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Diagnostic Description

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Aenictus Shuckard, 1840: 266.

Typhlatta Smith, 1857: 79 (synonym of Aenictus by Forel, 1890: ciii; removed from synonymy as subgenus of Aenictus by Wheeler,1930: 198; synonym of Aenictus by Wilson, 1964: 444).

Diagnosis. Workers of Aenictus may be separated from other Australian ants by their moderately small size (less than about 4 mm), lack of eyes, long slender bodies and long legs. They are superficially similar to some myrmicines but differ in lacking the frontal lobes and in having the antennal sockets completely visible when viewed from the front (myrmicines have frontal lobes that are expanded towards the sides of the head and partly cover the antennal sockets). Some of the smaller, paler species are also similar to Leptanilla workers, but differ in being larger and only ten segments in the antennae rather than 12, and lacking a flexible promesonotal suture.

Males of Aenictus can be separated from those of other Australian ants by the exposed antennal sockets and lack of a postpetiole (the gaster is smooth and lacks a constriction between the first and second segments).

Key to Species of Australian Aenictus based on workers

1. A ridge (parafrontal ridge) present on the front of the head starting between the antennal and mandibular insertions and extending posteriorly; head capsule varying from smooth posteriorly and weakly punctate between the frontal carinae and above the mandibular insertions to completely punctuate ...................... 2

- Area between antennal and mandibular insertions smooth or at most slightly angular but never ridged (parafrontal ridge absent); head capsule entirely smooth ........................................................................... 4

2. Pronotum with large smooth areas dorsally and laterally, other areas micro-reticulate............. philiporum

- Pronotum entirely sculptured with dense micro-reticulations ....................................................................3

3. Scape relatively long (SI> 107)...................................................................................................... nesiotis

Scape relatively short (SI <103)........................................................................................................ aratus

4. Head with large pale patches near the posterolateral corners; subpetiolar process generally absent but sometimes present as a slight carina................................................................................................. diclops

Head essentially uniform in colour; subpetiolar process large and rectangular .........................................5

5. Scape relatively long (SI> 89)........................................................................................................ prolixus

Scape relatively short (SI <91) .................................................................................................................. 6

6. Body larger (HW> 0.62mm); sculpturing on pronotum extending posteriorly onto the main pronotal body .......................................................................................................................................................... acerbus

- Body smaller (HW <0.62mm); sculpturing on pronotum limited to the anterior sections around the collar, the main body of pronotum smooth................................................................................................. turneri

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Shattuck, S. O., 2008, Review of the ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Australia with notes on A. ceylonicus (Mayr)., Zootaxa, pp. 1-19, vol. 1926
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Aenictus ( German )

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Aenictus ist die einzige Gattung der Wanderameisen-Unterfamilie Aenictinae aus der Alten Welt. Sie besteht aus rund 134 Arten.

Beschreibung

Bei Aenictus fehlt das komplexe Insektenauge. Die Antennen sind in zehn Abschnitte segmentiert. Die Individuen sind meistens kleiner als vier Millimeter.[1]

Vorkommen

Aenictus-Wanderameisen kommen im tropischen und subtropischen Afrika, Asien und im australischen Bundesstaat Queensland vor. In vielen Regionen kommt Aenictus zusammen mit Vertretern der Unterfamilie Dorylinae vor. Das Verbreitungsgebiet reicht bei Aenictus bis nach China und den Philippinen. Einige Arten kommen auch in Griechenland und Armenien vor.[1]

Lebensweise

Bislang ist über Biologie und Lebensweise von Aenictus-Wanderameisen sehr wenig bekannt. Dies rührt daher, dass nicht alle Arten wie jene der Dorylinae breit angelegte und weithin sichtbare Raubzüge unternehmen. Aenictinae-Ameisen attackieren häufig Wespen, andere Ameisen und Termiten. Sie unternehmen ihre Raubzüge anders als andere Wanderameisenarten bei Tag und bei Nacht.[1]

