Perereca De Mata

Bokermannohyla luctuosa is a large treefrog (SVL 55-70 mm) belonging to the B. circumdata species group (Faivovich et al. 2005). Body robust. The snout is rounded and short, nostrils slightly protuberant directed laterally. Eye large, protruding. The tympanum is large, nearly elliptical, its diameter about 1.2x the eye diameter. Supratympanic fold originating at the posterior corner of the orbit and reaching the shoulder. A single subgular vocal sac, males with vocal slits. Prepollex well developed, with curved spine. Fingers and toes robust. The finger and toe discs are large, nearly rounded, smaller than tympanum. Dorsal and throat texture smooth; belly and undersurfaces of thighs, and anal region granular. Dorsum brown, with darker transverse bars. Flanks pale cream. Posterior surface of the thighs brown with distinct black vertical not bifurcated, interrupted stripes. Belly cream. This species is sexually dimorphic, with males having vocal slits, a prepollex on each hand and hypertrophied arms (Pombal and Haddad 1993; Napoli 2000). The tadpoles have total length of 15 mm at Gosner 25. The oral apparatus is large and directed ventrally, oral disc with a double row of marginal papillae, interrupted dorsally; upper and lower jaw heavy, finely serrated, lower jaw V-shaped; LTRF 2(2)/3(1). The body is ovoid in dorsal view, with a robust tail. Dorsal fin higher than the ventral; dorsal fin origin at the body-tail juncture. The eyes are small and lateral; the nostrils are dorsal. The spiracle is sinistral, positioned on the midline at the posterior part of the body. The color of the dorsum in preservative is brown; throat and belly transparent (Pombal and Haddad 1993).The karyotype is composed of 2n=24 (Pombal and Haddad 1993). This genus is dedicated to Werner Carlos Augusto Bokermann (1929–1995), as homage to his contribution to the knowledge of Brazilian anurans (Faivovich et al. 2005). The epithet is a Latin adjective (luctuosus=sad), in allusion to the mournful calls heard late in the night (Pombal and Haddad 1993). There is a detailed drawing of the posterior surface of the thigh of this species (a distinctive trait within the group) and a comparison with other members of the species group in Vasconcelos and Giaretta (1999).

Bokermannohyla luctuosa lives associated to temporary ponds inside forests, it is also rarely found near forest streams. The species is distributed along the Atlantic Rain Forest in the Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar, in southwestern Rio de Janeiro, eastern Minas Gerais, and eastern São Paulo States, in eastern Brazil, above 800 m (Pombal and Haddad 1993; Napoli 2000).

Bokermannohyla luctuosa lives inside woodlands, near temporary ponds and cascading forest streams. It is more commonly encountered on days with low temperature and soft rains (pers. obs). The adults frequently occur on the leaf-litter; Giaretta et al. (1999) report that B. luctuosa contributed 7.9% of the litter frog fauna in the summer in their study site. This species is rarely heard. Males call after midnight on low vegetation (66 cm above ground) in the rainy season from November to March. The advertisement call was described by Pombal and Haddad (1993). The call is given sporadically; call duration 0.60 s. Inactive individuals can also be found on the ground, near large permanent ponds or brooks (Haddad and Sazima 1992; Pombal and Haddad 1993; Napoli 2000; Vasconcelos and Giaretta 2003; Ribeiro et al. 2005; pers. obs.). This species lays eggs with large gelatinous capsules in water-filled depressions (7 cm in diameter) in the ground, near ponds and rivulets. It can also oviposit directly in running waters (Mode 2 and 4 of Haddad and Prado 2005). The defense strategy is to emit a distress call and to open the mouth widely (Haddad and Pombal 1993; Haddad et al. 2008).

Its range is within protected areas, like the Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, at Itatiaia-RJ, Parque Municipal do Itapetinga, at Atibaia-SP and Serra do Japi, at Jundiaí-SP. It is a common species within its range (Vasconcelos and Giaretta, 1999; Haddad et al., 2008).

Diagnosis A large, robust species (males 55.0-60.6 mm snout-vent length) characterized by indistinct vocal sac, large tympanum, hypertrophied forearm in males, and rounded subarticular tubercles on the fourth and fifth fingers.

