Jamaican fruit-eating bats use echolocation as their primary means of orientation. Olfaction and sight are also used to detect food. Although many microchiropterans emit sound pulses orally, Artibeus jamaicensis emits sound pulses through its noseleaf while its mouth is closed. One researcher described the noseleaf of Jamaican fruit-eating bats as "an acoustic lens that focuses the outgoing sound into a narrow beam." Jamaican fruit-eating bats are often called "whisper bats" because they emit very low intensity sounds. These sounds provide short range information on the location of food in densely vegetated areas. Pups use rapidly repeated long and short notes (i.e., "double notes") to assist in reuniting with their mothers in densely populated caves. Jamaican Fruit-Eating bats produce warning calls when captured in mist nets, which attract conspecifics as well as additional species. Jamaican fruit-eating bats respond to other species' alarm calls as well. Distress calls also warn conspecifics of approaching predators.
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical
Artibeus jamaicensis is as "least concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and has no special status according to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Artibeus jamaicensis is known to occasionally forage on cultivated fruit crops.
Negative Impacts: crop pest
The seeds of market fruits sold by humans are dispersed by Artibeus jamicensis. This species is also helps pollinate some economically-important crop plants. Although insects make up only a minor part of their diet, A. jamicensis may help control certain insect pest species.
Positive Impacts: pollinates crops
Artibeus jamaicensis plays an important role in the dispersal of seeds of many tropical fruits. Additionally, it disperses seeds crucial for secondary and successional growth in areas disturbed by natural disasters, which helps restore forests following disturbance and helps maintain plant species richness. It is possible that some species depend on the uneaten remains of discarded fruit. One research team described the foraging habits of Artibeus as "a continuous rain of fruit and bat excrement throughout much of the night and with sunrise came herds of aggressive local pigs to gather the night's fallout of figs." Because A. jamaicensis sometimes consumes nectar and pollen, it likely helps pollinate many Neotropical plant species. Jamaican fruit-eating bats are host to an array of ectoparasites, including four species of ticks from the families Ixodidae and Argasidae, six species of mites from the families Trombiculidae, Macronyssidae, Gastronyssidae, Spinturnicidae, and Ercynetidae, and four species of batflies from the families Nycteribiidae and Streblidae. Little information is available on endoparasites specific to A. jamaicensis.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; pollinates
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
As its common name suggests, Jamaican fruit-eating bats are frugivores and feed primarily on Ficus figs. They also consume pollen, nectar, flower parts, and insects during the dry season when fruit is less abundant. Other members of Artibeus are known to use fruits such as mangoes, avocados, and bananas. Jamaican fruit-eating bats travel up to 8 km a night to forage. Once they select a fruit, they may fly an additional 25 to 200 meters to find a feeding roost rather than consuming the fruit where it was found. Once at this roost, bats use their robust molars, modified for crushing fruit, to mash up the fruit, which is usually unripe and often hard. They suck out the juices and spit out the leftover pulp with any seeds remaining inside. One research team described the feeding habits of Artibeus as causing "a continuous rain of fruit and bat excrement throughout much of the night and with sunrise came herds of aggressive local pigs to gather the night's fallout of figs." Jamaican fruit-eating bats quickly digests their food. as most of the fruit passes through the digestive system in 15 to 20 minutes. Given the relatively short gut retention time, it is unlikely that digestion is aided by bacteria. It is not uncommon to see multiple individuals feeding at the same Ficus tree.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; pollen; flowers
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )
The northern range of Artibeus jamaicensis extends into central Mexico and continues south throughout Central America, and into northern South America. In South America, A. jamaicensis lives west of the Andes, in northern Venezuela, northwest Columbia, and western Ecuador. Resident populations have been reported in the lower Florida Keys. The distribution of A. jamaicensis in the Caribbean is continuous throughout and encompasses the Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Netherlands Antilles, and Trinidad and Tobago. The range of A. jamaicensis once was thought to extend south to Amazonian Brazil, Paraguay and Northern Argentina, but mammalogists have recently recognized those populations as separate species, Artibeus obscurus and Artibeus jamaicensis planirostris.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
Artibeus jamaicensis is primarily found in mature lowland rainforests, but lives in a variety of habitats including seasonal dry forests, deciduous forests, and human plantations. This species uses an array of different roosts including hollowed trees, dense foliage, caves, and sometimes even buildings. Along with several other species of the family Phyllostomidae, A. jamaicensis modifies large leaves to make "tents" as roosts. They have been found in a wide range of elevations from sea level to 2300 m.
Range elevation: sea level to 2300 m.
Average elevation: 500 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; caves
Little is known about the lifespan of Jamaican fruit-eating bats. One individual in the wild was recaptured 7 years after it had been tagged. Some sources report a lifespan of up to 9 years in the wild. Captive individuals can live to be more than 10 years old.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 7 to 9 years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 10 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 10.0 years.
