Banksia menziesii (lat. Banksia menziesii) – proteyakimilər fəsiləsinin banksiya cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Banksiya cinsinə aid növlər B. acanthopoda • B. aculeata • B. acuminata • B. aemula • B. alliacea • B. anatona • B. aquilonia • B. arborea • B. archaeocarpa B. arctotidis • B. armata • B. ashbyi • B. attenuata • B. audax • B. aurantia • B. baueri • B. baxteri • B. bella • B. benthamiana • B. bipinnatifida • B. biterax • B. blechnifolia • B. borealis • B. brownii • B. brunnea • B. burdettii • B. caleyi • B. calophylla • B. candolleana • B. canei • B. carlinoides • B. catoglypta • B. chamaephyton • B. cirsioides • B. coccinea • B. columnaris • B. comosa • B. concinna • B. conferta • B. corvijuga • B. croajingolensis • B. cuneata • B. cynaroides • B. cypholoba • B. dallanneyi • B. densa • B. dentata • B. drummondii • B. dryandroides • B. echinata • B. elderiana • B. elegans • B. epica • B. epimicta • B. ericifolia • B. erythrocephala • B. falcata • B. fasciculata • B. fililoba • B. foliolata • B. foliosissima • B. formosa • B. fraseri • B. fuscobractea • B. gardneri • B. glaucifolia • B. goodii • B. grandis • B. grossa • B. heliantha • B. hewardiana • B. hirta • B. hookeriana • B. horrida • B. idiogenes • B. ilicifolia • B. incana • B. insulanemorecincta • B. integrifolia • B. ionthocarpa • B. kingii B. kippistiana • B. laevigata • B. lanata • B. laricina • B. lemanniana • B. lepidorhiza • B. leptophylla • B. lindleyana • B. littoralis • B. longicarpa • B. lullfitzii • B. marginata • B. media • B. meganotia • B. meisneri • B. menziesii • B. micrantha • B. mimica • B. montana • B. mucronulata • B. nana • B. nivea • B. nobilis • B. novae-zelandiae • B. nutans • B. oblongifolia • B. obovata • B. obtusa • B. occidentalis • B. octotriginta • B. oligantha • B. oreophila • B. ornata • B. pallida • B. paludosa • B. pellaeifolia • B. petiolaris • B. pilostylis • B. plagiocarpa • B. platycarpa • B. plumosa • B. polycephala • B. porrecta • B. praemorsa • B. prionophylla • B. prionotes • B. prolata • B. proteoides • B. pseudoplumosa • B. pteridifolia • B. pulchella • B. purdieana • B. quercifolia • B. repens • B. robur • B. rosserae • B. rufa • B. rufistylis • B. saxicola • B. scabrella • B. sceptrum • B. sclerophylla • B. seminuda • B. seneciifolia • B. serra • B. serrata • B. serratuloides • B. sessilis • B. shanklandiorum • B. shuttleworthiana • B. solandri • B. speciosa • B. sphaerocarpa • B. spinulosa • B. splendida • B. squarrosa • B. stenoprion • B. strahanensis • B. strictifolia • B. stuposa • B. subpinnatifida • B. subulata • B. telmatiaea • B. tenuis • B. tortifolia • B. tricuspis • B. tridentata • B. trifontinalis • B. undata • B. verticillata • B. vestita • B. victoriae • B. violacea • B. viscida • B. wonganensis • B. xylothemelia
İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Banksia menziesii (lat. Banksia menziesii) – proteyakimilər fəsiləsinin banksiya cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Ang Banksia menziesii, karaniwang kilala bilang Panggatong Banksia, ay isang species ng pamumulaklak halaman sa genus Banksia. Ito ay isang pilipit puno hanggang sa 10 m (33 piye) ang taas, o isang mas mababang pagkalat 1-3 m (3.3-9.8 ft) shrub sa mga bahagi ng mas maraming hilagang ng kanyang saklaw. Ang may ngipin dahon ay mapurol berde na may bagong pag-unlad ng isang paler Abong Lunti. Ang mga kilalang taglagas at taglamig inflorescences ay madalas dalawang-kulay na pula o kulay-rosas at dilaw, at ang kanilang mga kulay ay nagbunga ng higit pang mga hindi karaniwang mga karaniwang pangalan tulad ng port wine Banksia at strawberry Banksia. Ang Dilaw na namumukadkad ay bihirang makitang.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.
