dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Knowledge regarding the longevity of these animals is limited. One wild born specimen was about 4.8 years of age when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Rania Awaad, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Bret Weinstein, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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Bunolagus monticularis is an endangered species. The most devastating threat to the riverine rabbit is the loss of its habitat. This habitat is limited to the alluvial floodplains of seasonal rivers in the central Karoo. These flood plains, only 100 - 200 m wide, are formed when the rivers overflow during floods, and deposit silt on their banks(Duthie, 1987). This soil is very good for cultivation compared with other soils found in the dry Karoo. Over the past 50 years, more than two-thirds of its habitat has been ploughed over for this purpose. Other threats to its survival include overgrazing and hunting. Overgrazing of riverine habitat opens up cover that it needs for shelter and to escape predation.

The only way to secure the long term survival of Bunolagus monticularis is to protect its natural habitat. The Dept. of Environment and Cultural Affairs has started a project which encourages farmers to form conservancies for this rabbit. Some Karoo farmers have taken this step and declared their farms Natural Heritage Sites to protect the riverine habitat and rabbit (Duthie, 1987).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Rania Awaad, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Bret Weinstein, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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The riverine habitat of Bunolagus monticularis provides many benefits for farmers. The riverine vegetation that the rabbit feeds on, causing this vegetation to regenerate, binds the soil and prevents it from being washed away in floods. Also, this vegetation promotes filtration of rainwater to groundwater, which is a benefit for the farmer who uses windmills to draw up water for his livestock (Burton, 1987). Indirectly, the habitat of Bunolagus monticularis helps humans in farming and can only be sustained if this rabbit continues to feed on this vegetation.

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Rania Awaad, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Bungolagus monticularis has a limited ecosystem role. The riverine vegetation it feeds on is known to bind soil and regenerates as the rabbit feeds on it. This means that the Riverine rabbit's feeding habbits indirectly prevents the soil from being washed away in floods (Duthie, 1987).

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Rania Awaad, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Bunolagus monticularis is predominantly a browser. It eats riparian vegetation found along seasonal rivers in the Karoo Desert. This includes salt-loving plants such as Salsola and Lycium, as well as flowers and leaves from boegoe and ink bushes (Mills, 1997). Grasses are included in the diet when these are available in the wet season. Bunolagus is also known to eat its day-time droppings which are soft, taken directly from the anus, and swallowed. By doing this, it takes in vitamin B, produced by bacteria in the hind gut, and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are recycled (Burton, 1987).

Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; flowers

Other Foods: dung

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore ); coprophage

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Rania Awaad, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Bunolagus monticularis is endemic to South Africa. It has an extremely limited geographic range, found only in the central and southern regions of the Karoo Desert of South Africa's Cape Province (Chapman and Flux, 1990).

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Habitat

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Bungolagus monticularis lives in dense riverine scrub along the seasonal rivers in the central Karoo Desert in the Cape Province of South Africa (Mills, 1997).

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; scrub forest

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Rania Awaad, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Bunolagus monticularis is easily identified by the black stripe running from the corner of its mouth over its cheek, a brown woolly tail, cream-colored fur on its belly and throat, and a broad, club-like hind foot. Its tail is pale brown with a tinge of black toward the tip. Its coat is soft and silky and its limbs are short and heavily furred (Nowak, 1997). Male riverine rabbits weigh approximately 1.5 kg while females weigh about 1.8 kg (Duthie, 1987).

Range mass: 1.5 to 1.8 kg.

Range length: 337 to 470 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Rania Awaad, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Bunolagus is capable of jumping over one meter high bushes when being pursued by a predator. To escape predatation, it remains nocturnal, spending the day resting in a form, a shallow scrape made in the soil, under a Karoo bush (Smithers, 1986).

Known Predators:

  • black eagles (Ictinaetus malayensis)
  • other carnivores (Carnivora)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Life Expectancy

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Bunolagus monticularis has never been kept in captivity. There is no information on its lifespan in the wild or in captivity currently available (Chapman and Flux, 1990).

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Reproduction

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Bunolagus monticularis is one of the rarest mammals in the world and very little is known about its reproductive behavior other than it has a polygynous mating system. Males mate with more than one female.

Mating System: polygynous

Little is known about the life cycle of Bunolagus monticularis. Females nest in subterranean chambers and produce a single offspring per year, which is an unusually low breeding rate for rabbits (Avery, 1997). Young are born helpless and blind, and they rely on their mothers for the first part of their lives. The young weigh about 40-50 grams when born (Smithers, 1986).

Breeding season: Breeding occurs from August through May.

Range number of offspring: 1 (low) .

Average number of offspring: 1.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 45 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

The young are altricial, underdeveloped at birth, and are born blind and hairless. They spend the first part of their lives with their mothers until they are able to move independently. Bunolagus monticularis is the only African rabbit that prepares an underground shelter for its young. This nest is 10-15 cm in diameter, 25 cm long, and lined with grass and fur (Nowak, 1997).

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Awaad, R. 2007. "Bunolagus monticularis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bunolagus_monticularis.html
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Biology

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Differing from the usual rapid breeding of most rabbit species, the riverine rabbit produces just one kitten a year. In a polygynous mating system, males make use of their large home ranges to mate with every female in their territory (2). Between August and May (3), the females will make a nest in a burrow lined with grass and fur, and blocked with soil and twigs (4). They give birth to a helpless, blind and hairless kitten 35 days after mating (5). This underdeveloped offspring will remain will its mother for some time before dispersing (2). The riverine rabbit is nocturnal, spending the night feeding on flowers, leaves and grasses, and the day in shallow depressions under bushes, hiding from predators such as black eagles. At night the droppings are firm, but during the day they are soft and are immediately eaten after deposition. This behaviour is known as coprophagia and occurs in rabbits as their digestive system is basic, and re-ingestion allows further extraction of calcium and phosphorous, as well as the absorption of vitamin B that is produced by the bacteria of the hind gut during the initial ingestion (2).
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Conservation

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The Endangered Wildlife Trust's Riverine Rabbit Working Group (EWT-RRWG) was established in August 2003, with the aim of establishing and conserving an ecosystem and socioeconomic conditions in the Karoo that can support a stable population of riverine rabbits. The EWT-RRWG achieves this through surveys, research and monitoring, environmental education and awareness, habitat management and rehabilitation, and conservation stewardship programmes. At present, none of the riverine rabbit habitat is protected, and the species only occurs on private Karoo farmland. Therefore, the establishment of Riverine Rabbit Conservancies is an important aim for the EWT-RRWG. Conservancies are areas established by a voluntary agreement with private landowners who have riverine rabbits and potentially suitable habitat on their properties. So far, three have been established in the Karoo. The conservation and management of riverine rabbit populations and their habitat is outlined in the conservancy constitution, and landowners strictly control or prohibit any hunting with dogs, and the use of gin traps (7). With the EWT-RRWG raising awareness of the riverine rabbit's threatened status, and coordinating conservation efforts, it is hoped that the risk of extinction to this rare species can be reduced.
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Description

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This elegant rabbit is one of the most endangered terrestrial mammals in Southern Africa. It has very long ears, a soft and silky coat and a uniformly brown, woolly tail. A distinctive black stripe runs from the corner of the mouth over the cheeks (2), and it has white rings around the eyes (3). The belly and throat are cream in colour and the short limbs have particularly thick fur (2).
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Habitat

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Inhabits areas alongside seasonal rivers with a thick cover of riverside vegetation (1).
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Range

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Endemic to South Africa, the riverine rabbit is found in the semi-arid Central, Upper, Ceres, and Klein Karoo regions (2).
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Status

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The riverine rabbit is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1).
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Threats

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During the last 100 years, over two thirds of the riverine rabbit's habitat has been lost, and today, only 250 mature riverine rabbits are estimated to exist in the wild. The majority of the land in the Karoo Desert is very unfertile, but the riverine rabbit occupies the flood plains of the seasonal Karoo rivers and its tributaries, which are fertile and have therefore been ploughed extensively in some areas. Removal of the natural vegetation along the rivers and streams prevents the rabbit from constructing stable breeding burrows, due to the loss of the soft alluvial top soils, and from feeding and escaping predation (1). Overgrazing by domestic herbivores also poses a threat to the rabbits' habitat and results in habitat degradation and fragmentation (2). As rabbits and hares are adding to the menu of farm workers, they are shot or trapped with gin traps (1).
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The Riverine Rabbit according to MammalMAP

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The Riverine Rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) is the 13th most endangered mammal in the world and gets its common name from its strict preference for inhabiting the dense vegetation that grows along the seasonal rivers that flow through the Central Karoo in South Africa.

The Riverine Rabbit is characterised by a distinct white ring around each eye as well as a dark line running from the corner of its mouth over its cheek, giving it an almost eerie Joker-like smile. The upper-parts of the rabbit are dark brown with black speckles, whilst the under-parts are light brown. The belly and throat sports cream coloured fur. The length of the head and body is 33.7-47.0 cm long and it weighs approximately 1.0-1.5 kg. The riverine rabbit is predominantly nocturnal and feeds predominantly on wildflowers that grow on the floodplains in the Karoo.

The existence of this critically endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) mammal is threatened by continuing habitat loss, since the alluvial flood plains are ideally suited for agricultural purposes, with only a few hundred individuals remaining in the wild (Hughes et al., 2007). On top of this, these rabbits have long generation times and only produce 1-2 offspring per year, with the numbers of breeding pairs severely declining in the last 70 years (Duthie, 1989).

Conservation efforts concerning this EDGE species is coordinated by the Riverine Rabbit Programme (Drylands Conservation Programme) of the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT). The vision of these conservation bodies is to maintain a healthy and functional Karoo ecosystem that can support a stable population of riverine rabbits as well as other biodiversity in the region, whilst at the same time uplifting the socio-economic status of the local communities and land-owners.

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Oewerkonyn ( Afrikaans )

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Die oewerkonyn (Bunolagus monticularis) is inheems aan 'n baie klein deel van die Karoo en die kans is groot dat dit gaan uitsterf. Daarom kom die dier voor op die rooilys van bedreigde spesies (IUBN-rooilys).