Systematik

In jüngerer Zeit werden neue Spezies der Unterfamilie Aenictinae entdeckt. Die Aenictinae bestehen aus einer Gattung mit 134 Arten und ca. 30 Unterarten, darunter folgende:

Literatur

Anmerkungen und Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c S. Shattuck: Australian Ants: Their Biology & Identification. (= Monographs on Invertebrate Taxonomy Series. 3). CSIRO Publishing, 2000, S. 52–53.
  2. anttypes.org: Aenictidae (Memento vom 20. November 2008 im Internet Archive)
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Aenictus: Brief Summary ( German )

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Aenictus ist die einzige Gattung der Wanderameisen-Unterfamilie Aenictinae aus der Alten Welt. Sie besteht aus rund 134 Arten.

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Aenictus

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Aenictus is a large army ant genus distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics.[3] It contains about 181 species,[2] making it one of the larger ant genera of the world.[4]

Biology and distribution

The genus presently has 181 species,[2] distributed through the East Mediterranean, Afrotropical, Oriental, Indo-Australian, and Australian regions.[4][5][6][7] Most of the species are tropical,[6] with terrestrial habitats, foraging in soil, leaf litter, most of the Southeast Asian species forage on the ground, and some on trees[8] and hunting other ant species and termites.[5][9][10]

Most species of the genus are specialized predators of other ants, especially of immature stages.[5][9][11] Only some Asian species such as Aenictus gracilis, Aenictus laeviceps, Aenictus hodgsoni, and Aenictus paradentatus are known to hunt a variety of invertebrate prey, including ants, using a large number of workers in raids.[5][8][12][13] Foraging raids undertaken by these ants occur both day and night, usually across the ground surface but occasionally also in trees. During raids, numerous workers attack ant nests in a small area, with several workers coordinating their efforts to carry large prey items back to the nest or bivouac.[3] Species of Aenictus are generally small, monomorphic and yellow to dark brown.[10]

Species

References

  1. ^ "Subfamily: Aenictinae". antweb.org. AntWeb. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  2. ^ a b c Bolton, B. (2014). "Aenictus". AntCat. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  3. ^ a b Jaitrong, W. J.; Yamane, S. (2013). "The Aenictus ceylonicus species group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Aenictinae) from Southeast Asia". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 31: 165–233. doi:10.3897/JHR.31.4274.
  4. ^ a b Jaitrong, W. J.; Yamane, S. (2012). "Review of the Southeast Asian species of the Aenictus javanus and Aenictus philippinensis species groups (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Aenictinae)". ZooKeys (193): 49–78. doi:10.3897/zookeys.193.2768. PMC 3361139. PMID 22679379.
  5. ^ a b c d Gotwald WH (1995) Army ants: the Biology of Social Predation. Cornell University Press, New York, 320 pp.
  6. ^ a b Brown WL Jr. (2000) Diversity of ants. In: Agosti et al. (Eds) Ants. standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Biological diversity hand book series. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, 280 pp.
  7. ^ Aktaç N, Radchenko AG, Kiran K (2004) On the taxonomy of the west Palaearctic Aenictinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annales Zoologici 54 (2): 361-364.
  8. ^ a b Hirosawa, H.; Higashi, S.; Mohamed, M. (2000). "Food habits of Aenictus army ants and their effects on the ant community in a rain forest of Borneo". Insectes Sociaux. 47: 42–49. doi:10.1007/s000400050007. S2CID 8364202.
  9. ^ a b Rościszewski M, Maschwitz U (1994) Prey specialization of army ants of the genus Aenictus in Malaysia. Andrias 13: 179-187.
  10. ^ a b Sharaf, M.; Aldawood, A.; El-Hawagry, M. (2012). "First record of the ant subfamily Aenictinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Saudi Arabia, with the description of a new species". ZooKeys (228): 39–49. doi:10.3897/zookeys.228.3559. PMC 3487640. PMID 23166469.
  11. ^ Gotwald, W. H. (1976). "Behavioral Observations on African Army Ants of the Genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Biotropica. 8 (1): 59–65. doi:10.2307/2387819. JSTOR 2387819.
  12. ^ Shattuck SO (2008) Review of the ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Australia with notes on A. ceylonicus (Mayr). Zootaxa 1926: 1-19.
  13. ^ Jaitrong W, Yamane Sk (2011) Synopsis of Aenictus species groups and revision of the A. currax and A. laeviceps groups in the eastern Oriental, Indo-Australian, and Australasian regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Aenictinae). Zootaxa 3128: 1-46.

