More info for the terms:
cover,
fire management,
forest,
fuel,
headfire,
herbaceous,
natural,
prescribed fire,
treeDead Ashe's juniper trees are highly volatile fuels and must be treated
with caution. Firebrands can carry up to 400 feet (120 m), depending on
conditions, and can ignite spot fires, especially where there is a
preponderance of highly flammable dried animal dung.
Prescribed burning is rarely used alone on mature Ashe's juniper stands,
as there is usually not enough fine fuel to carry fire [
34,
52]. Wright
and Bailey [
53], however, list it as a technique to convert dense stands
into more open stands.
Chained stands are the easiest to burn; herbicide-treated or treedozed
stands can also be successfully burned [
34,
52,
53]. In order to carry
fire to ignite piles and burn seedlings, it is generally recommended
that there be a minimum of 1,000 pounds per acre (1,120 kg/ha) of fine
fuels, and 2,000 pounds per acre (2,240 kg/ha) of continuous fine fuel
is optimal [
34,
50,
52,
53]. The lower figure is not sufficient if it
consists of bunchgrasses. Plots consisting of dozed or chained Ashe
juniper piles interspersed with grasses and Ashe's juniper seedlings may
be safely burned with a headfire into a 500 foot (150 m) fireline under
certain conditions [
9,
34,
52,
53].
Dalrymple [
11] reported 100 percent mortality of individuals less than 2
feet (0.6 m) and 77 percent mortality of trees from 2 to 6 feet (0.6-1.8
m) tall after a prescribed fire in Okalahoma. Less than 25 percent of
trees taller than 6 feet (1.8 m) were killed. Juniper (Juniperus spp.)
trees in open stands can be individually ignited and burned using
propane or oil burners [
44].
Some authors recommend windrowing of larger trees rather than dozing for
achieving crown fires. With windrows, six trees are burned for every
tree pushed into standing tree lines [
6,
8]. Good tree to tree spread of
fire does not occur unless the trees are less than 26 feet (8 m) apart
[
6]. Since leaf moisture is one of the most important variables for
satisfactory burning, Engle and Stritzke [
12] tested the proposition
that an aerial application of paraquat could reduce foliage water
content and increase crown scorch during broadcast fires in tallgrass
prairie. They found that the leaf water content was significantly lower
(p < 0.0001) for all applied levels of paraquat, and that large trees
were more damaged by the paraquat plus fire treatment than by fire alone
(p < 0.0319). They conclude that paraquat can be used as a desiccant to
promote crown fires in closed-canopy stands of Ashe's juniper.
One of the major environmental concerns about the use of prescribed fire
for rangeland management is increased soil loss caused by the removal of
vegetation. Wright and others [
54] tested the effect prescribed burning
of Ashe's juniper had on erosion and found that for very gentle slopes (1
to 4 percent grade), there was very little soil loss, but on moderate
(15 to 29 percent) or steep (45 to 53 percent) slopes the losses
increased greatly. The amount and duration of soil loss depended
largely on vegetative cover and slope. The negative effects of burning
Ashe's juniper can be mitigated by artificially seeding moderate and steep
slopes. With adequate precipitation, the resulting ground cover can
reduce the amount of time needed to stabilize soils from 18 months to 3
months on steep slopes. Total stabilization (i.e. return to
pretreatment levels of soil loss) can be reduced from 42 months to 6
months, again with adequate precipitation [
54].
A 10- to 40-year interval between prescribed fires is recommended to
maintain control of Ashe's juniper; a general rule of thumb is to burn
when Ashe's juniper trees are 4 feet (1.2 m) tall [
33,
34,
38,
53].
FIRE CASE STUDY
SPECIES: Juniperus ashei
FIRE CASE STUDY CITATION: Sullivan, Janet., compiler. 1993. Effects of fire on Ashe's juniper in central Texas.
In: Juniperus ashei. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).
Available: https://www.fs.fed.us
/database/feis/ [
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REFERENCE: Wink, Robert L.; Wright, Henry A. 1973. Effects of fire on an ashe
juniper community. Journal of Range Management. 26(5): 326-329. [
50].
SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION: 1) Spring/low--followed wet winter and spring
2) Spring/high--followed dry winter and spring
STUDY LOCATION: The Beckham Ranch, Callahan County, 14 miles (24 km) southeast of Baird,
Texas.
PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY: The natural vegetation of the area consists of mixed-prairie grasses
interspersed with Ashe's juniper and several species of oak. The dominant
decreasers are little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) and sideoats
grama (Bouteloua curtipendula). Important increasers are buffalograss
(Buchloe dactyloides), vine-mesquite (Panicum obtusum), Texas
wintergrass (Stipa leucotricha), tall grama (B. pectinata) and meadow
dropseed (Sporobolus asper var. hookeri).
TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE: Large Ashe's juniper trees were bulldozed and piled in 1965 (burning took
place in 1970 and 1971). Small Ashe's junipers that escaped the
bulldozers and new seedlings were also present.
SITE DESCRIPTION: Average annual precipitation is 24 to 28 inches (600-700 mm). The
topography of the area is level to undulating with some slopes greater
than 20 percent. Elevation is 1,198 to 1,394 feet (365-425 m). The
average minimum January temperature is 23 degrees Fahrenheit (-5 deg C),
and the average maximum July temperature is 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35
deg C). The average growing season is 232 days.
Sandy loam sites in the study area have deep soils with fine sandy loam
surfaces 6 to 14 inches (15-36 cm) thick, and sandy clays and sandy loam
subsoils. The soils are slowly to moderately permeable. The low stony
hill site consists of very shallow, moderately permeable, calcareous,
stony clay soils. Depth ranges from 6 to 12 inches (15-31 cm) with
limestone rocks and boulders present on the surface and in the profile
in various amounts.
All three sites were sampled for herbage production and fine fuel
concentration, and individual plots were marked to measure pile
consumption and tree mortality. The uniformly fine fuels ranged from
686 to 3,186 pounds per acre (768-3,568 kg/ha). The estimated amount of
heavy fuels (piles of Ashe's juniper) varied from 20 to 30 tons per acre
(44.8-67.2 t/ha) and occupied from 0 to 85 percent of the area with
an average cover of 22 percent.
FIRE DESCRIPTION: Air temperature: 75 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit (24-30 deg C)
humidity: 25-35 percent
wind speed: 10 to 15 miles per hour (16-25 km/h)
The objectives of the prescribed fires were to consume the piles of dead
trees and to burn the intervening areas where Ashe's juniper seedlings had
established. Fires were conducted in 2 separate years. In March of
1970, one pasture of 1,013 acres (405 ha) was burned, and in March 1971,
2 pastures for a total of 1,620 acres (648 ha) were burned. All areas
were burned with headfires. The ignition pattern was a combination of
perimeter and strip headfiring.
Fire intensities were not reported.
FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES: Plots on which fine fuels were 686 and 859 pounds per acre (768 and 962
kg/ha) were not successful in carrying the fire. On plots where fine
fuels exceeded 1,000 pounds per acre (1,120 kg/ha), 99 percent of the
piles were consumed by fire. The March 1971 fires followed 6 months of
very dry weather and were conducted under the lowest humidities and
highest winds that could be tolerated for prescribed burning. Where
large piles were within 40 feet (12 m) of each other, firebrands would
ignite the piles downwind, precluding the necessity of continuous fine
fuel.
Ashe's juniper mortality was high where the fine fuels were adequate to
carry the headfire. Of 368 trees under 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, only one
survived. Many trees over 6 feet (1.8 m) tall were killed by the fire,
particularly where fine fuels exceeded 2,000 pounds per acre (2,240
kg/ha).
FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS: Prescribed burning is a useful method for controlling Ashe's juniper
encroachment on grasslands. It is recommended that the larger trees be
chained or dozed to assure mortality and to concentrate dead stems into
piles. Fires require a minimum of 1,000 pounds per acre (1,120 kg/ha)
of fine fuels for successful spread, and 2,000 pounds per acre (2,240
kg/ha) is optimal. Soil moisture should be a primary consideration
before conducting a prescribed fire. Herbaceous plants require good
soil moisture for rapid recovery after the fire, which helps reduce soil
erosion. Burning increased the yield of little bluestem and meadow
dropseed after the 1970 fire, which followed a wet winter and spring.
The same species decreased about 50 percent after the 1971 fires
following a dry winter and spring.
Vegetation on the burned juniper pile areas differed from that adjacent
to the piles. Silver leaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) and
Carolina horsenettle (S. carolinense) were dominant on the burned pile
areas, and may need to be controlled with herbicides. Smoothleaf sumac
(Rhus glabra) also increase in prominence on the burned pile areas.