Fisiese kenmerke

Die opvallendste kenmerk van die oewerkonyn is die duidelike wit ringe om die oë en die donker bruin tot swart streep van die mondhoeke oor elke wang na die basis van die ore. Alhoewel die pels van die diertjie vaalgrys tot donkerbruin is, is die flanke soms effens rooierig. Die maag, ken en keel is roomkleurig, die snuit en wange donker. Om die ore is 'n wit rand en agter die ore 'n rooibruin vlek. Ook die wollerige stert is bruin. Die donsige pote is kort en die agterpote breed. Sy kop-liggaamslengte wissel tussen 33 en 47cm, die ligbruin stert van 7 tot 11cm het swart punte. Opvallend is die groot beweegbare ore van 10 tot 12,4cm. 'n Wyfie weeg gemiddeld 1,8kg, 'n mannetjie 1,5kg.

Habitat

Die habitat van die oewerkonyn is 'n uiters beperkte gebied, naamlik die digte oewerplantegroei en die fyn alluviale grond op die spoelvlakte van die nie-standhoudende riviere van die sentrale en suidelike Karoo. Hier is die enigste grond geskik vir hul gate. Teenswoordig kom die diere nog slegs voor op die oewers van die Brakrivier tussen Beaufort-Wes en Victoria-Wes en die Sakrivier, Rietrivier, Visrivier en Renosterrivier in die omgewing van Williston, Fraserburg en Sutherland. In Mei 2019 is ook 'n groep oewerkonyne aan die westekant van die Baviaanskloof, oos van Uniondale, aangetref. Kos en skuiling word daar gebied deur die gannabos, kriedoring, boegoebos, inkbos, ankerbos en rivierdraaibos.

Leefwyse

Die oewerkonyn is 'n skugter alleenloper. Snags loop hulle rond op soek na kos. Bedags rus hulle en skuil onder bosse om roofdiere te vermy. Hul dieet bestaan uit veldblomme, blare, kruie en bossies. In die somer, die reëntyd, eet hulle jong gras. Die oewerkonyn skei twee soorte drolletjies uit. Snags wanneer die dier rondloop, is die drolle hard. Bedags is die drolle sag. Die diere eet hierdie sagte drolle om vit. B en minerale soos kalsium en fosfor in te kry. Hierdie alleenlopers het elkeen sy eie loopgebied. Wyfies loop rond op ongeveer 12ha en mannetjies op 20ha. Ander lede van hul eie geslag word nie in 'n loopgebied toegelaat nie, maar die loopgebiede van die mannetjies oorvleuel met die van verskeie wyfies. Hulle het dus 'n poligame paringstelsel. Die paarseisoen is van Augustus tot Mei en na 'n draagtyd van 36 dae word gewoonlik een en uiters selde twee kleintjies gebore. Omdat haar lewensverwagting ongeveer 3 jaar is, kry 'n wyfie 'n maksimum van 4 kleintjies in haar lewe. Hierdie lae aanwassyfer is baie ongewoon vir die konyn- en haasfamilie.

Bedreigings

Die grootste bedreiging vir die oewerkonyn is habitatverlies. Die dier lewe in een van die weinige dele van die Karoo wat ook geskik is vir die landbou. Natuurlike plantegroei is verwyder, die grond omgeploeg en omhein. 'n Gevolg hiervan is die verlies van inheemse grondbedekkers wat as voedselbron en as skuiling dien. Oorbeweiding deur skape lei tot erosie. Damme en keerwalle veroorsaak dat rivieroewers minder gereeld oorstroom en rivier opdroog. Ook die versamel van brandhout dra by tot die agteruitgang van die habitat. Jakkalswerende heinings beperk beweging van die konyn en maak dat hulle geïsoleer raak van mekaar. Dit lei tot die afname in die genetiese verskeidenheid en inteelt. 'n Groot genetiese poel help 'n spesie juis om makliker by veranderende omgewingstoestande aan te pas. 'n Aantal konyne word die prooi van wilde honde en katte. Enkeles word gejag vir die sport en as voedsel. Ander beland in valstrikke gestel vir probleemdiere, en soms sterf een onder 'n voertuig se wiele. Omdat die oewerkonyn so stadig voortplant en sy getalle reeds so beperk is, kan dit die verliese nie te bowe kom nie.

Geskiedenis

Die oewerkonyn is vir die eerste maal in 1902 opgemerk. Eers 27 jaar later is 'n tweede eksemplaar teengekom en deur Oldfield Thomas wetenskaplik beskryf. In die 80 jaar tot 1982 is dit slegs ses maal raakgesien. Na 1986 is met 'n teelprogram by die De Wildt Navorsingstasie begin, maar dit het misluk. In 2001 is die konyne weer in rivierlope by Beaufort-Wes, Victoria-Wes, Williston en Sutherland aangetref.

Beskerming

Die oewerkonyn is op die rand van uitsterwing. Waarskynlik is daar reeds minder as 200 oor. Al hierdie diere is op privaat grond gevestig. Sanparke, die twee provinsiale natuurbewaringsdepartemente, die universiteite van Pretoria en Stellenbosch en ander organisasies het saamgespan en die Riverine Rabbit Conservation Project geloods. In Loxton is die Endangered Wildlife Trust se Riverine Rabbit Working Group se kantore met as doel die skakeling met die betrokke boere en publieke bewusmaking. In die Wes-Kaap is twee en in die Noord-Kaap een gebied op plase tot Oewerkonyn Bewarea verklaar.

Benaming

Die oewerkonyn (Bunolagus monticularis) is die enigste spesie in die genus Bunolagus. In die volksmond is hierdie konyn ook bekend as die boshaas, pondhaas, vleihaas, Boesmanhaas, Hottentothaas en doekvoet. 'n Oewerkonyn is egter nie 'n haas nie. Kleintjies van konyne word kaal en blind gebore en is afhanklik van die moeder vir voedsel. Kleintjies van hase is beter ontwikkel by geboorte, met oop oë en kan al rondbeweeg. 'n Konyn kruip in digte plantegroei weg as gevaar dreig. 'n Haas hardloop weg. Omdat die oewerkonyn se besonder lang ore aan 'n haas laat dink, word hy dikwels daarmee verwar.

Sien ook

Bibliografie

  • Archimedes, Augustus 1989.
  • Die Burger, 20 November 2003.
  • Dorfling, Cara-Lee: Oewerkonyne bly toe ook elders. Die Burger, 3 Junie 2019.
  • Via, Herfs 1991.
  • www.animalinfo.org, 5 Mei 2012
  • www.edgeofexistence.org, 5 Mei 2012
  • www.iucnredlist.org, 5 Mei 2012

Verwysings

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Oewerkonyn: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die oewerkonyn (Bunolagus monticularis) is inheems aan 'n baie klein deel van die Karoo en die kans is groot dat dit gaan uitsterf. Daarom kom die dier voor op die rooilys van bedreigde spesies (IUBN-rooilys).

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Konikl ar stêrioù ( Breton )

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Konikl ar stêrioù (Bunolagus monticularis) a zo ur bronneg geotdebrer hag a vev e Suafrika. Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Bunolagus.

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Conill dels boiximans ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El conill dels boiximans (Bunolagus monticularis) és un dels mamífers més rars i en perill més crític del món i probablement no en queden més de dos-cents exemplars. Aquest conill té una distribució extremament límitada, vivint únicament a les regions central i meridional del desert de Karoo, a la província del Cap de Sud-àfrica. És l'únic membre del gènere Bunolagus.

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Conill dels boiximans: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Králík říční ( Czech )

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Králík říční (Bunolagus monticularis) je jediný druh rodu Bunolagus, jeden z nejvíce ohrožených savců na světě. Je endemitem Jižní Afriky, vyskytuje se výhradně v křovinaté pobřežní vegetaci okolo sezónních vodních toků v polopouštních ekoregionech střední a jižní Karoo na jihu Jihoafrické republiky.

Popis

Je středně velký, na délku měří 34 až 47 cm a váží od 1,5 do 1,8 kg, samice bývá větší a těžší. Hlavními poznávacími znaky jsou černé proužky od kraje úst přes tvář k uším a bílé okroužení očí. Má měkkou, jemnou hnědou srst která je na břiše a krku zbarvená krémově, hnědý zkadeřený ocas je dlouhý 7 až 11 cm. Má poměrně krátké, hustě osrstěné nohy a dlouhé uši až 12 cm.

Chování

Jednotlivá zvířata žijí osaměle na svých teritoriích, území samce se ale prolíná s více samičími. Tento stanovištní specialista žije v pásech husté pobřežní vegetace, širokých 100 až 200 metrů, která je tvořena převážně hustými křovinami rostoucími na výživné naplavené půdě přinášené sezónně se rozvodňujícími a vysychajícími řekami.

Je nočním tvorem, den tráví ve skrytu před dravci ve vyhrabané noře pod keři a teprve s nástupem noci vychází za potravou. Dokáže rychle běhat a při útěku skáče přes keře i metr vysoko.

Stravování

Je býložravec a koprofág. Žere trávu, květiny, listy i kůru keřů v závislosti na ročním období; krátké deštivé je následováno dlouhým obdobím sucha. Jeho strava je velmi skromná, pro recyklaci minerálu jako vápník a fosfor a pro získání vitamínu B produkovaného bakteriemi v tlustém střevě požírá měkkou část (vylučována ve dne) svého trusu; tvrdá část (v noci) tvoří přirozený nestrávený odpad.

Rozmnožování

Jsou polygamní zvířata, k páření dochází jednou ročně. Samec se páří s více samicemi, po spáření je opouští. Samice asi po 35 dnech březosti vrhne v době od srpna do května nejčastěji jedno, výjimečně dvě mláďata. Rodí se v noře vystlané trávou a chlupy, jsou holá, slepá a zcela odkázána na matčinou péči a kojení. Ve volné přírodě jen zřídka žijí déle než tři roky, v zajetí se dožívají i pěti let.

