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'Ohi'a Lehua

Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud.

Associated Forest Cover

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'Ohi'a lehua grows in association with many other trees in a variety of forest types but not in any classified by the Society of American Foresters. In rain forests, it is often associated with koa (Acacia koa), and species of'olapa (Cheirodendron), treefern (Cibotium), pilo (Coprosma), manono (Gouldia), kawa'u (Ilex), kolea (Myrsine), 'alani (Pelea), guava (Psidium), and kopiko (Psychotria) (2,8,13). In drier habitats, 'ohi'a lehua is commonly associated with lama (Diospyros), akoko (Dracaena), wiliwili (Erythrina), naio (Myoporum), olopua (Osmanthus), 'ohe makai (Reynoldsia), mamane (Sophora), hame (Antidesma), and maua (Xylosma). In many habitats, 'ohi'a lehua is the most common tree.

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Climate

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Rainfall and associated cloud cover over the range of 'ohi'a lehua vary considerably. Mean annual precipitation varies from 500 mm (20 in) to greater than It 400 mm (450 in). Mean annual temperatures range from 24° C (75° F) to 10° C (50° F). Seasonal variation in mean monthly temperature probably does not exceed 5° C (9° F). Frost and occasional ephemeral snow occur at higher elevations. Relative humidity commonly averages 70 to 80 percent in windward areas (exposed to northeast trade winds) and 60 to 70 percent in leeward areas.

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Damaging Agents

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Many insects attack 'ohi'a lehua trees. Among these, the endemic cerambycid borer Plagithmysus bilineatus has the greatest potential impact. It may become epidemic and fatal to weakened trees and is associated with extensive canopy dieback. Environmental stresses are significant in reducing 'ohi'a lehua vigor and predisposing the trees to attack by R bilineatus (14). Other potentially damaging borers are Ceresium Unicolor, Xyleborus saxesensi, and X. simillimus. Defoliators and sapsucking insects also cause minor injury to 'ohi'a lehua.

The root rots, Phytophthora cinnamomi (14) and Pythium vexans, and the shoestring root rot, Armillaria mellea, can be locally damaging and also are associated with canopy dieback. Damping off caused by Rhizoctonia spp. also has been reported (6).

Decline of 'ohi'a lehua canopy has been the subject of considerable research since 1975 showing that the phenomenon is most likely characteristic of the species. The loss of ability to withstand environmental stresses, diseases, or insect attacks is apparently synchronous among trees within populations. Entire stands of approximately equal age trees may die back to a few remanents (1,10,11).

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Flowering and Fruiting

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Flowering generally peaks in spring or summer after vegetative flushing, but some varieties or populations peak in fall or winter. Individual trees or branches may produce flowers at any time during the year. The red, salmon, pink, or yellow perfect flowers are arranged in a dense terminal cymose corymb. The stamens are long and numerous and the flowers are quite showy. Endemic Hawaiian birds (Drepanididae) and insects are the most important pollinators of 'ohi'a lehua. The inflorescence normally has 18 to 24 flowers in different developmental stages. Fruit maturation takes 4 to 12 months (15).

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Genetics

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Taxonomists recognize 11 varieties of Metrosideros polymorpha (16,17,18). Only M. polymorpha var. Prostrata does not attain tree stature. Intrapopulation variability of many morphological characters is large and some vegetative characteristics vary clinally with altitude (6,7).

The distinction between races (ecotypes) and varieties in 'ohi'a lehua is not clear. Altitudinal (7), edaphic, and successional (13) ecotypes have been proposed in this variable species. Some ecotypes or varieties appear to be pioneer plants in primary succession. On Mauna Loa, an active volcano, the species is found up to 2,500 m elevation, but on nearby Mauna Kea, a volcano extinct since the Pleistocene, the upper limit is about 1,650 m. On older high islands, the species seems to be limited to continuously moist rain forest environments (12). Morphology of the varieties also differs; those with pubescent leaves are apparently pioneering forms of the species and glabrous leaf varieties are found in later successional stages (19).

Intraspecific hybridization has been demonstrated in 'ohi'a lehua but there is some evidence of partial incompatibility (6).

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Growth and Yield

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'Ohi'a lehua is a relatively slow-growing tree. In one study (unpublished), saplings and mature trees in stands rated as commercial 'ohi'a lehua forest had a mean annual d.b.h. increment of 0.25 cm (0.10 in).

On good sites, 'ohi'a lehua commonly grows to 20 m (65 ft) and 45 cm (18 in) in diameter. Trees 30 m (100 ft) tall exceeding 120 cm (48 in) in diameter have been found.

'Ohi'a lehua grows in both pure and mixed stands. Stand basal area can exceed 40 m²/ha (175 ft²/acre) in pure stands on good sites. Pure stands probably are the result of disturbance.

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Reaction to Competition

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Shade tolerance of 'ohi'a lehua ranges from intolerant to intermediate, depending on varietal differences (3,13).

A pioneer species on young volcanic substrates (17), 'ohi'a lehua retains dominance on some relatively old soils. Acacia koa is its primary competitor for canopy dominance in wet forests. Cibotium spp. (treeferns) may displace 'ohi'a lehua on those sites with optimal conditions for treefern growth (2,13).

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Rooting Habit

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No quantitative studies are available concerning the rooting habit of 'ohi'a lehua. Most roots apparently are near the surface. On deep soil and broken lava some deep woody roots may be formed.

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Seed Production and Dissemination

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Little is known about the age at which the trees begin to bear seeds or the number of seeds produced. Many small lightweight seeds may be produced per capsule, but many of these are infertile (9). Seed germination is best with newly produced seeds and varies from less than 1 to 78 percent (6). In a nonrandom sample of 142 trees more than 90 percent had germination rates less than 35 percent. In one study, maximum germination of 'ohi'a lehua seed was obtained at 25° C (77° F) and 4 to 15 percent full sunlight (2). Seeds remain viable for as long as 9 months if stored at room temperature (5).

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Seedling Development

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Germination is epigeal. Many seeds germinate on downed or upright treeferns and downed moss-covered trees. More than 70 percent of the seedlings in the rain forest habitat grow on these substrates. In one 'ohi'a-treefern community a late summer peak in the appearance of 'ohi'a lehua germinants has been documented (2).

Seedling growth rates are relatively slow. In one study, seedling height growth averaged less than 10 cm (4 in) per year. Survival and growth of seedlings established in shade reached a maximum at less than full sunlight after varying degrees of canopy removal (2).