Banksia menziesii, commonly known as firewood banksia, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Banksia. It is a gnarled tree up to 10 m (33 ft) tall, or a lower spreading 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) shrub in the more northern parts of its range. The serrated leaves are dull green with new growth a paler grey green. The prominent autumn and winter inflorescences are often two-coloured red or pink and yellow, and their colour has given rise to more unusual common names such as port wine banksia and strawberry banksia. Yellow blooms are rarely seen.
First described by the botanist Robert Brown in the early 19th century, no separate varieties of Banksia menziesii are recognised. It is found in Western Australia, from the Perth (32° S) region north to the Murchison River (27° S), and generally grows on sandy soils, in scrubland or low woodland. Banksia menziesii provides food for a wide array of invertebrate and vertebrate animals; birds and in particular honeyeaters are prominent visitors. A relatively hardy plant, Banksia menziesii is commonly seen in gardens, nature strips and parks in Australian urban areas with Mediterranean climates, but its sensitivity to dieback from the soil-borne water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi makes it short-lived in places with humid summers, such as Sydney. Banksia menziesii is widely used in the cut flower industry both in Australia and overseas.
Banksia menziesii grows either as a gnarled tree to 10 m (33 ft), or a lower spreading 1–3 metres (3.3–9.8 ft) shrub, generally encountered at its northern limits in the vicinity of Eneabba-Mount Adams; thus, it declines steadily in size as the climate becomes warmer and drier further north.[2] In the shrub form, several stems arise from the woody base known as the lignotuber. The trunk is greyish, sometimes with shades of brown or pink, and the 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) thick rough bark breaks away easily. The new growth is covered in fine brownish hair, which wears away after two or three years, leaving smooth stems and leaves.[3] Stems that will bear flower spikes the following year are generally thicker and longer.[4] Oblong in shape and somewhat truncate at the tips, the leaves are grey-green in colour, 8–25 cm (3.1–9.8 in) long and up to 4 cm (1.6 in) wide. The new leaves are paler and finely downy. The leaf margins are serrated with many small 1–2 mm long triangular teeth. The lower surface of the leaf has a midrib covered in fine pale brown hair.[3]
Flowering occurs in autumn and winter, peaking from May to July. Overall the inflorescences, or flower spikes, take around eight months to development from the first microscopic changes in late spring.[5] Ovoid to cylindrical in shape, the flower spikes can be up to 7–8 cm (2.8–3.1 in) wide and 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) high.[3] They are composed of numerous individual flowers; one field study south of Perth recorded an average of 1043 per flower spike,[6] while another on plants in cultivation in South Australia recorded an average of 720.[7] B. menziesii has more flower colour variants than any other Banksia species, with flower spikes occurring in a wide range of pinks, as well as chocolate, bronze, yellow and white, and greenish variants. They are particularly striking closeup but can look indistinct from a distance. They are most attractive in late bud, the styles contrasting well to the body of the inflorescence, the whole looking like a red- or pink-and white vertical candy striped bloom. The inflorescences are generally a deeper red after colder weather and further into the winter.[8] Anthocyanin pigments are responsible for the red and pink shades in the flowers.[9]
Old flowers usually fall off the spikes quickly, with up to 25 large beaked follicles developing. A mottled dark brown and grey in colour, these can be prominent and quite attractively patterned when newly developed. Oval shaped, they are 2.5–3.5 cm (0.98–1.38 in) long by 1–1.5 cm (0.39–0.59 in) high and 1–1.5 cm (0.39–0.59 in) wide.[3] Overall, only a small fraction of flowers develop into follicles; the proportion is as low as one in a thousand.[10] The plant is dependent on fire to reproduce as the follicles only open after being burnt, each one producing one or two viable wedge-shaped (cuneate) seeds, on either side of a woody separator.[3] The colour and level of pigmentation in the seeds foreshadows the eventual colour of the inflorescences. Kevin Collins of the Banksia Farm recalled that for many years pale seeds were discarded by seed collectors who thought they were infertile. Later, he learnt that pale seeds yielded yellow-coloured blooms, dark grey the usual red-coloured, and black a distinctive bronze-coloured bloom.[11]
Seedlings have obovate cotyledons 1–1.4 cm (0.39–0.55 in) long by 1–1.5 cm (0.39–0.59 in) wide, and the leaves that develop immediately afterward are crowded and very hairy. They have serrate margins.[3] Evidence of thickening to form a future lignotuber, as well as minute buds, has been detected from the bases of seedlings at five months of age.[12]
The common name of firewood banksia was a result of its quick-burning properties.[13] Other names recorded include Menzies banksia,[14] firewheel banksia, port wine banksia, flame banksia, and in the cut flower industry, strawberry banksia and raspberry frost banksia.[15] The Beeloo Whadjuk Noongar people of the Perth region knew it as the Mungyt.[16] Despite its variation across its range, George noted that B. menziesii was a clearly defined species, and no formal division into subspecies was warranted.[3]