Ohrožení

Žijí na územích která jsou soukromým majetkem a v dané oblasti jsou jedny z mála vhodných na přeměnu v zemědělsky využívanou půdu. Populace králíků říčních je i přes zákaz pod tlakem nelegálního lovu a odchytu, včetně ohrožování divokými psy a kočkami. Vhodné biotopy jsou neustále zmenšovány intenzivním spásáním dobytkem i sběrem dřeva na topení.

Přes postupně zaváděnou ochranu je pro velice pomalé rozmnožování velmi nesnadné docílit navýšení početního stavu druhu a zachránit jej před vyhynutím. Celá populace, asi 500 dospělých zvířat, žije v deseti subpopulacích oddělených od sebe antropogenními bariérami. Králík říční je podle Červeného seznamu IUCN řazen mezi kriticky ohrožené druhy (CR).

Reference

  • AWAAD, Rania. Animal Diversity Web: Bunolagus monticularis [online]. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, MI, USA, rev. 2007 [cit. 2010-11-30]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  • Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species: Bunolagus monticularis [online]. Zoological Society of London, London, GB [cit. 2010-11-30]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bunolagus monticularis [online]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, rev. 2013 [cit. 2010-11-30]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]

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Králík říční: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Králík říční (Bunolagus monticularis) je jediný druh rodu Bunolagus, jeden z nejvíce ohrožených savců na světě. Je endemitem Jižní Afriky, vyskytuje se výhradně v křovinaté pobřežní vegetaci okolo sezónních vodních toků v polopouštních ekoregionech střední a jižní Karoo na jihu Jihoafrické republiky.

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Buschmannhase ( German )

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Der Buschmannhase (Bunolagus monticularis) ist eine in Südafrika beheimatete Säugetierart aus der Familie der Hasen (Leporidae). Er gilt als eine der seltensten und bedrohtesten Säugetierarten überhaupt.

Merkmale

Das dichte, seidige Fell des Buschmannhasen ist an der Oberseite gräulich gefärbt, die Flanken sind rötlich und der Bauch weiß. Auch hat diese Art einen auffallenden roten Nackenfleck. Seine Ohren sind sehr lang, der buschige Schwanz ist bräunlich gefärbt. Die Tiere erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 34 bis 47 Zentimetern und ein Gewicht von 1 bis 1,9 Kilogramm.

Verbreitung

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Verbreitungskarte des Buschmannhasen

Der Buschmannhase lebt ausschließlich in buschbestandenen Flussufern in der Karoo-Wüste im westlichen Südafrika.

Lebensweise

Die Art ist nachtaktiv und verbringt den Tag in kleinen Erdgruben im Schatten der Büsche. Ihre Reviere sind relativ groß, das der Männchen umfasst durchschnittlich 21 Hektar, das der Weibchen rund 12 Hektar. Ihre Nahrung besteht aus Blüten, Blättern und Gräsern.

Die Tiere haben ein polygames Paarungsverhalten, das heißt ein Männchen pflanzt sich mit mehreren Weibchen fort. Anschließend gräbt das Weibchen einen kleinen Erdbau, den sie mit Gras und Fell auspolstert. Das einzelne Junge, das nach rund fünfwöchiger Tragzeit zur Welt kommt, ist bei der Geburt nackt und blind. Es kann bis zu zwei Geburten im Jahr geben, dennoch ist die Fortpflanzungsrate für Hasenverhältnisse sehr niedrig.

Systematik

Phylogenetische Systematik der Hasenartigen nach Matthee et al. 2004[1]
Hasenartige

Pfeifhasen (Ochotonidae / Ochotona)


Hasen

Buschkaninchen (Poelagus marjorita)



Rotkaninchen (Pronolagus)


Streifenkaninchen (Nesolagus)





Vulkankaninchen (Romerolagus diazi)






Wildkaninchen (Oryctolagus cuniculus)


Borstenkaninchen (Caprolagus hispidus)





Buschmannhase (Bunolagus monticularis)


Ryukyu-Kaninchen (Pentalagus furnessi)






Baumwollschwanzkaninchen (Sylvilagus)


Zwergkaninchen (Brachylagus idahoensis)




Echte Hasen (Lepus)






Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Der Buschmannhase wird als eigenständige Art und monotypische Gattung den Hasen (Leporidae) zugeordnet. Innerhalb der Art werden keine Unterarten unterschieden.[2] Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung der Art erfolgte 1903 durch Oldfield Thomas als Lepus monticularis, 1903 beschrieb er die eigenständige Gattung Bunolagus und ordnete die Art als Typusart und einzige Art ein.[2]

Auf der Basis von molekularbiologischen Daten wurde von Conrad A. Matthee et al. 2004 ein Kladogramm entwickelt, das die phylogenetischen Verwandtschaften der Gattungen innerhalb der Hasen zueinander darstellt. Demnach ist der Buschmannhase die Schwesterart des nur auf den Ryūkyū-Inseln, Japan, verbreiteten Ryukyu-Kaninchens (Pentalagus furnessi) und bildet mit diesem ein Taxon. Diesem steht ein Taxon aus dem Wildkaninchen (Oryctolagus cuniculus) und dem Borstenkaninchen (Caprolagus hispidus) gegenüber, während die in Amerika lebenden Baumwollschwanzkaninchen (Sylvilagus) und das Zwergkaninchen (Brachylagus idahoensis) die Schwestergruppe dieser vier Arten darstellt.[1]

Innerhalb der Art werden keine Unterarten unterschieden. Sie trägt den Namen Buschmann-„Hase“, obwohl sie kaninchenartige Eigenschaften hat. So lebt sie in Erdbauen und die Jungtiere sind Nesthocker. Vermutlich war dafür die Ähnlichkeit mit den Echten Hasen, vor allem in den langen Ohren, ausschlaggebend. Im Englischen hingegen heißt sie Riverine oder Bushman Rabbit, also Kaninchen.

Bedrohung und Schutz

Buschmannhasen zählen zu den seltensten Säugetieren. Erstmals 1902 entdeckt, galt die Art manchmal jahrzehntelang als verschollen (zum Beispiel zwischen 1948 und 1979). Das Hauptproblem ist die Umwandlung ihres Lebensraumes in landwirtschaftliche Flächen, so sind mehr als 60 Prozent ihres potentiellen Habitates in den letzten Jahrzehnten verloren gegangen. Ihr Lebensraum befindet sich komplett im Privatbesitz von Landwirten, mit Bildungsprogrammen soll auf die Bedrohung dieser Art hingewiesen werden. Auch die Nachstellung durch Hunde und möglicherweise die Jagd spielen eine Rolle. Jüngere Schätzungen gehen von nicht mehr als 250 lebenden Exemplaren aus.

Belege

  1. a b Conrad A. Matthee, Bettine Jansen Van Vuuren, Diana Bell Terence J. Robinson: A Molecular Supermatrix of the Rabbits and Hares (Leporidae) Allows for the Identification of Five Intercontinental Exchanges During the Miocene. Systematic Biology 53 (3); S. 433–447. (Abstract)
  2. a b Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Bunolagus monticularis in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.

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Buschmannhase: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Buschmannhase (Bunolagus monticularis) ist eine in Südafrika beheimatete Säugetierart aus der Familie der Hasen (Leporidae). Er gilt als eine der seltensten und bedrohtesten Säugetierarten überhaupt.

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Fenek tax-xmara ( Maltese )

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Il-Fenek tax-xmara (Bunolagus monticularis) huwa mammiferu plaċentat erbivoru u notturn, tal-familja Leporidae, fl-ordni Lagomorpha. Dan il-fenek huwa wieħed mill-aktar mammiferi rari fid-dinja, li jgħix f'żona ristretta ħafna u jinsab biss fir-reġjuni tan-Nofsinhar u fiċ-ċentru tad-deżert ta' Karoo tal-Afrika t'Isfel fil-Provinċja ta' Kap. Il-fenek tax-xmara huwa fenek monotipiku, l-unika speċi fil-ġeneru Bunolagus.

Normalment il-fenek tax-xmara jkollu strixxa sewda mir-rokna tal-ħalq għal fuq il-warda tal-wiċċ fuq kull naħa. Il-pil lewn il-krema minn taħt l-għonq għal taħt iż-żaqq li jiskura huwa u tiela' mad-dahar, denb sufi fil-kannella ċar bit-tarf ħarira fl-iswed u par saqajn wiesgħajn fuq wara f'forma ta' mazza.

L-evidenza turi li d-daqs tal-popolazzjoni qiegħed dejjem jonqos. Mill-aħħar stimi ħareġ li dawn l-aħħar 70 sena il-popolazzjoni globali naqset saħansitra b'60%. Illum il-ġurnata il-popolazzjoni qiegħda maqsuma u mifruda f'sottopopolazzjonijiet iżgħar li l-ebda waħda ma għandha aktar minn 50 fenek adult fiha. Dan il-fenek tax-xmara jħobb ambjent magħmul minn ħaxix għoli li jikber fuq il-ħamrijja tal-pjanuri tal-għargħar fejn jiffurmaw xmajjar staġjonali, li sfortunatament 80% minn dan l-abitat ġie kkultivat jew immodifikat mill-bniedem.

Distribuzzjoni

Dan il-fenek huwa speċi endemika tal-Afrika t'Isfel. Illum il-ġurnata l-fenek tax-xmara jinsab jgħix fi ftit postijiet biss fid-Deżert ta' Karoo u l-ebda wieħed minn dawn il-postijiet ma huwa erja protetta. Fraserburg, Sutherland u Victoria West kollha għandhom popolazzjoni żgħira.

Referenzi

  • Lagomorph Specialist Group (1996). Bunolagus monticularis Fil-Periklu kritiku ta' estinzjoni. Lista Ħamra tal-IUCN 2006.