Mountains in the Atlantic range of south of Minas Gerais and São Paulo states, Brazil.

Herbácea

Anual

Sementes

Description of holotype Body robust; head slightly wider than long; snout short, its shape rounded in dorsal and lateral views; nostrils slightly protuberant, directed laterally; canthus rostralis distinct, rounded; loreal region slightly concave; eye large, protruding; tympanum large, nearly elliptical; distinct supratympanic fold from posterior corner of orbit to shoulder; vocal sac not expanded externally; vocal slits present; tongue large, notched behind; vomerine teeth in two contiguous series, chevron-like, between and behind choanae anteriorly; choanae small, separated. Forearm hypertrophied; small crest along lateral edge of forearm to base of disk on fourth finger; prepollex well developed with curved spine not exposed; fingers robust, subarticular tubercles single, rounded; numerous small supernumerary tubercles; finger disks large, nearly rounded; webbed.; brown nuptial pad on base of prepollex and between base of thumb and prepollex. Legs moderately robust; inner tarsal fold distinct; foot with ovoid, inner metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles single, rounded; supernumerary tubercles small; webbed; toe disks large, nearly rounded, slightly smaller than finger disks. Dorsal and throat texture smooth; belly and undersurfaces of thighs, and anal region glandular. Color in preservative of the holotype: Dorsum brown with darker transverse bars and blotches without distinct pattern; distinct grayish brown spots on dorsum and stain on elbow, heel, and above anus; flanks pale cream, without distinct dark vertical stripes; posterior face of thigh brown with distinct black vertical stripes; belly cream; throat slightly grayish. Measurements of the holotype: snout-vent length 55.0; head length 19.2; head width 20.5: eye diameter 5.2: internarinal distance 4.0; interorbital distance 6.5; eye to nostril distance 4.5; tympanum diameter 4.4; thigh length 29.6; tibia length 29.8; foot length 25.5. Variation In preservative, dorsum brown to grayish brown; some specimens without distinct brown grayish spots on dorsum and stain on elbow, heel, and above anus; slight variation in webbing formula and size and shape of supernumerary tubercles. Measurements (mean, range) of five males, followed by two females in parenthesis: snout-vent length 57.5,55.0-60.6 (53.75,52.5- 55.0): head length 19.74, 19.2-20.5 (18.55, 17.9-18.7); head width 21.18, 20.5-21.8 (18.6, 18.1- 19.2); internarinal distance 3.98,3.7-4.4 (3.9,3.7-4.1); eye diameter 5.2,S.l-5.3 (5.25,5.2-5.3); interorbital distance 7.14, 6.5-7.8 (6.05, 5.2-6.4); eye to nostril distance 5.46, 4.5-5.7(4.7, 4.7); tympanum diameter 4.78,4.4-5.0 (4.45,4.2-4.7); thigh length 30.64, 28.8-33.3 (27.3, 25.5-29.1); tibia length 30.72, 28.9-34.0 (27.3, 25.6-29.0); foot length 26.26, 25.2-28.5 (23.2, 21.9-24.5). Larval morphology Description is based on a tadpole in developmental stage 25 (Gosner, 1960). Total length 13.9 mni; body length 5.0 mm; body in dorsal view ovoid, widest posteriorly; body in lateral view elliptical; body wider than high; snout rounded; eyes small, lateral; nostrils about midway between the eyes and tip of snout, directed upwards; spiracle sinistral, its opening on midline at posterior part of body; cloaca1 tube short, conical, opening dextral. Caudal musculature robust, gradually tapering to pointed tip; dorsal fin originating on body; dorsal fin higher than the ventral. Oral disc large, directed ventrally and bordered by one or two rows of small papillae, interrupted on a small area on the anterior border; tooth row formula 2(2)/3(1); upper and lower beaks moderately heavy, finely serrate; lower beak v-shaped. Color in preservative: dorsum of body brown; throat and belly transparent. Caudal musculature with scattered brown pigmentation; fins translucent.

Brasil

LC. Least Concern.

Bokermannohyla luctuosa is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.