Eucalyptus regnans (lat. Eucalyptus regnans) — mərsinkimilər fəsiləsinin evkalipt cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Eucalyptus regnans (lat. Eucalyptus regnans) — mərsinkimilər fəsiləsinin evkalipt cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Der Riesen-Eukalyptus (Eucalyptus regnans), auch Königs-Eukalyptus genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eukalypten (Eucalyptus) innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie ist in Australien beheimatet und der höchste Bedecktsamer der Welt.
Der Riesen-Eukalyptus wächst als immergrüner Baum, der ein Alter von etwa 400 Jahren erreichen kann. Der Riesen-Eukalyptus ist ausgesprochen schnellwüchsig; an bevorzugten Standorten kann er Wuchshöhen von 65 Metern in 50 Jahren erreichen. Er gilt als der höchste Laubbaum der Welt, möglicherweise sogar als der höchste Baum überhaupt. Bei einem 1872 gefällten Exemplar wurden 132 Meter an Höhe gemessen. Das höchste derzeit lebende Exemplar „Centurion“, in Tasmanien stehend, ist allerdings „nur“ 99,6 Meter hoch[1] und damit deutlich kleiner als mehrere über 110 Meter hohe Exemplare des Küstenmammutbaums (Sequoia sempervirens) in Kalifornien,[2][3] und immer noch kleiner als ein 2018 auf 100,8 m Hohe vermessener Gelber Merantibaum auf Borneo, welcher der derzeit höchste bekannte lebende Laubbaum ist.[4]
Der Stammdurchmesser erreicht über 3 Meter. Es werden Brettwurzeln gebildet. Der Riesen-Eukalyptus bildet eine schmale Baumkrone an einem geraden Stamm aus. Die sich in Streifen abschälende Borke ist an den untersten 5 bis 15 Metern bräunlich, fibrös, gefurcht und rau, darüber gräulich sowie eher glatt.
Die wechselständigen Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und -spreite gegliedert. Der Blattstiel ist rötlich und bis 2,5 Zentimeter lang. Die einfache, grüne bis grau-grüne, ganzrandige und spitze Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von 9 bis 23 Zentimetern und einer Breite von 1,5 bis 5 Zentimetern eilanzettlich und oft sichelförmig. Die Nebenblätter fehlen.
Die 9 bis 15 Blüten sitzen in einem achselständigen und zymösen bis doldigen, wenigblütigen Blütenstand zusammen. Die zwittrige und kurz gestielte Blüte ist bei einem Durchmesser von etwa 1 Zentimetern radiärsymmetrisch. Die Kalyptra wird abgeworfen. Es sind viele lange Staubblätter vorhanden und der unterständige Fruchtknoten ist drei- bis vierkammerig.
Die kleinen, verkehrt-kegelförmigen Kapselfrüchte mit drei bis vier Klappen sind 5 bis 9 Millimeter lang und 4 bis 7 Millimeter breit.
Die Heimat des Riesen-Eukalyptus liegt im südöstlichen Australien im Bundesstaat Victoria und auf der Insel Tasmanien.[5] Er wächst dort in kühleren Regionen mit einem hohen Jahresniederschlag von über 1200 mm. Seine Vorkommen reichen in Höhenlagen von bis zu 1000 Metern.
Der Riesen-Eukalyptus wird in starkem Umfang forstwirtschaftlich angebaut; die Bestände an verbliebenen Urwaldgebieten mit alten Baumriesen schwinden durch Abholzung zusehends. Das Holz des Riesen-Eukalyptus wird unter anderem für die Papierherstellung verwendet.
Der Riesen-Eukalyptus (Eucalyptus regnans), auch Königs-Eukalyptus genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eukalypten (Eucalyptus) innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie ist in Australien beheimatet und der höchste Bedecktsamer der Welt.
Eucalyptus regnans, known variously as mountain ash, swamp gum, or stringy gum,[3] is a species of medium-sized to very tall forest tree that is native to the Australia states of Tasmania and Victoria. It is a straight-trunked tree with smooth grey bark, but with a stocking of rough brown bark at the base, glossy green, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between nine and fifteen, white flowers, and cup-shaped or conical fruit. It is the tallest of all flowering plants; the tallest measured living specimen, named Centurion, stands 102 metres (334 feet) tall in Tasmania.
It often grows in pure stands in tall wet forest, sometimes with rainforest understorey, and in temperate, high rainfall areas with deep loam soils. A large number of the trees have been logged, including some of the tallest known. This species of eucalypt does not possess a lignotuber and is often killed by bushfire, regenerating from seed. Mature forests dominated by E. regnans have been found to store more carbon than any other forest known. The species is grown in plantations in Australia and in other countries. Along with E. obliqua and E. delegatensis it is known in the timber industry as Tasmanian oak.
Eucalyptus regnans is a broad-leaved, evergreen tree that typically grows to a height of 70–114 m (230–374 ft) but does not form a lignotuber. The crown is open and small in relation to the size of the rest of the tree. The trunk is straight with smooth, cream-coloured, greyish or brown back with a stocking of more or less fibrous or flaky bark that extends up to 5–20 m (16–66 ft) at the base. The trunk typically reaches a diameter of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) at breast height (DBH). Young plants and coppice regrowth have glossy green, egg-shaped leaves that are held horizontally, 55–120 mm (2.2–4.7 in) long and 22–50 mm (0.87–1.97 in) wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, the same shade of glossy green on both sides, lance-shaped to broadly lance-shaped or sickle-shaped, 90–230 mm (3.5–9.1 in) long and 15–50 mm (0.59–1.97 in) wide, tapering to a reddish petiole 8–25 mm (0.31–0.98 in) long. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves are dotted with numerous tiny, circular or irregularly-shaped oil glands. Secondary leaf veins arise at an acute angle from the midvein and tertiary venation is sparse.[3][4][5][6][7]
The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of between nine and fifteen on one or two unbranched peduncles 4–14 mm (0.16–0.55 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long. Mature buds are oval, 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long and 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) wide with a rounded operculum. Flowering occurs from March to May and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped or conical capsule 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) wide on a pedicel 1–7 mm (0.039–0.276 in) long and usually with three valves near the level of the rim. The seeds are pyramid-shaped, 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) long with the hilum at the end.[3][4][6][7]
Seedlings have kidney shaped cotyledons, and the first two to three pairs of leaves are arranged in opposite pairs along the stem, then alternate.[3][8]
Eucalyptus regnans was first formally described in 1871 by Victorian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in the Annual Report of the Victorian Acclimatisation Society.[9][10] He gave the specific epithet (regnans) from the Latin word meaning "ruling".[8] Mueller noted that "[t]his species or variety, which might be called Eucalyptus regnans, represents the loftiest tree in British Territory." However, until 1882 he considered the tree to be a form or variety of the Tasmanian black peppermint (Eucalyptus amygdalina) and called it thus,[11] not using the binomial name Eucalyptus regnans until the Systematic Census of Australian Plants in 1882,[12] and giving it a formal diagnosis in 1888 in Volume 1 of the Key to the System of Victorian Plants, where he describes it as "stupendously tall".[13] Von Mueller did not designate a type specimen, nor did he use the name Eucalyptus regnans on his many collections of "White Mountain Ash" at the Melbourne Herbarium. Victorian botanist Jim Willis selected a lectotype in 1967, one of the more complete collections of a specimen from the Dandenong Ranges, that von Mueller had noted was one "of the tall trees measured by Mr D. Boyle in March 1867."[11]
Eucalyptus regnans is widely known as the mountain ash, due to the resemblance of its wood to that of the northern hemisphere ash (Fraxinus). Swamp gum is a name given to it in Tasmania, as well as stringy gum in northern Tasmania.[8] Other common names include white mountain ash, giant ash, stringy gum, swamp gum and Tasmanian oak.[9] Von Mueller called it the "Giant gum-tree" and "Spurious blackbutt" in his 1888 Key to the System of Victorian Plants.[13] The timber has been known as "Tasmanian oak", because early settlers likened the strength of its wood that of English oak (Quercus robur).[14]
The brown barrel (Eucalyptus fastigata) is a close relative of mountain ash, with the two sharing the rare trait in eucalypts of paired inflorescences arising from axillary buds. Botanist Ian Brooker classified the two in the series Regnantes.[8] The latter species differs in having brown fibrous bark all the way up its trunk, and was long classified as a subspecies of E. regnans.[15] The series lies in the section Eucalyptus of the subgenus Eucalyptus within the genus Eucalyptus.[3]
Genetic testing across its range of chloroplast DNA by Paul Nevill and colleagues yielded 41 haplotypes, divided broadly into Victorian and Tasmanian groups, but also showing distinct profiles for some areas such as East Gippsland, and north-eastern and south-eastern Tasmania, suggesting the species had persisted in these areas during the Last Glacial Maximum and recolonised others.[16] There was some sharing of haplotypes between populations of the Otway Ranges and north-western Tasmania, suggesting this was the most likely area for gene flow between the mainland and Tasmania in the past.[16] Further analysis of the same chloroplast genetic markers by researchers at The Australian National University suggests that there is more natural haplotype diversity in the Central Highlands of Victoria than previously observed. More recently, next-generation sequencing of nuclear DNA identified very little population genetic structure throughout the range of the species, with a considerable proportion of the entire species genetic variation found within any given population of mountain ash.[17] This suggests that gene flow is likely to be occurring over long distances, and that the lengthy generation times of the species has precluded the development of substantial genetic differentiation between Tasmania and the mainland. Further comparison of chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers confirmed the expectation of extensive pollen dispersal but limited seed dispersal, leading to patterns of strong differentiation in chloroplast markers and weak differentiation at nuclear markers.[18]