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Fenek tax-xmara: Brief Summary ( Maltese )

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Il-Fenek tax-xmara (Bunolagus monticularis) huwa mammiferu plaċentat erbivoru u notturn, tal-familja Leporidae, fl-ordni Lagomorpha. Dan il-fenek huwa wieħed mill-aktar mammiferi rari fid-dinja, li jgħix f'żona ristretta ħafna u jinsab biss fir-reġjuni tan-Nofsinhar u fiċ-ċentru tad-deżert ta' Karoo tal-Afrika t'Isfel fil-Provinċja ta' Kap. Il-fenek tax-xmara huwa fenek monotipiku, l-unika speċi fil-ġeneru Bunolagus.

Normalment il-fenek tax-xmara jkollu strixxa sewda mir-rokna tal-ħalq għal fuq il-warda tal-wiċċ fuq kull naħa. Il-pil lewn il-krema minn taħt l-għonq għal taħt iż-żaqq li jiskura huwa u tiela' mad-dahar, denb sufi fil-kannella ċar bit-tarf ħarira fl-iswed u par saqajn wiesgħajn fuq wara f'forma ta' mazza.

L-evidenza turi li d-daqs tal-popolazzjoni qiegħed dejjem jonqos. Mill-aħħar stimi ħareġ li dawn l-aħħar 70 sena il-popolazzjoni globali naqset saħansitra b'60%. Illum il-ġurnata il-popolazzjoni qiegħda maqsuma u mifruda f'sottopopolazzjonijiet iżgħar li l-ebda waħda ma għandha aktar minn 50 fenek adult fiha. Dan il-fenek tax-xmara jħobb ambjent magħmul minn ħaxix għoli li jikber fuq il-ħamrijja tal-pjanuri tal-għargħar fejn jiffurmaw xmajjar staġjonali, li sfortunatament 80% minn dan l-abitat ġie kkultivat jew immodifikat mill-bniedem.

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Arwêşê verocê Afrika ( Diq )

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Arwêşê verocê Afrika (Bunolagus monticularis) yew ganiyo ke miyanê keyey arwêşan de ca gêno. Arwêşê verocê Afrika dınya sero tewr ganiyanê senıkan ra yewo, amarê inan zaf kemiyo. Gorey vervênayışan dınya sero dı sey ra taynêr arwêşê verocê Afrika estê. Eno arwêş verocê Afrika rê endemiko.

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Riverine rabbit

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The Karoo Desert in South Africa, the location of the Riverine Rabbit's habitat

The riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis), also known as the bushman rabbit or bushman hare, is a rabbit with an extremely limited distribution area, found only in the central and southern regions of the Karoo Desert of South Africa's Northern Cape Province. It is the only member of the genus Bunolagus because of unique traits that separate it from the other leporids. It is one of the most endangered mammals in the world, with only around 500 living adults, and 1500 overall.

They have a diet which consists of mostly plants and vegetation, but their usual food sources are being diminished, causing a scarcity for their population. This food loss is also connected to other problems such as with forming burrows. A unique aspect of its biology is that females can only produce one offspring per year. This contributes to how it is classified as critically endangered, which is the most severe classification available. Other unique traits include being nocturnal, and producing two different types of droppings. Currently, there are conservation plans being enacted to help with its decreasing population and habitat.

Identification

The riverine rabbit is native to the Karoo desert in South Africa.[3] It has a general appearance that is similar to most rabbits, but the ears and body are longer. It typically has a black stripe running from the corner of the mouth over the cheek, and a white ring around each eye. It also has a brown woolly tail, cream or greyish-coloured fur on its belly and throat, and a broad, club-like hind foot. It has a dental formula of 2/1, 0/0, 3/2, 3/3, like other rabbits, with a total of 28 teeth.[4] Its tail is pale brown with a tinge of black toward the tip. Its coat is soft and silky and its limb are short and heavily furred. Male riverine rabbits weigh approximately 1.5 kilogram while females weigh about 1.8 kilograms.[5]

Taxonomy

The riverine rabbit's scientific name is Bunolagus monticularis.[6] Some common names referring to it are the bushman hare and the bushman rabbit.[7] This rabbit also has less common names such as boshaas and vleihaas. These names arose from the habitats they lived in and are based on how these were moist and dense.[8] Genetically, its closest relations are to the Amami rabbit, the Hispid hare, and the European rabbit.[9]

Habitat

It is found in only a few places in the Karoo Desert of South Africa's Northern Cape province. Sanbona Wildlife reserve is classified as a protected wilderness area, which has a successful breeding population, where it is being researched and monitored. As its name suggests, the Riverine rabbit prefers to occupy river basins and very particular shrubland. It feeds on the dense shrubland and the soft soil allows for it to create vast burrows and dens for protection, brooding young, and thermoregulation. The riverine rabbit lives in very dense growth along the seasonal rivers in the central semi-arid Karoo region of South Africa. Its habitat regions are tropical and terrestrial while its terrestrial biomes are desert or dune and scrub forest.[10] Two of the most common plants in its habitat are Salsola glabrescens (11·8%) and Lycium spp. (8·5%).

They appear and live specifically in riverine vegetation on alluvial soils adjacent to seasonal rivers, though studies have found this habitat to be sixty-seven percent fragmented in certain areas. Currently the habitat is decreasing in size, contributing to this species being classified as endangered. The primary reason for the decline in habitats is due to cultivation and livestock farming. Major threats to this species comes from loss and degradation of habitat. Over the last hundred years, over two-thirds of their habitat has been lost. Today only five hundred mature riverine rabbits are estimated to be living in the wild. Removal of the natural vegetation along the rivers and streams prevent the rabbits from being able to construct stable breeding burrows. This is because of the loss of the soft alluvial top soils, which are necessary for the construction of these. Another cause of damage and loss to their habitats comes from overgrazing of domestic herbivores, which also causes degradation and fragmentation of the land. Without suitable habitat they have a lower rate of survival.[7]

The remaining habitat is thought to only be able to support 1,435 rabbits.[11] This displays a main cause for its endangerment, which is that there is very little habitat left that can support it.

Predators and competitors

The black eagle is one of the primary predators of the riverine rabbit

The riverine rabbit is hunted by falconiformes and black eagles. However, it is capable of jumping over one meter high bushes when being pursued by a predator. To escape predation, it remains nocturnal, spending the day resting in a form, which is a shallow scrape made in the soil under a Karoo bush.[12]

Diet

Lycium, one of the main components of the riverine rabbit's diet

The riverine rabbit is predominantly known for being a “browser”. They eat riparian vegetation found along seasonal rivers in the Karoo Desert. This includes salt-loving plants such as the salsola and lycium. They sometimes eat grass depending on if it is the wet season. Aside from their conventional food intake, they also consume their day-time droppings which are soft and come directly from the anus. This is advantageous because their feces contains vitamin produced by the bacteria in the hindgut and also contains minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.[5]

Behaviour

Riverine rabbits are solitary and nocturnal. They feed on their preferred foods, flowers, grasses, leaves at night. During the day they rest in forms. It produces two types of droppings. While active during the night the rabbit will produce hard droppings, and during the day droppings are soft, taken directly from the anus, and swallowed. In this way the riverine rabbit obtains vitamin B, produced by bacteria in the hind gut, and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are recycled.[3]

They are polygamous, but they live and browse for food alone. They have intra-sexually exclusive home ranges; the males’ home ranges overlap slightly with those of the various females. Between August and May, females will make a nest in a burrow lined with grass and fur, and blocked with soil and twigs. This nest is 10–15 cm in diameter, 25 cm long.[13]

Reproduction

The riverine rabbit is one of the rarest mammals in the world and very little is known about its reproductive behavior other than that it has a polygamous mating system, where males mate with more than one female. It bears its young underground for protection. The single offspring that the rabbit produces is born altricial, or bald, blind, and helpless, and weighs from 40 to 50 grams. It is the only African rabbit that bears its young underground. The helpless offspring stays with the mother until it is capable of living on its own and fending for itself. The low breeding rate of only one offspring per year is unlike most other rabbits and has led to attempts to increase numbers of this endangered species.[14] A breeding colony has been established at the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre near Pretoria.[15] These rabbits will mate with a number of individuals, and are the only known rabbit species to make nests for the baby. Very rarely, two kits may be born at once.[16]

Relationship with humans

The riverine rabbit provides many benefits for farmers. It causes the riverine vegetation that it eats to bind to the soil and prevent it from being washed away in floods. Also, this vegetation promotes filtration of rainwater to groundwater, which is a benefit to farmers, who often use windmills to draw up water for their livestock. Indirectly, the habitat of riverine rabbit helps humans in farming. This benefit can only be sustained if the rabbit continues to feed on this vegetation.[5]

Endangerment

Extent

The riverine rabbit is a species that is in extreme danger of extinction. In 1981 it was first labeled as an endangered species.[17] According to the IUCN Redlist It is now classified under the most severe category of endangerment (aside from extinction), which is critically endangered.[7] It has a population of only about 500 mature rabbits[7] and 1500 overall[17] which both continue to decline. In addition, the IUCN Redlist predicts increased population reduction, in the immediate future. Their exact prediction is for one tenth of the population to be lost between 2002 and 2022. Another problem that this species faces in terms of population is how their already immensely small population is divided into several isolated groups, about 10 in total, all with less than 50 rabbits in each.[7]

Causes

The decline in the population is largely due to the alteration of its habitat as over half of it has been rendered unable to support the rabbit since 1970. The reason for this is largely due to the use of land for agriculture, causing the unique needed environment of the riverine rabbit to be destroyed. The range of habitable area continues to decline, and it is predicted that over the next 100 years that another fifth of habitable area will be lost. The reason for this ongoing destruction of the rabbit’s habitat is the practice of raising animals for commercial reasons in the area, causing the environment to be transformed to serve this end. Another ongoing threat to the rabbit is how the isolated groups are divided up because fields in the area often have fencing which is impermeable to this species, designed to keep out jackals.[7] An additional threat to the species is found in how the remaining land left that supports it is being damaged by climate change. Other sources for population reduction are found in how the rabbit is hunted for entertainment, food, and collection, and also in how the rabbit has often fallen into traps set on farms, for the purpose of capturing other bothersome animals.[18] Soil erosion in the area of habitation is another factor in destroying the animal. Animals feeding on local vegetation decimates the already narrow scope of food for the rabbit. The practice of extracting materials from trees and destroying local vegetation destroys areas that the rabbits conventionally use to escape the heat, and also hide from animals which seek to eat or harm them. Finally, structures on rivers like dams isolate subpopulations from each other, discouraging faster population regeneration.[17]

