dcsimg

Diagnostic Description

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[[ worker ]] Kopf sehr lang gestreckt, mehr als doppelt so lang als breit. Mandibeln breit, von der Seite des Kopfes betrachtet bogig gekruemmt, deren Kaurand so lang als der Aussenrand. Kiefertaster sechsgliederig, ziemlich kurz. Clypeus gross, trapezfoermig, ungekielt, mit bogigem, in der Mitte etwas eingedruecktem Vorderrande, Seitenraender gerade, nach hinten stark convergirend, der Hinterrand nur so breit als das Stirnfeld, welches fast gleichseitig dreieckig und nur etwas laenger als breit ist. Die Schildgrube ist von der Fuehlergrube getrennt und nur als kurze vertiefte Linie nahe dem Mandibelgelenke zwischen Clypeus und Wange auftretend. Stirnleisten einander ziemlich genaehert, schwach Sfoermig, entgegengesetzt gekruemmt wie bei Camponotus , nemlich gebogen, von vorne nach hinten, zuerst nach aussen, dann nach innen und zuletzt wieder nach aussen; sie entspringen an den Hinterecken des Clypeus und enden in der Hoehe der Mitte der Augen. Die duennen, langen, zwoelfglied erigen Fuehler entspringen an den Hinterecken des Clypeus; der Schaft sehr lang, fast gleich dick und fast gerade, die Geissel fadenfoermig, gegen das Ende kaum etwas dicker, deren erste sechs Glieder lang und fast gleich lang, die letzteren kuerzer. Die ovalen Augen liegen an den Seiten des Kopfes, etwas hinter der Mitte. Die Ocellen fehlen. Die Stirnrinne sehr schwach ausgepraegt. Der Kopf ist hinter den Augen allmaelig bogig verschmaelert, der Hinterrand sehr schmal, fast nur so breit als das Kopf-Thoraxgelenk und etwas concav. Thorax lang und schmal, von der Seite besehen steigt der Ruecken am Pronotum allmaelig etwas auf, senkt sich am Mesonotum langsam, bildet einen flachen Sattel und erhebt sich am Metanotum etwas mehr als das Pronotum, erreicht seine groesste Hoehe etwas vor dem Ende des Thorax und faellt dann rasch ab zum Thorax-Stielchengelenke; von oben betrachtet ist er am hinteren Ende des Pronotum am breitesten, verschmaelert sich etwas in der Mitte und erweitert sich wieder etwas am Metanotum. Das Pronotum ist vorne schmal und abgerundet, oben wenig gewoelbt. Metanotum von vorne nach hinten allmaelig ansteigend und hinten buckeifoermig. Stielchen eingliederig, vorne oben mit einem ziemlich kleinen rundlichen Knoten. Hinterleib laenglich oval, ziemlich klein. Die Beine sehr lang und duenn, die Vorderhueften doppelt so lang als die Mittel- und Hinterhueften, die Mittel- und Hinterschenkel flach gedrueckt, an der Unterseite mit einer ziemlich tiefen Furche zum theilweisen Einlegen der Schienen. Mittel- und Hinterschienen deutlich kuerzer als die Schenkel, Sporne der Mittel- und Hinterschienen lang und dornfoermig, der Metatarsus der Hinterbeine hat zwei Dritttheile der Laenge der Schienen; die Krallen einfach.

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Mayr, G., 1862, Myrmecologische Studien., Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, pp. 649-776, vol. 12
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Mayr, G.
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Diagnostic Description

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Myrm. Studien, 1862. p. 695, ouvriere.