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Aenictus: Brief Summary

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Aenictus is a large army ant genus distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics. It contains about 181 species, making it one of the larger ant genera of the world.

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Aenictus ( French )

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Aenictus est un genre de fourmis, appartenant à la sous-famille des Dorylinae.

Synonymes[1]

Ce genre est synonyme de Paraenictus (Wheeler, 1929) et Typhlatta (F. Smith, 1857).

Description

Répartition

Les espèces de ce genre sont présentes dans les zones tropicales de l'Ancien monde (Afrique, Asie), mais aussi en Australie, en Grèce et en Arménie.

Comportement et cycle de vie

Les fourmis de ce genre vivent en colonies nombreuses : plus de 100 000 pour Aenictus currax en Nouvelle-Guinée, de 60 000 à 100 000 pour Aenictus laeviceps aux Philippines.

C'est un genre nomade : les colonies peuvent migrer plusieurs fois par jour à certaines périodes[2].

Liste d'espèces

Selon ITIS:

Notes et références

  1. Bert Hölldobler et Edward O. Wilson, The Ants (1990, Springer-Verlag, (ISBN 978-3-540-52092-4))
  2. Schneirla, 1971
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Aenictus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Aenictus est un genre de fourmis, appartenant à la sous-famille des Dorylinae.

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Aenictus ( Italian )

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Aenictus Shuckard, 1840 è un genere di formiche della sottofamiglia Dorylinae.[1]

Biologa

Le specie appartenenti a questo genere sono formiche legionarie e presentano uno stile di vita nomade.

Tassonomia

Il genere comprende 217 specie:[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b Aenictus, in AntWeb. URL consultato il 6 febbraio 2019.

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Aenictus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Aenictus Shuckard, 1840 è un genere di formiche della sottofamiglia Dorylinae.

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Aenictinae ( Norwegian )

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Aenictus spp. er en gruppe (underfamilie) av maur. Disse, ved siden av slekten Dorylus, er de kjente hærmaurene fra den Gamle verden, mens den beslektede gruppen Ecitoniinae har en tilsvarende rolle i den Nye verden.

Utseende

Små, avlange og slanke maur. Disse spinkle maurene ligner lite på de mer robuste Dorylus-artene, men de to er trolig søstergrupper. Som andre hærmaur mangler de øyne og er blinde.

Levevis

I likhet med slekten Dorylus i Afrika og underfamilien Ecitoniinae i Sør-Amerika er maurene i slekten Aenictus hærmaur, som vandrer rundt i svære hærer og herjer mellom smådyrene. De danner ingen permanente tuer, bare midlertidige "bivuakker" ettersom de vandrer rundt på søk etter bytte. Ellers er lite kjent om biologien deres.

Utbredelse

A. rhodiensis finnes på de dodekanesiske øyer i Egeerhavet. Ellers lever disse maurene i Afrika og tropisk Asia.

Systematisk inndeling

Treliste

Litteratur

  • Bolton, B. 1995. A New General catalogue of the Ants of the World. Harvard University Press. 504 sider. ISBN 0-674-61514-X.
  • Hölldobler, B. og Wilson, E.O. 1994. Journey to the Ants. Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-48525-4

Eksterne lenker

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Aenictinae: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Aenictus spp. er en gruppe (underfamilie) av maur. Disse, ved siden av slekten Dorylus, er de kjente hærmaurene fra den Gamle verden, mens den beslektede gruppen Ecitoniinae har en tilsvarende rolle i den Nye verden.