Conservation

Current efforts

Relatively speaking to other similar species, there is little information known about key aspects of the riverine rabbit, such as behavior and diet, so one of the most meaningful conservation efforts underway is researching this species, seeking to find critical information about the species that will lead to more effective conservation measures.[17] The current plan to protect the remaining members of the population has been criticized, with experts claiming that a large part of the remaining land that can support the rabbit is outside the current area being preserved for it.[11] Other efforts include engaging and educating local farmers so that they act in a way which reduces harm to the species.[17] Also, efforts have been carried out to get landowners of the area of the habitat to agree to certain measures that help the rabbit population.[17] One of the most important and meaningful conservation efforts has been to engage in highly thorough monitoring of rabbit populations, a task made more difficult by the emergence of a new population in 2014.[18] This endeavor has been carried out largely by the Endangered Wildlife Trust.[18]

Recommended action

The IUCN recommends several further conservation measures, demonstrating that current actions are not adequate. They recommend capturing the animal as to safely allow it to reproduce without danger of predators or of not being able to find food. They also recommend different methods of managing the habitat and the population in the wild. Finally they recommend further efforts of informing the local populace as to how to protect the rabbit. The red list also notes that further research is needed into its ecology and into the conservation actions that would be most effective.[7]

References

  1. ^ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Collins, K.; Bragg, C.; Birss, C. (2019). "Bunolagus monticularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T3326A45176532. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3326A45176532.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b “EDGE :: Mammal Species Information.” EDGE of Existence, www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=3.
  4. ^ Macdonald, D (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198508236.
  5. ^ a b c Awaad, Rania. “Bunolagus Monticularis (Riverine Rabbit).” Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bunolagus_monticularis/.
  6. ^ Wilson, Don (2005). "Bunolagus Monticularis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Bunolagus monticularis: South African Mammal CAMP Workshop". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T3326A43710964.en.|date= / |doi= mismatch
  8. ^ "Bunolagus monticularis (Riverine rabbit)". Biodiversity Explorer.
  9. ^ "Bunolagus Monticularis (Riverine Rabbit)".
  10. ^ Awaad, Rania. "Bunolagus Monticularis (Riverine Rabbit)". Animal Diversity.
  11. ^ a b Duthie, A.G; Skinner, J. D.; Robinson, T.J (1990). "The distribution and status of the riverine rabbit, Bunolagus monticularis, South Africa". Biological Conservation. 47 (3): 195–202. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(89)90064-5.
  12. ^ Bunolagus Monticularis (Riverine Rabbit), www.biodiversityexplorer.org/mammals/lagomorpha/bunolagus_monticularis.htm.
  13. ^ Wyk, Cronje van, et al. “Riverine Rabbit - Characteristics, Habitat & Breeding - Critically Endangered Species.” Its Nature Offers You Int
  14. ^ Awaad, Rania (2007). "Animal Diversity Web". Animaldiversityweb.org. University of Michigan. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  15. ^ "Riverine Rabbit". Archived from the original on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  16. ^ “Riverine Rabbit.” Accommodation South Africa - SA-Venues.com, www.sa-venues.com/wildlife/wildlife_riverine_rabbit.htm.
  17. ^ a b c d e f "Bunolagus Monticularis (Riverine Rabbit)". BioDiversity Explorer. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  18. ^ a b c Starzak, Kelly. "In South Africa, rare riverine rabbits are ready for their closeup". Earth Touch News Network. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
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Riverine rabbit: Brief Summary

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The Karoo Desert in South Africa, the location of the Riverine Rabbit's habitat

The riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis), also known as the bushman rabbit or bushman hare, is a rabbit with an extremely limited distribution area, found only in the central and southern regions of the Karoo Desert of South Africa's Northern Cape Province. It is the only member of the genus Bunolagus because of unique traits that separate it from the other leporids. It is one of the most endangered mammals in the world, with only around 500 living adults, and 1500 overall.

They have a diet which consists of mostly plants and vegetation, but their usual food sources are being diminished, causing a scarcity for their population. This food loss is also connected to other problems such as with forming burrows. A unique aspect of its biology is that females can only produce one offspring per year. This contributes to how it is classified as critically endangered, which is the most severe classification available. Other unique traits include being nocturnal, and producing two different types of droppings. Currently, there are conservation plans being enacted to help with its decreasing population and habitat.

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Bunolagus monticularis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El conejo ribereño de Sudáfrica o conejo de los bosquimanos (Bunolagus monticularis) es una especie de mamífero lagomorfo de la familia Leporidae. Es el único miembro del género Bunolagus.[2]​ Se trata de una especie rara y poco estudiada. Tan solo se encuentra en Sudáfrica, en el centro y sur del desierto de Karoo, entre la densa maleza de las riberas.

Mide entre 33 y 50 cm de longitud y su peso ronda el 1,5 kg en machos, algo más en hembras.

Es característica una raya negra que parte desde su boca y llega hasta la mejilla, en forma de "bigote". Las orejas son largas, una orla blanca rodea el ojo y su parte ventral es de un tono rojizo. Las patas traseras están densamente pobladas y poseen mayor anchura que las delanteras. La cola posee un pelaje suave, con tonalidades algo grisáceas.

Los machos se aparean con más de una hembra. Las hembras anidan en cámaras subterráneas, de 10 cm de diámetro y 25 de largo, y dan a luz generalmente a un solo retoño por camada, una tasa de nacimiento bastante pobre en comparación con otros conejos. Los recién nacidos, de unos 40 a 50 g, nacen ciegos y sin pelo y dependen de su madre hasta que son capaces de moverse por sí mismos.

El conejo ribereño es de costumbres nocturnas, escondiéndose durante el día de depredadores y alimentándose por la noche.

Bunolagus monticularis es capaz de saltar arbustos de más de un metro de alto cuando huye de algún depredador, generalmente águilas negras.

Referencias

  1. South African Mammal CAMP Workshop (2008). «Bunolagus monticularis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de agosto de 2010.
  2. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). «Bunolagus». Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

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Bunolagus monticularis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El conejo ribereño de Sudáfrica o conejo de los bosquimanos (Bunolagus monticularis) es una especie de mamífero lagomorfo de la familia Leporidae. Es el único miembro del género Bunolagus.​ Se trata de una especie rara y poco estudiada. Tan solo se encuentra en Sudáfrica, en el centro y sur del desierto de Karoo, entre la densa maleza de las riberas.

Mide entre 33 y 50 cm de longitud y su peso ronda el 1,5 kg en machos, algo más en hembras.

Es característica una raya negra que parte desde su boca y llega hasta la mejilla, en forma de "bigote". Las orejas son largas, una orla blanca rodea el ojo y su parte ventral es de un tono rojizo. Las patas traseras están densamente pobladas y poseen mayor anchura que las delanteras. La cola posee un pelaje suave, con tonalidades algo grisáceas.

Los machos se aparean con más de una hembra. Las hembras anidan en cámaras subterráneas, de 10 cm de diámetro y 25 de largo, y dan a luz generalmente a un solo retoño por camada, una tasa de nacimiento bastante pobre en comparación con otros conejos. Los recién nacidos, de unos 40 a 50 g, nacen ciegos y sin pelo y dependen de su madre hasta que son capaces de moverse por sí mismos.

El conejo ribereño es de costumbres nocturnas, escondiéndose durante el día de depredadores y alimentándose por la noche.

Bunolagus monticularis es capaz de saltar arbustos de más de un metro de alto cuando huye de algún depredador, generalmente águilas negras.

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Bunolagus monticularis ( Basque )

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Bunolagus monticularis, Boskimanoen untxia edo Hegoafrikako erribera untxia bere generoko espezie bakarra da eta mundu osoan zehar ugaztun mehatxatuenen artean kokatzen da. Karoo desertuan bakarrik aurki daiteke eta gaur egun 200 bat ale daudela uste da.

33 eta 50 zentimetro inguru neurtzen ditu eta 1,5 kg inguru pisatzen ditu.

Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Bunolagus monticularis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Bushmannijänis ( Finnish )

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Bushmannijänis[2] eli kapinkaniini[3] (Bunolagus monticularis) on yksi maailman harvinaisimmista nisäkkäistä. Luonnossa niitä elää noin 250 yksilöä.[4] Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on karoonjänis.[2]

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Bushmannijäniksen turkki on pääväriltään ruskehtava, tietyissä kohdissa siinä on myös harmaata sävyä.[3] Leuassa ja korvien sisäpuolella on lisäksi kellertävää ja niskassa punertavaa karvaa; silmien ympärykset ja vatsapuoli ovat likaisenvalkoiset.[3] Häntä on lyhyt, pörröinen ja väriltään musta. Muita tuntomerkkejä on suun nurkista lähtevät mustat raidat, jotka jatkuvat poskille. Sen ruumiin pituus on 40–60 cm ja korvien pituus 13 cm[3]. Bushmannijänis painaa täysikasvuisena noin 1,9 kilogrammaa.

Levinneisyys

Bushmannijäniksen elinalue koostuu ainoastaan Etelä-Afrikassa sijaitsevan Karoo-aavikon etelä- ja keskiosista.

Elintavat

Jänikset ovat yöeläimiä.