Male: Tete tres allongee, plus de deux fois aussi longue que large, fortement retrecie en arriere a partir des yeux, non retrecie a sa partie anterieure ou ses bords lateraux sont a peu pres paralleles. " Vue de profil, elle est mediocrement epaisse, sa face superieure est horizontale a partir de l'articulation des antennes jusqu'au bord posterieur des ocelles, puis elle s'incline obliquement en avant, tres abruptement en arriere. Mandibules longues, etroites, echancrees en dedans pres de leur base, avec un bord terminal allonge et inerme qui rejoint le bord interne sans transition marquee. Palpes maxillaires assez allonges, de 6 articles. Epistome grand, trapeziforme, non carene, un peu arque et non echancre a son bord anterieur; ses bords lateraux tres divergents en avant, son bord posterieur non avance entre les aretes frontales. Aire frontale triangulaire, peu distincte ainsi que le sillon frontal. Yeux tres grands, ovales, situes vers le milieu des bords lateraux de la tete; ocelles gros et tres rapproches l'un de l'autre. Antennes longues et greles; scape a peu pres cylindrique, court, seulement trois ou quatre fois aussi long que large; premier article du funicule tres court, cylindrique, seulement un peu plus long que large; les trois suivants tres allonges (les autres manquent). Thorax etroit; pronotum court, retreci en avant; mesonotum en ovale tres allonge, sa partie anterieure forme une saillie abrupte et perpendiculaire au dessus du pronotum, sa face dorsale est a peu pres horizontale; vu de profil, il a l'air d'une assise rectangulaire posee sur la partie posterieure du pronotum. Scutellum legerement convexe; metanotum allonge et insensiblement incline en arriere, sans limite entre sa face basale et sa face declive. Petiole petit, bas, nodiforme. Abdomen en ovale tres allonge, fortement retreci en avant, moins en arriere; organes genitaux peu saillants. Pattes tres longues et tres greles, eperons spiniformes. Ailes courtes, a nervulation tres incomplete; pas de cellule cubitale ni de cellule discoidale, le stigma manque completement et la nervure cubitale elle-meme n'est representee que par la trace isolee d'un de ses rameaux.

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Andre, E., 1887, Description de quelques fourmis nouvelles ou imparfaitement connues., Revista de Entomologia, pp. 280-298, vol. 6
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Andre, E.
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Leptomyrmex

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(A video on how Spider Ant colonies function)

Leptomyrmex, or spider ants, is a genus of ants and a distinctive member of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae.[2] Commonly known as "spider ants" for their long legs and spider-like movements, these orange and black ants are prominent residents of intact wet forest and sclerophyll habitats throughout their range. One extant species, Leptomyrmex relictus, is known from central Brazil;[3] otherwise, the global distribution of this genus is restricted to eastern Australia, New Caledonia and New Guinea, as well as the nearby Indonesian islands of Aru and Seram.[4]

Newly hatched Extatosoma tiaratum stick insects mimic these ants to avoid predation.[5]

Workers of Leptomyrmex can be easily recognized by elongate antennal scapes which surpass the posterior margin of the head by more than one half their length, a medially notched hypostoma, mandibles with 7–15 teeth and 5–12 denticles, and a laterally located anterior tentorial pit.[4]

Queens are known from only seven species. All known macro-Leptomyrmex queens are wingless (ergatoid). They can be differentiated from workers by the presence of ocelli and their larger size, including enlarged mesosoma and gaster. Whereas the workers possess a mesosoma that is smooth in profile, the profile of queens is distinctly impressed at the promesonotal suture and the metanotal groove. Appendages are noticeably stouter. Queens of at least one micro-Leptomyrmex species possess wings.[6]

Species groups

The species are informally split into two groups: the macro-Leptomyrmex (21 species), and its sister group, the micro-Leptomyrmex (six species).[4] Macro-Leptomyrmex are large, diurnal and many are conspicuously colored in black, orange or bicolorous black and orange. Micro-Leptomyrmex species have been recently described from Australia,[7] and were placed in Leptomyrmex based on mandibular dentition, anterior clypeal margin configuration, elongate scapes and head, cleft medial hypostomal margin, anterior tentorial pit location, keeled fourth gastral sternite and reduced hind tibial spurs. In some cases, scapes are shorter than in the macro species, and in one species (L. ramorniensis) the hypostoma is only weakly notched. All six species are readily distinguished from their larger congeners by their small size (head width < 0.80mm), brown coloration, relatively short dorsal face of the propodeum, angular (not rounded) petiole and gaster lacking lateral compression.[4][8] All micro species occur in eastern Australian rainforests.[9]