Its Noongar name is Bulgalla.[17]
Specimens of B. menziesii were first collected by the botanist Charles Fraser during Captain (later Admiral Sir) James Stirling's March 1827 exploration of the Swan River. The following year, Alexander Macleay sent some of Fraser's specimens to Robert Brown.[3] Brown formally published the species in his 1830 Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae,[18] giving it the specific epithet in honor of Archibald Menzies, surgeon-naturalist on HMS Discovery under George Vancouver, who discovered King George Sound in 1791. Thus the species' full name is Banksia menziesii R.Br.[19] Neither Brown nor Menzies ever saw the plant growing.[20]
Under Brown's taxonomic arrangement, B. menziesii was placed in subgenus Banksia verae, the "True Banksias", because its inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike. Banksia verae was renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,[18] and demoted to sectional rank by Carl Meissner in his 1856 classification. Meissner further divided Eubanksia into four series, with B. menziesii placed in series Salicinae.[21] When George Bentham published his 1870 arrangement in Flora Australiensis, he discarded Meissner's series, replacing them with four sections. B. menziesii was placed in Orthostylis, a somewhat heterogeneous section containing 18 species.[22] This arrangement would stand for over a century.
In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L.f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera menziesii.[23] This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries,[24] and Banksia L.f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940.[25]
Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his classic 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae).[20] Endlicher's Eubanksia became B. subg. Banksia, and was divided into three sections. B. menziesii was placed in B. sect. Banksia, and this was further divided into nine series, with B. menziesii placed in B. ser. Banksia. He thought its closest relatives to be Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri, and that it also formed a link with eastern species, particularly Banksia serrata. Since Brown's original publication had treated all of Fraser's specimens as syntypes for the species, George also chose a lectotype, selecting a tree that Fraser had received from Macleay in May 1828.[3]
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus, after cladistic analyses yielded a cladogram significantly different from George's arrangement. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement retained B. menziesii in series Banksia, placing it in B. subser. Cratistylis along with nine other species.[26] This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series.[27]
Under George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, B. menziesii's taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows:
B. menziesii's inflorescences resemble those of no other banksia; its closest relatives were felt by George to be B. speciosa (showy banksia) and B. baxteri (bird's nest banksia), which differs from B. menziesii in having yellow flowers and leaves with deep triangular lobes.[27] In 2002, a molecular study by Austin Mast showed its closest relatives to be the members of the series Crocinae.[28]
In 2005, Mast, Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia. They inferred a phylogeny greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra.[29] A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time, but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete. In the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. menziesii is placed in B. subg. Banksia.[30]
As B. menziesii is not similar to any other Banksia, hybrids are unlikely to occur. The only reported hybrid is a sterile hybrid with B. hookeriana (Hooker's banksia), found north of Badgingarra by Greg Keighery.[31] Manual cross-fertilisation with B. attenuata has resulted in germination, indicating that these two species are genetically compatible, but natural hybrids are extremely unlikely because the two species flower at different times.[32]
Banksia menziesii grows primarily in deep sandy soils of the Swan Coastal Plain and Geraldton Sandplains, extending from Waroona in the south to Kalbarri in the north.[31] However, it is uncommon south of Mandurah.[33] It is generally limited to the east by the heavy soils of the Darling Scarp, but does grow on isolated patches of sand in the Jarrah Forest and Avon Wheatbelt regions, such as occur near Beverley, Toodyay and Wongan Hills. The easternmost known occurrence is a specimen collected by Roger Hnatiuk in 1979 from north-east of Brookton, about 125 km (78 mi) from the coast.[31] Much of its range on the Swan Coastal Plain coincides with Perth's expanding metropolitan area, and much habitat has been lost to clearing.[34]
Together with B. attenuata (candlestick banksia), B. menziesii is a dominant component in a number of widespread vegetation complexes of the Swan Coastal Plain, including Banksia low woodland and Jarrah-Banksia woodland.[35] These complexes only occur on deep, well-draining sand; in shallower, seasonally wet soils, B. menziesii and B. attenuata give way to other Banksia species such as B. littoralis (swamp banksia) or B. telmatiaea (swamp fox banksia).[32] On the Geraldton Sandplains to the north, B. menziesii usually occurs as a shrub or small tree emergent above low heath.[31]
