Environmental and monetary costs associated with attempting to control pocket gopher populations deserve serious questioning. Pocket gopher removal does decrease the population, but it also increases population growth rates.
T. talpoides has an unsettled taxonomy. There are 50 sub-species. Many of these sub-species may eventually be placed in their own species. (McMahon, 1999; Smallwood, 1997)
Vision and hearing are very poor in T. talpoides. Their senses of touch and smell are their primary means of communication. (McMahon, 1999)
Communication Channels: tactile ; chemical
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Not a species of concern.
US Migratory Bird Act: no special status
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
According to many farmers T. talpoides is a "bad" species, because they are known to eat up to 245 kg of plant material per year, and because they love agricultural fields. Their mounds can dull the blades of farm machines, and they tend to re-route irrigation water, causing localized flooding. For these reasons, farmers try to control T. talpoides by poisoning and trapping them. Modern techniques of controlling T. talpoides populations include the spreading of predator feces, urine, and scent gland secretions. Another strategy is to inject pepper oil extract (capsicum) into the soil. This irritant is effective in making gophers avoid that area. Gopher contol is expensive, and can also have direct negative effects on crop plants. (McMahon, 1999; Sterner, 1999; Smallwood, 1997)
Negative Impacts: crop pest
In the long term, T. talpoides is beneficial to farm fields and pastures because of the soil fertility maintenance roles that are described in the ecology section. Over a 31 year study in central Utah, northern pocket gophers increased soil porosity, organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous. Another study has shown significant increases in soil calcium, soil potassium, and soil moisture, due to northern pocket gopher activity. Percieved direct-crop herbivory by pocket gophers may not be as costly as prevoiusly estimated, if we quantify how much less productive that land would be without them (in the long term). When looking at multiple scales, researchers have shown that a similar species, T. bottae, may actually increase overall productivity in a California alfalfa field. I love to quote my Soil Science teacher who says: "...although we may not like them while they are there, it's good to have had gophers in your field." (Hauxwell, 1999. Personal communication; Lacey, 2000; Litaor, 1995; Smallwood, 1997)
Positive Impacts: produces fertilizer
Northern pocket gophers serve a critical role in maintaining the bio-diversity, habitat structure, and functionality of the ecosystems they inhabit. They attain population densities of up to 20 per hectare. For this reason alone, they are a significant food source for larger vertebrates.
Even more important is the manner in which T. talpoides improves site productivity. It has been estimated that T. talpoides turns over 8-15.7 Megagrams of soil/hectare. (11.2-85.1 Mg/ha has been reported in extreme cases.) This means several things: Burrowing activities loosen and aerate soils, deliver organic material to the subsoil (thereby improving its fertility), hasten the soil forming processes, deepen the soil profile, expand the plant-available water-holding-capacity of the soil, and generally improve the biological chemical and physical aspects of soils. The result is that relative to unaltered soil, there are more plant species and higher plant densities on soil that has altered by T. talpoides. In several locations, visual evidence of northern pocket gopher activities is present, on up to 40% of the ground surface area. (McMahon, 1999; Lacey, 2000)
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; creates habitat; soil aeration ; keystone species
Northern pocket gophers are best described as generalist herbivores. They primarily consume the roots, corms, rhizomes, and stems, of forbs and herbs. They tend to avoid woody vegetation. Fruits of Opuntia species are a favorite, if available. At certain times of year, grasses may compose up to 50% of their diet, although they prefer agricultural crops, if available. Overall, the diet of T. talpoides is composed of 80% areal plant material. They search under and above ground, and typically pull the entire plant under ground. One northern pocket gopher was witnessed stuffing its pouches so full of alfalfa that the pouches were dragging on the ground! This species is known to eat its feces, and to cache food. (McMahon, 1999; Lacey, 2000)
Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore , Granivore ); coprophage
Thomomys talpoides lives in the dry short-grass prairies, and has the greatest range of any pocket gopher in North America. They occur on both sides of the continental divide, ranging from mid-Manitoba in the north, to New Mexico at the south end. T. talpoides occurs as far west as the east side of the Cascade mountains, and (northern) Sierra Nevada range, and as far east as the Dakota Plains, east of the Black Hills. This area is generally called the North American West and Midwest. (McMahon, 1999)
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
T. talpoides occupies a greater variety of habitats than any other pocket gopher species. They are fossorial, which means they live in tunnels underground. They can be found in mountain meadows, tundra, valley grasslands, sagebrush steppe, and agricultural fields. The uniting feature of these habitats is the absence of significant canopy cover, and abundant ground cover that supplies their nutritional needs. Generally speaking, they prefer deep well drained soils, but are also found in compacted clays and shallow rocky soils. The elevation range of T. talpoides is 915-3750 meters, but they are most common at 1220-2745 meters. (McMahon 1999)
Range elevation: 915 to 3750 m.