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Aenictus ( Polish )

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Aenictusrodzaj owadów należących do rodziny mrówkowatych, sklasyfikowany przez Williama Shuckarda w roku 1840.

Gatunki

Bibliografia

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Aenictus: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Aenictus – rodzaj owadów należących do rodziny mrówkowatych, sklasyfikowany przez Williama Shuckarda w roku 1840.

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Aenictus ( Portuguese )

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Aenictus é um gênero de insetos, pertencente a família Formicidae.[1]

Espécies

Referências

  1. «Aenictus». Sistema Global de Informação sobre Biodiversidade (em inglês). Consultado em 5 de agosto de 2019
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Aenictus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Aenictus é um gênero de insetos, pertencente a família Formicidae.

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Aenictus ( Ukrainian )

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  1. Subfamily: Aenictinae. antweb.org. AntWeb. Процитовано 13 October 2013.


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Aenictus ( Russian )

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 src=
A. laeviceps матка и рабочий
 src=
A. congolensis матка и рабочий

Aenictus (лат.) — род средних и мелких по размеру кочевых муравьёв из подсемейства Dorylinae (или в составе монотипическоого подсемейства Aenictinae)[1][2].

Распространение

Тропическая и субтропическая Азия, Африка, Австралия (Квинсленд), Средиземноморье. Отсутствуют в Америке и на Мадагаскаре и в северных широтах[1][2].

Описание

Строение

Длина мономорфных рабочих 2,5—3,5 мм; желтовато-коричневые. Стебелёк между грудкой и брюшком у рабочих состоит из двух члеников, а у самок и самцов — из одного (петиоль). Усики 8-10 члениковые. Нижнечелюстные щупики самок и рабочих 2-члениковые, нижнегубные щупики состоят из 2 сегментов (формула 2,2; у самцов 2,1). Проподеальное дыхальце расположено в верхней боковой части заднегруди. Голени с двумя шпорами. Жало развито. У дихтадииформных самок увеличенное брюшко. Самцы очень крупные (до 25 мм)[1][2].

Поведение

Данный род относится к типичным представителям муравьёв-кочевников, которые не строят муравейников, а постоянно перемещаются от одного временного гнезда (бивуака) к другому (номадизм). При этом они переносят с собой всех личинок, для кормления которых массово охотятся на всех встречающихся беспозвоночных животных (облигатная групповая фуражировка), имеют модифицированных дихтадииформных маток (dichthadiiform), размножаются почкованием колоний[3]. Это полностью соответствует признакам так называемого «синдрома муравьёв-кочевников» («army ant syndrome»)[4][5][6].

Большинство Aenictus специализированные хищники, охотящиеся на других муравьёв, общественных ос и термитов, но также отмечены случаи охоты на несоциальных насекомых, или более редко, использование сосущих соки растений равнокрылых насекомых (тлей из семейства Greenideidae)[1].

Генетика

Диплоидный набор хромосом 2n = 22, 24, 30[7].

Классификация

Включает около 200 видов[1][8]. Единственный род подсемейства Aenictinae, которое до 1990 года рассматривалось в качестве трибы Aenictini в составе подсемейства муравьёв-кочевников (Dorylinae)[9]. В 2014 году было предложено (Brady et al.) снова включить его и все дориломорфные подсемейства (Aenictinae, Aenictogitoninae, Cerapachyinae, Ecitoninae и Leptanilloidinae) в состав расширенного Dorylinae[2][10].