Like many members of the family Proteaceae, Banksia menziesii is largely self-incompatible; that is, inflorescences require pollinators to be fertilised and produce seed. One mechanism by which the species promotes cross-pollination with other plants is protandry, whereby the male parts release pollen that becomes non-viable before the female parts become receptive on the same flower spike.[36] The individual flowers are uniform, and it is unclear why so few go on to develop follicles.[7] Published in 1988, a field study conducted in banksia woodland near Perth noted that anthesis occurred on an inflorescence at an average rate of 40 to 60 florets opening per day, although this varied widely between different flowerheads. Foraging by honeyeaters would cause the florets to open, but bees would not.[37]
Banksia menziesii provides an important food source, as flowers and seeds, for the threatened short-billed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris).[38] Other bird species that have been observed feeding on B. menziesii include the red-capped parrot (Purpureicephalus spurius),[39] western rosella (Platycercus icterotis), red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii), Australian ringneck (Barnardius zonarius), western gerygone (Gerygone fusca) and several honeyeater species, the New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), white-cheeked honeyeater (P. nigra), brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta), singing honeyeater (Lichenostomus virescens), western spinebill (Acanthorhynchus superciliosus), red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata) and western wattlebird (A. lunulata). Insects recorded include ants and bees,[31] as well as rove beetles (family Staphylinidae).[40] A field study south of Perth noted that Banksia menziesii appeared particularly popular with the brown honeyeater and western spinebill, compared with other banksias.[6]
Twenty-one species from several orders of slime molds (myxomycetes) have been isolated from the bark of Banksia menziesii. Over half (13) were from the order Stemonitales, and Echinosteliales and Liceales were also common. The abundance of the first two orders may be due to the acidity of the bark. Another order, the Physarales, was unusually rare—other studies have demonstrated that the order is typically abundant on the bark of various species of tree around the world.[41]
Banksia menziesii regenerates after bushfire by resprouting from its woody lignotuber, or from epicormic buds on the trunk.[31] It is generally only weakly serotinous in the southern part of its range, that is, it lacks a canopy seed bank as follicles on old flower spikes in the canopy release their seed after two years, but populations retain more seed as populations move north. Lower canopies and drier climates predispose to hotter fires that are more likely to kill plants and effect seed release, and thus facilitate seedling recruitment.[2]
All banksias have developed proteoid or cluster roots in response to the nutrient poor conditions of Australian soils (particularly lacking in phosphorus).[42] The plant develop masses of fine lateral roots that form a mat-like structure underneath the soil surface, and enable it to extract nutrients as efficiently possible out of the soil. A study of three co-occurring species in banksia woodland in southwestern Australia—Banksia menziesii, B. attenuata and B. ilicifolia—found that all three develop fresh roots in September after winter rainfall, and that the bacteria populations associated with the root systems of B. menziesii differ from the other two, and that they also change depending on the age of the roots.[43]
Along with Banksia attenuata, Banksia menziesii is a facultative phreatophyte. The two species are less strictly tied to the water table and hence able to grow in a wider variety of places within banksia woodland habitat around Perth than the co-occurring Banksia ilicifolia and Banksia littoralis.[44] Recent falls of the water table on the Swan Coastal Plain from use of the Gnangara Mound aquifer for Perth's water supply as well as years of below average rainfall have caused a drop in the population and vigour of Banksia menziesii since the mid-1960s.[45] A 2009 Spanish study showed Banksia menziesii seedlings to be moderately sensitive to salinity.[46] It is also sensitive to sulfur dioxide.[47] A 1994 study by Byron Lamont and colleagues from Curtin University found that Banksia menziesii plants within 50 metres (160 feet) of road verges had crowns two and a half times bigger, and set three times as many seeds as plants further away from the road, and that this was likely due to increased availability of nutrients and water from runoff.[48]
Banksia menziesii has several horticultural features including patterned buds and follicles, attractive pinkish new growth, and showy flowerheads.[8] A dwarf form is commonly sold in nurseries.[49] Byron Lamont has observed that dwarf plants may grow into taller single-trunked plants in cultivation.[48]
