Anaxyrus cognatus Anaxyrus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Anaxyrus cognatus ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Crapaud des steppes

Anaxyrus cognatus, communément appelé Crapaud des steppes, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre dans le centre de l'Amérique du Nord jusqu'à 2 440 m d'altitude[1] :

Description

Les mâles mesurent de 47 à 103 mm et les femelles de 49 à 115 mm[2].

Publication originale

  • Say in James, 1823 : « Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party », vol. 3, p. 1-347 (lire en ligne).

Notes et références

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Anaxyrus cognatus: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Crapaud des steppes

Anaxyrus cognatus, communément appelé Crapaud des steppes, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Prairiepad ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Herpetologie

De prairiepad[2] (Anaxyrus cognatus) is een kikker uit de familie padden (Bufonidae).[3] De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Thomas Say in 1823. Deze soort wordt ook wel Great Plains pad genoemd naar de Engelse naam. De soort behoorde lange tijd tot het geslacht Bufo.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De prairiepad bereikt een maximale lichaamslengte tot 11,5 centimeter, de mannetjes blijven kleiner dan de vrouwtjes. De kikker is eenvoudig te herkennen aan de lichtbruine kleur met eironde, donkere en licht omrande vlekken op de rug, die verticaal symmetrisch zijn. Op het midden van de rug is meestal een lichte groef aanwezig. Deze soort heeft verder een gedrongen lichaam met stompe kop en kleine ogen. De tenen zijn in vergelijking met andere soorten relatief lang.

Algemeen

Het voedsel bestaat uit insecten en wormen en deze pad jaagt op het land en alleen tijdens de schemering.[4] Als het koud of droog weer is blijft hij echter verstopt tot het beter wordt. De voortplanting vindt plaats van maart tot september en de eitjes worden gelegd in ondiep en helder water. Er kunnen wel 20.000 eitjes per keer worden gelegd en de padden zoeken elkaar op om gezamenlijk eitjes af te zetten, waardoor de uitgekozen waterpartijen krioelen van de kikkervisjes. Deze eten algen, rottend organisch materiaal en planten, en vreten vaak met honderdduizenden in een paar weken tijd de hele poel kaal.

Verspreiding en habitat

Deze pad leeft in delen van Noord-Amerika en komt voor in de landen Mexico en de Verenigde Staten. Hier komt de prairiepad voor in een groot aantal staten van de Verenigde Staten. Het verspreidingsgebied loopt dwars door het land van boven naar beneden en maakt onderaan een zwenk naar links; het volgt de grote prairievlakte die de Amerikanen de Great Plains noemen. Deze soort leeft in graslanden, woestijnranden en heidevelden, dichtbegroeide bossen worden gemeden en ook komt de pad verder uit de buurt van water dan veel andere soorten.

Van de prairiepad zijn migraties bekend naar het noorden van het verspreidingsgebied. Daarbij komen de dieren zo massaal voor dat ze beschouwd kunnen worden als een 'laag padden'. Hierbij zijn wegen veranderd in een glibberige massa en werden miljoenen exemplaren geteld.[2]

Referenties
  1. (en) Prairiepad op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. a b Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 505. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Anaxyrus cognatus.
  4. Amphibia Web, Anaxyrus cognatus.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Anaxyrus cognatus - Website Geconsulteerd 26 november 2016
  • (en) - Amphibiaweb - Anaxyrus cognatus - Website
  • (nl) Bernhard Grzimek - Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën - Pagina 505 - ISBN 9027486255, Kindler Verlag AG 1971 (Informatie)
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Prairiepad: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De prairiepad (Anaxyrus cognatus) is een kikker uit de familie padden (Bufonidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Thomas Say in 1823. Deze soort wordt ook wel Great Plains pad genoemd naar de Engelse naam. De soort behoorde lange tijd tot het geslacht Bufo.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Sapo-das-grandes-planícies ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

O sapo-das-grandes-planícies (nome científico: Anaxyrus cognatus, antiga nomenclatura: Bufo cognatus) é uma espécie de anuro da família Bufonidae. É nativa do centro e sudoeste dos Estados Unidos, se expandindo aos estados de Manitoba e Alberta, no Canadá e o norte do México. Sua área de ocorrência possui 5.165.915 km² e 2.440 metros de altitude.

Habita desertos, pastos, matagais, planícies aluviais e áreas de agricultura, como vales de córregos. Se reproduz em poças de chuva, áreas inundadas, lagoas e reservatórios de água. Seu ovos e girinos são depositados em corpos d'água rasos e limpos.[1]

Referências

  1. «Anaxyrus cognatus (Great Plains Toad)». IUCN Red List. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2016
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Sapo-das-grandes-planícies: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

O sapo-das-grandes-planícies (nome científico: Anaxyrus cognatus, antiga nomenclatura: Bufo cognatus) é uma espécie de anuro da família Bufonidae. É nativa do centro e sudoeste dos Estados Unidos, se expandindo aos estados de Manitoba e Alberta, no Canadá e o norte do México. Sua área de ocorrência possui 5.165.915 km² e 2.440 metros de altitude.