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Soils and Topography

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'Ohi'a lehua grows on many different soils and sites. It is abundant on Histosols and Inceptisols over gently sloping recent to Pleistocene lava flows on the geologically younger volcanoes. It also is known to grow on soil associations within the soil orders Histosols, Mollisols, Spodosols, Oxisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols and on unclassified mountainous land on the geologically older volcanoes of the Hawaiian archipelago.

The species develops best on relatively level welldrained sites. On exposed ridges, steep slopes, or poorly drained sites, however, 'ohi'a lehua does not reach large size and may be reduced to dwarf shrub stature.

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Special Uses

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'Ohi'a lehua provides valuable watershed protection in Hawaii. It is also an important source of nectar and insect prey of most native birds. Among these birds are some endangered species, the ãkepa(Loxops coccinea), the crested honeycreeper (Palmeria dolei), and several species of Hemignathus.

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Vegetative Reproduction

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'Ohi'a lehua often reproduces vegetatively from stem sprouts on fallen trees. The stem sprouts can produce adventitious roots and eventually become independent. Stem sprouts on a standing weakened or dying tree may outlive the parent tree and grow to maturity. Planting stock can be produced from at least 60 percent of new-growth cuttings within about 6 months compared with up to a year to produce seedlings (4).

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Brief Summary

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Myrtaceae -- Myrtle family

Ken Adee and C. Eugene Conrad

'Ohi'a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) is the most abundant and widespread tree in Hawaii. This slow growing native hardwood seeds freely and often starts as an epiphyte in fern forests. It is the first tree to appear on new lava flows where it offers watershed protection. The wood is of fine even texture and takes a good polish. It is used for flooring, fenceposts, and fuel. This tree provides important habitat to native birds, several endangered.

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Distribution

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'Ohi'a lehua is a variable and unusual tree found from just above sea level to 2600 in (8,500 ft) as a tree or small shrub on six of the high islands of the State. 'Ohi'a lehua does not grow in coastal areas with rainfall less than 500 mm (20 in). The species reaches its maximum stand basal area on young volcanic substrates in rain forest habitats on the Island of Hawaii.


-The native range of 'Ohi'a lehua.


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Metrosideros polymorpha ( German )

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Metrosideros polymorpha ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eisenhölzer (Metrosideros) innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie ist auf den Inseln von Hawaii endemisch und wird dort ʻŌhiʻa lehua genannt,[1] davon wird auch der Name Ohiabaum abgeleitet.[2][3] Als „ein Symbol von Hawaii“ wurde er 2022 per Gesetz zum Hawaii State Endemic Tree erklärt.[4] Die meist leuchtend roten Blüten sind als Lehua bekannt.[5]

Beschreibung und Ökologie

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Stamm und Borke
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Zweig mit Laubblättern von Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima
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Zweig mit Blütenstand und roten Blüten
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Einfache Laubblätter und Blütenstände mit gelben Blüten

Erscheinungsbild und Blatt

Metrosideros polymorpha wächst als kleiner aufrechter oder ausgestreckter Strauch oder Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 20 bis 24 Metern, in Ausnahmefällen auch bis zu 30 Metern sowie Brusthöhendurchmesser von 45 bis 90 Zentimetern, selten auch bis zu 216 Zentimetern erreichen kann. Der gerade oder verdrehte Stamm endet in einer kompakten oder offenen Krone. Die meist raue und rissige Stammborke blättert in dicken Schuppen ab. Seltener ist die Borke auch glatt und blättert dann in dünnen langen Streifen ab. Junge Bäume weisen meist Brettwurzeln auf, die jedoch meist mit zunehmendem Alter verrotten. An manchen Bäumen kann man auch büschelweise wachsende Luftwurzeln finden. Die Knospen sind verkehrt-eiförmig.[6][2]

Die gegenständig an den Zweigen angeordneten Laubblätter sind in eine Blattspreite sowie einen Blattstiel gegliedert. Der Blattstiel ist zwischen 0,1 und 1,6 Zentimeter lang und 1 bis 3 Millimeter dick, kann aber auch komplett fehlen. Die hellgrüne bis dunkel graugrüne Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von 1 bis 8 Zentimeter sowie einer Breite von 1 bis 5,5 Zentimeter verkehrt-eiförmig über rundlich bis elliptisch, breit-eiförmig bis eiförmig geformt. Sie weist mehrere Paare an erhobenen Blattadern auf. Die Blattoberseite ist glatt, während die Blattunterseite meist wollig bis anliegend behaart ist. Die Blattränder sind zurückgebogen bis flach, die Blattspitze ist meist gerundet, seltener stumpf oder spitz zulaufend und die Blattbasis ist keil- bis herzförmig geformt.[6][2]

Blütenstand und Blüte

Der Blütenstandsschaft ist 0,7 bis 1,8 Zentimeter lang bei einem Durchmesser von 0,1 bis 0,3 Zentimetern. Die Blüten stehen in einem unbehaarten bis wollig behaarten, zusammengedrückten endständigen Blütenstand zusammen, der aus zwei bis fünf Paaren an Trugdolden besteht und 5 bis 8 Zentimeter groß ist. Die Tragblätter sind bei einer Länge von 0,5 bis 1 Zentimeter sowie einer Breite von 0,3 bis 0,5 Zentimeter breit eiförmig bis annähernd kreisförmig. Der Blütenstiel ist 0,2 bis 0,8 Zentimeter lang und 0,1 bis 0,2 Zentimeter dick.[6][2]

Die meist roten, seltener auch lachsroten bis gelben Blüten sind zwittrig mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Die Blütenbecher ist 0,3 bis 0,7 Zentimeter hoch und besitzt einen Durchmesser von 0,3 bis 0,8 Zentimetern. Die Kelchblätter sind bei einer Länge von 1,5 bis 4 Millimeter sowie einer Breite von 1,5 bis 3 Millimetern rundlich bis dreieckig. Die verkehrt-eiförmigen bis kreisförmigen Kronblätter sind 2,5 bis 5 Millimeter lang und 2 bis 4,5 Millimeter breit. Die 1 bis 3 Zentimeter langen Staubblätter überragen die Blütenkrone und geben den Blüten ein puschel- bis bürstenartiges Aussehen. Der Griffel ist 1,3 bis 3 Zentimeter lang.[6][2]