Genome-wide sequencing of numerous mountain ash populations suggests that hybridisation with messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) occurs frequently, with all populations currently studied having at least one hybrid individual present.[17][15] In many cases these hybrids show no obvious morphological signs of hybridisation, although some individuals do show intermediate phenotypes in characteristics such as the oil gland density in leaves and the structure and height of rough bark on the trunk.[19] Morphology is generally now considered to be a poor method of identifying hybrid individuals as it does not always accurately reflect the genetic makeup of an individual.[20][21] A good example of this is a population of purported mountain ash on Wilson's Promontory in Victoria, which are morphologically more similar to mountain ash but genetically much more closely related to messmate.[17] Other populations with high levels of hybridisation include those on Bruny Island and the Tasman Peninsula in Tasmania.[17] It is not surprising that the populations with the highest level of hybridisation occur on islands, promontories and peninsulas, as these areas are likely to occur on the edge of the ecological niche of mountain ash, and the small patches of mountain ash still remaining at these sites are probably experiencing pollen swamping from the more dominant messmate trees.[22][17] Hybrids between mountain ash and red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) have been observed in the Cathedral Range in Victoria.[19] These trees resemble mountain ash in appearance though they lack the paired inflorescences, and have the oil composition of red stringybark.[19]
Eucalyptus regnans occurs across a 700 km by 500 km region in the southern Australian states of Victoria and Tasmania. The species grows mostly in cool, mountainous areas that receive rainfall over 1,000 millimetres (39 in) per year. E. regnans reaches its highest elevations of about 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) ASL on the Errinundra Plateau in north-eastern Victoria, and its lowest elevations near sea-level in some southern parts of its Tasmanian distribution.[17]
In Victoria, stands of tall trees are found in the Otway, Dandenong, Yarra and Strzelecki ranges as well as Mount Disappointment and East Gippsland.[23] However, the distribution is much reduced. Most of the E. regnans forest across Gippsland was cleared for farmland between 1860 and 1880, and in the Otway Ranges between 1880 and 1900, while severe bushfires hit in 1851, 1898 and 1939.[15] In Tasmania, E. regnans is found in the Huon and Derwent River valleys in the southeast of the state.[8]
In the Otways, the species is found in wet forest in pure stands or growing in association with mountain grey gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa), messmate (E. obliqua) and Victorian blue gum (E. globulus subsp. bicostata).[24] Other trees it grows with include manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), shining gum (E. nitens), myrtle beech (Nothofagus cunninghamii) and silver wattle (Acacia dealbata)[8] The mountain ash-dominated forest can be interspersed with rainforest understory, with such species as southern sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum), celery-top pine (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius), leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida) and horizontal (Anodopetalum biglandulosum).[25] The mountain ash is most suited to deep friable clay loam soils, often of volcanic origin; in areas of poorer soils, it can be confined to watercourses and valleys.[8]
Eucalyptus regnans is a very fast growing tree, with mean height growth rates in young (< 22 years old) stands ranging from 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) per year.[26] In fact, some individuals grow at more than 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) per year for the first 20 years of their lives. However, growth rates slow with age, and eventually turn negative as old trees senesce and the tops of the canopy are damaged in high winds, lightning strikes or during fires. Mean tree height after 8 years is about 15 m, and after 22 years is about 33 m.[26] After 50 years, trees are typically about 65 metres (213 ft) tall. In young stands (< 22 years old), mean stem diameter growth is approximately 0.8 to 2 cm per year, with half of the total stem diameter growth occurring in the first 90 years of life.[26][27]
A number of environmental factors influence the growth and maturation of E. regnans, with research showing that the amount of incident solar radiation is positively associated with height and stem diameter growth, and that the amount of sunlight received is strongly negatively correlated with the level of precipitation (although all areas studied still received more than 120 centimetres (47 in) of rainfall).[26]
In the absence of disturbance events such as high-intensity fire, individual trees can survive for hundreds of years, with the oldest known individuals identified as being 500 years old.[27] Historically, low-frequency and high-intensity wildfires (ignited by lightning strikes) would prevent many stands from reaching this age, with fires killing mature overstorey trees and a new cohort developing from canopy-stored seedbanks. Despite this, natural variation in the spatial scale and frequency of wildfires meant that 30-60% of pre-European E. regnans forests would have been considered old growth (e.g. with living trees more than 120 years old).[28] In addition, studies of older E. regnans forests have shown that low-intensity fires lead to the development of younger cohorts of trees without killing the parent trees, which leads to the presence of multiple age classes in old-growth forests.[29]
As E. regnans forests mature, they start to develop characteristics that are representative of old-growth stands, such as large hollows, long strips of decorticating bark, an abundance of tree ferns and rainforest trees, buttressing at the base of E. regnans trunks, large clumps of mistletoe in the canopy, large fallen logs, and thick mats of moisture-retaining mosses.
Eucalyptus regnans lacks a lignotuber and hence cannot recover by reshooting after intense fire. Instead, it can only regenerate by seed, and is thus termed an obligate seeder.[30] The seeds are held firmly in woody capsules (gumnuts) until the branchlets die and the capsules dry out. Seedlings require a high level of light, much more than reaches the forest floor when there is a well-developed understorey, and so seeds are not likely to germinate or develop into saplings unless the understorey is opened up to allow light to reach the ground. As high-intensity fires tend to kill all parent trees, after fire there is a massive release of seed from drying capsules, which take advantage of the available light and the nutrients in the ash bed. Seedling densities of up to 2,500,000 per hectare (1,000,000/acre) have been recorded after a major fire. Through time there is a strong stand thinning effect and natural stem density reduction eventually leads to mature tree densities of about 30 to 40 per hectare (12 to 16/acre).
There is substantial variation in the age at which individual trees develop viable seeds, which is largely the result of growth rates, tree size, incident solar radiation, and topographic aspect.[26] Trees as young as 7 years old may contain mature fruit capsules, although this is unusual and most trees probably start producing seeds after 11 years of age.[26] Similarly, there is considerable variation in the rate at which stands of E. regnans develop seed crops.[26] Tree growth rates, stand age, and topography influence the rate of development of seed crops in stands, leading to strong variation in the timing of seed crop viability, however, the mean age of reproductive viability appears to be about 21 years.[26]
As E. regnans seeds are not stored in soil seedbanks, the regeneration of the forest depends on the presence of canopy-stored seed crops. With two or more frequent fires occurring in less than the time to stand reproductive viability, E. regnans can become locally extinct due to poor regeneration. As E. regnans is often the sole or dominant overstorey tree in many locations, this can lead to the replacement of a tall wet open forest ecosystem with a dense low wattle shrubland, which obviously has large repercussions for community composition and function. Conversely, in the complete absence of fire (for hundreds of years), the cool temperate rainforest species that live in association with E. regnans may gradually replace it in gullies or other areas where the trees succumb to age rather than fire.[31] Thus it is clear that E. regnans forests rely on a particular frequency and intensity of fires for maintenance of the ecosystem attributes. As contemporary fire regimes have been highly modified since European occupation of Australia, there is a clear risk to E. regnans forests in many regions.[32]
The majority of the endangered Leadbeater’s possum population lives in mountain ash forests (Eucalyptus regnans, E. delegatensis and E. nitens) in the Central Highlands of Victoria. The possums use hollows in old trees for nesting and shelter and forage for arboreal arthropods under bark.[24] The vegetation structure of these forests enables the possums to travel through them.[24] Both Leadbeaters possums and yellow-bellied gliders feed on the sap from the trunks and branches.[33] Koalas feed on the foliage, though it is not one of their preferred forage species.[34]
Yellow-tailed black-cockatoos nest in the hollows of old trees,[35] in contrast to the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi) that builds its nest of large sticks at the top of the trees.[36]
In a small area of rainforest in Yarra Ranges National Park in Victoria, nine epiphyte species were observed growing on Eucalyptus regnans, the most prevalent of these being the liverwort Bazzania adnexa.[37]
The spur-legged phasmid (Didymuria violescens) is a leaf-eating insect that can defoliate trees during major infestations such as one experienced at Powelltown in the early 1960s.[23] Leaves and buds are eaten by the larvae and adults of the chrysomelid leaf beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata.[38] Stressed trees can be damaged by the eucalyptus longhorned borer (Phoracantha semipunctata), which burrows into the trunk, which exudes a red stain. Eucalypt weevils of the genus Gonipterus commonly damage E. regnans, while the tortoise beetle (Paropsis atomaria) is a common pest of plantations.[39]