Lisääntyminen

Bushmannijänikset synnyttävät kerrallaan vain 1–2 poikasta kerran vuodessa.[1] Tiineys kestää 35-36 päivää.[4]

Uhat

Pahin uhka bushmannijänikselle on maatalousmaan raivaus.[3] Suurin osa lajin elinympäristöstä, pensaikkoisista joenrannoista, on 1950-luvun jälkeen raivattu pelloiksi.[3] Muita uhkia ovat ansat, elinalueen pieneneminen polttopuun keräyksen ja lampaiden laiduntamisen vuoksi, vapaat tai ihmisen seurassa metsästävät koirat ja jokia kuivattavien patojen rakentaminen.[4]

Lähteet

  1. a b c South African Mammal CAMP Workshop: Bunolagus monticularis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 2.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Nisäkäsnimistöehdotus
  3. a b c d e f Elo, Ulla & Koivisto, Ilkka ym. (toim.): Maailman uhanalaiset eläimet - Osa 2: Nisäkkäät, s. 22–23. Weilin+Göös, 1991. ISBN 951-35-4687-X.
  4. a b c http://www.animalinfo.org/species/bunomont.htm (englanniksi)
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Bushmannijänis: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Bushmannijänis eli kapinkaniini (Bunolagus monticularis) on yksi maailman harvinaisimmista nisäkkäistä. Luonnossa niitä elää noin 250 yksilöä. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on karoonjänis.

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Bunolagus monticularis ( French )

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Le Lièvre des bochimans (Bunolagus monticularis) est une espèce de léporidé sauvage d'Afrique du Sud qui tient son nom des populations San appelées aussi bochimans. C'est la seule espèce du genre Bunolagus.

On le trouve principalement dans le désert Karoo dans la province du Cap, en Afrique du Sud. Il est classé comme espèce en danger critique.

Dénominations

Notes et références

  1. Guide des mammifères d'Afrique, par Jean Dorst et Pierre Dandelot, Delachaux et Niestlé, Lausanne, 1997, p. 21
  2. Guide des mammifères d'Afrique, par Jonathan Kingdon, Delachaux et Niestlé, Paris, 2006, p. 94
  3. Protéger la nature c’est respecter la vie, document pdf de Act for Nature, 2010.
  4. a b et c Meyer C., ed. sc., 2015, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales (En ligne). Montpellier, France, Cirad. [12/05/2015].
  5. (en) Murray Wrobel, Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian, Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0-444-51877-0), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé

Voir aussi

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Bunolagus monticularis: Brief Summary ( French )

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Le Lièvre des bochimans (Bunolagus monticularis) est une espèce de léporidé sauvage d'Afrique du Sud qui tient son nom des populations San appelées aussi bochimans. C'est la seule espèce du genre Bunolagus.

On le trouve principalement dans le désert Karoo dans la province du Cap, en Afrique du Sud. Il est classé comme espèce en danger critique.

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Bunolagus monticularis ( Italian )

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Il coniglio di fiume o coniglio fluviale, in inglese riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis, Thomas 1903) è un mammifero della famiglia dei Leporidae, endemico della regione del Karoo (Sudafrica). È l'unica specie del genere Bunolagus.

Descrizione

Un esemplare adulto pesa 1.5-1.8 kg ed è lungo 35–45 cm, escluse la coda (7–10 cm) e le orecchie (10–12 cm).

Ha una pelliccia color crema, più scura in corrispondenza della coda. Si riconosce agevolmente per la presenza di una striscia bruno scura che va dall'angolo della bocca alla base delle orecchie.

Biologia

È un erbivoro che si nutre di fiori e foglie della vegetazione ripariale che cresce lungo i corsi d'acqua stagionali del Karoo. Ha abitudini notturne e trascorre le ore diurne in tane poco profonde scavate al di sotto di cespugli. Conduce una esistenza solitaria, con areali distinti (anche se parzialmente sovrapposti) per i maschi e le femmine.

Al contrario della maggior parte dei Leporidae, è una specie poco prolifica: ogni femmina partorisce uno o due piccoli all'anno. Considerato che la vita media è di 3 anni ogni femmina dà alla luce durante la sua vita non più di 3-4 piccoli.

Distribuzione e habitat

L'areale del Bunolagus monticularis è ristretto alle zone semidesertiche del Karoo centrale. Occupa una nicchia ecologica molto ristretta, costituita dalle zone prossime ai corsi d'acqua stagionali.

Status e conservazione

La popolazione attuale è stimata essere inferiore ai 250 esemplari e pertanto la specie, in base ai criteri della IUCN Red List, è considerata in pericolo critico di estinzione.

La Zoological Society of London, in base a criteri di unicità evolutiva e di esiguità della popolazione, considera il B. monticularis una delle 100 specie di mammiferi a maggiore rischio di estinzione.

Note

Bibliografia

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Bunolagus monticularis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il coniglio di fiume o coniglio fluviale, in inglese riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis, Thomas 1903) è un mammifero della famiglia dei Leporidae, endemico della regione del Karoo (Sudafrica). È l'unica specie del genere Bunolagus.

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Krūmyninis kiškis ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Bunolagus monticularis

Krūmyninis kiškis (lot. Bunolagus monticularis, angl. Riverine Rabbit, Bushman Rabbit, Bushman Hare, vok. Buschmannhase) – kiškinių (Leporidae) šeimos žinduolis. Tai vienintelė rūšis, priklausanti krūmyninių kiškių (Bunolagus) genčiai.

Kūnas 42 cm, uodega 9 cm ilgio. Galūnės trumpos, apaugusios tankiu kailiu. Turi ilgas, beveik plikas, geltonai pilkos spalvos ausis. Kailis minkštas. Galva ir nugara rudos spalvos. Pilvas rausvai geltonas. Aplink akis yra balti žiedai. Uodega vienspalvė, ruda.

Paplitęs Pietų Afrikos Respublikoje, Kapo provincijoje. Gyvūnas aktyvus naktį.

Nuorodos

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Krūmyninis kiškis: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Krūmyninis kiškis (lot. Bunolagus monticularis, angl. Riverine Rabbit, Bushman Rabbit, Bushman Hare, vok. Buschmannhase) – kiškinių (Leporidae) šeimos žinduolis. Tai vienintelė rūšis, priklausanti krūmyninių kiškių (Bunolagus) genčiai.

Kūnas 42 cm, uodega 9 cm ilgio. Galūnės trumpos, apaugusios tankiu kailiu. Turi ilgas, beveik plikas, geltonai pilkos spalvos ausis. Kailis minkštas. Galva ir nugara rudos spalvos. Pilvas rausvai geltonas. Aplink akis yra balti žiedai. Uodega vienspalvė, ruda.

Paplitęs Pietų Afrikos Respublikoje, Kapo provincijoje. Gyvūnas aktyvus naktį.

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Bunolagus monticularis ( Malay )

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Arnab Bushman (Bunolagus monticularis) atau arnab sungai merupakan salah satu spesies mamalia yang paling jarang dan paling terancam di dunia, dengan jumlahnya mungkin tidak lebih 200 ekor sahaja. Arnab ini sangat terhad kawasan taburannya, kerana ia hanya ditemui di kawasan tengah dan selatan Gurun Karoo di Wilayah Tanjung, Afrika Selatan. Ia merupakan satu-satunya ahli genus Bunolagus.

Ciri fizikal

Arnab Bushman biasanya ada sebatang jalur hitam yang menganjur dari sudut mulut merentangi pipi. Ekornya berbulu lebat dan berwarna perang muda (dengan sedikit hitam pada hujungnya), perut dan lehernya berwarna krim, dan kaki belakangnya lebar bagai belantan. Ia merupakan spesies yang berjaga pada waktu malam.

Tabiat

Arnab sungai menjamu selera dengan makanan kegemarannya, iaitu pokok rimbun boegoe pada waktu malam, dan tidur dalam sarang pada waktu siang. Sarang arnab ini merupakan geseran cetek pada tanih di bawah pokok rimbun. Arnab ini mengumuhkan dua jenis tahi. Pada waktu malam, apabila arnab menjadi aktif, ia mengeluarkan bijian keras. Pada waktu siang, tahinya menjadi lembut, diambil terus dari dubur lalu ditelan. Beginilah arnab Bushman memperoleh vitamin B yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria dalam usus belakang, serta zat-zat galian seperti kalsium dan fosforus jadi dikitar semula.

Rujukan

  1. ^ Collins et al. (2003). Bunolagus monticularis. Senarai Merah Spesies Terancam IUCN 2006. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Dicapai pada 2006-05-11. Entri pangkalan data disertakan sebab spesies ini terancam teruk

Pautan luar

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Bunolagus monticularis: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Arnab Bushman (Bunolagus monticularis) atau arnab sungai merupakan salah satu spesies mamalia yang paling jarang dan paling terancam di dunia, dengan jumlahnya mungkin tidak lebih 200 ekor sahaja. Arnab ini sangat terhad kawasan taburannya, kerana ia hanya ditemui di kawasan tengah dan selatan Gurun Karoo di Wilayah Tanjung, Afrika Selatan. Ia merupakan satu-satunya ahli genus Bunolagus.

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Hottentothaas ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De hottentothaas of vleihaas (Bunolagus monticularis) is een ernstig bedreigde haasachtige, de enige soort uit het geslacht Bunolagus. De hottentothaas komt enkel voor in het centrale en zuidelijke deel van de Karoo, een halfwoestijn in de Zuid-Afrikaanse Kaapprovincie.

Kenmerken

De hottentothaas is een middelgrote haasachtige. Hij is te herkennen aan de opvallende tekening: een donkerbruine streep loopt van de mondhoeken over de wangen naar het begin van de oren en scheidt de witte kin en keel van de donkere snuit en wangen. Verder zijn de bovenste randen van de oren wit en loopt er een witte ring om de ogen. De vacht is op de bovenzijde vaalgrijs tot donkerbruin en zwartgespikkeld, maar roomkleurig op de buik. Achter de oren bevindt zich een roodbruine achterhoofdsvlek. Het pluimstaartje (70-108mm) is geheel grijsbruin van kleur, met wat donkerdere haren bij de staartpunt. De oren zijn groot (107-124 mm) en beweeglijk. De ledematen zijn relatief kort met een dikke vacht. De achtervoeten zijn breed.

De kop-romplengte is tussen de 337 een 440 mm. Vrouwtjes worden groter dan mannetjes: mannetjes worden ongeveer 1,5 kg zwaar, vrouwtjes wel 1,8 kg.