Evolution

Simplified cladogram depicting relationships within the genus Leptomyrmex. Triangles represent species complexes not fully resolved by molecular phylogenetic analyses; AU = Australia, NC = New Caledonia, NG = New Guinea.[11]

With exception of the South American species Leptomyrmex relictus, the Leptomyrmex species are currently confined to eastern Australia and several nearby Pacific islands. However, the discovery of fossil specimens from the Dominican Republic (20 my) and a supposedly related genus, Leptomyrmula, from Sicily (30 my) led Wilson to describe the evolutionary history of this genus as a "considerable biogeographic anomaly".[12] The assertion that extant species of Leptomyrmex are relicts of a lineage once widespread across the globe that have survived in the tropical refuges of Australasia, is compelling, and similar biogeographic patterns are seen in other so-called "relictual" lineages in Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia (among them the ant subfamily Myrmeciinae).[13]

The sister group relationship of the winged micro-Leptomyrmex to the wingless macro- clade suggests that the loss of wings may have occurred relatively recently in this lineage, and that stem lineages may not necessarily have been wingless. These observations, in addition to the fact that the sister group of Leptomyrmex (i.e., (Forelius + Dorymyrmex)) also has winged queens, may help explain the proposed widespread former distribution. On the other hand, a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Dolichoderinae places Leptomyrmex firmly within a clade of species (tribe Leptomyrmecini) whose origins appears to be in the Neotropics, with two main dispersal events to Australia.[14] This suggests that the Sicilian fossil Leptomyrmula is not part of this group.[13]

References

  1. ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "Leptomyrmex". AntCat. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  2. ^ "Genus: Leptomyrmex". AntWeb. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  3. ^ Boudinot et al. 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d Lucky & Ward 2010, p. 4
  5. ^ Williams & Evans 1993, p. 175
  6. ^ Lucky & Ward 2010, p. 14
  7. ^ Smith & Shattuck 2009, p. 57
  8. ^ Smith & Shattuck 2009, p. 58
  9. ^ a b Lucky & Ward 2010, p. 62
  10. ^ Lucky & Ward 2010, pp. 8–9
  11. ^ Lucky & Ward 2010, p. 25
  12. ^ Wilson 1985, p. 35
  13. ^ a b Lucky & Ward 2010, p. 63
  14. ^ Ward et al. 2010, pp. 356–357

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Leptomyrmex: Brief Summary

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(A video on how Spider Ant colonies function)

Leptomyrmex, or spider ants, is a genus of ants and a distinctive member of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae. Commonly known as "spider ants" for their long legs and spider-like movements, these orange and black ants are prominent residents of intact wet forest and sclerophyll habitats throughout their range. One extant species, Leptomyrmex relictus, is known from central Brazil; otherwise, the global distribution of this genus is restricted to eastern Australia, New Caledonia and New Guinea, as well as the nearby Indonesian islands of Aru and Seram.

Newly hatched Extatosoma tiaratum stick insects mimic these ants to avoid predation.

Workers of Leptomyrmex can be easily recognized by elongate antennal scapes which surpass the posterior margin of the head by more than one half their length, a medially notched hypostoma, mandibles with 7–15 teeth and 5–12 denticles, and a laterally located anterior tentorial pit.

Queens are known from only seven species. All known macro-Leptomyrmex queens are wingless (ergatoid). They can be differentiated from workers by the presence of ocelli and their larger size, including enlarged mesosoma and gaster. Whereas the workers possess a mesosoma that is smooth in profile, the profile of queens is distinctly impressed at the promesonotal suture and the metanotal groove. Appendages are noticeably stouter. Queens of at least one micro-Leptomyrmex species possess wings.

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wikipedia EN