A study carried out by environmental scientist Professor Brendan Mackey of the Australian National University in 2009 identified that mountain ash forests in Victoria’s Central Highlands are the best in the world at locking up carbon.[40] Mackey and colleagues found the highest amount of carbon was contained in a forest located in the O'Shannassy River catchment, which held 1,867 tonnes per hectare (743.62 long ton/acre; 832.85 short ton/acre) of carbon. This area was a stand of unlogged mountain ash over 100 years old, which had had minimal human disturbance. They further calculated that a E. regnans-dominated forest with trees up to 250 years old and a well-established mid-storey and upper storey could store up to 2,844 tonnes per hectare (1,132.75 long ton/acre; 1,268.68 short ton/acre) of carbon.[41]
Eucalyptus regnans is the tallest of all flowering plants, and possibly the tallest of all plants, although no living specimens can make that claim. The tallest measured living specimen, named Centurion, stands 100.5 metres (330 feet)[42] tall in Tasmania.[43][44] Before the discovery of Centurion, the tallest known specimen was Icarus Dream, which was rediscovered in Tasmania in January, 2005 and is 97 metres (318 ft) high. It was first measured by surveyors at 98.8 metres (324 ft) in 1962 but the documentation had been lost.[45] A total of 16 living trees in Tasmania have been reliably measured in excess of 90 metres (300 ft).[46] The Cumberland Scenic Reserve near Cambarville, became the site of Victoria's tallest trees, in 1939, including one measured at 92 metres (302 ft) high, following the extensive Black Friday bushfires. A severe storm in 1959 blew down 13 of the trees and the tallest tree was reduced to a height of 84 metres (276 ft) after it lost part of its crown. The height of this tree was cited as 81.5 metres (267 ft) in 2002 following further storm damage in 1973.[23] In 2000, a tree at Wallaby Catchment in Kinglake National Park was discovered to be 91.6 metres (301 ft) tall in 2000,[23] however it perished in the Black Saturday bushfires of 2009.[47]
Historically, the tallest individual is claimed to be the Ferguson Tree, at 132.6 metres (435 ft), found in the Watts River region of Victoria in 1871 or 1872. This record is often disputed as unreliable, despite first-hand documentary evidence of it being measured on the ground with surveyor's tape by a senior forestry official (see below). Widespread agreement exists, however, that an exceptionally tall individual was reliably measured at 112.8 metres (370 ft) by theodolite in 1880 by a surveyor, George Cornthwaite, at Thorpdale, Victoria (the tree is known both as the Cornthwaite or Thorpdale Tree). When it was felled in 1881, Cornthwaite remeasured it on the ground by chain at 114.3 metres (375 ft).[48] The stump is commemorated with a plaque. That tree was about 1 metre (3.3 ft) shorter than Hyperion, the world's current tallest living tree, a coast redwood measuring 115.5 metres (379.1 ft).[49]
Some individuals attain much greater diameter; the largest known being "The Bulga Stump", a charred remnant near Tarra Bulga, South Gippsland district, Victoria, Australia which as a living tree had a DBH of 10.77 metres (35 ft 4 in),[50][51] making E. regnans the third thickest species of tree after the Baobab (Adansonia digitata) and the Montezuma Cypress (Taxodium mucronatum). As a consequence of being both the tallest and thickest Australian trees, E. regnans is also the most massive; that title being currently held by an individual called the "Kermandie Queen" discovered 3.9 kilometres (2.4 mi) west of Geeveston, Tasmania which measures 76.99 metres (252 ft 7 in) in height and has a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 6.88 metres (22 ft 7 in).[52]
Al Carder notes that in 1888 a cash reward of 100 pounds was offered there for the discovery of any tree measuring more than 400 feet (120 m).[48] The fact that such a considerable reward was never claimed is taken as evidence that such large trees did not exist. Carder's historical research, however, revealed that the reward was offered under conditions that made it highly unlikely to be collected. First, it was made in the depths of winter and applied only for a very short time. Next, the tree had to be measured by an accredited surveyor. Since loggers had already taken the largest trees from the most accessible Victorian forests, finding very tall trees then would have demanded an arduous trek into remote wilderness and at considerable altitude. In turn, that meant that searchers also needed the services of experienced bushmen to be able to guide them and conduct an effective search. Only one expedition actually penetrated one of the strongholds of E. regnans at Mount Baw Baw but its search was rendered ineffectual by cold and snow and managed to measure only a single living tree – the New Turkey Tree: 99.4 metres (326 ft) – before appalling conditions forced a retreat, Carder notes.
Ferdinand von Mueller claimed to have personally measured one tree near the headwaters of the Yarra River at 122 metres (400 ft). Nurseryman David Boyle, claimed in 1862 to have measured a fallen tree in a deep gully in the Dandenongs at 119.5 metres (392 ft), and with a diameter at its broken tip that indicated it might have lost another eight metres (26 ft) of trunk when it broke, for 128 metres (420 ft).[48][53]
Von Mueller's early records also mention two trees on the nearby Black Spur Range, one alive and measuring 128 metres (420 ft) and another fallen tree said to measure 146 metres (479 ft), but these were either based on hearsay or uncertain reliability. David Boyle also reported that a tree at Cape Otway measured 158 metres (518 ft), but this too was based on hearsay.
None, however, had been verified by direct documentation until 1982 when Ken Simpendorfer, a Special Projects Officer for the Forests Commission Victoria, directed a search of official Victorian archives. It unearthed a forgotten report from more than a century earlier, one that had not been referred to in other accounts of the species up to that time. It was written on 21 February 1872, by the Inspector of State Forests, William Ferguson, and was addressed to the Assistant Commissioner of Lands and Surveys, Clement Hodgkinson. Ferguson had been instructed to explore and inspect the watershed of the Watts River and reported trees in great number and exceptional size in areas where loggers had not yet reached. Ferguson wrote a letter to the editor in the Melbourne Age newspaper.[54]
"Some places, where the trees are fewer and at a lower altitude, the timber is much larger in diameter, averaging from 6 to 10 feet and frequently trees to 15 feet in diameter are met with on alluvial flats near the river. These trees average about ten per acre: their size, sometimes, is enormous. Many of the trees that have fallen by decay and by bush fires measure 350 feet in length, with girth in proportion. In one instance I measured with the tape line one huge specimen that lay prostrate across a tributary of the Watts and found it to be 435 feet from the roots to the top of its trunk. At 5 feet from the ground it measures 18 feet in diameter. At the extreme end where it has broken in its fall, it (the trunk) is 3 feet in diameter. This tree has been much burnt by fire, and I fully believe that before it fell it must have been more than 500 feet high. As it now lies it forms a complete bridge across a narrow ravine" .... William Ferguson, The Melbourne Age, 22 February 1872.[54]
It is also possible that individual trees will again attain such heights. Author Bob Beale has recorded that the tallest trees in the Black Spur Range now measure about 85 metres (279 ft) but – due to major bushfires in the 1920s and 30s – are less than 80 years old and have been growing consistently at the rate of about 1 metre (3.3 ft) a year.[55]
A Eucalyptus regnans stand in the Orokonui Ecosanctuary near Dunedin, New Zealand, where E. regnans is an introduced species, contains that country's tallest measured tree, standing 80.5 metres (264 ft) high in 2012.[56] A Eucalyptus regnans in the urban area of Greytown was measured at 32.8 metres (108 ft) in 2011.[57]
Eucalyptus regnans is valued for its timber, and has been harvested in very large quantities. Aside from being logged in its natural range, it is grown in plantations in New Zealand and Chile, and to a limited extent, in South Africa and Zimbabwe.[39] Primary uses are sawlogging and woodchipping. It was a major source of newsprint in the 20th century. Much of the present woodchip harvest is exported to Japan. While the area of natural stands with large old trees is rapidly decreasing, substantial areas of regrowth exist and it is increasingly grown in plantations, the long, straight, fast growing trunks being much more commercially valuable than the old growth timber.
It is a medium weight timber (about 680 kg/m3 or 1,150 lb/cu yd) and rather coarse (stringy) in texture. Gum veins are common. The wood is easy to work and the grain is straight with long, clear sections without knots. The wood works reasonably well for steam-bending. Primary uses for sawn wood are furniture, flooring (where its very pale blonde colour is highly prized), panelling, veneer, plywood, window frames, and general construction. The wood has sometimes been used for wood wool and cooperage. However, the wood needs steam reconditioning for high value applications, due to a tendency to collapse on drying. This wood is highly regarded by builders, furniture makers and architects.[14]
Genetic comparison of logged stands and natural stands of mountain ash showed only minor differences in nuclear DNA between the two, with slightly stronger spatial genetic structure in the undisturbed treatment, higher levels of genetic differentiation in the logged treatment, and greater partitioning of genetic diversity among logged sites.[18] However, analysis of chloroplast DNA showed more substantial differences, with higher levels of diversity in logged sites than burnt or undisturbed sites suggesting that chloroplast DNA was entering the system via the use of non-local seed in the regeneration process.[18]
E. regnans forests are particularly susceptible to destruction by bushfire, and, to a lesser extent, timber harvesting.[58]
Opposition to logging of wet forests by clearfelling has grown very strong in recent years (particularly opposition to woodchipping). It is a controversial debate with strong opinions both for and against timber harvesting.