Gedrag

De hottentothaas voedt zich voornamelijk met de bloemen en bladeren van oevervegetatie als Salsola, Kochia en Mesembryanthemum[2], in het regenseizoen aangevuld met gras. Het is een nachtdier, overdag verschuilt hij zich in een kort ondiep hol onder de schaduwzijde van een struik. De haas sluit het hol af met rommel als het niet in gebruik is.

Het is een solitaire soort, met een territorium van ongeveer 13 hectare voor vrouwtjes, 20 hectare voor mannetjes. Territoria van dieren van hetzelfde geslacht zijn gescheiden, territoria van mannetjes overlappen die van meerdere vrouwtjes. Een vrouwtje is tussen augustus en mei vruchtbaar. De jongen worden geboren na een draagtijd van 35 tot 36 dagen in een met gras en vacht bekleed hol. Zij wegen dan ongeveer veertig gram. De hottentothaas plant zich voor een haasachtige opmerkelijk traag voort: een vrouwtje kent slechts één worp per jaar, bestaande uit een of twee jongen. Doordat de gemiddeld levensverwachting voor de haas slechts drie jaar is (in gevangenschap maximaal vijf jaar), brengt een vrouwtje in haar leven slechts vier nakomelingen voort.[3]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De hottentothaas is endemisch voor de Karoo, een halfwoestijn in Zuid-Afrika. Binnen dit gebied heeft hij een beperkte verspreiding: de haas komt enkel voor in de dichte oeverbegroeiing langs de tijdelijke rivieren die door de centrale en zuidelijke Karoo stromen. Deze oevers worden gedomineerd door halofyten als Salsola en Lycium.[2] Buiten de rivieroevers kan hij niet overleven, omdat enkel de alluviale grond van de uiterwaarden stevig genoeg is voor de haas om zijn holen in te graven.

Bedreiging

De hottentothaas is een van de meest bedreigde haasachtigen. Op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN heeft de soort de kritieke status gekregen, het enige lid van de familie der hazen en konijnen (Leporidae) met deze status. Geschat wordt dat er niet meer dan 250 paartjes zijn, verdeeld over tien gefragmenteerde subpopulaties. Geen van deze subpopulaties bevat meer dan vijftig dieren. Deze aantallen blijven afnemen. Waarschijnlijk is de afgelopen zeventig jaar de populatie met meer dan 60% afgenomen, en verwacht wordt dat tussen 2002 en 2022 de populatie nog eens met 10% zal afnemen.

De belangrijkste bedreiging voor de hottentothaas is verlies van habitat aan de landbouw. Anders dan in de rest van de Karoo zijn de riviergronden waar de haas leeft zeer rijk aan voedingsstoffen en daardoor uitermate geschikt voor de landbouw. Door akkerbouw en overbegrazing door vee is een groot deel van het oorspronkelijke leefgebied van de hottentothaas verloren gegaan of gefragmenteerd. Uitwisseling van dieren tussen de gefragmenteerde gebieden is vrijwel onmogelijk door de aanleg van hekken, bedoeld om jakhalzen buiten te houden. Andere bedreigingen vormen de jacht, onopzettelijke vangst in vallen bedoeld voor plaagdieren, predatie door verwilderde honden en katten en de aanleg van dammen in de rivieren.

Beschermingsmaatregelen

Om het voortbestaan van de hottentothaas veilig te stellen, hebben verscheidene organisaties het Riverine Rabbit Conservation Project opgezet. Onder de organisaties bevinden zich het Ministerie van Landbouw, de universiteiten van Pretoria en Stellenbosch, de Zuid-Afrikaanse Nationale Parken, de natuurbeschermingsafdelingen van de West- en Noord-Kaap en de Endangered Wildlife Trust's Riverine Rabbit Working Group (EWT-RRWG). Dit project probeert de laatste delen geschikt habitat te beschermen en landeigenaren en het publiek bewust te maken van het lot van het dier.

Vooral het bereiken van de landeigenaren is hierbij van groot belang, aangezien vrijwel alle geschikte leefgebieden zich bevinden op privé-(landbouw)grond. Het leefgebied van de hottentothazen wordt op dit moment nog niet beschermd door een nationaal park of natuurreservaat, en is dus geheel afhankelijk van de wil van de landeigenaren. Het project moedigt de landeigenaren aan om de hazenpopulatie op hun grond en eventueel geschikte grond te beschermen. Op dit moment zijn er drie beschermde gebieden opgezet, twee in West-Kaap en een in Noord-Kaap. Het doel is om meer grond te beschermen en deze met elkaar te verbinden via een netwerk van kern- en bufferzones.

In 1987 is geprobeerd een fokprogramma op te starten. Deze is echter mislukt, onder andere door een hoog sterftecijfer onder de hazen en doordat dieren werden uitgezet in een nationaal park zonder geschikt habitat. De IUCN adviseert om meer onderzoek te doen naar de leefwijze van de hazen en een tweede fokprogramma op te starten.

Referenties

  1. (en) Hottentothaas op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. a b (en) Kingdon, Jonathan (1997), The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals, Londen: Christopher Helm, p. 155.
  3. (en) Artikel over de hottentothaas op EDGE

Externe links

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Hottentothaas: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De hottentothaas of vleihaas (Bunolagus monticularis) is een ernstig bedreigde haasachtige, de enige soort uit het geslacht Bunolagus. De hottentothaas komt enkel voor in het centrale en zuidelijke deel van de Karoo, een halfwoestijn in de Zuid-Afrikaanse Kaapprovincie.

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Zajęczak buszmeński ( Polish )

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Zajęczak buszmeński[3] (Bunolagus monticularis) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny zającowatych (Leporidae).

Systematyka

Taksonomia

Gatunek po raz pierwszy opisany naukowo przez O. Thomasa w 1903 roku na łamach czasopisma The Annals of Magazine of Natural History[4]. O. Thomas przydzielił nowemu taksonowi nazwę Lepus monticularis[4]. Jako miejsce typowe autor wskazał Deelfontein w Kolonii Przylądkowej w RPA[4]. Jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Bunolaguszajęczak[3], utworzonego przez O. Thomasa w 1929 roku[5].

Gatunek typowy: Lepus monticularis Thomas, 1903

Informacje

Został opisany po raz pierwszy w 1903 roku. Jest endemicznym gatunkiem występującym w centralnej części regionu Karru w Republice Południowej Afryki, żyje w małych populacjach. Spotykano go wiele razy od 1902 do 1948, jednak od 1979 roku nie obserwowano go na wolności. Ponownie odkryty w 1989 roku. Jest jedynym zającem z rodzaju Bunolagus. Jest jednym z najbardziej zagrożonych zwierząt świata, na wolności pozostało prawdopodobnie ok. 250 osobników (dane z 2005 roku)[6].

Wielkość

  • wysokość w kłębie: 34–47 cm
  • długość ciała: 107–124 cm
  • długość ogona: 70–108 cm
  • masa ciała: 1–2 kg

Przypisy

  1. Bunolagus monticularis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. South African Mammal CAMP Workshop 2013, Bunolagus monticularis [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-09-27] (ang.).
  3. a b Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 56. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. a b c O. Thomas. On a remarkable new hare from Cape Colony. „The Annals of Magazine of Natural History”. Seventh Series. 11, s. 78, 1903 (ang.).
  5. O. Thomas. On mammals from the Kaoko-Veld, South West Africa, obtained during Captain Shortridge's fifth Percy Sladen and Kaffrarian Museum Expedition. „Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London”. 1929, s. 109, 1929. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1929.tb07691.x (ang.).
  6. Animal Info – Riverine Rabbit (ang.). animalinfo.org. [dostęp 03.05.2009].

Linki zewnętrzne

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Zajęczak buszmeński: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Zajęczak buszmeński (Bunolagus monticularis) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny zającowatych (Leporidae).

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Bunolagus monticularis ( Portuguese )

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O Coelho-bosquímano (Bunolagus monticularis), é um dos animais mais raros e ameaçados do Mundo, restante não mais de 1500 indivíduos e 550 adultos vivos. Possui uma distribuição restrita, sendo somente encontrado nas regiões sul e central do deserto do Karoo, na África do Sul.

Referências

  • HOFFMAN, R. S., ANDREW, T. S. (2005). in WILSON, D. E., REEDER, D. M. (eds). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3ª ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 2.142 pp. 2 vol.
  • COLLINS, K., et al. (2003). Bunolagus monticularis. In: IUCN 2007. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Acessado em 21 de janeiro de 2008.
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Bunolagus monticularis: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O Coelho-bosquímano (Bunolagus monticularis), é um dos animais mais raros e ameaçados do Mundo, restante não mais de 1500 indivíduos e 550 adultos vivos. Possui uma distribuição restrita, sendo somente encontrado nas regiões sul e central do deserto do Karoo, na África do Sul.

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Flodkanin ( Swedish )

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Flodkanin (Bunolagus monticularis) är en starkt utrotningshotade art som lever i Karoo, ett halvökenområde, i sydvästra Sydafrika.[1] Den placeras som ensam art i sitt släkte Bunolagus.[2]

Artens hela bestånd består troligen inte av mer än 10 populationer med ett sammanlagt antal av cirka 250 könsmogna par.[1] Ibland används bushmanhare som ett annat svenskt trivialnamn.

