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Geastrales

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Geastrales is an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes (fungi) that are related to Cantharellales. The order contains the single family Geastraceae, which includes the "earthstars" formerly placed in Lycoperdales, or Phallales.[4][5]

Approximately 64 species are classified in this family, divided among eight genera, including Geastrum, Myriostoma and Sphaerobolus. Sphaerobolus species are known as "shotgun fungus" or "cannonball fungus". They colonize wood-based mulches and may throw black, sticky, spore-containing globs onto nearby surfaces.[6][7]

The fruiting bodies of several earthstars are hygroscopic: in dry weather the "petals" will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac, protecting it. In this state, often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around like a tumbleweed. Once mature, their exoperidium splits into a variable number of rays, which give Geastrum their visible star shape. The exoperidial rays are there to protect the endoperidial body and orchestrate spore dispersal.[8] In wetter weather, the "petals" moisten and uncurl; some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up. This allows rain or animals to hit the spore sac so, emitting spores when enough moisture is present for them to germinate and establish.

References

  1. ^ Corda ACJ. (1842). Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum (in Latin). Vol. 5. Prague: J.G. Calve. pp. 1–92 (see p. 25).
  2. ^ Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W 3rd, Domínguez LS, Nouhra ER, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW, Trappe JM (2006). "Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders". Mycologia. 98 (6): 949–959. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.949. PMID 17486971. S2CID 196585804.
  3. ^ Kirk et al. 2008, p. 648
  4. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (9th ed.). CABI Bioscience. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-85199-377-5.
  5. ^ Kirk, PM; Cannon, PF; Minter, DW; Stalpers, JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). CAB International. p. 274. ISBN 9780851998268.
  6. ^ Lehman R (1985). "Black spots on houses—an insect or disease problem?". Penn Dept Agric Bur Pl Ind, Reg Hort. 11: 15–16.
  7. ^ Brantley EA, Davis DD, Kuhns L (2001). "Biological control of the artillery fungus, Sphaerobolus stellatus, with Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis". Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 19 (1): 21–23. doi:10.24266/0738-2898-19.1.21.
  8. ^ Kuhar, F., Castiglia, V., & Papinutti, L. (2013). Geastrum species of the La Rioja province, Argentina. Mycotaxon, 122, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.5248/122.145

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Geastrales: Brief Summary

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Geastrales is an order of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes (fungi) that are related to Cantharellales. The order contains the single family Geastraceae, which includes the "earthstars" formerly placed in Lycoperdales, or Phallales.

Approximately 64 species are classified in this family, divided among eight genera, including Geastrum, Myriostoma and Sphaerobolus. Sphaerobolus species are known as "shotgun fungus" or "cannonball fungus". They colonize wood-based mulches and may throw black, sticky, spore-containing globs onto nearby surfaces.

The fruiting bodies of several earthstars are hygroscopic: in dry weather the "petals" will dry and curl up around the soft spore sac, protecting it. In this state, often the whole fungus becomes detached from the ground and may roll around like a tumbleweed. Once mature, their exoperidium splits into a variable number of rays, which give Geastrum their visible star shape. The exoperidial rays are there to protect the endoperidial body and orchestrate spore dispersal. In wetter weather, the "petals" moisten and uncurl; some even curl backward lifting the spore sac up. This allows rain or animals to hit the spore sac so, emitting spores when enough moisture is present for them to germinate and establish.

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Geastrales ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Geastrales es un orden de hongos basidiomicetos relacionado con el orden Cantharellales. El orden contiene únicamente la familia Geastraceae, que las clasificaciones antiguas habían colocado en los órdenes Lycoperdales, o Phallales.[3][4]

Se clasifican en esta familia aproximadamente 64 especies, divididas entre ocho géneros, incluyendo Geastrum, Myriostoma y Sphaerobolus. Sphaerobolus es conocido como "hongo de escopeta" o "hongo bala de cañón". Colonizan mantillos con base de madera y pueden arrojar pegotes negros, pegajosos y que contienen esporas hacia las superficies cercanas.[5][6]

Los cuerpos fructíferos de varios miembros del orden son higroscópicos: en tiempo seco los "pétalos" se secarán y rizarán alrededor del saco de esporas, protegiéndolo. En este estado, a menudo todo el hongo se desprende del suelo y puede rodar como una planta rodadora. En un clima más húmedo, los "pétalos" se humedecen y se desenredan; algunos incluso se doblan hacia atrás levantando el saco de esporas. Esto permite que la lluvia o los animales penetren en el saco facilitando la diseminación de las esporas.