Several applications have been made to Victoria's Flora and Fauna Guarantee (FFG) Scientific Advisory Committee to list mountain ash forests as an endangered vegetation community. The committee rejected an application in 2017 as being ineligible and that it did not satisfy at least one criterion set out in the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and its Regulations of 2011. The assessment criteria included, was there a demonstrated state of decline, has there been a reduction in distribution or has vegetation community altered markedly.[59]
Studies conducted by Murray Cunningham and David Ashton found that the re-growth habit of Eucalyptus regnans requires high light conditions, and the high nutrients contained in the ash layer. These conditions are found typically following a high intensity wildfire, which are an infrequent, yet periodic feature of mountain ash forests. For this reason clearfelling – with the complete removal of all trees, followed by a high intensity fire and seeding – is used by the timber industry and forest scientists to ensure regeneration of harvested areas because it mimics the conditions found after high intensity wildfire.[60][61]
Melbourne's forested water catchment areas, which provides water requiring little treatment, are composed of large areas E. regnans forest. The management of 157,000 hectares of Melbourne’s forested water catchments were vested in the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) in 1891 with a closed catchment policy where timber harvesting and public access was not permitted. These areas are now included in the Yarra Ranges National Park. There has been a long running political campaign to add more areas to create the Great Forest National Park.[62]
Water yields from catchments fall significantly for 20 to 40 years if trees are killed by bushfire or timber harvesting. The MMBW began research into forest cover on water supplies as early as 1948. In the early 1960s they set up a new series of paired catchment experiments in wet mountain forests near Healesville to measure the long term impacts of timber harvesting and bushfire on water quality and quantity. It took another 10 years for the results to emerge more clearly. It was found that while timber harvesting had an impact, the most dramatic threat to stream flows remained catastrophic bushfires like those on Black Friday in 1939 or Black Saturday in 2009.[63]
In 2018, some researchers concluded that Mountain Ash forests in Victoria represent a collapsing ecosystems. They coined the term 'hidden collapse' meaning an ecosystems that give a superficial appearance of being intact but has lost key elements. At their research sites they found that between 1997 and 2011, up to 50% of large old-cavity trees (trees with big holes that serve as nest sites for animals and birds) had been lost and there had also been a significant decline in the numbers of tree dwelling marsupials such possums and gliders and birds. They identified fast and slow drivers of change: fire, logging and climate change and indicated that Mountain Ash forests would be replaced with Acacia-dominated woodlands.[64]
Eucalyptus regnans is too large for the majority of gardens, but may be suitable for parks.[65] Propagation is from seed, with the best germination rates being obtained by refrigerating for three weeks before sowing.[66] Seed may be stored for several years if refrigerated and kept dry. Seedlings are grown in containers but are more prone to damping off than other eucalypts; they are highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. nicotianae Young plants are generally planted out once they are 8 or 9 months old. These are at risk of being eaten by grazing rabbits, wallabies and possums, which can destroy young plantations in severe cases.[39]
American horticulturist and entrepreneur Ellwood Cooper noted its rapid growth but demanding soil requirements in his 1876 work Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees.[67] Eucalyptus regnans requires fertile soil with good drainage and annual rainfall of 1,000 millimetres (39 in) spread over the year, and has poor tolerance to temperatures below −7 °C (19 °F) or drought.[39]
Outside Australia, plantations have been successfully established in New Zealand, South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania.[68]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Eucalyptus regnans, known variously as mountain ash, swamp gum, or stringy gum, is a species of medium-sized to very tall forest tree that is native to the Australia states of Tasmania and Victoria. It is a straight-trunked tree with smooth grey bark, but with a stocking of rough brown bark at the base, glossy green, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between nine and fifteen, white flowers, and cup-shaped or conical fruit. It is the tallest of all flowering plants; the tallest measured living specimen, named Centurion, stands 102 metres (334 feet) tall in Tasmania.
It often grows in pure stands in tall wet forest, sometimes with rainforest understorey, and in temperate, high rainfall areas with deep loam soils. A large number of the trees have been logged, including some of the tallest known. This species of eucalypt does not possess a lignotuber and is often killed by bushfire, regenerating from seed. Mature forests dominated by E. regnans have been found to store more carbon than any other forest known. The species is grown in plantations in Australia and in other countries. Along with E. obliqua and E. delegatensis it is known in the timber industry as Tasmanian oak.
La Giganta eŭkalipto (Eucalyptus regnans), ankaŭ nomata reĝa eŭkalipto, estas plantospecio el la genro de la eŭkaliptoj (Eucalyptus) ene de la familio de la Mirtacoj (Myrtaceae). Ĝia hejmlando estas Aŭstralio.
La giganta eŭkalipto kreskas kiel ĉiamverda arbo, kiu atingas aĝon de ĉ. 400 jaroj. La arbo estas tre rapide kreskanta; en la plej bonaj kreskejoj ĝi povas kreski je 65 m en 50 jaroj. Ĝi estas konsiderata kiel la plej alta foliarbo de la mondo, eventuale eĉ la plej alta arbo entute. Ekzemple arbo faligita en 1872 havis alton de 132 m. La hodiaŭa plej alta speco de tiu eŭkalipto nome „Centurion“ staras en Tasmanio, sed ĝi altas „nur“ 99,6 metrojn, dum la plej alta sekvojo (Sequoia sempervirens) havas 110 metrojn kaj staras en Kalifornio.
La reĝa eŭkalipto formas mallarĝan arbokronon kaj rektan trunkon. La arboŝelo estas griza kaj je la bazo malfajne sulkigita, super tio la arboŝelo estas glata.
La folioj havas tigon kaj foliplaton. La tigo estas ruĝeca. La simpla verda ĝis grize-verda foliplato longas 9 ĝis 14 cm kaj larĝas 1,5 ĝis 2,5 cm. La formo estas oblonga kaj serpoforma kun akra pinto. La folirando estas glata.
El 9 ĝis 15 floroj estas en floraro. La duseksaj floroj estas radisimetriaj kaj havas diametron de unu centimetro. La kapsulfruktoj longas 5 ĝis 9 mm.
La hejmregiono de tiu eŭkalipto estas sudorienta Aŭstralio en la ŝtato Viktorio kaj la insulo Tasmanio. Ĝi tie kreskas en pli malvarmetaj regionoj kun alta jara precipitaĵo de pli ol 1200 mm. La arbo kreskas ĝis alteco de ĉ. 1000 metroj.
La eŭkalipto estas kultivata ofte en forsto. La ceteraj praarbaroj kun malnovaj gigantaj eŭkaliptoj malaperas draste. La ligno estas uzata por fari paperon.
La Giganta eŭkalipto (Eucalyptus regnans), ankaŭ nomata reĝa eŭkalipto, estas plantospecio el la genro de la eŭkaliptoj (Eucalyptus) ene de la familio de la Mirtacoj (Myrtaceae). Ĝia hejmlando estas Aŭstralio.
Eucalyptus regnans, fresno de montaña australiano,[1] gomero gigante o eucalipto regnans, es una especie botánica de Eucalyptus nativa del sudeste de Australia, Tasmania y Victoria. Conocida por alcanzar imbatibles alturas de 110 m, descrita como la más alta de las plantas con flor.
Es natural de Australia y de Tasmania, donde se pueden encontrar más de 300 especies del género Eucalyptus. Por la rapidez de crecimiento, se puede encontrar cultivado en muchas regiones del mundo para la producción de madera, fabricación de pulpa de papel y obtención de aceite esencial.
Es un árbol perennifolio, el más alto de los eucaliptos, 70-90 m, con un tronco recto, grisáceo, de corteza lisa excepto en los primeros 5-15 m, que es rugosa. Hojas falcadas (forma de hoz) a lanceoladas, 9-14 cm de largo y 1,5-2,5 cm de ancho, con un ápice muy acuminado y de márgenes lisos, verde a gris-verdoso con un pecíolo rojizo. Flores en racimos de 9-15 juntas, cada flor de 1 cm de diámetro con un anillo de numerosos estambres blancos. Fruto cápsula de 5-9 mm de largo y 4-7 mm de ancho.
Se encuentra en áreas montañosas frescas, de suelo profundo, de 1000 msnm, con alta pluviosidad de más de 1.200 mm/año. Crece muy rápido, más de 1 m/año, alcanzando 65 m en unos 50 años, y tiene una vida media de 400 años. Los troncos caídos continúan sustentando una rica variedad de formas vivientes por varios siglos más en el piso del bosque.
Inusualmente para una especie de eucalipto, no se recupera luego del fuego, regenerándose sólo de la semilla. Las semillas se liberan de sus cápsulas leñosas por calor, y para una germinación exitosa las plántulas requieren alto nivel de luz, mucha más que la que alcanza el piso forestal bajo un dosel arbóreo maduro. Incendios intensos pueden matar a todos los árboles de un bosque, produciendo una masiva liberación de semilla para absorber los nutrientes de la capa de cenizas. Se han registrado densidades de nacimiento de 2,5 millones por ha luego de un grave incendio. La competencia y el aclarado natural finalmente reducen la densidad arbórea a 30-40 individuos/ha. Como les lleva 20 años desde semilla a alcanzar la madurez sexual, repetidos incendios en la misma área pueden causar la extinción.
Eucalyptus regnans es el más alto de todas las plantas con flor, y posiblemente también de todas las plantas. El árbol llamado Cornthwaite o Thorpdale, fue medido oficialmente con un teodolito en 1880 dando una altura de 112,8 m, Al año siguiente derribaron el árbol, se midió con cinta métrica, y alcanzó 114,3 m (Ken J. Simpfendorfer. "Grandes árboles de Victoria"). El tocón fue conmemorado con una placa que aún se mantiene. El espécimen fue aproximadamente 1 m más corto que el árbol viviente más alto en la actualidad: una secuoya roja, de 115,55 m.
Los especímenes más altos encontrados por colonos europeos están ahora muerto como resultado de incendios forestales, talas y avanzada edad.
El espécimen vivo más alto medido, Icarus Dream, fue redescubierto en Tasmania en enero de 2005, y tiene 97 m de altura (Comité Consultor de Árboles Gigantes de Tasmania, ref. 1). Fue medido dando 98,8 m en 1962, pero la documentación se perdió. 15 árboles vivientes en Tasmania han dado más de 90 m (Comité Consultor de Árboles Gigantes de Tasmania, ref. 3). Pocos ejemplares vivientes en Victoria exceden los 90 m; según registros antiguos de árboles talados algunos habrían alcanzado alturas extraordinarias, pero es difícil verificar actualmente su exactitud. El famoso "Árbol Ferguson", un espécimen de Victoria que murió después de un incendio, fue medido a cinta por agentes gubernamentales, William Ferguson, el 21 de febrero de 1872, dando 133 m, y un diámetro de tronco de 5.5 metros. Su corona se quebró, y el diámetro del tronco a ese punto era aún de 1 m, suponiéndose que el árbol intacto mediría más de 154 m.