Die gelben Blüten scheinen in der Lage zu sein, sich selbst zu bestäuben (Autogamie), während die roten Blüten auf Bestäuber angewiesen sind. Als Bestäuber treten sowohl Insekten (Entomophilie) als auch Vögel (Ornithophilie) in Erscheinung.[2]

Frucht und Samen

Die glatten oder flauschig behaarten Kapselfrüchte sind etwas gebogen und werden bis zur Reife hin 0,3 bis 1 Zentimeter lang und ebenso dick. Sie enthalten zahlreiche winzige Samenkörner. Im Durchschnitt haben 1750 Samenkörner ein Gewicht von einem Gramm.[6][2]

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 22.[6]

Vorkommen

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Metrosideros polymorpha liegt auf Hawaii. Es umfasst dort die Inseln Hawaiʻi, Kauaʻi, Lānaʻi, Maui, Molokaʻi und Oʻahu.[6]

Metrosideros polymorpha gedeiht von Meereshöhe bis in Höhenlagen von 2500 Metern. Sie wächst vor allem in feuchten bis gemäßigten oder trockenen Wäldern in Tallagen und auf Bergen sowie in subalpinem Buschland und auf trockenem Lavagestein. Es werden eine Vielzahl an verschiedenen Bodenarten besiedelt, wobei aber mittelschwere bis schwere Tonböden vorherrschen. Weiters findet man Metrosideros polymorpha auch auf felsigen Böden sowie Böden, die sich auf erkalteten Lavaströmen bilden.[2]

Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death (ROD)

Seit 2014 wird auf der Insel Hawaiʻi ein Absterben der ʻŌhiʻa-Bäume beobachtet, das durch zwei Pilzarten, Ceratocystis huliohia und Ceratocystis lukuohia, verursacht wird. Seit 2018 ist der Fungus auch auf der Insel Kauaʻi präsent.[7][8] Es wurden seitdem vom Department of Agriculture und vom National Park Service Quarantänegesetze und Reinigungsvorschriften insbesondere für Wanderschuhe eingeführt, um die Ausbreitung der Pilze auf nicht betroffene Gebiete oder auf die Nachbarinseln zu verhindern.[9][10]

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung von Metrosideros polymorpha erfolgte 1830 durch Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré.[11]

Von Metrosideros polymorpha gibt es bis zu acht Varietäten:[12][2]

  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. dieteri J.W.Dawson & Stemmerm. kommt auf Kauaʻi vor und wächst als kleiner Baum mit rauer Borke. Die Knospen sind größer als bei den anderen Varietäten und die unbehaarten Blätter breit verkehrt-eiförmig geformt.[13]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima (H.Lév.) H.St.John kommt im gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet der Art vor und wächst als Strauch oder großer Baum mit rauer Borke, die in dünnen Streifen abblättert. Die unbehaarten Blätter sind eiförmig über verkehrt-eiförmig bis elliptisch geformt.[14]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. incana (H.Lév.) H.St.John kommt im gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet der Art vor und wächst als Strauch oder großer Baum mit rauer Borke. Die behaarten Blätter sind eiförmig bis annähernd kreisförmig geformt.[15]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. macrophylla (Rock) H.St.John kommt auf Hawaii sowie Maui vor und wächst als kleiner bis großer Baum, dessen Borke in dünnen Streifen abblättert. Die unbehaarten und relativ großen Blätter sind breit eiförmig geformt.[16]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. newellii (Rock) H.St.John kommt auf Hawaii vor und wächst meist entlang von Gewässern als Strauch oder kleiner Baum. Die unbehaarten Blätter sind elliptisch geformt.[17]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. polymorpha ist die Nominatform und kommt mit Ausnahme von Kauaʻi im gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet vor. Sie wächst als Strauch oder kleiner Baum mit rauer Borke. Die an der Unterseite behaarten bis wolligen Blätter sind eiförmig bis annähernd kreisförmig geformt.[18]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. pseudorugosa (Skottsb.) J.W.Dawson & Stemmerm. kommt auf Maui vor und wächst als niederliegender Strauch in Sumpfgebieten. Die kleinen Blätter sind bei einer Länge von 1 bis 1,5 Zentimetern breit eiförmig bis annähernd kreisförmig geformt.[19]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. pumila (A.Heller) J.W.Dawson & Stemmerm. kommt auf Kauaʻi, Maui, Molokaʻi sowie Oʻahu vor und wächst als niederliegender Strauch in Sumpfgebieten mit einer Borke, die in dünnen Schuppen abblättert. Die glatten oder auf der Unterseite behaarten bis wolligen Blätter sind breit eiförmig bis kreisförmig geformt.[20]

Nutzung

Das harte und haltbare Holz von Metrosideros polymorpha wird zur Herstellung von Möbeln und Pfählen, aber auch als Brennholz verwendet. Die Ureinwohner Hawaiis nutzten es auch zur Herstellung der Aufbauten für ihre Boote sowie zum Schnitzen von Tikis. Die Art gilt als ausgezeichnete Honigpflanze.[2]

Einzelnachweise

  1. ʻōhiʻa in Hawaiian Dictionaries
  2. a b c d e f g h i j J. B. Friday, Darrell A. Herbert: Metrosideros polymorpha (ʻōhiʻa lehua), April 2006: PDF bei Agroforestry.
  3. Native Plants Hawaiì: Metrosideros polymorpha
  4. ‘A symbol of Hawaii’: Governor declares ohia lehua as state endemic tree hawaiinewsnow.com, 25. Mai 2022, abgerufen am 26. Mai 2022 (englisch)
  5. lehua in Hawaiian Dictionaries
  6. a b c d e f g Metrosideros polymorpha. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, abgerufen am 16. August 2015 (englisch).
  7. Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death, ROD (Ceratocystis lukuohia (wilt disease), Ceratocystis huliohia (canker disease)), Website des Hawaii Invasive Species Council, abgerufen am 23. November 2019
  8. Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death, Website des College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, abgerufen am 23. November 2019
  9. Quarantine Rule §4-72-13 on Ohia and Soil (PDF; 238 kB), abgerufen am 23. November 2019
  10. Vorsorgemaßnahmen des National Park Service, abgerufen am 23. November 2019
  11. Voyage Autour du Monde ... sur les Corvettes de S.M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne. Botanique, Seite 482
  12. Metrosideros polymorpha bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 16. August 2015.
  13. Metrosideros polymorpha var. dieteri. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, abgerufen am 16. August 2015 (englisch).
  14. Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, abgerufen am 16. August 2015 (englisch).
  15. Metrosideros polymorpha var. incana. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, abgerufen am 16. August 2015 (englisch).
  16. Metrosideros polymorpha var. macrophylla. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, abgerufen am 16. August 2015 (englisch).
  17. Metrosideros polymorpha var. newellii. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, abgerufen am 16. August 2015 (englisch).
  18. Metrosideros polymorpha var. polymorpha. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, abgerufen am 16. August 2015 (englisch).
  19. Metrosideros polymorpha var. pseudorugosa. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, abgerufen am 16. August 2015 (englisch).
  20. Metrosideros polymorpha var. pumila. In: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. www.botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora, abgerufen am 16. August 2015 (englisch).
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Metrosideros polymorpha: Brief Summary ( German )

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Metrosideros polymorpha ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eisenhölzer (Metrosideros) innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie ist auf den Inseln von Hawaii endemisch und wird dort ʻŌhiʻa lehua genannt, davon wird auch der Name Ohiabaum abgeleitet. Als „ein Symbol von Hawaii“ wurde er 2022 per Gesetz zum Hawaii State Endemic Tree erklärt. Die meist leuchtend roten Blüten sind als Lehua bekannt.

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Metrosideros polymorpha

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Metrosideros polymorpha, the ʻōhiʻa lehua,[3] is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, that is endemic to the six largest islands of Hawaiʻi. It is a member of the diverse Metrosideros genus, which are widespread over the southwest Pacific. It is the state tree of Hawai‘i.[4]

It is a highly variable tree, being 20–25 m (66–82 ft) tall in favorable situations, and a much smaller prostrate shrub when growing in boggy soils or directly on basalt. It produces a brilliant display of flowers, made up of a mass of stamens, which can range from fiery red to yellow. Many native Hawaiian traditions refer to the tree and the forests it forms as sacred to Pele, the volcano goddess, and to Laka, the goddess of hula. ʻŌhiʻa trees grow easily on lava, and are usually the first plants to grow on new lava flows.

Metrosideros polymorpha is commonly called a lehua tree, or an ʻōhiʻa lehua, or simply an ʻōhiʻa; all are correct.[5] There is a widespread but mistaken notion that the Hawaiʻian word ʻōhiʻa only refers to the tree and that the word lehua only refers to its flowers.

Distribution

Metrosideros polymorpha is the most common native tree in the Hawaiian Islands, tolerating a wide range of soil conditions, temperature, and rainfall. It grows from sea level right up to the tree line at elevations of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) and is commonly found in moist and dry forests, high shrublands, and is a colonizer of recent lava flows. It is relatively slow growing. Dominant in cloud forests above 400 m (1,300 ft), the tree is also common in seasonally wet forests, where it may be dominant or form mixtures with the native Acacia koa.

Habitat

Yellow variant of the plant's flowers

Metrosideros polymorpha may occur as a tall tree or a prostrate shrub, and everything in between. Preferred soils are acidic to neutral (pH 3.6-7.4) and either a Histosol, Mollisol, Podsol, Oxisol, Ultisol, or Alfisol. Rainfall of 1,000–3,000 mm (39–118 in) per year is favored, but ʻōhiʻa can grow in dry forests that receive as little as 400 mm (16 in) or bogs that get more than 10,000 mm (390 in) of rain.[1]

On moist, deep soils, ʻōhiʻa grows to 20–25 m (66–82 ft) high. Specimens reaching 30 m (98 ft) high are on record. The trunk varies in form. In some trees, it is straight and smooth; in others, it is twisted and prominently fluted. Trees growing in forests often have stilt roots, having germinated on logs or the stems of fallen hāpuʻu (Cibotium tree ferns), which have long decayed away when the tree has reached maturity. Some trees have fibrous aerial roots to gather moisture. At high elevations, and in areas with poor soils or little rainfall, shrub forms are the norm. Flowers are usually bright to medium red but orange-red, salmon, pink, yellow, or orange forms are also found. The flowers appear in clusters on the terminal ends of the branches. Masses of stamens extend from the flower and give the blossoms their characteristic pom-pom shape. The stomata of the leaves are able to close up in the presence of harmful gases, which gives it an advantage over many non-native trees.[6]

Uses

Lehua blossoms (ʻōhiʻa lehua), Hawaiʻi

The reddish brown heartwood of M. polymorpha is very hard, fine textured, and has a specific gravity of 0.7 .[7] In native Hawaiian society, it is used in house and heiau construction, as well as to make papa kuʻi ʻai (poi boards), weapons, tool handles, hohoa (round kapa beaters), and kiʻi (statues and idols).[8] Although the trunk of ʻōhiʻa is not used to make the kaʻele (hull) of waʻa (outrigger canoes), it was used for their nohona waʻa (seats), pale (gunwales), and pola (decking). Wae (spreaders) were made from the curved stilt roots of ʻōhiʻa. (fencing) was made from the wood due to its availability; kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia or Alphitonia ponderosa), more durable woods when in contact with soil, was rarer. As the wood burns hot and cleanly, it is excellent wahie (firewood). The lehua (flowers) and liko lehua (leaf buds) are used in making lei.[1] The flowers were used medicinally to treat pain experienced during childbirth.[9]

ʻŌhiʻa lehua is one of the few honey plants that is native to the Hawaiian Islands.[1][10]

Similar species

There are about 50 species in the genus Metrosideros in Southeast Asia and the Pacific and as well one species in South Africa. The Hawaiian Islands are home to five species of Metrosideros that are endemic to the islands, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. These are: Metrosideros polymorpha, M. macropus, M. rugosa, M. tremuloides, and M. waialealae. The species are readily distinguished from one another by the characteristics of their leaves.[5]

Metrosideros kermadecensis, from the Kermadec Islands north of New Zealand, has recently become naturalized on Maui and may become a pest species. Several cultivars of M. excelsa, the pohutukawa tree of New Zealand, have been sometimes planted as ornamentals in Hawaiʻi but are not reported to have naturalized. Metrosideros polymorpha was originally classified as a variety of M. collina, native to Rarotonga, Tahiti, and other islands of Polynesia, but now is generally accepted as a distinct Hawaiian endemic species.

Conservation

A specimen of the species colonizing thirty-year-old pahoehoe flows from Kīlauea at Kalapana, Hawaii.

Metrosideros polymorpha forests in Hawaiʻi have been invaded by myriad alien species. In the wet forests these include the strawberry guava (Psidium littorale), albizia (Falcataria moluccana), and "purple plague" (Miconia calvescens). In drier areas, problematic invaders include faya tree (Myrica faya) and Christmasberry (Schinus terebinthifolius). Alien grasses such as meadow ricegrass (Ehrharta stipoides) may form an understory that prevents or inhibits natural regeneration of the forests. In drier areas, M. polymorpha has to compete with silk oak (Grevillea robusta) and fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum).

Rapid ʻōhiʻa death

Metrosideros polymorpha flowering Alaka'i swamp in Kaua'i.

More recently, a strain of fungus initially identified as Ceratocystis fimbriata has attacked the ʻōhiʻa forests of the Big Island, causing rapid ʻōhiʻa death. The disease gets this name because healthy trees appear to die within a few days to a few weeks.[11] While ʻōhiʻa itself remains extremely abundant, some species that depend on it such as the ʻakekeʻe (Loxops caeruleirostris) and longhorn beetles in the genus Plagithmysus have become endangered due to forest areas shrinking.

In April 2018, the cause of rapid ʻōhiʻa death was identified as two species of Ceratocystis previously unknown to science: C. huliohia and C. lukuohia.[12] By May 2018, infected ʻōhiʻa trees were found on the island of Kauai, prompting requests that members of the public limit transportation of ʻōhiʻa products within the island.[13]

In 2022, to assist in slowing, and hopefully ending, Rapid ʻōhiʻa Death, the ʻōhiʻa became the state tree of Hawaii thanks to a bill signed into law by Governor David Ige.[4]

Etymology

It is a common misconception that the word ʻōhiʻa is used to refer to the tree and that the word lehua refers only to its flowers. The Hawaiian Dictionary[14] describes lehua with these words:

"The flower of the ʻōhiʻa tree ... also the tree itself" [emphasis added].

Thus endorsing the common practice of referring to Metrosideros polymorpha as a lehua tree, or as an ʻōhiʻa lehua, or simply an ʻōhiʻa.[5]

The genus name Metrosideros is derived from the Greek words metra, meaning 'heartwood', and sideron, meaning 'iron', and refers to the hard wood of the trees in this genus. The specific epithet polymorpha, meaning 'many forms', is very appropriate, since individuals of this species exhibit many different morphologies and inhabit a broad range of ecological situations.[5] The Hawaiian language word ʻōhiʻa is thought to have been derived from the ancestral Proto-Oceanic word, *kafika.[15] Throughout Oceania, there are many similar-sounding words that were also derived from the same ancestral protoform and, in most cases, they are names for the "mountain apple", or "Malay apple" tree, Syzygium malaccense. In the Hawaiian Islands, however, the word ʻōhiʻa is not only used to refer to Syzygium malaccense, but also to other species of Syzygium and Metrosideros that occur there.[5]

The derivation of the word lehua is more obscure, and while there are many opinions regarding its origin, there has been, to date, no historical linguistic study of the word to provide convincing evidence for any particular etymology.

Mythology

In Hawaiian mythology, ʻŌhiʻa and Lehua were two young lovers. The volcano goddess Pele fell in love with the handsome ʻŌhiʻa and approached him, but he turned down her advances. In a fit of jealousy, Pele transformed ʻŌhiʻan into a tree. Lehua was devastated by this transformation and out of pity the other gods turned her into a flower and placed her upon the ʻōhiʻa tree.[16] Other versions say that Pele felt remorseful but was unable to reverse the change, so she turned Lehua into a flower herself.[17] It is said that when a lehua flower is plucked from an ʻōhiʻa tree, the sky will fill with rain representing the separated lovers' tears.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Friday, J.B.; Herbert, Darrell A. (April 2006). Metrosideros polymorpha (ʻōhiʻa lehua) (PDF) (Report). The Traditional Tree Initiative.
  2. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families".
  3. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of ʻōhiʻa". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press.; Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of lehua". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press.
  4. ^ a b "05/24/22 – IT'S OFFICIAL! ʻŌHIʻA LEHUA BECOMES HAWAI'I STATE ENDEMIC TREE". Department of Land and Natural Resources. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e Wagner, Warren Lambert; Herbst, D.R.; Sohmer, S.H. (1990). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaiʻi (revised ed.). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 967–969. ISBN 9780824821661.
  6. ^ "Trees". Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  7. ^ Allen, James A. (2003). Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich (PDF) (Report). Reforestation, Nurseries and Genetics Resources. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  8. ^ Medeiros, A.C.; Davenport, C.F.; Chimera, C.G. (1998). Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian dryland forest (PDF) (Report). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
  9. ^ "Ohia lehua, lehua, ohia". Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
  10. ^ Roddy, Kevin M.; Arita-Tsutsumi, Lorna (1997). "A history of honeybees in the Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). Journal of Hawaiian and Pacific Agriculture. 8: 61.
  11. ^ "Rapid ʻōhiʻa death". College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  12. ^ "Two new species of fungi that kill ʻōhiʻa trees get Hawaiian names". University of Hawaiʻi System News. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  13. ^ "ʻOhiʻa fungus found on Kauai". Breaking news. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  14. ^ Pukui; Elbert (1986). "lehua". The Hawaiian Dictionary. p. 199.
  15. ^ "Pollex Online". pollex.shh.mpg.de. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  16. ^ "Pele's Revenge: A Hawaii legend from Native American folklore". Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  17. ^ "Pele: Goddess of the Volcano (Hawaii)". www.goddessgift.com. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  18. ^ "ʻŌhiʻa". Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
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Metrosideros polymorpha: Brief Summary

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Metrosideros polymorpha, the ʻōhiʻa lehua, is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, that is endemic to the six largest islands of Hawaiʻi. It is a member of the diverse Metrosideros genus, which are widespread over the southwest Pacific. It is the state tree of Hawai‘i.

It is a highly variable tree, being 20–25 m (66–82 ft) tall in favorable situations, and a much smaller prostrate shrub when growing in boggy soils or directly on basalt. It produces a brilliant display of flowers, made up of a mass of stamens, which can range from fiery red to yellow. Many native Hawaiian traditions refer to the tree and the forests it forms as sacred to Pele, the volcano goddess, and to Laka, the goddess of hula. ʻŌhiʻa trees grow easily on lava, and are usually the first plants to grow on new lava flows.

Metrosideros polymorpha is commonly called a lehua tree, or an ʻōhiʻa lehua, or simply an ʻōhiʻa; all are correct. There is a widespread but mistaken notion that the Hawaiʻian word ʻōhiʻa only refers to the tree and that the word lehua only refers to its flowers.

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Metrosideros polymorpha ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Metrosideros polymorpha es una especie de árbol perennifolio perteneciente a la familia de las mirtáceas. Es un endemismo de las Islas Hawái.

Descripción

Es un árbol que alcanza un tamaño de 20 a 25 m de altura en condiciones favorables y mucho más pequeño en suelo de basalto. Produce unas brillantes flores de color rojo a amarillo.

Hábitat

Metrosideros polymorpha prefiere los suelos ácidos o neutros con un pH 3.6-7.4 y un régimen de lluvias de 1000 a 3000 mm al año.

Usos

 src=
Lehua blossoms (ʻōhiʻa lehua), Hawaiʻi.

La madera de M. polymorpha es muy fuerte y de textura fina[2][3]

Taxonomía

Metrosideros polymorpha fue descrita por Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré y publicado en Voy. Uranie, Bot. 482, t. 85. 1830[4]

Sinonimia
  • Metrosideros collina subsp. polymorpha (Gaudich.) Rock
  • Nania polymorpha (Gaudich.) A.Heller[5][6]

Referencias

  1. Friday, J. B.; Darrell A. Herbert (abril de 2006). Metrosideros polymorpha (ʻōhiʻa lehua) (PDF). The Traditional Tree Initiative. La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto |coauthors= (ayuda)
  2. Allen, James A. (1 de enero de 2003). «Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich» (PDF). Tropical Tree Seed Manual - Species Descriptions. Reforestation, Nurseries and Genetics Resources. Archivado desde el original el 19 de mayo de 2012. Consultado el 11 de febrero de 2013.
  3. Roddy, Kevin M.; Lorna Arita-Tsutsumi (1997). «A History of Honeybees in the Hawaiian Islands» (PDF). Journal of Hawaiian and Pacific Agriculture 8: 61.
  4. «Metrosideros polymorpha». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 16 de abril de 2013.
  5. Metrosideros polymorpha en PlantList
  6. «Metrosideros polymorpha». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Real Jardín Botánico de Kew.

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Metrosideros polymorpha: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Metrosideros polymorpha es una especie de árbol perennifolio perteneciente a la familia de las mirtáceas. Es un endemismo de las Islas Hawái.

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Metrosideros polymorpha ( French )

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Metrosideros polymorpha ou ‘Ōhi‘a lehua[1] est une espèce de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Myrtaceae.

Cet arbuste est endémique de l'archipel d'Hawaii où il est appelé ʻōhiʻa lehua.

C'est également une plante ornementale et apicole.

Notes et références

  1. J. B. Friday and Darrell A. Herbert, Metrosideros polymorpha (‘ōhi‘a lehua), avril 2006 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253470438_Metrosideros_polymorpha_'ohi'a_lehua

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Metrosideros polymorpha: Brief Summary ( French )

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Metrosideros polymorpha ou ‘Ōhi‘a lehua est une espèce de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Myrtaceae.

Cet arbuste est endémique de l'archipel d'Hawaii où il est appelé ʻōhiʻa lehua.

C'est également une plante ornementale et apicole.

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Metrosideros polymorpha ( Italian )

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Metrosideros polymorpha (Gaudich., 1830) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Myrtaceae, endemica delle isole Hawaii[2], dove è conosciuta con il nome locale di ʻōhiʻa oppure Ohi'a Lehua.

Descrizione

L' ōhiʻa lehua ( Metrosideros polymorpha) è una specie di albero sempreverde in fiore nella famiglia delle Myrtaceae, endemica delle sei più grandi isole delle Hawaii, che cresce principalmente sulle pendici dei vulcani.

È un albero alto 20–25 m in situazioni favorevoli e molto più piccolo quando cresce in terreni paludosi. Produce una brillante infiorescenza, costituita da una massa di stami, che può variare dal rosso fuoco al giallo. Il suo legno ha proprietà ignifughe, che gli permettono di sopravvivere nelle zone vulcaniche.

Tassonomia

Di M. polymorpha sono accettate otto diverse varietà[2]:

  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. dieteri J.W.Dawson & Stemmerm.[3]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima (H.Lév.) H.St.John[4]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. imbricata (Rock) H.St.John[5]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. macrophylla (Rock) H.St.John[6]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. newellii (Rock) H.St.John[7]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. polymorpha[8], ovvero la varietà nominale.
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. pseudorugosa Skottsb.[9]
  • Metrosideros polymorpha var. pumila (A.Heller) Skottsb.[10]

Cultura popolare

Leggenda

Si narra che la dea del fuoco Pele trasformò il bel guerriero 'Oli'a in una pianta dopo essere stata rifiutata da questi per amore dell'umana Lehua.

Passò del tempo, ma le lacrime di dolore della ragazza per la perdita del suo amato non avevano fine. Commossa dal fatto, Pele concesse ai due amanti di ricongiungersi trasformando Lehua nel fiore della pianta da lei creata.

Il fiore divenne rosso e abbelli di tanto la pianta dell'oli'a che la dea ne ricoprì tutta la sua dimora, il vulcano.

Credenze

Nelle isole Hawaii, l'albero dell'ōhiʻa lehua e le foreste che forma sono sacre a Pele ed a Laka, la dea dell'hula.

I polinesiani credono che cogliere un fiore di lehua sia di cattivo auspicio, si dice causi piogge con conseguenze tragiche.

Galleria d'immagini

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, su Plants of the World Online. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2021.
  3. ^ (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha var. dieteri J.W.Dawson & Stemmerm. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, su Plants of the World Online. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2021.
  4. ^ (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima (H.Lév.) H.St.John | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, su Plants of the World Online. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2021.
  5. ^ (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha var. imbricata (Rock) H.St.John | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, su Plants of the World Online. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2021.
  6. ^ (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha var. macrophylla (Rock) H.St.John | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, su Plants of the World Online. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2021.
  7. ^ (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha var. newellii (Rock) H.St.John | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, su Plants of the World Online. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2021.
  8. ^ (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha var. polymorpha | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, su Plants of the World Online. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2021.
  9. ^ (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha var. pseudorugosa Skottsb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, su Plants of the World Online. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2021.
  10. ^ (EN) Metrosideros polymorpha var. pumila (A.Heller) Skottsb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science, su Plants of the World Online. URL consultato il 25 febbraio 2021.