The plant is fairly easy to grow in a mediterranean climate with good drainage and a light (sandy) soil; however, with medium to high susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback,[50] it is unreliable in conditions that favour the growth of the soil-borne water mould, such as summer humidity or poor drainage.[8] The use of phosphite fungicides does reduce the spread of Phytophthora.[51] It generally does poorly in eastern Australia, although it is grown commercially in southeastern South Australia as a cut flower crop. It is also grown in California and Hawaii.[8]
Seeds do not require any treatment prior to planting, and take 26 to 40 days to germinate.[52] Seeds that grow into yellow-flowered plants are pale and unpigmented, while future bronze- and red-flowered plants are dark greyish and black respectively.[11] It generally takes about five to seven years to flower from seed. The plant favours sandy well-drained soils and a sunny position and can be heavily pruned if necessary, as new growth can arise from the lignotuber. Although it is readily propagated by seed,[8] experiments with in vitro propagation found Banksia menziesii to be more difficult than other species trialled.[53]
The nectar of Banksia menziesii was used in a drink by the Beeloo Whadjug Nyoongar, who were also called the Mungyt people. Along with beverages from other species, it was drunk at special sweet water festivals.[16] Banksia menziesii was the subject of a book by botanical artist Philippa Nikulinsky, which showed the progress of an inflorescence from bud through flowering to fruiting and seed release over 22 watercolour plates.[54] Noted wildflower artist Ellis Rowan also painted it.[55] It was one of several wildflowers depicted on a series of plates produced by the British pottery firm Wedgwood in the early 1990s.[54]
Banksia menziesii – MHNT Banksia menziesii, commonly known as firewood banksia, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Banksia. It is a gnarled tree up to 10 m (33 ft) tall, or a lower spreading 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) shrub in the more northern parts of its range. The serrated leaves are dull green with new growth a paler grey green. The prominent autumn and winter inflorescences are often two-coloured red or pink and yellow, and their colour has given rise to more unusual common names such as port wine banksia and strawberry banksia. Yellow blooms are rarely seen.
First described by the botanist Robert Brown in the early 19th century, no separate varieties of Banksia menziesii are recognised. It is found in Western Australia, from the Perth (32° S) region north to the Murchison River (27° S), and generally grows on sandy soils, in scrubland or low woodland. Banksia menziesii provides food for a wide array of invertebrate and vertebrate animals; birds and in particular honeyeaters are prominent visitors. A relatively hardy plant, Banksia menziesii is commonly seen in gardens, nature strips and parks in Australian urban areas with Mediterranean climates, but its sensitivity to dieback from the soil-borne water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi makes it short-lived in places with humid summers, such as Sydney. Banksia menziesii is widely used in the cut flower industry both in Australia and overseas.
Banksia menziesii, comúnmente conocida como banksia de leña, banksia de Menzies, es una especie de árbol pequeño o arbusto grande en el género Banksia. Se encuentra en Australia Occidental, desde la región de Perth (32° S) hasta el Río Murchison (27° S) en el norte. El nombre banksia de leña fue el resultado de sus propiedades para producir fuego rápidamente y su abundancia como fuente de leña. El color de las inflorescencias ha dado origen a nombres comunes inusuales como banksia de vino oporto ("Port wine banksia"), banksia de llama ("flame banksia") y banksia fresa ("strawberry banksia").
Es una de las banksias por primera vez descritas por el botánico Robert Brown a principios del siglo XIX. Una banksia distintiva, ha tenido una historia taxonómica sin acontecimientos. Una planta relativamente resistente al frío, Banksia menziesii es comúnmente visto en jardines y plantaciones amena las áreas urbanas australianas con climas mediterráneos, sin embargo su sensibilidad al dieback hace que tenga vida corta en climas con humedad en verano como Sídney. Banksia menziesii es ampliamente usado en la industria de la floricultura en Australia y otros países.
Puede ser un árbol nudoso de 7 metros o un arbusto más pequeño de 1-3 metros. El tronco es grisáceo y rugoso, las hojas serradas de color verde-grisáceo y 8-25 cm de largo y 4 cm de ancho, con nuevo crecimiento más pálido y finamente sedoso. La floración ocurre en otoño y en invierno.
Las inflorescencias, de forma ovoide a cilíndrica, pueden ser de hasta 7-8 cm de ancho y 4-12 cm de alto. Estas son particularmente llamativas de cerca pero pueden parecer indiferentes a distancia. Son más atractivas en el tardío capullo, los estilos contrastando bien con el cuerpo de la inflorescencia, en su totalidad se ven como una flor con apariencia de caramelo con rayas verticales rojas- o rosas-y blancas. Las inflorescencias son generalmente de un rojo profundo después del clima frío y el color se intensifica durante el invierno. Algunas plantas tienen inflorescencias amarillas y blancas, otras son de color bronce.
Las viejas flores usualmente se caen rápido, con hasta 25 grandes folículos enseguida. Estas pueden ser prominentes y de un patrón atractivo cuando son nuevas.
La planta es dependiente del fuego para reproducirse ya que los folículos se abren con el fuego, cada folículo produciendo una o dos viables semillas en forma de cuña, apartadas por un separador leñoso. Banksia menziesii es lignotuberosa.
Interesantemente el color y nivel de pigmentación presagia el color eventual de la inflorescencias. Kevin Collins recordó que por muchos años las semillas blancas fueron descartadas por los coleccionistas de semillas quienes pensaban que eran infértiles. Más tarde el aprendió que las semillas pálidas producían flores amarillas, las gris oscuras a las típicamente rojas, y las negras a las flores color bronce.
Especímenes de B. menziesii fueron por primera vez colectados por Charles Fraser durante la exploración del capitán (más tarde admirante sir) James Stirling en marzo de 1827 al Río Swan. Al año siguiente, Alexander Macleay envió algunos de los especímenes de Fraser a Robert Brown.[1] Brown formalmente publicó la especie en Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae de 1830,[2] dándole el específico epíteto "menziesii" en honor a Archibald Menzies, cirujano naturalista a bordo de un navío de la serie HMS Discovery bajo las órdenes de George Vancouver, quien descubrió King George Sound en 1791. Por lo tanto el nombre completo de la especie es Banksia menziesii R.Br..[3] De manera interesante, ni Brown ni Menzies nunca vieron la planta viva.[4]
Bajo el arreglo taxonómico de Banksia de Brown, B. menziesii fue colocada en el subgénero Banksia verae, las "Verdaderas Banksias", porque su inflorescencia es una espiga floral típica de Banksia. Banksia verae fue renombrada Eubanksia por Stephan Endlicher in 1847,[2] y degradada a un rango seccional por Carl Meissner en su clasificación de 1856. Meissner más tarde dividió Eubanksia en cuatro series, con B. menziesii colocada en la serie Salicinae.[5] Cuando George Bentham publicó su arreglo taxonómico en 1870 en Flora Australiensis, el descartó las series de Meissner, reemplazándolas con cuatro secciones. B. menziesii fue colocada en Orthostylis, una sección un poco heterogénea que contiene 18 especies.[6] Este arreglo would stand for over a century.
En 1891, Otto Kuntze desafió el nombre genérico Banksia L.f., por motivos que el nombre Banksia había sido previamente publicado 1775 como Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst, refiriéndose al género ahora conocido como Pimelea. Kuntze propuso Sirmuellera como una alternativa, republicando B. menziesii como "Sirmuellera menziesii" [sic]. El desafío falló, Banksia L.f. fue formalmente conservado, y Sirmuellera menziesii (R.Br.) Kuntze" es ahora un sinónimo nomenclatural de B. menziesii.[1]
Alex George publicó un nuevo arreglo taxonómico de Banksia en su clásica monografía The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) .[4] Eubanksia de Endlicher llegó a ser B. subg. Banksia, y fue dividida en tres secciones. B. menziesii fue colocada en B. sect. Banksia, y fue más adelante dividido en nueve series, con B. menziesii colocada en B. ser. Spicigerae. Puesto que la publicación original de Brown había tratado todos los especímenes de Fraser como sintipos para la especie, George también eligió un lectotipo, seleccionando un árbol que Fraser había recibido de Macleay en mayo de 1828.[1]
En 1996, Kevin Thiele y Pauline Ladiges publicaron un nuevo arreglo para el género, después de los análisis cladisticos produjeran un cladograma significantivamente diferente del arreglo. El arreglo taxonómico de Thiele y Ladiges de la banksia retuvo a B. menziesii en la serie Banksia, colocándola en B. subser. Cratistylis al lado de otras nueve especies.[7] Este arreglo se mantuvo hasta 1999, cuando George efectivamente revirtió su arreglo de 1981 en su monografía para Flora de Australia.[8] Bajo el arreglo taxonómico de George de la Banksia, la colocación taxonómica de B. menziesii' puede resumirse de la siguiente manera:
B. menziesii /> no se parece a otra Banksia; George presintió que sus parientes más cercanos eran B. speciosa (Banksia vistosa) y B. baxteri (Banksia nido de aves), el cual difiere de B. menziesii en tener las flores amarillas y las hojas con lóbulos profundamente triangulares.[8] En 2002, un estudio molecular por Austin Mast mostró que sus parientes más cercanos son miembros de la serie Crocinae.[9]