Average elevation: 1220-3745 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate
Terrestrial Biomes: tundra ; taiga ; mountains
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural
In captivity, T. talpoides lives 5-6 years. In the "real world" their life expectancy is 18-24 months. Total population replacement occurs in roughly 5 years. Because males tend to uniformly die before females, there are certain times in the late summer where the majority of the population is female. (McMahon, 1999)
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 5 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 18-24 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: captivity: 5 to 6 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 1.6 years.
T. talpoides is highly adapted to a tunneling lifestyle. These pocket gophers have thick, tapering bodies, short limbs with strong claws, loose skin, and reduced eyes and ears. They have sharp and fast growing upper and lower incisors, which are extensively used to help them dig. These rodents have external cheek pouches.
The pelage (fur) of T. talpoides ranges from grayish brown, to brown, and yellowish-brown in color. Complex spring molting patterns create the appearance of waves and bands across the body, from head to tail. The fur is soft and short. It is not as glossy than that of other Thomomys species.
Females are about 10% smaller than males, in both weight and length. The average adult T. talpoides weighs from 60 to 160 grams. Weight varies with respect to elevation. The total body length is 165 to 260 mm, and tail length varies from 40 to 74 mm.
Characteristics that separates T. talpoides from other Thomomys species are: 1) small rounded ears less than 6.9 mm. 2) No sphenoidal fissure in the skull. 3) Smooth anterior surface of the upper incisors.
(McMahon, 1999)
Range mass: 60 to 160 g.
Range length: 165 to 260 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.679 W.
Predation upon T. talpoides is best performed by efficient digging carnivores, such as badgers. Other predator species include: coyote, skunk, weasel, great horned owl, bobcat, fox, some snakes, some hawks, etc. Northern pocket gophers are a "keystone species" that many other regional animals depend upon. Specific anti-predator adaptations are not known for this species, although their subterranian existence is probably a way in which they avoid the predatory birds to which so many rodents fall prey. (McMahon, 1999)
Known Predators:
The mating system of these animals has not been described. They are generally solitary, but males are allowed into female tunnels during the breeding season (Nowak, 1999)
Reproduction occurs in the spring, generally occuring later at higher elevations. The gestation periods last 18 to 20 days. Young are usually born from mid-May to mid June, but births occur later at higher elevations. Pocket gophers are not well developed at birth, and are therefore, altricial. Care of young is an exclusively maternal responsibility, as these are very anti-social animals. Birth weight averages 3 grams. The young are weaned by day 40. Young disperse from the natal burrow around 2 months of age, and reach maturity in 3-6 months. An average mature female T. talpoides will have one litter per year that consists of 4-7 young. (McMahon, 1999)
Breeding season: Breeding occurs in the spring, with births following in late spring or summer.
Range number of offspring: 3 to 7.
Range gestation period: 18 to 20 days.
Average weaning age: 40 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 to 6 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 to 6 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous
Average birth mass: 3.175 g.
Average number of offspring: 5.
No male parental care has been reported for this species. Females care for their young within their tunnels. The young are nursed for about 40 days. They remain with the mother until they disperse around the age of two months (Nowak, 1999)
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care
The northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides) is a small gopher species native to the western United States and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Manitoba.
Northern gophers are often rich brown or yellowish brown, but also grayish or closely approaching local soil color and have white markings under the chin. They also weigh less than a quarter of a pound (110 grams).
Their habitat consists usually of good soil in meadows or along streams; most often in mountains, but also in lowlands. Northern pocket gophers rarely appear above ground; when they do, they rarely venture more than 2.5 feet from a burrow entrance. Underground, however, they often have tunnels that extend hundreds of feet where they live, store food, and mate.[2]
According to the “Journal of Mammalogy,” although there are positive impacts of burrowing, this change can negatively impact the organisms around them. Even though these gophers do not directly interact with the insects in their habitats, burrowing and grazing have an impact on the plants around them and the herbivores that consume these plants. Changes in the plants’ composition can cause an increase in soluble amino acids, carbohydrates, chemicals, which then causes the plants to be more vulnerable: to parasites, predation, and diseases. The “Journal of Mammalogy” publishes different papers and articles surrounding mammals and their aspects of the biology of the mammals in the world today.[3]
The northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides) is a small gopher species native to the western United States and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Manitoba.