Referencias

  1. Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W 3rd, Domínguez LS, Nouhra ER, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW, Trappe JM. (2006). «Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders». Mycologia 98 (6): 949-959. PMID 17486971. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.949.
  2. Corda ACJ. (1842). Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum (en latin) 5. Prague: J.G. Calve. pp. 1-92 (see p. 25).
  3. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA. (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (9th edición). Oxon, UK: CABI Bioscience. p. 205. ISBN 0-85199-377-X.
  4. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edición). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 274. ISBN 9780851998268.
  5. Lehman, RD. (1985). «Black spots on houses—an insect or disease problem?». Penn Dept Agric Bur Pl Ind, Reg Hort 11: 15-16.
  6. Brantley, EA; Davis, DD; Kuhns, LJ. (2001). «Biological control of the artillery fungus, Sphaerobolus stellatus, with Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis".». Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19: 21-23.

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Geastrales: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Geastrales es un orden de hongos basidiomicetos relacionado con el orden Cantharellales. El orden contiene únicamente la familia Geastraceae, que las clasificaciones antiguas habían colocado en los órdenes Lycoperdales, o Phallales.​​

Se clasifican en esta familia aproximadamente 64 especies, divididas entre ocho géneros, incluyendo Geastrum, Myriostoma y Sphaerobolus. Sphaerobolus es conocido como "hongo de escopeta" o "hongo bala de cañón". Colonizan mantillos con base de madera y pueden arrojar pegotes negros, pegajosos y que contienen esporas hacia las superficies cercanas.​​

Los cuerpos fructíferos de varios miembros del orden son higroscópicos: en tiempo seco los "pétalos" se secarán y rizarán alrededor del saco de esporas, protegiéndolo. En este estado, a menudo todo el hongo se desprende del suelo y puede rodar como una planta rodadora. En un clima más húmedo, los "pétalos" se humedecen y se desenredan; algunos incluso se doblan hacia atrás levantando el saco de esporas. Esto permite que la lluvia o los animales penetren en el saco facilitando la diseminación de las esporas.

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Geastrales ( French )

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Les Geastrales sont un ordre qui regroupe des champignons de la sous-classe des Phallomycetidae.

Cet ordre ne comprend, selon PM Kirk, que la famille des Geastraceae et il compterait 8 genres et 64 espèces[2].

Notes et références

  1. (en) Hosaka, K., et al., « Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders », Mycologia, vol. 98,‎ 2006, p. 955 (DOI )
  2. (en) P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon, D.W. Minter et J.A. Stalpers, Dictionary of the Fungi, Wallingford CABI, 2008, 760 p. (ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8, lire en ligne), p. 274

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Geastrales: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Geastrales sont un ordre qui regroupe des champignons de la sous-classe des Phallomycetidae.

Cet ordre ne comprend, selon PM Kirk, que la famille des Geastraceae et il compterait 8 genres et 64 espèces.

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Geastrales ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Geastrales is een botanische naam, voor een orde van paddenstoelen: de naam is gevormd uit de familienaam Geastraceae. Een orde onder deze naam wordt pas sinds zeer kort erkend. Volgens de Index Fungorum [21 maart 2008] is de samenstelling de volgende:

Externe links

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Geastrales: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Geastrales is een botanische naam, voor een orde van paddenstoelen: de naam is gevormd uit de familienaam Geastraceae. Een orde onder deze naam wordt pas sinds zeer kort erkend. Volgens de Index Fungorum [21 maart 2008] is de samenstelling de volgende:

orde Geastrales familie Geastraceae
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Gwiazdoszowce ( Polish )

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Gwiazdoszowce (Geastrales K. Hosaka & Castellano) – rząd grzybów należący do klasy pieczarniaków (Agaricomycetes)[1].

Charakterystyka

Należą tutaj gatunki grzybów naziemnych, wytwarzających owocniki o kulistym pokroju. Po dojrzeniu owocników okrywa zewnętrzna (egzoperydium) pęka promieniście i tworzy gwiaździste ramiona wokół wewnętrznej (endoperydium), która pozostaje kulista[2].

Systematyka

Rząd Geastrales do klasyfikacji grzybów wprowadzili K. Hosaka & Castellano w 2007 r. Jest to takson monotypowy zawierający jedną tylko rodzinę[3]:

Polskie nazwy na podstawie pracy Władysława Wojewody z 2003 r[4].

Klasyfikacja przedstawiona przez "Systema Naturae 2000"[5] umieszcza rząd gwiazdoszowców dodatkowo w podklasie Phallomycetidae. Zaliczane są do niego:

We wczesnych systemach rząd ten był klasyfikowany do klasy wnętrzniaków (Gasteromycetes) lub podklasy pojedynczopodstawkowych (Holobasidiomycetidae)[2].

Przypisy

  1. Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2016-04-24].
  2. a b Barbara Gumińska, Władysław Wojewoda: Grzyby i ich oznaczanie. Wyd. III. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1985, s. 58, 451, 474. ISBN 83-09-00714-0.
  3. CABI databases (ang.). [dostęp 2016-04-24].
  4. Władysław Wojewoda: Checklist of Polish Larger Basidiomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów podstawkowych Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003. ISBN 83-89648-09-1.
  5. Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
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Gwiazdoszowce: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Gwiazdoszowce (Geastrales K. Hosaka & Castellano) – rząd grzybów należący do klasy pieczarniaków (Agaricomycetes).