En 2005, Mast, Eric Jones y Shawn Havery publicaron los resultados de sus análisis cladísticos de los datos de la secuencia de ADN para Banksia. Ellos infirieron una filogenia muy diferente de los arreglos taxonómicos aceptados, incluyendo que se encontró a Banksia ser parafilética con respecto a Dryandra.[10] Un nuevo arreglo taxonómico no se publicó , pero a principios de 2007 Mast y Thiele iniciaron un rearreglo al transferir Dryandra a Banksia, y publicar B. subg. Spathulatae para las especies que tienen cotiledones en forma de cuchara; de esta manera ellos redefinieron el autónimo B. subg. Banksia. Ellos presagiaron la publicación de un arreglo completo una vez que el muestreo de ADN de Dryandra estuvo completo; mientras tanto, si los cambios nomenclaturales de Mast yThiele son tomados común arreglo interino, por lo tanto B. menziesii es colocada en B. subg. Banksia.[11]
B. menziesii es inusualmente variable en dos aspectos. En primer lugar, varía en hábito, creciendo como un árbol en la mayor parte de su distribución, pero es usualmente un arbusto en el norte de su extensión. No existe sin embargo una clara división entre las dos: estas se clasifican juntas tanto en forma como en distribución. En segundo lugar, B. menziesii tiene más variantes de color que otras especies Banksia, con flores desarrollándose en un amplio rango de rosas, además de chocolate, bronce, amarillo y variantes verdosas. La variación en otras características es bastante típica del género. De acuerdo a George, B. menziesii es «una especie claramente definida», y «ninguna división formal está garantizada».[1]
Como B. menziesii no es similar a otras Banksias, es improbable que ocurran los híbridos. El único híbrido es un estéril resultante de B. hookeriana (Banksia de Hoooker), encontrado al norte de Badgingarra por Greg Keighery.[12] El cruce manual B. attenuata ha resultado en germinación, indicando que esas dos especies son genéticamente compatible, pero los híbridos naturales son extremadamente improbables porque las dos especies florecen en diferentes épocas.[13]
B. menziesii crece primariamente en suelos profundos arenonosos de Swan Coastal Plain y Geraldton Sandplains, extendiéndose desde Waroona al sur de Kalbarri en el norte. Está limitada al este por los suelos pesados de los Montes Darling, pero crece bien en parches aislados de arena en las regiones de Jarrah Forest y Avon Wheatbelt, tales que crecen cerca de Beverley, Toodyay y Wongan Hills. La ocurrencia más oriental es un espécimen colectado por Roger Hnatiuk en 1979 al noroeste de Brookton, aproximadamente a 125 kilómetros de la costa.[12]
Junto con B. attenuata (Banksia vara de vela), B. menziesii es un componente dominante en varios de los complejos de vegetación incluyendo Banksia low woodland y Jarrah-Banksia woodland.[14] Esos complejos solo ocurren en arenas profundas y bien drenadas, suelos estacionalmente húmedos, B. menziesii y B. attenuata para dar paso a otras especies de Banksia tales como B. littoralis (Banksia de pantano) o B. telmatiaea (Banksia Fox de pantano).[13]
En las llanuras arenosas de Geraldton en el norte, B. menziesii usualmente crece como un arbusto o un pequeño árbol emergente arriba de baja vegetación parecida a brezales.[12]
Un estudio encontró que Banksia menziesii alcanzaba talla de árbol y tenía más conos en las orillas de los caminos, con una incrementada disponibilidad de nutrientes y agua.[15]
Es fácil de cultivar en clima mediterráneo con buen drenaje y suelo ligero (arenoso); sin embargo, es sensible a Phytophthora cinnamomi (dieback), y no se desarrolla bien en condiciones con humedad en verano o pobre drenaje. Una forma enana se vende comúnmente en los viveros. En general, las plantas que se encuentran en los viveros o jardines son formas de flores rojas, sin embargo las variantes de color bronce aparecen de vez en cuando en la floricultura.
Una característica de la propagación de semillas y selección es que las semillas que se convierten en plantas de flores amarillas son pálidas o sin pigmento, mientras las futuras plantas de color bronce y rojo son las semillas gris oscuras y negras respectivamente.[16]
Banksia menziesii, comúnmente conocida como banksia de leña, banksia de Menzies, es una especie de árbol pequeño o arbusto grande en el género Banksia. Se encuentra en Australia Occidental, desde la región de Perth (32° S) hasta el Río Murchison (27° S) en el norte. El nombre banksia de leña fue el resultado de sus propiedades para producir fuego rápidamente y su abundancia como fuente de leña. El color de las inflorescencias ha dado origen a nombres comunes inusuales como banksia de vino oporto ("Port wine banksia"), banksia de llama ("flame banksia") y banksia fresa ("strawberry banksia").