Habita desertos, pastos, matagais, planícies aluviais e áreas de agricultura, como vales de córregos. Se reproduz em poças de chuva, áreas inundadas, lagoas e reservatórios de água. Seu ovos e girinos são depositados em corpos d'água rasos e limpos.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Anaxyrus cognatus ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Anaxyrus cognatus[3] är en groddjursart som först beskrevs av Say in James 1823. Den ingår i släktet Anaxyrus och familjen paddor.[11][12] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[11]

Beskrivning

En tämligen stor padda, honorna kan bli upp till 11,4 cm långa, hanarna upp till 9,5 cm. Huden har en ljus grundfärg, men har på ryggsidan flera, stora, mörka fläckar. Den är också försedd med flera små vårtor, som är rödaktiga hos unga paddor. Skinnet på hanens strupe är mörkt och löst.[13] Buken saknar fläckar, och är vit till blekgul. Huvudet är relativt litet, med en trubbigt avrundad nos.[14] Parotidkörtlarna, giftkörtlarna bakom ögonen, är avlånga. Paddynglen är först svarta på ovansidan med ljusa till varmgula fläckar, men blir senare brunspräckliga och får strax innan förvandlingen de fullbildade paddornas mönster med mörka fläckar på ljus botten. Som mest blir de 2,5 till 3,5 cm långa.[13]

Ekologi

Arten tolererar torka bättre än de flesta paddor, och förekommer på gräsmarker som prärier, i halvöknar och öknar, gärna med buskartad växtlighet. Den kan dock även påträffas i fuktiga miljöer som flodstränder och i jordbruksbygd (då gärna i närheten av vattendrag),[15][1]

Paddan är nattaktiv och gömmer sig i vanligtvis grunda, utgrävda, underjordiska utrymmen som de behåller i upp till 6 dagar.[15]

Den förekommer upp till en höjd av 1 800 m, över 2 400 m i Colorado[1].

I fångenskap har arten blivit nästan 11 år gammal, men man tror att den kan bli upp till 20 år.[15]

Föda

Födan för de fullbildade paddorna består nästan helt av leddjur som fjärilar (speciellt broddmaskar, som gör att paddan är ett nyttodjur inom jordbruket[14]), tvåvingar, steklar, skalbaggar, enkelfotingar och kvalster. Paddynglen äter alger, detritus och annat organiskt material som de kan skrapa av från växter och stenar.[15]

Fortplantning

Paddan blir könsmogen vid mellan 2 och 5 års ålder. Leken äger rum mellan mars och september i den södra delen av utbredningsområdet, maj till juli i norra delen.[15] Djuren leker på grunt vatten i regnvattenspölar, översvämmade områden, dammar och vattenreservoarer.[1] Hanens lockläte är en lång, ofta pulserande drill.[13]

Honan lägger i medeltal omkring 11 000 ägg, vanligtvis under morgon till förmiddag. Äggen kläcks vanligen efter 2 till 7 dagar, och ynglen förvandlas till fullbildade paddor efter ytterligare 17 till 45 dagar beroende på vattentemperatur.[15]

Utbredning

Anaxyrus cognatus förekommer i Nordamerika från södra Manitoba och sydöstra Alberta i Kanada, över USA där den finns västerut till centrala Montana, östra Wyoming, östra Colorado och sydöstra Kalifornien, österut till västra Minnesota, västra Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma och norra och västra Texas. Söderut når utbredningsområdet över Sinaloa till Aguascalientes och San Luis Potosí i Mexiko.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e f] 2010 Anaxyrus cognatus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 22 juli 2015.
  2. ^ (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code
  3. ^ [a b] Frost, Darrel R. (2009) , database. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference v5.3
  4. ^ (2004) , database, Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference
  5. ^ (2001) , website, Amphibian Species of the World: An online reference
  6. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, Resource Publication, no. 166
  7. ^ Flores-Villela, Oscar / McCoy, C. J., ed. (1993) Herpetofauna Mexicana: Lista anotada de las especies de anfibios y reptiles de México, cambios taxonómicos recientes, y nuevas especies, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication, no. 17
  8. ^ (2000) , database, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad
  9. ^ Crother, Brian I., Jeff Boundy, Jonathan A. Campbell, et al. / Moriarty, John J., ed. (2000) Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding, Herpetological Circular, no. 29
  10. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2004) , Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, draft (2004)
  11. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Kunze T., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A. (red.) (2015). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/search/all/key/anaxyrus+cognatus/match/1. Läst 19 juli 2015.
  12. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  13. ^ [a b c] ”Great Plains Toad - Anaxyrus cognatus (på engelska). Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. http://fieldguide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=AAABB01050. Läst 18 juli 2015.
  14. ^ [a b] Elizabeth J. Axley (9 juli 1999). Anaxyrus cognatus Great Plains Toad” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anaxyrus_cognatus/. Läst 18 juli 2015.
  15. ^ [a b c d e f] Brent M. Graves och James J. Krupa (2015). Anaxyrus cognatus Great Plains Toad” (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Anaxyrus&where-species=cognatus. Läst 18 juli 2015.

Externa länkar

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Anaxyrus cognatus: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Anaxyrus cognatus är en groddjursart som först beskrevs av Say in James 1823. Den ingår i släktet Anaxyrus och familjen paddor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV