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Dispersal

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Pollinia are contained in green dehiscent pods and dispersed by wind. The dispersal distance of Lepanthes is limited so the plants usually grow in patches of approximately 7-50 Lepanthes individuals. Tremblay (1997) found that patches of Lepanthes were typically <50 m apart.

References

  • Tremblay, R. L. 1997. Distribution and Dispersion Patterns of Individuals in Nine
  • Species of Lepanthes (Orchidaceae)1. Biotropica 29:38–45.

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Diagnostic Description

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The stems are long and contain multiple sheaths along the length of the stem (Dressler 1993). The leaves are wide to elongated and rounded in shape with a distinctive point at the tip. The inflorescence appears at the base of the leaf and contains one flower at a time. The old inflorescence with no flowers resembles a fish backbone. The flowers are small and butterfly-shaped with 2 or 3 lobes per petal and a small lip. Lepanthes are small in size and epiphytic, growing on the trunks of trees in exposed areas (Crain 2012). The mean death rate per year in Lepanthes ranges from 9.58% to 28.82% per year, with L. rubripetala having a higher variance in lifespan and L. caritensis having a lower variance (Tremblay 2000). Higher variance may result in decreased genetic variation and the potential for extinction.

Reference

Tremblay, R. L. 2000. Plant longevity in four species of Lepanthes (Pleurothallidinae; Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 15:257–266.

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Brief Summary

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Lepanthes is a genus of miniature orchids in the subtribe Pleurothallidinae in the family Orchidaceae. There are 800-1000 species of Lepanthes, distributed in forests from Mexico to Bolivia. The orchids are epiphytic and typically found on trees in exposed areas at various levels of the forest (Crain 2012, Dressler 1993). They are characterized by sheaths along the length of the stem, wide rounded leaves that come to a point at the tip, and an inflorescence with small butterfly-shaped flowers (Dressler 1993). Pollination of the genus occurs by genitalic pseudocopulatory with fungus gnats (Blanco and Barboza 2005). The seeds are dispersed by wind and many species in the genus have low reproductive success (Tremblay et al. 1998). Lepanthes are dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for initial germination and for continued growth (Bayman et al. 2002). The genus is also found in abundance where there is significant bryophyte cover, which may cause changes in the Lepanthes populations as bryophyte cover decreases due to climate change (Crain 2012).

References

  • Bayman, P., E. J. Gonzalez, J. J. Fumero, and R. L. Tremblay. 2002. Are fungi necessary? How fungicides affect growth and survival of the orchid Lepanthes rupestris in the field. Journal of Ecology 90:1002–1008.
  • Blanco, M. A., and G. Barboza. 2005. Pseudocopulatory Pollination in Lepanthes (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) by Fungus Gnats. Annals of Botany 95:763–772.
  • Crain, B. 2012. On the relationship between bryophyte cover and the distribution of Lepanthes spp. Lankesteriana 12.
  • Dressler, R. L. 1993. Field Guide to the Orchids of Costa Rica and Panama. Cornell University Press.

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Brief Summary

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Lepanthes are distributed from Mexico to Bolivia in a variety of habitats (Dressler 1981). Over 50 species have been described in Costa Rica and Panama and there are likely many more to be described (Dressler 1993).

Reference

Dressler, R. L. 1981. The Orchids: Natural History and Classification. Smithsonian Institution.

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Bryophytes

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Lepanthes are often found in areas of trees with increased bryophyte cover (Dressler 1981). Crain (2012) suggested that epiphytic Lepanthes grow in accordance with bryophytes to avoid desiccation. Substantially more moss cover was found on trees with Lepanthes than on trees where no Lepanthes were growing. This indicates that a commensalism occurs between bryophytes and Lepanthes and the orchids may be significantly affected as bryophyte cover decreases due to climate change.

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Mycorrhizae

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Plants in the family Orchidaceae typically form endomycorrhizal relationships necessary for seed germination and the initial growth of a new plant. Seeds depend on mycorrhizae for nutrients and energy because of their very small size and inability to photosynthesize until furthered developed (Dressler 1981). In miniature epiphytic orchids such as Lepanthes, mycorrhizal relationships may be even more crucial to seed germination and seedling survival since germination often occurs on bare surfaces with limited nutritional content. Orchid seeds rely on mycorrhizae not only for assistance obtaining water and phosphorous but also for carbohydrates, since the seeds do not have sufficient endosperm to support growth (Hadley and Williamson 1972). However, once the seedling is able to photosynthesize, some of the necessity of the mycorrhizae is lost since the plant is able to obtain food without the assistance of the fungus (Dressler 1981).