Список видов

Видовые группы

Выделяют следующие группы видов (12 групп по состоянию на 2018 год)[10]

Aenictus ceylonicus group

Aenictus currax group

Aenictus hottai group

Aenictus inflatus group

Aenictus inflatus

Aenictus javanus group

Aenictus laeviceps group

Aenictus leptotyphlatta group

Aenictus leptotyphlatta

Aenictus minutulus group

(Aenictus piercei group в статье Jaitrong et Yamane, 2011)

Aenictus pachycerus group

Aenictus philippinensis group

Aenictus silvestrii group

Aenictus wroughtonii group

Галерея

  •  src=

    A. abeillei, королева

  •  src=

    A. gracilis, рабочий

  •  src=

    A. luzoni, рабочий

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cong Liu, Francisco Hita Garcia, Yan-Qiong Peng, Evan P. Economo. Aenictus yangi sp. n. – a new species of the A. ceylonicus species group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dorylinae) from Yunnan, China (англ.) // Journal of Hymenoptera Research : Журнал. — Sofia: Pensoft Publishers, 2015. — Vol. 42. — P. 33-45. — ISSN 1314-2607.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Brady, Seán G; Fisher, Brian L; Schultz, Ted R; Ward, Philip S (2014). «The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants». BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 2—14. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-93
  3. Radchenko, A. G.; Alipanah, H. 2004: The first record of the subfamily Aenictinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Iran. Vestnik zoologii, 38(4): 75-78.
  4. Schneirla T. C. (1971). Army ants. A study in social organization. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 349 pp.
  5. Gotwald W. H. (1995). Army ants: the biology of social predation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 320 pp.
  6. Brady S. G. (2003). Evolution of the army ant syndrome: the origin and long-term evolutionary stasis of a complex of behavioral and reproductive adaptations. — Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100: 6575-6579. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1137809100
  7. Lorite P.& Palomeque T. Karyotype evolution in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with a review of the known ant chromosome numbers. — Myrmecologische Nachrichten (Wien). — 2010. Volume 13, Pages 89-102. (Проверено 12 декабря 2010)
  8. Jaitrong, W.; Yamane, S.; Wiwatwitaya, D. 2010: The army ant Aenictus wroughtonii (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Aenictinae) and related species in the Oriental Region, with descriptions of two new species. Japanese journal of systematic entomology, 16(1): 33—46.
  9. Aenictinae — AntWeb (англ.) (Проверено 25 мая 2011)
  10. 1 2 Jaitrong W., Yamane Sk. Synopsis of Aenictus species groups and revision of the A. currax and A. laeviceps groups in the eastern Oriental, Indo-Australian, and Australasian regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Aenictinae) (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press, 2011. — Vol. 3128. — P. 1—46. — ISSN 1175-5326.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Jaitrong, W.; Yamane, S. The Aenictus ceylonicus species group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Aenictinae) from Southeast Asia (англ.) // Journal of Hymenoptera research : Журнал. — 2013. — Vol. 31. — P. 165—233. — DOI:10.3897/JHR.31.4274.
  12. Michael Staab. A new species of the Aenictus wroughtonii group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from South-East China (англ.) // ZooKeys : Журнал. — Sofia: Pensoft Publishers, 2014. — Vol. 391. — P. 65—73. — ISSN 1313-2970.
  13. 1 2 Jaitrong, W.; Wiwatwitaya, D. Two new new species of the Aenictus pachycerus species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Aenictinae) from Southeast Asia (англ.) // Raffles Bulletin of Zoology : Журнал. — 2013. — Vol. 61. — P. 97-102.
  14. 1 2 Weeyawat Jaitrong, Jiraporn Ruangsittichai. Two new species of the Aenictus (англ.) // ZooKeys : Журнал. — Sofia: Pensoft Publishers, 2018. — Vol. 775. — P. 103—115. — ISSN 1313-2970.
  15. Bharti, H.; Wachkoo, A.A.; Kumar, R. Two remarkable new species of Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from India (англ.) // Journal of Asia-Pacific entomology : Журнал. — 2012. — Vol. 15, no. 2. — P. 291—294. doi: 10.1016/j.aspen.2012.02.002.
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Aenictus: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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 src= A. laeviceps матка и рабочий  src= A. congolensis матка и рабочий

Aenictus (лат.) — род средних и мелких по размеру кочевых муравьёв из подсемейства Dorylinae (или в составе монотипическоого подсемейства Aenictinae).

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