Artibeus jamaicensis weighs between 40 and 60 g, and reaches 70 to 85 mm in length with a wingspan ranging from 48 to 67 mm wide. It has short fur that is either brownish, grayish or black in color. Hair roots are white giving A. jamaicensis a slightly hoary appearance. Ventral pelage is usually lighter than dorsal pelage and no dorsal line is present. The genus Artibeus is characterized by four white facial stripes, one above and below each eye. These stripes are distinct on A. jamaicensis, but fainter than on other related species. This species lacks an external tail, and the naked uropatagium is a characteristic not present in other members of the genus. Like other phyllostomatids, members of this species have a well-developed noseleaf, which is broad, fleshy, and spear-shaped. Artibeus jamaicensis has large canines relative to other members of the genus, which are used for impaling the hard skinned unripe fruit they eat. Artibeus jamaicensis also has a characteristic V-shaped row of bumps on its chin. Six subspecies of A. jamaicensis are recognized.
Range mass: 40 to 60 g.
Range length: 70 to 85 mm.
Range wingspan: 96 to 150 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.359 W.
Jamaican fruit-eating bats are preyed upon by a number of owl species, including barn owls, spectacled owls, mottled owls, and Guatemalan screech owls. Other predators include common opossums, gray four-eyed opossums, boa constrictors, white-nosed coatis, false vampire bats, and Bat Falcons. One week before and after a full moon, Jamaican fruit-eating bats cease feeding activity and return to their day roost while the moon is at its highest peak and cloud cover does not prevent this behavior. When the moon is not full, Jamaican fruit-eating bats forage continuously though the night. Lunar phobia is thought to be an adaption to nocturnal predators that detect prey visually. Because they roost in dark habitats and are nocturnal, their dark coloration helps camouflage them from potential predators.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Artibeus jamaicensis is polygynous, and individuals males defend harems of 4 to 18 females and their young. Males of this species are known to form stable, sized-based hierarchies. Larger, heavier males successfully defend larger harems, and dominant males remain with their harems for multiple years. However, females frequently move among harems, and solitary females are sometimes incorporated into existing harems. Reproduction is not limited to dominant males as bachelor males occasionally copulate with solitary females. During breeding season, dominant males living in caves or tree hollows attack neighboring “bachelor” male roosts. At night, dominant males defend their roost from rival males.
Mating System: polygynous
The reproductive cycle of Artibeus jamaicensis alternates between periods of normal and delayed development and is best described as seasonal polyestry. In late March or early April, females give birth to a single pup. Immediately following parturition, females enter postpartum estrous and may be pregnant and lactating at the same time. Following a gestation period of no more that 4 months, females give birth to another pup around late July or early August. Again, parturition is followed by a postpartum estrous; however, the resulting blastocyst implants in the uterus and becomes dormant for 2.5 months. In mid-November the blastocyst resumes development, and the pregnant females give birth to a single young in late March or early April. On rare occasions, females give birth to twins. Research suggests that this pattern of delayed development synchronizes the birth of young with the end of the dry season, which allows weaning to occur when large fruits are at peak availability. Acyclic reproductive patterns are seen in some populations in Central Mexico and Columbia. Reproductive cycles are likely moderated by food abundance and the timing of wet and dry seasons. Artibeus jamaicensis can fly by 31 to 51 days after birth and reaches adult size around 80 days old.
Breeding interval: Jamaican fruit-eating bats breed twice every year.
Breeding season: Copulation occurs 2 to 25 days after the birth of young in March/April and July/August
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 4 to 7 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 8 to 12 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 8 to 12 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; embryonic diapause ; post-partum estrous
Average birth mass: 5.9 g.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Little is know about parental care in Artibeus jamaicensis. Like all mammals, mothers provision and protect young while carrying them in the womb and continues until weaning. Prior to learning how to fly, pups are carried by their mothers while they forage for food.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
The Jamaican, common or Mexican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) is a fruit-eating bat native to the Neotropics.
The Jamaican fruit bat is a medium-sized bat, having a total length of 78–89 mm (3.1–3.5 in) with a 96–150 mm (3.8–5.9 in) wingspan and weighing 40 to 60 g (1.4 to 2.1 oz). It has broad but pointed and ridged ears with a serrated tragus.[2] Its prominent noseleaf has an array of sebaceous glands.[3] The lower lip is littered with warts with a relatively large one in the center. Sebaceous holocrine glands can be found in both lips.[3] On the back the fur is an ashy-shade of gray or brown with visible white hair bases and variable fur patterning on the face.[4] The wings of the fruit bat are broad and dark gray in color.[2] The underfur is paler in color. The fruit bat has no external tail. It has broad dark grey wings and a narrow hairless interfemoral membrane with a short calcar.[2] The distinctive features of the Jamaican fruit bat (which however are shared by some of its relatives) include the absence of an external tail and a minimal, U-shaped interfemoral membrane.