Bayman et al. (2002) found that Lepanthes rupestris had significantly lower mortality of seedlings when treated with the fungicide Benomyl, but significantly higher mortality when treated with the fungicide Propiconazole. This suggests that different types of fungi may have both negative and positive effects on Lepanthes plants during development.

Reference

Hadley, G., and B. Williamson. 1972. Features of mycorrhizal infection in some malayan orchids. New Phytologist 71:1111–1118.

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Pollination

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Lepanthes glicensteinii are pollinated by male fungus gnats (Bradysia floribunda; Diptera; Sciaridae) through deceptive pollination (Blanco and Barboza 2005). The gnats are attracted to the flower by olfactory means upon perceiving the flower as a female gnat. The gnat approaches the plant and searches for an open flower. When an open flower is found he proceeds to position his abdomen around the labellum of the flower, clasping the labellum with his gonostili (genetic claspers). He then rotates 180° to face the opposite direction. This movement typically allows pollinia to be deposited on the abdomen of the gnat while the male proceeds to spend anywhere from 30 seconds to 20 minutes in this position until ejaculation occurs. After this process the male flies away without visiting any other flowers, however some gnats are seen copulating with a flower while pollinia is already attached to their abdomen indicating that second visits do occur. This method of pollination is called genitalic pseudocopulatory and is likely to be the mode of pollination for the Lepanthes genus, since the shape of the flower is similar across the genus.

Low reproductive success is common in orchids, including many species of Lepanthes, due to low levels of pollinator visitation (Tremblay et al. 1998). Lepanthes may have even less reproductive success because of host tree specificity and long distances between patches (Tremblay 1997). Genetic drift, the random success of some individuals above others, is therefore important to sustain Lepanthes populations and genetic diversity (Tremblay and Ackerman 2001).

References

  • Tremblay, R. L., J. K. Zimmerman, L. Lebrón, P. Bayman, I. Sastre, F. Axelrod, and J. Alers-García. 1998. Host specificity and low reproductive success in the rare endemic Puerto Rican orchid Lepanthes caritensis. Biological Conservation 85:297–304.
  • Tremblay, R. L., and J. D. Ackerman. 2001. Gene flow and effective population size in Lepanthes (Orchidaceae): a case for genetic drift. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72:47–62.

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Лепантес ( Udmurt )

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Лепантес (Lepanthes ophelma)
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Лепантес (Lepanthes stenosepala)

Лепантес (лат. Lepanthes) – Орхидной будосъёс (Orchidaceae) семьяысь Америкалэн сяськаё будос. Дуннеын тодмо ог 700 пӧртэм.

Видъёс

N

Шаблон:TOC

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Лепантес ( Komi )

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Лепантес (Lepanthes stenosepala)
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Лепантес (Lepanthes ophelma)

Лепантес (латин Lepanthes) – Орхидея котырса быдмӧг увтыр. Сійӧ быдмӧ Америкаын.

Сикасъяс

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Лепантес ( Komi )

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Лепантес (Lepanthes stenosepala)
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Лепантес (Lepanthes ophelma)

Лепантес (лат. Lepanthes) – Орхидея котырись (Orchidaceae) быдмас увтыр. Лепантес увтырӧ пырӧны 700 вид. Лепантес пантасьӧ Америкаын.

Виддэз

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Лепантес: Brief Summary ( Udmurt )

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Лепантес (лат. Lepanthes) – Орхидной будосъёс (Orchidaceae) семьяысь Америкалэн сяськаё будос. Дуннеын тодмо ог 700 пӧртэм.

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Лепантес: Brief Summary ( Komi )

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 src= Лепантес (Lepanthes stenosepala)  src= Лепантес (Lepanthes ophelma)

Лепантес (латин Lepanthes) – Орхидея котырса быдмӧг увтыр. Сійӧ быдмӧ Америкаын.

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Лепантес: Brief Summary ( Komi )

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 src= Лепантес (Lepanthes stenosepala)  src= Лепантес (Lepanthes ophelma)

Лепантес (лат. Lepanthes) – Орхидея котырись (Orchidaceae) быдмас увтыр. Лепантес увтырӧ пырӧны 700 вид. Лепантес пантасьӧ Америкаын.

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Lepanthes

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Lepanthes (from Greek "scaled-flower") is a large genus of orchids with about 800–1000 species, distributed in the Antilles and from Mexico through Bolivia (with very few species in Brazil).[1] The genus is abbreviated in horticultural trade as Lths. Almost all the species in the genus are small and live in cloud forests.[2] Babyboot orchid is a common name.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ William Cullina (2004). "Lepanthes (Lths)". Understanding Orchids: an Uncomplicated Guide to Growing the World's Most Exotic Plants. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-618-26326-4.
  3. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Lepanthes". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  • Swartz, O. (1799) Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 6: 85, f. 6.
  • Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2006) Epidendroideae (Part One). Genera Orchidacearum 4: 362 ff. Oxford University Press.
  • Luer, C.A. (2009) Icones Pleurothallidinarum XXX. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 115: 1-265.

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Lepanthes: Brief Summary

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Lepanthes (from Greek "scaled-flower") is a large genus of orchids with about 800–1000 species, distributed in the Antilles and from Mexico through Bolivia (with very few species in Brazil). The genus is abbreviated in horticultural trade as Lths. Almost all the species in the genus are small and live in cloud forests. Babyboot orchid is a common name.

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Lepanthes ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lepanthes es un género de planta de la subtribu Pleurothallidinae perteneciente a la familia Orchidaceae.

Hábitat

Son orquídeas Neotropicales distribuidas desde México hasta Bolivia incluyendo las Antillas y Cuba, sin embargo la mayor diversidad se concentra en los Andes, especialmente en Colombia, Ecuador y el Brasil continental.

Descripción

Éstas carecen de pseudobulbos, siendo similares a otras Pleurothallidinae de las cuales se diferencian por la presencia de vainas Lepantiformes en el ramicaule (son vainas cónicas e híspidas, también presentes en otros géneros de la subtribú: Trichosalpinx, Draconanthes y Lepanthopsis), la inflorescencia es racemosa, y siempre tienen pétalos transversalmente bilobados.

Taxonomía

El género fue descrito por Peter Olof Swartz y publicado en Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 6: 85, f. 6. 1799.[1]

Etimología

Lepanthes: nombre genérico que deriva de dos palabras latinizadas griegas: λεπίς, λεπίδος (Lepis), que significa "escala "; y άνθος, άνθεος (anthos), que significa "flor", en referencia a las flores de este género en capas o tal vez por la textura de su labio.

Especies de Lepanthes

Hay unas 1300 especies y taxones infraespécificos descritos, de los cuales unos 700 parecen válidos en este género.[2]

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Referencias

  1. «Lepanthes». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 3 de marzo de 2015.
  2. Lepanthes en The Plant List

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Lepanthes: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lepanthes es un género de planta de la subtribu Pleurothallidinae perteneciente a la familia Orchidaceae.

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Lepanthes ( French )

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Lepanthes est un genre d'orchidées comptant plus de 700 espèces[2].

Description

Orchidées épiphytes de petite taille.

L'inflorescence possède généralement une couronne de fleur près du sommet..

Les pétales et les lèvres sont lobées transversalement. La lèvre est spécialisée pour chaque espèce.

Répartition

Amérique centrale, du Mexique et des Antilles, jusqu'au Brésil et en Bolivie.

Liste d'espèces

Voir la liste des espèces sur le site wikipedia en espagnol

Références

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Lepanthes: Brief Summary ( French )

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Lepanthes est un genre d'orchidées comptant plus de 700 espèces.

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Žvynlielė ( Lithuanian )

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Žvynlielė: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Žvynlielė (Lepanthes) – gegužraibinių (Ochidaceae) šeimos augalų gentis.

Natūraliai paplitę Antiluose, nuo Meksikos iki Bolivijos ir Brazilijos.

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Lepanthes ( Portuguese )

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Lepanthes (em português: Lepantes) é um género botânico pertencente à família das orquídeas (Orchidaceæ). Foi proposto por Swartz em Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 6: 85, f. 6, em 1799, quando descreveu sua espécie tipo, a Lepanthes concinna, hoje considerada sinônimo da Lepanthes ovalis (Sw.) Fawc. & Rendle.[1]

Em 2005 Luer desmembrou 35 de suas espécies criando o novo gênero Brachycladium.

Etimologia

O nome deste gênero deriva da latinização de duas palavras gregas: λεπίς, λεπίδος (lepís, lepídos), que significa “escama”; e άνθος, άνθεος (anthos, antheos), que significa "flor”; em referência às flores desse gênero dispostas em camadas ou talvez à textura de seu labelo.

Distribuição

O gênero Lepanthes é um dos maiores gêneros de orquídeas em quantidade de espécies, as quais são separadas por um complexo sistema de divisão subgenérica de modo a acomodar as muitas variações morfológicas existententes. São quase mil pequenas espécies, em regra epífitas, ocasionalmente rupícolas, em sua grande maioria de crescimento cespitoso, que habitam climas bastante variados, mas com preponderância de florestas sombrias e úmidas, do México ao norte do Brasil, porém quase todas no noroeste da América Latina e Andes, principalmente no Equador, por enquanto somente seis espécies foram encontradas em território Brasileiro.

Descrição

Apresentam rizoma muito curto e delicados caules alongados unifoliados, recobertos por longas bainhas de extremidade lepantiforme, ou seja no final alargadas em forma de corneta ou funil oblíquo, de margens ciliadas ou microscopicamente pubescentes, raro glabras. Sua folhas são pequenas e delicadas, de elípticas até bastante estreitadas, atenuadas para a base. A curta inflorescência é apical, racemosa, e multiflora ou solitária, com flores sempre abrindo em seqüência, pequenas, delicadas, membranáceas e multicoloridas.

As flores têm pétalas e labelo mais largos que longos. O labelo é bastante variável e complicado apresentando estruturas diversas, freqüentemente com lobo mediano substituído por um apêndice minúsculo de formato intrincado. A coluna é apoda com antera apical ou dorsal e duas polínias.

Filogenia

Em 2001, M.W.Chase et al., publicaram no American Journal of Botany um estudo preliminar sobre a filogenia de Pleurothallidinae. Segundo os resultados encontrados, Lepanthes, pertence ao quarto grande clado de gêneros da subtribo. Entre o terceiro grande clado, representado dentre outros por Acianthera , e o quinto clado, do qual os mais conhecidos representantes são Stelis e Pleurothallis.

A partir desse estudo aprendemos que as relações internas deste grupo, apesar de ainda não completamente esclarecidas pois há algumas espécies divergentes que aqui desconsideramos, vem na seguinte ordem: Em primeiro lugar Zootrophion, seguido por Lepanthopsis e Lepanthes, os dois formando um subgrupo, depois o gênero Frondaria, isolada, então Anathallis e o então Panmorphia, formando outro subgrupo, e finalmente Trichosalpinx.

Segundo os autores, a despeito de grande diversidade morfológica, algumas características fisiológicas na formação das folhas são compartilhadas pela maiorida desses gêneros.

Espécies

São 968 espécies, dentre elas:

Ver também

Referências

Referências

  1. «pertencente à — World Flora Online». www.worldfloraonline.org. Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2020

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Lepanthes: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Lepanthes (em português: Lepantes) é um género botânico pertencente à família das orquídeas (Orchidaceæ). Foi proposto por Swartz em Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis 6: 85, f. 6, em 1799, quando descreveu sua espécie tipo, a Lepanthes concinna, hoje considerada sinônimo da Lepanthes ovalis (Sw.) Fawc. & Rendle.

Em 2005 Luer desmembrou 35 de suas espécies criando o novo gênero Brachycladium.

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Lepanthes ( Vietnamese )

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Lepanthes là một chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Lan.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ The Plant List (2010). Lepanthes. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết liên quan đến tông lan Epidendreae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Lepanthes: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Lepanthes là một chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Lan.

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Lepanthes ( Russian )

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 src=
Lepanthes guatemalensis на стволе дерева
 src=
Lepanthes stenosepala


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Природные гибриды

Список видов по данным Королевских ботанических садов в Кью[4]:

  • Lepanthes ×stenosepala Luer & Béhar, 1997 (= Lths. enca-barcenae × Lths. tactiquensis)
  • Lepanthes ×tuerckheimii Schltr., 1912 (= Lths. guatemalensis × Lths. verapazensis) Гватемала

Межродовые искусственные гибриды (грексы)

По данным The International Orchid Register[5]:

В культуре

Большинство видов требовательны к относительной влажности воздуха. Растения содержат во влажных оранжереях и орхидариумах.

Температурная группа зависит от экологии вида.

Посадка осуществляется на блоки, относительно крупные виды культивируют в горшках и корзинках для эпифитов.

Болезни и вредители

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. Alphabetical list of standard abbreviations of all generic names. occurring in current use in orchid hybrid registration as at 31st December 2007 Архивировано 10 сентября 2016 года.
  3. Lepanthes (англ.). The Plant List. Version 1.1. (2013). Проверено 17 сентября 2016.
  4. 1 2 World Checklist of Lepanthes. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  5. Alphabetical one-table list of genera and intergeneric combinations. The International Orchid Register Архивировано 28 октября 2011 года.
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Lepanthes: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
A Lepanthes abitaguae Luer & L.Jost, 1999. Lepanthes abortiva Luer & R.Escobar, 1991. Lepanthes absens Luer & Hirtz, 1996. Lepanthes acarina Luer, 1983. Lepanthes aciculifolia Luer, 1996. Lepanthes acoridilabia Ames & C.Schweinf., 1930. Lepanthes acrogenia Luer & R.Escobar, 1991. Lepanthes actias-luna Luer & Hirtz, 1987. Lepanthes aculeata Luer, 1983. Lepanthes acuminata Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 355 1912. Lepanthes acuminata subsp. acuminata. Lepanthes acuminata subsp. ernestii Salazar & Soto Arenas, 1996. Lepanthes acunae Hespenh., 1973. Lepanthes acutissima Luer & R.Escobar, 1994. Lepanthes adamsii Hespenh., 1968. Lepanthes adelphe Luer & Hirtz, 1996. Lepanthes adrianae Luer, 2002. Lepanthes aduncata Luer & R.Escobar, 1993. Lepanthes aeora Luer & Hirtz, 1987. Lepanthes affinis Luer & R.Escobar, 1988. Lepanthes aggeris Luer & R.Escobar, 1993. Lepanthes agglutinata Luer, 1983. Lepanthes aithalos Carnevali & I.Ramírez in G.A.Romero & G.Carnevali, 2000. Lepanthes alcicornis Luer & R.Escobar, 1984. Lepanthes alkaia Luer & R.Escobar, 1985. Lepanthes allector Luer & R.Escobar, 1983. Lepanthes almolongae Luer & Béhar, 1991. Lepanthes alopex Luer & Hirtz, 1996. Lepanthes alticola C.Schweinf., 1942. Lepanthes alvarezii P.Ortiz, 2006. Lepanthes amabilis Luer, 1983. Lepanthes amphioxa Luer & Hirtz, 1996. Lepanthes amplectens Luer & Hermans, 1995. Lepanthes amplior Luer & R.Escobar, 1991. Lepanthes amplisepala Luer & R.Escobar, 1994. Lepanthes anatina Luer & R.Escobar, 1997. Lepanthes anchorifera Luer, 2003. Lepanthes ancylopetala Dressler, 1959. Lepanthes andreettae Luer, 1993. Lepanthes anfracta Garay & Dunst., 1976. Lepanthes angulata Luer & Hirtz, 1996. Lepanthes anisoloba Dod ex Luer, 2003. Lepanthes ankistra Luer & Dressler, 1986. Lepanthes anserina Luer & R.Escobar, 1984. Lepanthes antennata Luer & R.Escobar, 1994. Lepanthes antennifera Luer & R.Escobar, 1985. Lepanthes antilocapra Luer & Dressler, 1986. Lepanthes antiopa Luer, 1983. Lepanthes antioquiensis Schltr., 1920. Lepanthes apiculata Dod ex Luer, 2003. Lepanthes appendiculata Ames, 1923. Lepanthes applanata Luer 2002. Lepanthes aprica Catling & V.R.Catling, 1988. Lepanthes aprina Luer & L.Jost, 1999. Lepanthes aquila-borussiae Rchb.f., 1854. Lepanthes arachnion Luer & Dressler, 1986. Lepanthes arbaceae Luer & Cloes, 2002. Lepanthes arbuscula Luer & R.Escobar, 1993. Lepanthes arethusa Luer & R.Escobar, 1999. Lepanthes argentata Luer & R.Escobar, 1988. Lepanthes ariasiana Luer & L.Jost, 1998. Lepanthes aries Luer, 1983. Lepanthes aristata Luer & R.Escobar, 1985. Lepanthes asoma Luer & Hirtz, 1986. Lepanthes athena Luer, 1996. Lepanthes atomifera Luer & R.Escobar, 1984. Lepanthes atrata Endres ex Luer, 1995. Lepanthes attenuata Salazar, Soto Arenas & O.Suárez, 1996. Lepanthes atwoodii Luer, 1992. Lepanthes aubryi Luer & H.P.Jesup, 2002. Lepanthes auditor Luer & R.Escobar, 1988. Lepanthes aurea Urb., 1917. Lepanthes aures-asini Luer & R.Escobar, 1984. Lepanthes auriculata Luer, 1983. Lepanthes aurita Luer & R.Escobar, 1983. Lepanthes aurorae D.E.Benn. & Christenson, 2001. Lepanthes auspicata Luer & R.Escobar, 1999. Lepanthes austinae Dod ex Luer, 2003. Lepanthes avicularia Luer & Hirtz, 1987. Lepanthes avis Rchb.f., 1856.
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