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Medeiros, A.C., C.F. Davenport, and C.G. Chimera, Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest. URL:Ethnobotany of Auwahi.pdf, accessed 3 January 2007.
  • William Westervelt, Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes, Mutual Publishing, 1999.

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Metrosideros polymorpha: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Metrosideros polymorpha (Gaudich., 1830) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Myrtaceae, endemica delle isole Hawaii, dove è conosciuta con il nome locale di ʻōhiʻa oppure Ohi'a Lehua.

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Metrosideros polymorpha ( Portuguese )

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Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich., conhecida pelo nome comum de ʻōhiʻa lehua[2], é uma espécie de árvore de folha perene pertencente à família das mirtáceas (Myrtaceae), endémica em seis das ilhas do Hawaii (Hawaiʻi). É uma espécie polimorfa[1], que pode atingir 20 (25) m de altura em condições favoráveis, mas muito menor quando crescendo em solos encharcados ou sobre basaltos recentes. Produz flores brilhantes e conspícuas, constituídas por uma massa de estames, com coloração que varia de vermelho vivo a amarelo.

Notas

  1. a b Friday, J. B.; Darrell A. Herbert (2006). «Metrosideros polymorpha (ʻōhiʻa lehua)» (PDF). The Traditional Tree Initiative
  2. Mary Kawena Pukui e Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of ʻōhiʻa". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press.; Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of lehua". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press.
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Metrosideros polymorpha: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich., conhecida pelo nome comum de ʻōhiʻa lehua, é uma espécie de árvore de folha perene pertencente à família das mirtáceas (Myrtaceae), endémica em seis das ilhas do Hawaii (Hawaiʻi). É uma espécie polimorfa, que pode atingir 20 (25) m de altura em condições favoráveis, mas muito menor quando crescendo em solos encharcados ou sobre basaltos recentes. Produz flores brilhantes e conspícuas, constituídas por uma massa de estames, com coloração que varia de vermelho vivo a amarelo.

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Metrosideros polymorpha ( Vietnamese )

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Metrosideros polymorpha là một loài thực vật có hoa trong Họ Đào kim nương. Loài này được Gaudich. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1830.[3]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Friday, J. B. (April 2006). "Metrosideros polymorpha (ʻōhiʻa lehua)" (PDF). The Traditional Tree Initiative.
  2. ^ “World Checklist of Selected Plant Families”.
  3. ^ The Plant List (2010). Metrosideros polymorpha. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết phân họ thực vật Myrtoideae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Metrosideros polymorpha: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Metrosideros polymorpha là một loài thực vật có hoa trong Họ Đào kim nương. Loài này được Gaudich. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1830.

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Охиа ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Крона охиа

Дерево высотой 20-30 метров, при неблагоприятных условиях (недостаток почвы, осадков или тепла) — кустовая форма.

Растет относительно медленно, стволы имеет различную форму. Кора молодых деревьев серая и гладкая. C возрастом, на тропическом солнце, кора выцветает, становится светлее и растрескивается, у старых деревьев она серебристого цвета и отслаивается. Деревья, растущие во влажных лесах часто образуют воздушные и ходульные корни. В высокогорной местности и в районах с бедными почвами и небольшим количеством осадков чаще растут в виде угнетённых кустов.

 src=
Жёлтые цветы охиа встречаются редко

Цветки собраны в верхушечные щитковидные соцветия, с невзрасным околоцветников и многочисленными ярко окрашенными тычинками разных оттенков от тёмно-красного до тёмно-розового (цвет мяса лосося), реже встречаются жёлтого цвета.

Семена очень мелкие, легко разносятся ветром и одни из первых начинают расти на новых застывших лавовых потоках.

Из-за огненно-красной окраски цветков почитатели Гавайских традиций относятся к дереву как к олицетворению богини вулканов Пеле[3][4].

Среда обитания

 src=
Охиа высоко в горах
 src=
Охиа — пионерный вид на лаве

Охиа — одно из наиболее распространенных деревьев в лесах острова Гавайи. Оно растет от уровня моря до высотной границы леса на уровне 2500 метров, и обычно встречается во влажных и более сухих лесах.

Доминирует во влажных «облачных лесах» выше уровня 400 метров вместе с Акация коа.

Предпочитает:

  • Различные почвы с кислотностью рН 3.6-7.4
  • 1000-3000 мм годовых осадков, но выдерживает и 400 мм, и более чем 10000 мм[5].

Использование

Древесина плотная, гибкая, стойкая к гниению. Сердцевина красновато-коричневая, тонкая текстура, удельный вес более 0.7, относится к «железным деревьям»[6].

Гавайцы традиционно использовали стволы в строительстве, изготовлении статуй идолов, инструментов и оружия[7]. Дрова горят жарко и чисто.

Цветы охиа использовали в создании леев, ими лечили боль[8]

Деревья — одни из немногих медоносных растений на Гавайских островах, их нектаром питаются птицы — гавайские цветочницы[9]

Родственные виды и разновидности

Род Метросидерос распространён в Юго-Восточной Азии и Океании. На Гавайских островах ростут 5 эндемичных видов, отличающихся по листьям[10]:

Большое разнообразие форм деревьев охиа породило множество синонимов вида и позволило выделить ряд разновидностей (var., сортов): dieteri, glaberrima, incana, macrophylla, newelli, polymorpha, pumila, pseudorugosa[11]

Охрана природы

 src=
Лес из охиа (сероватая листва) и чужеродных видов (ярко-зелёная листва)

Леса из охиа на Гавайиях очень страдают от конкуренции с бесчисленными чужеродными видами растений (биологическое загрязнение).

Опасным является древесный гриб Ceratocystis fimbriata, который заразил леса охиа на острове Гавайии и вызывает её быструю гибель — называемую «Rapid Oh’ia Death».

Несколько видов редких насекомых связаны с деревьямми: Loxops caeruleirostris и усачи рода Plagithmysus попали под угрозу исчезновения из-за сокращения лесных площадей.

Этимология

Латинское название (лат. Metrosíderos polymorpha — дословно «Метросидерос многообразный») рода Метросидерос является производным от греческих слов метра — «сердцевина», и сидерон — «железо». Видовое название указывает на полиморфизм — разнообразие форм деревьев[12].

Гавайское слово охиа означает красный шар, или Малайское яблоко (прото-океаническое слово кафика)[13][14][15].

Название охиа принято в русском языке для обозначения этого гавайского дерева[16][17].