A transcriptome dataset is available with more than 25,000 annotated transcripts that are directly searchable by BLAST.[5][6] A genome assembly has also been generated.[7][8]
The Jamaican fruit bat ranges from southern Mexico through Central America southward to northwestern South America (in Colombia). It also lives throughout the Caribbean islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the southern Bahamas.[1][9]
The Jamaican fruit bat can be found in elevations from sea level to 2,135 m (7,005 ft).[10] This species is found in a variety of habitats. It prefers habitats that are humid and tropical but has also adapted to cloud forests and drier tropical habitats.[10] Fruit bats roost in caves, hollow trees, dense foliage, buildings and leaf tents.[11] The fruit bat may create its own "tent" to roost in by altering broad leaves.[11] These "tents" are only temporarily used.
Populations east of the Andes in South America (south to Argentina) have traditionally been included in the Jamaican fruit bat, but are now often regarded as a separate species, the flat-faced fruit-eating bat (A. planirostris). Further research is necessary to establish its exact taxonomic status.[1] Further populations in Ecuador, Peru and southwestern Colombia west of the Andes were attributed to a new species, Artibeus aequatorialis. The Lesser Antilles populations have since been described to be Artibeus schwartzi.
The Jamaican fruit bat is a frugivore. They eat a number of kinds of fruit but focus mostly on figs; at Barro Colorado Island, Panama, figs make up more than 78% of the fruits eaten.[2] Bats will also supplement leaves of plants with high amounts of protein.[12] Overall, the fruit bat consumes a diverse amount of plants but locally only eats certain types.[2] A Jamaican fruit-eating bat plucks its food and carries it away with its mouth before eating it in its roosts. As such it can disperse seeds fairly far.[13] Fruit bats have been recorded carrying fruits weighing 3–14 g (0.11–0.49 oz) or even as much as 50 g (1.8 oz). Jamaican fruit bats rely on sight and smell to find fruit of certain colors and odors.[2] They mainly feed on Ficus figs and also on other fruits like avocados, mangoes, guava, papaya and bananas. In the dry season, depending on food availability their diet can consist of leaves of some plants containing large amounts of protein, nectar, pollen, parts of flowers and even few insects.[14][15]
The maximum longevity for the Jamaican fruit bat is nine years in the wild. Predators of fruits bats include owls, snakes, large opossums, and coati. Bats from various sites have been found with Histoplasma capsulatum. Some individual bats may have rabies.[16] Fruit bats also are susceptible to various internal parasites: nematodes and ringworms, and external parasites: mites, ticks and chiggers.[2]
When in their roosts, the Jamaican fruit bat has a reproductive system known as "resource defensive polygyny".[17] That is, males will claim an area as a territory and females select the best territories to roost and mate in.[18] Subadult males may remain in their natal roosts while females may leave to gather with other females elsewhere.[19] In caves where there are enough roosting sites, there is some "female defensive polygyny".[20] Here, harem males actively defend females during the breeding seasons and will attack satellite males that roost in the walls and ceilings of caves.[21] However, they tolerate males who are subordinate to them in their harems. Satellite males are more common in large groups than smaller groups and dominant and subordinate males will cooperate to defend harem females.[21] In large groups, dominant males may be the fathers of the subordinates.[22]
When bats going on foraging trips, it is the dominant males that are the first to leave to the roosting sites and the last to return.[23] At dusk, males spend much time flying near the tree roosts displacing any intruders.[24] Jamaican fruit bats are most active at midnight; following that, activity begins to die down.[25]
When captured, a Jamaican fruit bat will warn conspecifics with a distress call made of a long series of pulses typically lasting 15 kHz.[26] The Jamaican fruit bat will also react to the distress calls of other species and to their own recorded calls.[26] The fruit bat is considered a whisper bat and makes 3 low-intensity FM pulses during flight and when resting.[2]
Breeding in the Jamaican fruit bat that is bimodal and polyestrous with births being dependent on fruit abundance. Females give birth twice a year with one young on average for each birth. Mating is highest at the end of the wet season and births take place in the dry months.[2] Embryonic development may delay in the second breeding season but parturition will occur in the follow breeding period.[27] The testes of the males enlarge when females enter estrous.[28] The testes tend to be slightly larger in harem males than bachelors and the canine teeth tend to be more worn in the former.[29] Copulation occurs until 2–25 days after the previous births. Pups born in a harem may sometimes be sired by satellite or subordinate males depending on the size of the group.[22] Gestation is usually 3.5–4 months but can be as long as 7 months when there's delayed embryonic development. The female gives birth while perching and the newborn emerges unaided, head first.[2] The mothers will eat the placenta. Mothers carry their pups when they are one day old but later leave them in the roosting area for the day.[2] The female's nipples become enlarged during lactation. Young are weaned by 15 days.[2] Young gain a full, permanent set of teeth at 40 days and can fly by 50 days when their forearms are fully developed. Females are sexually mature by eight months and males by 12 months.[2]
Throughout most of its range, the Jamaican fruit bat is numerous. It was found to be the most influential of the frugivorous bat community.[30] The fruit bat has greater ecological importance in wet habitats.[2] The Jamaican fruit eating bat does not seem to be threatened from a conservation standpoint.[31] It appears to be common regardless of any habitat disruption.[32] However, it may damage fruit crops in certain areas.[33]
The Jamaican, common or Mexican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) is a fruit-eating bat native to the Neotropics.