Eucalyptus regnans es valorado por su madera, y ha sido talado en muy importantes cantidades. Se lo usa primariamente para tablas y vigas, y para partículas de madera aglomerada. Fue fuente importante de papel periódico en el s. XX. Mucha de la cosecha de astillas se exporta a Japón. Mientras el área originaria de poblaciones con viejos árboles grandes decrece rápidamente, áreas sustanciales se reforestan, incrementándose las plantaciones, con troncos de rápido crecimiento, de fustes rectos y largos, mucho más comerciales y valuables que la vieja madera de árboles senescentes.
Tiene una madera de mediana densidad (cerca de 680 kg/m³) y algo gruesa (fibrosa) en textura. Son comunes las venas. Madera fácil de trabajar, grano recto con secciones largas, claras, sin nudos. Se adapta bien al doblado al vapor.
El uso primario de madera aserrada son muebles, pisos (su color pálido rubio está muy valorado), paneles, chapas, aglomerados, marcos de puertas y ventanas y construcción en general. Sin embargo, la madera necesita reacondicionamiento con vapor para aplicaciones de alto valor, debido a su tendencia a colapsar al secarse.[1]
Existen grandes controversias sobre el talado de los ancianos Eucalyptus regnans en su rango natural de Victoria y de Tasmania. Aparte de su simbólico significado como el más grande de los eucaliptos, Eucalyptus regnans tiene trascendente valor para el conservacionismo en dar esencial hábitat a importantes aves y mamíferos (notablemente Aquila audax, las aves lira y el amenazado falangero de Leadbeater, emblema del Estado de Victoria). En una tierra de vastas, áridas llanuras y desierto, en contraste con la exuberante fertilidad de los bosques de fresnos de montaña es particularmente apreciada por los amantes de la naturaleza.
Aunque su estatus como especie es seguro, los viejos ejemplares son particularmente susceptibles de destruirse por fuego y clareos forestales. Por esta razón grupos de muy altos y viejos existen poquísimos focos de resistencia.
En Tasmania, el 85% de los viejos regnans han sido talados. Los árboles continúan siendo clareados por la mayor empresa australiana Gunns.[2]
La oposición política al talado de viejos ejemplares por el proceso de clarificado ha crecido muy fuerte en recientes años (particularmente en el caso de las astillas), y la continuación de futuras talas permanece incierta. Esto es controvertido, debido a estudios en el s.XX por T. M. Cunningham y David H. Ashton sugiriendo que su hábito de regeneración requiere espacio abierto, y una capa de cenizas; y que el clareo (como opuesto a métodos de tala selectiva) es esencial para una germinación exitosa y el crecimiento de plántulas[2][3][4]. Sin embargo, recientes estudios han cambiado la creencia de que esta especie es intolerante al fuego, el hábitat natural del Eucalyptus regnans son en general las áreas con la más alta y segura precipitación, estas áreas son menos susceptibles a catastróficos incendios que otras zonas forestadas para reproducirse. Esta investigación revela que la especie puede recuperarse del fuego y que un sitio de fresnos de montaña en Victoria es en realidad un refugio multiedad debido al fuego, habiendo experimentado siete incendios desde los 1400s desde la colonización europea, muchos de los bosques de eucaliptos de Australia han sufrido severos incendios tan frecuentemente como cada 20 años.
El proceso de clareado puede liderar un recrecimiento espectacular y uniforme si se maneja apropiadamente. Sin embargo este método ha sido frecuentemente usado para justificar la explotación irrazonable de un recurso lucrativo, en ciertas áreas. El proceso de clareado fue, sin embargo, inviable hasta el arribo de colonos blancos (el pueblo originario practicaba un sistema de quema en mosaico que mantenía el bosque abierto pero sin remover o clarear grandes montos de madera[5]) y el método usual de recrecimiento fue a través de intensas quemas que catastróficamente destruían el bosque, permitiendo la regeneración por semilla.
El Eucalyptus Regnans se ha logrado reproducir exitosamente en Chile, en la localidad de Arauco. En los años 1960, el Instituto Forestal chileno instaló una serie de parcelas experimentales en una zona de aproximadamente 600 km de largo, entre los paralelos 34 y 40 sur. Basado en estos resultados, una empresa forestal chilena tiene actualmente unas 1000 ha de plantaciones. Parte de la madera producida la exporta a Australia, donde su producción es restringida. Un hecho curioso es que en el parque nacional Monte Saive en la Península de Vadalcadar se han descubierto algunos ejemplares de Eucalyptus Regnans sin haber sido reproducidos por el hombre. Esta aparente germinación espontánea sigue siendo un tema de debate dentro de la comunidad botánica.
También ha sido plantado en varios puntos de Europa con fines ornamentales. En el Bosque de Busaco (Portugal) existe un ejemplar que, con 8,46 metros de circunferencia y 65 metros de altura, es el Eucalyptus regnans más grande fuera de su hábitat natural.
Eucalyptus regnans fue descrita por Ferdinand von Mueller y publicado en Annual Repoprt of the Acclimitisation Society of Victoria 1870–1871: 20. 1870.[3]
Eucalyptus: nombre genérico que proviene del griego antiguo: eû = "bien, justamente" y kalyptós = "cubierto, que recubre". En Eucalyptus L'Hér., los pétalos, soldados entre sí y a veces también con los sépalos, forman parte del opérculo, perfectamente ajustado al hipanto, que se desprende a la hora de la floración.[4]
regnans: epíteto
El río Styx en Tasmania corre a través de un bosque de Eucalyptus regnans, mirtos y helechos arborescentes.
El "gran árbol" de cerca de 15 m alrededor de la base.
Bosque clareado de antiguo crecimiento cerca del valle Styx en el sur de Tasmania.
Uno de los remanentes gigantescos ejemplares de fresnos de montaña en un camino talado. Varios árboles de gran talla han sido identificados por el Organismo Forestal de Tasmania (Forestry Tasmania) como dignos de preservar.
El tocón de uno de los fresnos de montaña más grandes al ser cortado en Tasmania.
Troncos de fresnos de montaña. Los árboles viejos son con frecuencia huecos y solo sirven para serrín o pulpa.
La eficiente tala de Eucalyptus regnans y su reemplazo por Pinus radiata.
La gran cantidad de madera para las papeleras de Japón es exportada desde Burnie.
Eucalyptus regnans, fresno de montaña australiano, gomero gigante o eucalipto regnans, es una especie botánica de Eucalyptus nativa del sudeste de Australia, Tasmania y Victoria. Conocida por alcanzar imbatibles alturas de 110 m, descrita como la más alta de las plantas con flor.
Es natural de Australia y de Tasmania, donde se pueden encontrar más de 300 especies del género Eucalyptus. Por la rapidez de crecimiento, se puede encontrar cultivado en muchas regiones del mundo para la producción de madera, fabricación de pulpa de papel y obtención de aceite esencial.