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Geastrales ( Portuguese )

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Geastrales é uma ordem de fungos basidiomicetos gasterocárpicos aparentada com Cantharellales. Esta ordem contém uma única família Geastraceae, que classificações mais antigas colocavam em Lycoperdales, ou Phallales.[4][5]

Existem cerca de 64 espécies classificadas nesta família, divididas por oito géneros, incluindo Geastrum, Myriostoma e Sphaerobolus. Sphaerobolus coloniza mantas de material lenhoso e pode projectar massas pretas e pegajosas que contêm esporos sobre superfícies próximas.[6][7]

Os corpos frutíferos de várias espécies são higroscópicos: durante a época seca as "pétalas" secam e encaracolam-se à volta do saco de esporos, protegendo-o. Neste estado, muitas vezes o fungo completo separa-se do solo e pode rodar como um arbusto no deserto. Quando as condições são mais húmedas, as pétalas humedecem-se e desencaracolam-se, e algumas delas chegam a levantar completamente o saco de esporos, o que permite que a chuva ou o movimento de animais atinjam o saco de esporos, libertando-os quando existe suficiente humidade para que germinem.

Referências

  1. Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W 3rd, Domínguez LS, Nouhra ER, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW, Trappe JM. (2006). «Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders». Mycologia. 98 (6): 949–959. PMID 17486971. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.949
  2. Corda ACJ. (1842). Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum (em Latin). 5. Prague: J.G. Calve. pp. 1–92 (see p. 25)
  3. Kirk et al. (2008), p. 648.
  4. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA. (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. Oxon, UK: CABI Bioscience. p. 205. ISBN 0-85199-377-X
  5. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi 10th ed. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 274. ISBN 9780851998268
  6. Lehman R (1985). «Black spots on houses—an insect or disease problem?». Penn Dept Agric Bur Pl Ind, Reg Hort. 11: 15–16
  7. Brantley EA, Davis DD, Kuhns L (2001). «Biological control of the artillery fungus, Sphaerobolus stellatus, with Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis".». Journal of Environmental Horticulture. 19: 21–23

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Geastrales: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Geastrales é uma ordem de fungos basidiomicetos gasterocárpicos aparentada com Cantharellales. Esta ordem contém uma única família Geastraceae, que classificações mais antigas colocavam em Lycoperdales, ou Phallales.

Existem cerca de 64 espécies classificadas nesta família, divididas por oito géneros, incluindo Geastrum, Myriostoma e Sphaerobolus. Sphaerobolus coloniza mantas de material lenhoso e pode projectar massas pretas e pegajosas que contêm esporos sobre superfícies próximas.

Os corpos frutíferos de várias espécies são higroscópicos: durante a época seca as "pétalas" secam e encaracolam-se à volta do saco de esporos, protegendo-o. Neste estado, muitas vezes o fungo completo separa-se do solo e pode rodar como um arbusto no deserto. Quando as condições são mais húmedas, as pétalas humedecem-se e desencaracolam-se, e algumas delas chegam a levantar completamente o saco de esporos, o que permite que a chuva ou o movimento de animais atinjam o saco de esporos, libertando-os quando existe suficiente humidade para que germinem.

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Geastrales ( Vietnamese )

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Geastrales là một bộ nấm có quan hệ gần với Cantharellales. Bộ này gồm một họ duy nhất là Geastraceae. Khoảng 64 loài được phân loại vào họ này, được chia ra làm 8 chi. Trước đây họ Geastraceae được đặt vào bộ Lycoperdales, và gần đây hơn là trong Phallales.[4]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W 3rd, Domínguez LS, Nouhra ER, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW, Trappe JM. (2006). “Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders”. Mycologia 98 (6): 949–59. PMID 17486971. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.949.
  2. ^ Corda ACJ. (1842). Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum (bằng tiếng Latin) 5. Prague: J.G. Calve. tr. 1–92 (see p. 25). Bảo trì CS1: Ngôn ngữ không rõ (link)
  3. ^ Kirk et al. (2008), p. 648.
  4. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA. (2001). Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (ấn bản 9). Oxon, UK: CABI Bioscience. tr. 205. ISBN 0-85199-377-X.

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Geastrales: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Geastrales là một bộ nấm có quan hệ gần với Cantharellales. Bộ này gồm một họ duy nhất là Geastraceae. Khoảng 64 loài được phân loại vào họ này, được chia ra làm 8 chi. Trước đây họ Geastraceae được đặt vào bộ Lycoperdales, và gần đây hơn là trong Phallales.

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