Мифология

В Гавайской мифологии есть легенды о молодых влюблённых: мужчина Охиа и женщина Лехуа:

  • Богиня Пеле влюбилась в красавца Охиа, но он отверг её. В порыве ревности Пеле превратила его в дерево. Лехуа была потрясена этим, и из жалости другие боги превратили её в красный цветок и положили на дерево Охиа[18].
  • Другие легенды говорят о том, что Пеле почувствовала угрызения совести, но не смогла вернуть Охиа, поэтому она сама превратила Лехуа в цветок[19].
  • Многие верят, что если сорвать цветок Лехуа с дерева Охиа, то пойдёт дождь — от слёз разделённых влюбленных.

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. ʻōhiʻa lehua // Hawaiian Dictionaries, id=D14972.
  3. Wagner W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaiʻi. Bishop Museum Special Publication 97, University of Hawaiʻi Press, Honolulu.
  4. Pukui M.K., S.H. Elbert. 1986. Hawaiian Dictionary. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
  5. Friday, J. B. (April 2006). “Metrosideros polymorpha (ʻōhiʻa lehua)” (PDF). The Traditional Tree Initiative.
  6. Allen, James A. Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich (неопр.) (PDF). Tropical Tree Seed Manual - Species Descriptions. Reforestation, Nurseries and Genetics Resources (1 января 2003). Проверено 11 февраля 2013. Архивировано 19 мая 2012 года.
  7. Medeiros, A. C. (1998). “Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest” (PDF). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
  8. ohia lehua, lehua, ohia (неопр.). Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Проверено 23 февраля 2009. (недоступная ссылка с 14-02-2018 [366 дней])
  9. Roddy, Kevin M. (1997). “A History of Honeybees in the Hawaiian Islands” (PDF). Journal of Hawaiian and Pacific Agriculture. 8.
  10. Wagner et al. 1999: 965.
  11. Friday J. B., Darrell A. H. Metrosideros polymorpha (ōhia lehua) // The Traditional Tree Initiative, 2006.
  12. Wagner et al. 1999: 967
  13. Polynesian Lexicon Project Online, entry *kafika
  14. See POLLEX
  15. Wagner et al. 1999: 964—976
  16. США: Гавайские острова // Большой универсальный атлас мира. М.: ОЛМА Медиа Групп, 2012. С. 130.
  17. Исаченко А. Г., Шляпников А. А. Австралия и Океания: Вулканические острова // Ландшафты. М.: Мысль, 1989. С. 481.
  18. Архивированная копия (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка). Проверено 21 июля 2009. Архивировано 9 июня 2009 года.
  19. Pele: Goddess of the Volcano (Hawaii)
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Охиа: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Крона охиа

Дерево высотой 20-30 метров, при неблагоприятных условиях (недостаток почвы, осадков или тепла) — кустовая форма.

Растет относительно медленно, стволы имеет различную форму. Кора молодых деревьев серая и гладкая. C возрастом, на тропическом солнце, кора выцветает, становится светлее и растрескивается, у старых деревьев она серебристого цвета и отслаивается. Деревья, растущие во влажных лесах часто образуют воздушные и ходульные корни. В высокогорной местности и в районах с бедными почвами и небольшим количеством осадков чаще растут в виде угнетённых кустов.

 src= Жёлтые цветы охиа встречаются редко

Цветки собраны в верхушечные щитковидные соцветия, с невзрасным околоцветников и многочисленными ярко окрашенными тычинками разных оттенков от тёмно-красного до тёмно-розового (цвет мяса лосося), реже встречаются жёлтого цвета.

Семена очень мелкие, легко разносятся ветром и одни из первых начинают расти на новых застывших лавовых потоках.

Из-за огненно-красной окраски цветков почитатели Гавайских традиций относятся к дереву как к олицетворению богини вулканов Пеле.

Среда обитания  src= Охиа высоко в горах  src= Охиа — пионерный вид на лаве

Охиа — одно из наиболее распространенных деревьев в лесах острова Гавайи. Оно растет от уровня моря до высотной границы леса на уровне 2500 метров, и обычно встречается во влажных и более сухих лесах.

Доминирует во влажных «облачных лесах» выше уровня 400 метров вместе с Акация коа.

Предпочитает:

Различные почвы с кислотностью рН 3.6-7.4 1000-3000 мм годовых осадков, но выдерживает и 400 мм, и более чем 10000 мм.
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オヒアレフア ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ハワイフトモモ Metrosideros polymorpha.jpg
ハワイフトモモ
分類 : 植物界 Plantae : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta : 双子葉植物綱 Magnoliopsida : フトモモ目 Myrtales : フトモモ科 Myrtaceae : オガサワラフトモモ属 Metrosideros : ハワイフトモモ 学名 Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich. 和名 ハワイフトモモ

オヒアレフアないしハワイフトモモ(ハワイ語:ʻōhiʻa lehua、英語:ohia lehua)はハワイ諸島に自生する灌木とその花で、フトモモ科オガサワラフトモモ属に属する。 [1] 鮮やかな赤い花をつけるが、花冠ではなく多くの赤い雄蕊が集まったものである。特にハワイ島でよくレイに使われる。

ハワイの伝説で、火山の神ペレが青年オヒアに恋したが、オヒアにはすでにレフアと呼ばれる恋人がいたので拒絶したところ、ペレは怒ってオヒアを醜い木に変えたので、他の神々がレフアを憐れんでこの木に咲く美しい花にしたという。 [2] またオヒアレフアの花を摘むと、雨が降るという言い伝えもある。

参考[編集]

  1. ^ オヒアレフア
  2. ^ オヒアレフアの伝説
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オヒアレフア: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

オヒアレフアないしハワイフトモモ(ハワイ語:ʻōhiʻa lehua、英語:ohia lehua)はハワイ諸島に自生する灌木とその花で、フトモモ科オガサワラフトモモ属に属する。 鮮やかな赤い花をつけるが、花冠ではなく多くの赤い雄蕊が集まったものである。特にハワイ島でよくレイに使われる。

ハワイの伝説で、火山の神ペレが青年オヒアに恋したが、オヒアにはすでにレフアと呼ばれる恋人がいたので拒絶したところ、ペレは怒ってオヒアを醜い木に変えたので、他の神々がレフアを憐れんでこの木に咲く美しい花にしたという。 またオヒアレフアの花を摘むと、雨が降るという言い伝えもある。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語