Kuningaseukalyptus[2] (Eucalyptus regnans) on myrttikasveihin kuuluva lehtipuu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Kaakkois-Australiassa ja Tasmanian saarella.[1] Se on Australian suurin puulaji, maailman suurin koppisiemeninen kasvi ja maailman toiseksi suurin puulaji punapuun (Sequoia sempervirens) jälkeen.[3][4] Lajin tieteellinen nimi tulee latinan sanasta regnans, ’hallita’, mikä viittaa sen suureen kokoon.[1]
Kuningaseukalyptus on nopeakasvuinen puu, joka kasvaa enimmillään lähes 100 metriä korkeaksi ja 400–500 vuotta vanhaksi.[3][5] Se saavuttaa maksimikorkeutensa noin 200 vuodessa – viisi kertaa punapuuta (Sequoia sempervirens) nopeammin.[3]
Alle puoli metriä korkea taimi on läpileikkaukseltaan pyöreä ja pinnaltaan sileä tai syyläinen.[1] Täysikasvuisilla puilla on korkea, suora ja tyvekäs runko ja pieni, avonainen latvus.[5] Runkoa peittää noin 15 metrin korkeudelle asti rosoinen ja kuituinen kuori, joka murenee pinnasta herkästi ja on väriltään harmaata, ruskeaa tai mustaa. Tästä ylöspäin kuori on sileää ja väriltään kermanvalkoista, harmaanvihreää, vaaleanharmaata, ruskeaa tai kellanvalkoista. Tyypillisesti puunkuori irtoilee yläoksista ohuina liuskoina.[1]
Useimmilla eukalyptuslajeilla nuorten ja täysikasvuisten puiden lehdet poikkeavat selvästi toisistaan.[6] Kuningaseukalyptuksen taimen ensimmäiset 2 tai 3 lehtiparia ovat vastakkaiset ja lyhytruotiset. Tämän jälkeen lehdistä muodostuu vuoroittaiset, ruodilliset, puikeat, 5,5–12 senttiä pitkät, 2,2–5 senttiä leveät, vinotyviset ja kiiltäväpintaiset. Täysikasvuisessa puussa lehdet ovat vuoroittaiset ja niissä on 0,8–2,5 senttiä pitkä lehtiruoti. Lehtilapa on suikea tai sirppimäinen, 9–23 senttiä pitkä, 1,5–5 senttiä leveä, vino- tai suippotyvinen ja kiiltävänvihreä. Eukalyptusöljyä erittävät nystyt sijaitsevat lehdellä saarekkeina.[1]
Kuningaseukalyptus kukkii maalis–toukokuussa. Kukinnot ovat 9–15 kukan sarjoja, jotka kasvavat eukalyptuksille epätyypillisesti kaksittain. Kukintoperän pituus on 4–14 millimetriä ja yksittäisen kukkaperän 3–7 millimetriä.[1] Munanmuotoista kukannuppua peittää lyhytsuippuinen kansi, jonka alta paljastuvat valkoiset heteet ja pitkävartaloinen emi.[1][6]
Kuppimainen tai vastakartiomainen hedelmä on 5–8 millimetriä pitkä ja 4–7 millimetriä leveä.[1][6] Se muodostuu kukkapohjuksesta ja hieman koverasta sikiäimestä, jonka pinnalla on kolme aukkoa.[1][7] Siemenet ovat ruskeita, 1,5–3 millimetriä pitkiä ja muodoltaan särmäkartiomaisia.[1] Kuningaseukalyptus on yksi harvoista eukalyptuslajeista, jotka eivät muodosta juuripahkaa.[1][5] Tämän vuoksi se ei kasvata juurivesoja ja kykenee lisääntymään ainoastaan siementen avulla.[5]
Kuningaseukalyptuksella on vain yksi lähisukulainen, Eucalyptus fastigata, jolla on samaan tapaan kuorensuikaleiden koristama latvus ja kaksittain kasvavat sarjakukinnot. E. fastigatan runko on kuitenkin kauttaaltaan rosoisen kuoren peittämä ja sen hedelmissä on kupera sikiäin.[1]
Kuningaseukalyptus on kotoisin Victorian osavaltiosta Kaakkois-Australiassa ja Tasmanian saarelta. Victoriassa sitä esiintyy itäosien ylängöillä, jotka sijaitsevat Australian Kordillieerien eteläpuolella. Esiintymisvyöhyke ulottuu Bonangista idässä Strzelecki Rangesille ja Dandenong Rangesille lännessä. Pienempiä esiintymiä on kauempana lännessä Mount Macedonilla ja Otway Rangesilla. Tasmaniassa lajia esiintyy koillisrannikolla, sisämaassa saaren pohjoisosissa sekä Huon Valleyn ja Derwent Valleyn alueilla saaren eteläosissa.[1]
Kuningaseukalyptus menestyy parhaiten sateisessa ilmastossa ja syvässä, ravinteikkaassa maaperässä.[1] Kuivina kausina se pudottaa 2–3 kertaa enemmän lehtiä kuin muut eukalyptukset ja muodostaa juurelleen paksun lehtimaton.[5]
Lajia tavataan erityisesti viileänlauhkeiden sademetsien ympäristössä, jonne se muodostaa puhtaita metsiköitä suojaisiin rotkoihin.[1][5] Näiden metsien aluskasvillisuus muodostuu enimmäkseen viileänlauhkeiden sademetsien lajeista, jotka sietävät huonosti metsäpaloja.[5] Metsäpalot ovat tärkeä osa kuningaseukalyptuksen elinkiertoa. Laji sietää huonosti tulta, koska siltä puuttuvat runkoa suojaava kuori ja juurivesoja muodostava juuripahka. Palaessaan puun latvus vapauttaa kuitenkin runsaasti siemeniä, jotka itävät puun tuhkasta.[5]
Harvinainen leadbeaterinpussiliito-orava elää yksinomaan vanhoissa kuningaseukalyptusmetsissä. Monet linnut käyttävät ravintonaan puun siemeniä ja mettä ja hyönteisten toukat syövät sen lehtiä.[5]
Kuningaseukalyptuksen vaaleanruskea puuaines on karkea- ja suorasyistä ja sitä käytetään paperi- ja sahateollisuuden raaka-aineena.[5][8] Siitä tehdään lähinnä lattialautoja, huonekaluja ja sisustuselementtejä mutta jonkin verran myös talojen kehikoita, listoja, ulkolautoja, kahvoja ja vaneria.[8]
Kuningaseukalyptus (Eucalyptus regnans) on myrttikasveihin kuuluva lehtipuu, joka kasvaa alkuperäisenä Kaakkois-Australiassa ja Tasmanian saarella. Se on Australian suurin puulaji, maailman suurin koppisiemeninen kasvi ja maailman toiseksi suurin puulaji punapuun (Sequoia sempervirens) jälkeen. Lajin tieteellinen nimi tulee latinan sanasta regnans, ’hallita’, mikä viittaa sen suureen kokoon.
L'Eucalyptus regnans (mountain ash en anglais) est originaire du sud est de l'Australie. C'est le plus grand de tous les arbres avec le Séquoia à feuilles d'if. En 1872, un garde forestier de Victoria en Australie mesura un de ces Eucalyptus avec un théodolite et l'estima à 132,60 mètres (20 mètres de plus que le plus grand arbre vivant connu de l'époque, un séquoia). Cet arbre fut abattu et une plaque commémorative toujours en place rappelle que les premiers européens arrivés sur place décimèrent les plus hauts spécimens par l'exploitation forestière à grande échelle.
Le plus grand Eucalyptus regnans vivant, surnommé « Centurion », a été découvert en Tasmanie en aout 2008. Il mesure 100 mètres de haut[1],[2],[3].
Cet arbre à feuilles persistantes est le plus grand de tous les Eucalyptus, atteignant le plus souvent les 70-80 m de haut, il peut toutefois dépasser les 90 m.
Le tronc est droit, l'écorce est grise et lisse, sauf à la base du tronc sur les 5 à 15 premiers mètres, où, en vieillissant, elle devient rugueuse.
Les feuilles simples, vertes ou gris-vert, sont falciformes ou lancéolées mesurant de 9 à 14 cm de long pour 1,5 à 2,5 cm de large. L'extrémité est acuminée alors que les bords sont lisses. Le pétiole est rougeâtre.
Les fleurs sont réunies en grappes de 9 à 15 unités; chaque fleur fait 1 cm de diamètre et possède de nombreuses étamines blanches.
Le fruit est une capsule de 5 à 9 millimètres de long sur 4 à 7 de large.
Cet arbre vit dans les régions fraîches, aux sols profonds, surtout montagneuses jusqu'à 1 000 mètres d'altitude, avec des précipitations abondantes de plus de 1200 millimètres par an. Sa croissance est rapide, de plus de 1 mètre par an et il peut atteindre 65 mètres en 50 ans. Avec un tel volume de bois, les troncs d'arbres abattus sur le sol peuvent continuer à abriter une biodiversité variée pendant plusieurs centaines d'années.
Fait exceptionnel pour un eucalyptus, il n'a pas tendance à repartir du pied après un incendie et ne se régénère donc pratiquement que par voie sexuée (graines). Un important feu de forêt peut détruire tous les arbres, provoquant une germination massive des graines qui profitent de l'apport minéral des cendres pour se développer. On a compté jusqu'à 2,5 millions de graines germées par hectare après un feu, mais la compétition et la sélection naturelle ramènent très rapidement la densité d'arbres adultes à 30 à 40 individus à l'hectare. Si l'on note qu'il faut environ 20 ans pour qu'une graine donne un arbre à maturité, on comprend que les feux de forêts répétés peuvent rapidement être cause d'une disparition locale de l'espèce.
Cet arbre à croissance rapide est utilisé pour son bois, en construction et dans l'industrie papetière[4].
L'Eucalyptus regnans (mountain ash en anglais) est originaire du sud est de l'Australie. C'est le plus grand de tous les arbres avec le Séquoia à feuilles d'if. En 1872, un garde forestier de Victoria en Australie mesura un de ces Eucalyptus avec un théodolite et l'estima à 132,60 mètres (20 mètres de plus que le plus grand arbre vivant connu de l'époque, un séquoia). Cet arbre fut abattu et une plaque commémorative toujours en place rappelle que les premiers européens arrivés sur place décimèrent les plus hauts spécimens par l'exploitation forestière à grande échelle.
Le plus grand Eucalyptus regnans vivant, surnommé « Centurion », a été découvert en Tasmanie en aout 2008. Il mesure 100 mètres de haut,,.
Eucalyptus regnans (F.Muell., 1870), comunemente noto come eucalipto australiano, è un albero appartenente alla famiglia delle Myrtaceae, nativo dell'Australia sudorientale (Tasmania e Victoria)[2].
È noto per superare altezze di 90 m e viene quindi considerato l'albero a legno duro più alto del mondo. Storicamente a questa specie apparterrebbe anche l'albero più alto in assoluto, ma oggi questo primato spetta a un esemplare di Sequoia sempervirens della California chiamato Hyperion.
È un albero sempreverde che cresce fino a 70–90 m con un tronco diritto, e una corteccia liscia che nella parte vicina alle radici è solitamente più ruvida. Le foglie sono lanceolate, lunghe da 9 a 14 cm e larghe da 1,5 a 2,5 cm, con un lungo apice acuminato e un bordo liscio, di colore da verde a glauco con un picciolo rosso. La pianta produce piccoli grappoli ascellari di 9-15 fiori ciascuno, di circa 1 cm di diametro con un anello di numerosi stami bianchi. Il frutto è una capsula a forma di pera, lunga da 5 a 9 mm e larga da 7 a 4 mm.
L'albero preferisce le aree montane (fino a 1000 m), e cresce bene su suoli freschi e profondi, con precipitazioni abbondanti di oltre 1200 mm l'anno. Nelle condizioni ottimali, l'albero cresce molto velocemente, più di un metro all'anno e può quindi raggiungere 65 m in 50 anni. Al contrario di altri eucalipti, gli incendi possono essergli fatali e quindi si rigenera perlopiù da seme.