Es una de las banksias por primera vez descritas por el botánico Robert Brown a principios del siglo XIX. Una banksia distintiva, ha tenido una historia taxonómica sin acontecimientos. Una planta relativamente resistente al frío, Banksia menziesii es comúnmente visto en jardines y plantaciones amena las áreas urbanas australianas con climas mediterráneos, sin embargo su sensibilidad al dieback hace que tenga vida corta en climas con humedad en verano como Sídney. Banksia menziesii es ampliamente usado en la industria de la floricultura en Australia y otros países.
Banksia menziesii est une espèce de Banksia, un végétal de la famille des Proteaceae, endémique de l'ouest de l'Australie.
Banksia menziesii (R.Br., 1830) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Proteaceae, endemica dell'Australia occidentale[2].
Banksia menziesii (R.Br., 1830) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Proteaceae, endemica dell'Australia occidentale.
Banksia menziesii é uma espécie de arbusto da família Proteaceae endêmica da Austrália. Foi descrita cientificamente pelo botânico Robert Brown.[1]
Banksia menziesii é uma espécie de arbusto da família Proteaceae endêmica da Austrália. Foi descrita cientificamente pelo botânico Robert Brown.
Banksia menziesii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Quắn hoa. Loài này được R.Br. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1830.[2] Loài cây này có thể cao lên đến 10 m hoặc mọc dưới dạng cây bụi thấp 1–3 m lan rộng ở khu vực phía bắc của phạm vi phân bố của chúng. Lá có răng cưa màu lục tối và cây mới mọc có màu lục xám nhạt. Chùm hoa nổi bật vào mùa thu và mùa đông thường hai màu đỏ hoặc hồng và vàng. Hoa vàng rất hiếm gặp.
B. menziesii được mô tả bởi nhà thực vật học Robert Brown vào thể kỷ 19, và không có thứ nào của loài này được công nhận. B. menziesii được tìm thấy ở Tây Úc, từ Perth (32°N) về phía bắc tới sông Murchison (27°N), và thường mọc trên đất nhiều cát, trong vùng cây bụi hoặc rừng thưa thấp. B. menziesii cung cấp thực phẩm cho nhiều loài động vật không xương sống và có xương sống. Là một loài cây tương đối khỏe mạnh, B. menziesii thường được thấy trong các khu vườn, đường cây xanh và công viên ở những khu vực đô thị của Úc có khí hậu Địa Trung Hải, nhưng loài này dễ bị chết khô do loài mốc nước trong đất Phytophthora cinnamomi khiến chúng chỉ có thể sống trong thời gian ngắn ở những nơi có mùa hè ẩm ướt, như Sydney. B. menziesii được sử dụng rộng rãi trong ngành công nghiệp cắt tỉa hoa ở cả Úc và ngoài nước Úc.
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Banksia menziesii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Quắn hoa. Loài này được R.Br. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1830. Loài cây này có thể cao lên đến 10 m hoặc mọc dưới dạng cây bụi thấp 1–3 m lan rộng ở khu vực phía bắc của phạm vi phân bố của chúng. Lá có răng cưa màu lục tối và cây mới mọc có màu lục xám nhạt. Chùm hoa nổi bật vào mùa thu và mùa đông thường hai màu đỏ hoặc hồng và vàng. Hoa vàng rất hiếm gặp.
B. menziesii được mô tả bởi nhà thực vật học Robert Brown vào thể kỷ 19, và không có thứ nào của loài này được công nhận. B. menziesii được tìm thấy ở Tây Úc, từ Perth (32°N) về phía bắc tới sông Murchison (27°N), và thường mọc trên đất nhiều cát, trong vùng cây bụi hoặc rừng thưa thấp. B. menziesii cung cấp thực phẩm cho nhiều loài động vật không xương sống và có xương sống. Là một loài cây tương đối khỏe mạnh, B. menziesii thường được thấy trong các khu vườn, đường cây xanh và công viên ở những khu vực đô thị của Úc có khí hậu Địa Trung Hải, nhưng loài này dễ bị chết khô do loài mốc nước trong đất Phytophthora cinnamomi khiến chúng chỉ có thể sống trong thời gian ngắn ở những nơi có mùa hè ẩm ướt, như Sydney. B. menziesii được sử dụng rộng rãi trong ngành công nghiệp cắt tỉa hoa ở cả Úc và ngoài nước Úc.
ポータル 植物 プロジェクト 生物 ファイアウッド・バンクシア (Firewood Banksia、Banksia menziesii) は、ヤマモガシ目ヤマモガシ科の植物の1つ。
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