Utseende

Arten blir 34 till 47 cm lång (huvud och bål), har en 7 till 10,8 cm lång svans och väger 1 till 2 kg.[3] Honor är med en genomsnittlig vikt av 1,8 kg tyngre än hanar som väger omkring 1,5 kg. Hos Bunolagus monticularis är den mjuka pälsen huvudsakligen brunaktig och den är även tjock på extremiteterna. Kännetecknande är en svart strimma som skiljer den krämfärgade strupen från nosen och kinderna.[4] Dessutom är öronen med en längd av 10,7 till 12,4 cm tydlig större än hos rödkaniner (Pronolagus) som förekommer i samma region.[5] Kring ögonen förekommer ljusa till vitaktiga ringar och dessutom har öronens spetsar vita kanter.[3] Ett annat signalement är en rödaktig fläck på djurets nacke.[5] Svansen är ullig som hos flera andra hardjur.[4]

Ekologi

Denna kanin lever i halvöknen vid floder som kan vara torrlagda under sommaren.[4]

Flodkaninen är liksom flera andra hardjur aktiv mellan skymningen och gryningen. Den gömmer sig på dagen i en grop och vilar. Födan utgörs av växtdelar som blad, gräs och blommor.[4] Djuret äter bland annat löv från buskar som tillhör släktena Salsola, Kochia och Mesembryanthemum.[3] Arten är liksom sina nära släktingar koprofag. Spillningen efter första ämnesomsättningen är mjuk och den innehåller fortfarande viktiga näringsämnen. Flodkaninen äter den mjuka spillningen och efter andra ämnesomsättningen är djurets avföring fast.[4]

Hannar och honor lever utanför parningstiden ensam. Fortplantningen sker under årets varma månader, augusti till maj på södra jordklotet. Hos arten finns inga monogama par. Istället sker parningen mellan individer som lever i samma region. Honan är cirka 35 dagar dräktig och sedan föds en enda unge. Före ungens födelse fodras gropen med hår, gräs och andra mjuka växtdelar.[4] Ungen är vid födelsen blind och hjälplös med en vikt av cirka 40 g.[4][3]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Bunolagus monticularisIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: South African Mammal CAMP Workshop 2013, besökt 14 maj 2017.
  2. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Bunolagus (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  3. ^ [a b c d] Jonathan Kingdon, red (2015). Bunolagus monticularis (på engelska). Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Bloomsbury Publishing. sid. 307-308. ISBN 978-1-4729-1236-7
  4. ^ [a b c d e f g] Dr Vicky Ahlmann (7 juni 2011). ”Riverine rabbit”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 3 februari 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140203212409/http://www.arkive.org/riverine-rabbit/bunolagus-monticularis/. Läst 18 juni 2016.
  5. ^ [a b] Ronald M. Nowak, red (1999). ”Bushman Rabbit” (på engelska). Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. sid. 1722-1723. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

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Flodkanin: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Flodkanin (Bunolagus monticularis) är en starkt utrotningshotade art som lever i Karoo, ett halvökenområde, i sydvästra Sydafrika. Den placeras som ensam art i sitt släkte Bunolagus.

Artens hela bestånd består troligen inte av mer än 10 populationer med ett sammanlagt antal av cirka 250 könsmogna par. Ibland används bushmanhare som ett annat svenskt trivialnamn.

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Güney Afrika tavşanı ( Turkish )

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Güney Afrika tavşanı (Bunolagus monticularis), dünyanın en nadir hayvanlarından biridir. Dünyada 200'den az kaldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Güney Afrika'ya endemiktir.

Stub icon Tavşan ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Bunolagus monticularis ( Ukrainian )

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Зовнішній вигляд

Щільне, шовковисте хутро бушменського зайця зверху сірого кольору, по боках рудуватого, а знизу білого кольору. Має червону пляму на потилиці. Вуха дуже довгі. Хвіст пухнастий, коричневий. Самець зайця важить приблизно 1,5 кг, тоді як самиця — близько 1,8 кг. У довжину заєць сягає від 33 до 47 см.

Екологія

Бушменів заєць — переважно рослиноїдна тварина. Харчується листям, корою, гілочками та квітами, іноді їсть і послід тварин. Активніший і частіше годується в нічний час. Проводить день в невеликих ямах в тіні кущів.

Життєвий цикл

У тварин полігамна поведінка спарювання. Цей вид має один приплід на рік по 1-2 дитинча. Вагітність триває 35-36 днів. Діти голі й сліпі при народженні. Довголіття в неволі п'ять років.

Посилання


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Thỏ sông ( Vietnamese )

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Thỏ sông (danh pháp hai phần: Bunolagus monticularis) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Leporidae, bộ Thỏ. Loài này được Thomas mô tả năm 1903.[2]

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Thỏ sông  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Thỏ sông
  1. ^ Collins et al. (2003). Bunolagus monticularis. Sách đỏ 2006. IUCN 2006. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 5 năm 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Bunolagus monticularis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến động vật có vú này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Thỏ sông: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Thỏ sông (danh pháp hai phần: Bunolagus monticularis) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Leporidae, bộ Thỏ. Loài này được Thomas mô tả năm 1903.

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Бушменов заяц ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Грызунообразные
Семейство: Зайцевые
Род: Bunolagus Thomas, 1929
Вид: Бушменов заяц
Международное научное название

Bunolagus monticularis (Thomas, 1903)

Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 625336NCBI 48085EOL 311977

Бушменов заяц[1] (лат. Bunolagus monticularis) — редкий вид зайцеобразных, выделяемый в монотипный род Bunolagus. Обитает в пустыне Карру в Капской провинции Южноафриканской республики. Численность в естественных популяциях составляет менее 500 половозрелых особей[2].

Внешний вид и образ жизни

Плотный, шелковистый мех бушменова зайца сверху серого цвета, по бокам рыжеватого, а снизу белого цвета. Имеет красное пятно на затылке. Уши очень длинные. Хвост пушистый коричневый[3]. Самец зайца весит приблизительно 1,5 кг, тогда как самка — около 1,8 кг[3]. Длина тела - от 33 до 47 см[3].

Экология

Бушменов заяц питается листьями, корой, веточками и цветами, как и для других зайцеобразных, для него характерна копрофагия[3]. Более активен и чаще кормится в ночное время.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 204. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Bunolagus monticularis (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  3. 1 2 3 4 University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
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Бушменов заяц: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Бушменов заяц (лат. Bunolagus monticularis) — редкий вид зайцеобразных, выделяемый в монотипный род Bunolagus. Обитает в пустыне Карру в Капской провинции Южноафриканской республики. Численность в естественных популяциях составляет менее 500 половозрелых особей.

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南非山兔 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Bunolagus monticularis
(Thomas, 1903)

南非山兔學名Bunolagus monticularis),又名灌叢穴兔,是最為稀有及瀕危哺乳動物,數量大約只200隻。牠們只分佈在南非開普省高原中部及南部。

特徵

南非山兔由嘴角橫跨兩頰有一道黑色斑紋。腹部喉嚨呈奶白色,後腳很闊。尾巴褐色,末端黑色。

棲息及分佈地

南非山兔只分佈在南非高原的一些地區,但這些地區都並非保護區。在弗雷澤堡(Fraserburg)、薩瑟蘭(Sutherland)及西維多利亞(Victoria West)也有細小的群落。

行為

南非山兔是夜間活動的,日間則會休息。牠們夜間的排泄物很硬,而日間的則柔軟。可見牠們會從消化道內的細菌吸收維他命B,而礦物質則會重用。

參考

  1. ^ Hoffmann, Robert S.; Andrew T. Smith. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), 编. Mammal Species of the World 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005-11-16: 194. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  2. ^ Bunolagus monticularis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2003.

外部連結

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南非山兔: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

南非山兔(學名Bunolagus monticularis),又名灌叢穴兔,是最為稀有及瀕危哺乳動物,數量大約只200隻。牠們只分佈在南非開普省高原中部及南部。

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ブッシュマンウサギ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ブッシュマンウサギ 保全状況評価 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 CR.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ウサギ目 Lagomorpha : ウサギ科 Leporidae : ブッシュマンウサギ属
Bunolagus : ブッシュマンウサギ
B. monticularis 学名 Bunolagus monticularis
(Thomas, 1903) シノニム

Lepus monticularis Thomas, 1903

和名 ブッシュマンウサギ 英名 Bushman hare
Riverine hare
Riverine rabbit
Riverine Rabbit area.png
生息域

ブッシュマンウサギ学名Bunolagus monticularis)は、ウサギ科ブッシュマンウサギ属に分類されるウサギ。本種のみでブッシュマンウサギ属を形成する。

分布[編集]

南アフリカ共和国西ケープ州固有種

形態[編集]

体長43cm。尾長9.2cm。背面は赤褐色の体毛で覆われる。耳介の基部から下顎にかけて黒い筋模様が入る。尾は腹面も含めて褐色の体毛で覆われる。

耳介は長く、長さは7-11.6cm。上顎の臼歯は左右に6本ずつある。

出産直後の幼獣には体毛がない。

生態[編集]

河川の周辺にある藪地に生息し、英名(riverine=川辺)の由来になっている。群れは形成せず単独で生活する。オスは約21ヘクタール、メスは約13ヘクタールの範囲で行動する。夜行性

食性は植物食で、を食べる。

繁殖形態は胎生。8-翌5月に繁殖用の巣穴で1回に1頭(まれに2頭)の幼獣を産む。

人間との関係[編集]

開発による生息地の破壊などにより生息数は激減している。西ケープ州では法的に保護の対象とされ、狩猟や捕獲が禁止されている。生息地の調査や、生息地の住民に保護の重要性を説明するなどの対策が行われている。また飼育下で繁殖させた個体を再導入する試みが進められている。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにブッシュマンウサギに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

  • 小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著 『動物世界遺産 レッド・データ・アニマルズ6 アフリカ』、講談社2000年、68、164頁。
  • 今泉吉典監修 D.W.マクドナルド編 『動物大百科5 小型草食獣』、平凡社1986年、131、136頁。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ブッシュマンウサギ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ブッシュマンウサギ(学名:Bunolagus monticularis)は、ウサギ科ブッシュマンウサギ属に分類されるウサギ。本種のみでブッシュマンウサギ属を形成する。

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강토끼 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

강토끼 또는 부시맨토끼(Bunolagus monticularis)는 토끼목 토끼과에 속하는 포유류의 일종이다. 세계에서 가장 희귀한 종의 하나이며, 멸종 위기 포유류로 400마리도 남지 않은 것으로 추정하고 있다. 이 토끼는 분포 지역이 극히 제한되어 있으며, 남아프리카공화국 케이프 주의 카루 국립공원의 중부와 남부 지역에서 발견된다. 강토끼속(Bunolagus)의 유일종이다.

각주

  1. Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). 〈Order Lagomorpha〉 [토끼목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 194쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Bunolagus monticularis”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2006판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2003. 2006년 5월 11일에 확인함. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered
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