Eucalyptus regnans è l'albero delle angiosperme più alto al mondo. L'esemplare vivente con la maggiore altezza si chiama Centurion ed è stato scoperto in ottobre del 2008 nella Tahune Forest Reserve della Tasmania, circa 80 km a sudovest di Hobart. È alto 99,6 metri ed ha un diametro alla base di 4,05 metri.
Precedentemente il record apparteneva a Icarus dream ("il sogno d'Icaro"), scoperto nel gennaio del 2005 sempre in Tasmania, con un'altezza ufficiale di 97 metri[3]; nel 1962 la sua altezza è stata misurata a 98,8 m, ma questa documentazione è andata persa. Si ritiene che, in Tasmania, almeno 10[4] (forse 15) esemplari superino i 90 m.
Storicamente si dice che l'esemplare più alto sia stato il Ferguson tree, che avrebbe raggiunto i 132,6 m[5] e si sarebbe trovato nello Stato di Victoria (nella regione del fiume Watts) tra il 1871 e il 1872. Questo primato è ritenuto privo di affidabilità. Tuttavia, esistono prove attendibili che sia esistito un esemplare di Eucalyptus regnans alto 112,8 m[6], misurato con un teodolite nel 1880 da George Cornthwaite a Thorpedale, nello Stato di Victoria e perciò chiamato Cornthwaite Tree o Thorpedale tree. L'albero era circa 1 m più basso dell'albero più alto attualmente esistente, una sequoia della California (Sequoia sempervirens) alta 115,55 m.[7]
Eucalyptus regnans (F.Muell., 1870), comunemente noto come eucalipto australiano, è un albero appartenente alla famiglia delle Myrtaceae, nativo dell'Australia sudorientale (Tasmania e Victoria).
È noto per superare altezze di 90 m e viene quindi considerato l'albero a legno duro più alto del mondo. Storicamente a questa specie apparterrebbe anche l'albero più alto in assoluto, ma oggi questo primato spetta a un esemplare di Sequoia sempervirens della California chiamato Hyperion.
Karališkasis eukaliptas (lot. Eucalyptus regnans, angl. Mountain Ash) – mirtinių šeimos, eukaliptų genties augalų rūšis.
Šie medžiai savaime auga Australijos žemyno pietryčiuose, tai yra Viktorijoje ir Tasmanijoje. Introdukuoti Naujojoje Zelandijoje.
Tai amžinai žaliuojantys medžiai. Jų kamienas tiesus ir pilkas. Žiedai auga kekėmis po 9–15 grupėje, žiedai apie 1 cm skersmens su gausiais baltais kuokeliais. Vaisiai apie 5-9 mm ilgio ir 4-7 pločio sėklalizdis.
Aukčiausia, auganti 70–100 (ir aukštesni) m aukščio eukaliptų genties rūšis ir vieni aukščiausių medžių planetoje. Atradus Australiją, daug labai senų ir tuo pačiu labai aukštų medžių buvo kertami iki pat XIX amžiaus vid., tad patys seniausi ir aukščiausi egzemplioriai buvo iškirsti. Šiuo metu aukščiausias karališkasis eukaliptas žinomas kaip "Centurion" yra 99,6 m aukščio ir 268 m³ tūrio, jo kamieno skersmuo 4,05 m (kamieno apimtis 12 metrų). Jis auga į pietus nuo Hobarto, Tasmanijoje.
1872 metais vasario 21 dieną pietryčių Australijoje, vyriausybės atstovas Viljamas Fergusonas išmatavo karališkąjį eukaliptą, dabar žinomą kaip "Ferguson Tree", kuris su nulaužta viršūne siekė 133 metrus, bet kaip manoma, šis eukaliptas su nenulaužta viršūne galėjo siekti 152 m aukščio. Taip pat jis pažymėjo, kad toje pačioje vietoje daug kitų 106 m nukirstų šios rūšies medžių. Kitas Australijos vyriausybės atstovas GW Robinson 1889 metais šalia Bau bau kalno (Viktorijos valstijoje), išmatavo 143 m aukščio karališkąjį eukaliptą. Melburno apylinkėse esančiame Menzies Creek išmatavo nukirstą karališkąjį eukaliptą, kurio aukštis buvo 122 m Esančiame 35 km į rytus nuo Melburno Dandenong Ranges neaukštų kalnų masyve, Australijos vyriausybės atstovas David Boyle išmatavo kitą nukirstą karališkąjį eukaliptą, kuris siekė 119 m su nulaužta viršūne, ir anot jo, šis eukaliptas su viršūne turėjo siekti 128 metrų.
Karališko eukalipto sodinukai
Kelias Viktorijoje per karališkų eukaliptų mišką
Karališkieji eukaliptai Viktorijos Šerbruko miške
Karališki eukaliptai Viktorijos Šerbruko miške
Karališko eukalipto "Big Tree" apie pagrindą apimtis apie 15 m
Iškirstas senų karališkųjų eukaliptų miškas netoli Styx slėnio, pietų Tasmanijoje
Vieno masyviausių Karališkojo eukalipto kelmas Tasmanijoje
Karališkasis eukaliptas (lot. Eucalyptus regnans, angl. Mountain Ash) – mirtinių šeimos, eukaliptų genties augalų rūšis.
Eucalyptus regnans é uma espécie de eucalipto (do grego, eu + καλύπτω = "verdadeira cobertura"), nativa do sudeste da Austrália, na Tasmânia e de Vitória. Historicamente, é conhecida por atingir alturas de mais de 100 metros, e tornando-se uma das espécies de árvores mais alta do mundo. Foi descrita inicialmente pelo botânico Ferdinand von Mueller em 1871.[3]
Eucalyptus regnans é uma espécie de eucalipto (do grego, eu + καλύπτω = "verdadeira cobertura"), nativa do sudeste da Austrália, na Tasmânia e de Vitória. Historicamente, é conhecida por atingir alturas de mais de 100 metros, e tornando-se uma das espécies de árvores mais alta do mundo. Foi descrita inicialmente pelo botânico Ferdinand von Mueller em 1871.
Eukalyptus kráľovský (Eucalyptus regnans) je typický austrálsky strom z čeľade myrtovitých (Myrtaceae), ktorý dorastá do výšky 100 metrov (najvyšší listnatý strom vôbec). Je to aj najrýchlejšie rastúci strom s veľkým hospodárskym významom.
Po prvýkrát sa s ním Európania stretli v Austrálii a na ostrove Tasmánia pred viac ako 230 rokmi. Priviezli jeho semená a v roku 1777 ich vysiali v Anglicku.
Za najvyššie dnes rastúce eukalypty sú považované dva obrie stromy druhu Eukalyptus kráľovský. Jeden z nich rastie pri vrchu Baw Baw v austrálskom štáte Viktória, je vysoký 106 metrov. Druhý sa nachádza v doline rieky Styx v Tasmánii a dosahuje výšku 98 metrov. Ich vek sa odhaduje na 350 až 400 rokov.
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Eukalyptus kráľovský
Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Eukalyptus kráľovský
Eukalyptus kráľovský (Eucalyptus regnans) je typický austrálsky strom z čeľade myrtovitých (Myrtaceae), ktorý dorastá do výšky 100 metrov (najvyšší listnatý strom vôbec). Je to aj najrýchlejšie rastúci strom s veľkým hospodárskym významom.
Po prvýkrát sa s ním Európania stretli v Austrálii a na ostrove Tasmánia pred viac ako 230 rokmi. Priviezli jeho semená a v roku 1777 ich vysiali v Anglicku.
Za najvyššie dnes rastúce eukalypty sú považované dva obrie stromy druhu Eukalyptus kráľovský. Jeden z nich rastie pri vrchu Baw Baw v austrálskom štáte Viktória, je vysoký 106 metrov. Druhý sa nachádza v doline rieky Styx v Tasmánii a dosahuje výšku 98 metrov. Ich vek sa odhaduje na 350 až 400 rokov.
Jätteeukalyptus (Eucalyptus regnans) är en art i familjen myrtenväxter. Arten kommer ursprungligen från Tasmanien och är känd för att vara världens högsta lövträd.
Jätteeukalyptus är ett städsegrönt träd som kan bli 90 m högt. Bladen är strödda, enfärgad glänsande gröna, bladskaften är 0,8-2,5 cm långa, bladskivan lansettlik till skärformig 9–23 cm långa och 1,5–5 cm breda, bladbasen är avsmalnande. Unga plantor har 2-3 par motsatta blad, innan de blir strödda. Blomställningarna sitter vanligen i par i bladvecken och har 9-15 vita blommor i flockar. Frukten är skålformig till omvänt konisk, till 8 mm lång med bruna frön.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Jätteeukalyptus.
Jätteeukalyptus (Eucalyptus regnans) är en art i familjen myrtenväxter. Arten kommer ursprungligen från Tasmanien och är känd för att vara världens högsta lövträd.
Jätteeukalyptus är ett städsegrönt träd som kan bli 90 m högt. Bladen är strödda, enfärgad glänsande gröna, bladskaften är 0,8-2,5 cm långa, bladskivan lansettlik till skärformig 9–23 cm långa och 1,5–5 cm breda, bladbasen är avsmalnande. Unga plantor har 2-3 par motsatta blad, innan de blir strödda. Blomställningarna sitter vanligen i par i bladvecken och har 9-15 vita blommor i flockar. Frukten är skålformig till omvänt konisk, till 8 mm lång med bruna frön.
Ареал евкаліпта королівського — Південно-Східна Австралія і Тасманія. В горах дерева можуть зустрічатися до висоти 1000 м над рівнем моря .
Евкаліпт королівський гірше, ніж інші види евкаліптів, переносить пожежі, особливо це стосується молодих дерев. Саме з цієї причини вид ширше поширений на Тасманії: тут випадає до 1200 мм опадів, тому лісові пожежі бувають рідше.
Росте, як всі евкаліпти, швидко, живе близько 400 років. Стовбур в основі може бути до 15 м в діаметрі.
Листя синювато-зелене, дуже пахуче, 10-14 см завдовжки і близько 3 см шириною, повернене ребром до Сонця, тому в евкаліптовому лісі практично немає тіні. Квітки діаметром близько 1 см зібрані в суцвіття в 10-15 штук. Плід — до 9 мм в довжину і до 7 мм в ширину.
Деревина цього виду має середню щільність, грубу текстуру, але легко обробляється, при цьому добре протистоїть гниттю. У 1920-х роках королівські евкаліпти використовувалися в основному при виробництві паперу, в теперішній же час дуже широко використовується при виготовленні меблів, підлог і фанери. У медичних цілях також застосовуються настойки евкаліпта.
Найвищий евкаліпт під прізвиськом Сотник має 99.8 метрів висоти.[1]
Дитина біля 92-метрового евкаліпту королівського
Вид евкаліпта королівського знизу
Молодий пагін
Найищий евкаліпт під прізвиськом Сотник
Eucalyptus regnans là một loài thực vật có hoa trong Họ Đào kim nương. Loài này được F.Muell. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1870.[1] Đây là loài bản địa Tasmania và Victoria ở đông nam Australia là một trong các loài thực vật có hoa cao nhất và một trong những cây cao nhất thế giới, chỉ sau Sequoia sempervirens. Cây cao đến 85 m, với mẫu vật còn sống cao nhất, Centurion, cao đến 99,6 mét (327 feet) ở Tasmania. Những bông hoa màu trắng xuất hiện trong mùa thu.
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Bài viết tông thực vật Eucalypteae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Eucalyptus regnans là một loài thực vật có hoa trong Họ Đào kim nương. Loài này được F.Muell. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1870. Đây là loài bản địa Tasmania và Victoria ở đông nam Australia là một trong các loài thực vật có hoa cao nhất và một trong những cây cao nhất thế giới, chỉ sau Sequoia sempervirens. Cây cao đến 85 m, với mẫu vật còn sống cao nhất, Centurion, cao đến 99,6 mét (327 feet) ở Tasmania. Những bông hoa màu trắng xuất hiện trong mùa thu.
Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell.
Ареал
Распространение
Эвкали́пт ца́рственный[2] (лат. Eucalýptus régnans) — вечнозелёное дерево, вид рода Эвкалипт (Eucalyptus) семейства Миртовые (Myrtaceae). Считается самым высоким цветковым растением на нашей планете[3].
Деревья этого вида достигают высоты сто и более метров. Были описаны деревья высотой и в сто пятьдесят метров, но достоверных сведений об этом нет. В 2002 году в долине Стикса на Тасмании был обнаружен огромный представитель вида, названный Эль-Гранде. В апреле 2003 года он был повреждён пожаром и в декабре 2003 года дерево погибло[4][5].
Колонновидное дерево, достигающее на родине в высоту более 100 м. Кора гладкая, белая или голубовато-серая, иногда с полосами кремового цвета, опадает с большей части ствола и ветвей длинными лентами, у основания ствола грубоволокнистая.
Молодые листья супротивные, в количестве 2—3 пар, короткочерешковые, от ланцетных до широко ланцетных, длиной 3—8 см, шириной 2—6 см, прерывесто-зубчатые, светло-зелёные. Взрослые листья очерёдные, черешковые, от узко до широко ланцетных, заострённые, длиной 10—20 см, шириной 2—4 см.
Зонтики 7—15-цветковые, одиночные или по два в пазухах листьев, на тонких, цилиндрических ножках, длиной 7—9 мм и диаметром 5—6 мм; крышечка полушаровидная; пыльники сросшиеся, почковидные, открываются раходящимися щелями.
Плод — коробочка, на ножке, обратнояйцевидная или колокольчатая, длиной 7—8 мм, диаметром 5—6 мм.
Цветёт на родине в январе — марте, на черноморском побережье Кавказа в июне — июле.
Ареал эвкалипта царственного — юго-восточная Австралия и Тасмания. В горах Тасмании деревья поднимаются до 600 м, в штате Виктория — до 900 м над уровнем моря.
Предпочитает глубокие, богатые и умеренно влажные аллювиальные почвы. Хуже растёт на сухих, каменистых и глинистых почвах.
Эвкалипт царственный хуже, чем другие виды эвкалиптов, переносит пожары, особенно это касается молодых деревьев[3][6]. Именно по этой причине вид шире распространён на Тасмании: здесь выпадает до 1200 мм осадков, поэтому лесные пожары бывают реже.
Отличается быстрым ростом в благоприятных почвенных условиях.
Во взрослом состоянии без существенных повреждений выдерживает температуру в -9… -10 °C, молодые растения при таких морозах полностью вымерзают.
Древесина этого вида светлая, лёгкая, прямослойная, умеренно твёрдая, имеет среднюю плотность, грубую текстуру, но легко обрабатывается, при этом хорошо противостоит гниению, часто имеет красивый рисунок и отчётливые годичные кольца. В 1920-х годах царственные эвкалипты использовались в основном при производстве бумаги, в настоящее же время весьма широко используется при изготовлении строительных каркасов, мебели, полов, внутренней отделки домов, шпал и фанеры.
Листья содержат эфирное (эвкалиптовое) масло (0,81 %), состоящего из фелландрена, цинеола, аромадендраля и других веществ.
В медицинских целях также применяются настойки эвкалипта.
Вид Эвкалипт царственный входит в род Эвкалипт (Eucalyptus) подсемейства Myrtoideae семейства Миртовые (Myrtaceae) порядка Миртоцветные (Myrtales).
По данным на 2018 год самое высокое дерево вида эвкалипт царственный носит собственное имя Центурион, высота его на момент обнаружения (2008 год) составляла 99,7 м, к 2018 году достигла 100,5 м. Дерево растёт в заповеднике Тасмании Tahune Forest Reserve. Второе по высоте дерево называется Icarus Dream, его высота 97 м, растёт в долине Стикса.[7]
Эвкали́пт ца́рственный (лат. Eucalýptus régnans) — вечнозелёное дерево, вид рода Эвкалипт (Eucalyptus) семейства Миртовые (Myrtaceae). Считается самым высоким цветковым растением на нашей планете.
Деревья этого вида достигают высоты сто и более метров. Были описаны деревья высотой и в сто пятьдесят метров, но достоверных сведений об этом нет. В 2002 году в долине Стикса на Тасмании был обнаружен огромный представитель вида, названный Эль-Гранде. В апреле 2003 года он был повреждён пожаром и в декабре 2003 года дерево погибло.
杏仁桉（学名：Eucalyptus regnans），又名叫杏仁香桉，属于桃金孃科的一种树木。该树木是开花植物中最高的，生长在大洋洲澳大利亚的东南部地区。
杏仁桉是常绿植物，生长地带多位于年降雨量约1200毫米的凉爽山区。杏仁桉生长迅速，一年可增长一米，生长50年后可能达到65米的高度。
杏仁桉是世界上最高的树种之一。现存最高的杏仁桉是一颗名为百夫长的树，位于塔斯马尼亚，高度为100米。历史上，澳大利亚有过更高的杏仁桉。有可靠记录证实，1881年所砍伐的一颗杏仁桉高达114.3米。而另一份记录声称，1871-1872年间，维多利亚Watts River地区有过一颗高达132.6米的杏仁桉，不过，尽管该记录的第一手测量资料来自于林业官员，这份记录并未获得广泛承认。此外，历史传闻中还有一些更高的杏仁桉。维多利亚的植物学家Ferdinand von Mueller声称自己亲自测量过一颗高128米的杏仁桉，并提到说有人测量过一颗倒下的杏仁桉长146米。政府勘测员David Boyle表示曾经在1862年测量过一颗119.5米的杏仁桉，并听说位于Cape Otway的一颗杏仁桉高达170米。目前最高是位於澳大利亞高156米的杏仁桉。
杏仁桉（学名：Eucalyptus regnans），又名叫杏仁香桉，属于桃金孃科的一种树木。该树木是开花植物中最高的，生长在大洋洲澳大利亚的东南部地区。
杏仁桉是常绿植物，生长地带多位于年降雨量约1200毫米的凉爽山区。杏仁桉生长迅速，一年可增长一米，生长50年后可能达到65米的高度。
杏仁桉是世界上最高的树种之一。现存最高的杏仁桉是一颗名为百夫长的树，位于塔斯马尼亚，高度为100米。历史上，澳大利亚有过更高的杏仁桉。有可靠记录证实，1881年所砍伐的一颗杏仁桉高达114.3米。而另一份记录声称，1871-1872年间，维多利亚Watts River地区有过一颗高达132.6米的杏仁桉，不过，尽管该记录的第一手测量资料来自于林业官员，这份记录并未获得广泛承认。此外，历史传闻中还有一些更高的杏仁桉。维多利亚的植物学家Ferdinand von Mueller声称自己亲自测量过一颗高128米的杏仁桉，并提到说有人测量过一颗倒下的杏仁桉长146米。政府勘测员David Boyle表示曾经在1862年测量过一颗119.5米的杏仁桉，并听说位于Cape Otway的一颗杏仁桉高达170米。目前最高是位於澳大利亞高156米的杏仁桉。
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