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Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Plant / hibernates / within
prepupa? of Ametastegia glabrata hibernates inside fruit of Malus

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Anthonomus humeralis feeds on Malus

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Anthonomus piri feeds on Malus

Plant / resting place / within
usually solitary pupa of Anthonomus pomorum may be found in live, aborted flower of Malus

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Athelia arachnoidea is saprobic on dead, fallen branch of Malus

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Atractotomus mali sucks sap of Malus
Remarks: season: late 6-early 8

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Aurantiporus fissilis is saprobic on large, dead, standing trunk of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Auricularia mesenterica is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Bjerkandera fumosa is saprobic on decayed wood of Malus

Foodplant / gall
egg of Blepharidopterus angulatus causes gall of twig (1-2 years old) of Malus

Foodplant / false gall
stromatic pseudothecium of Botryosphaeria obtusa causes swelling of branch of Malus

Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Bruchus pisorum feeds on pollen? of Malus
Remarks: season: 4-7(-9)

Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Byturus tomentosus feeds on live pollen of Malus
Remarks: season: 4-5

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Campylomma verbasci sucks sap of Malus

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Compsidolon salicellus sucks sap of Malus
Remarks: season: 7-10

Foodplant / saprobe
Coniothecium chomatosporum is saprobic on fruit cracks of Malus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura mali causes gall of leaf of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium of Diaporthe eres is saprobic on wood of Malus

Foodplant / pathogen
Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Diaporthe perniciosa infects and damages cankered, dyingback branch of Malus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic, immersed perithecium of Diatrype stigma is saprobic on dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch of Malus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / feeds on
Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph of Diplodia griffoni feeds on Malus

Foodplant / gall
Eriophyes malinus causes gall of leaf of Malus

Foodplant / gall
Eriosoma lanigerum causes gall of white woolly-covered branch of Malus
Remarks: season: 3-

Foodplant / sap sucker
Eulecanium excrescens sucks sap of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
larva of Ferdinandea is saprobic on sap run of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes is saprobic on dead wood of Malus
Remarks: season: mainly winter

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Ganoderma applanatum parasitises live trunk of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Ganoderma lucidum is saprobic on dead stump of Malus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Gloniopsis praelonga is saprobic on dead twig of Malus
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Gymnopilus junonius is saprobic on decayed wood of Malus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / gall
aecium of Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae causes gall of live fruit of Malus

Plant / associate
Heringia is associated with aphid infested Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
widely effused stroma of Hypoxylon rubiginosum agg. is saprobic on dead branch of Malus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Inonotus hispidus is saprobic on dead trunk of Malus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / gall
fruitbody of Inonotus obliquus causes gall of live trunk of Malus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Lachnum cerinum is saprobic on usually decorticate wood of Malus
Remarks: season: 3-9

Foodplant / saprobe
densely encrusting Lepidosaphes ulmi is saprobic on live branch of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucogyrophana mollusca is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Malus
Other: unusual host/prey

Plant / associate
imago of Magdalis armigera is associated with Malus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Magdalis barbicornis mines below cambium of dead twig of Malus

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Magdalis cerasi feeds on Malus

Plant / associate
Malacocoris chlorizans is associated with Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, thickly clustered perithecium of Melanopsamma pomiformis is saprobic on wood of Malus
Remarks: season: 11-4

Plant / associate
larva of Meliscaeva cinctella is associated with aphid-infested Malus

Plant / resting place / on
swarming adult of Melolontha melolontha may be found on canopy of Malus
Remarks: season: 5-6

Foodplant / saprobe
long-stalked apothecium of Monilinia fructigena is saprobic on overwintered, mummified fruit of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Monodictys dematiaceous anamorph of Monodictys melanopa is saprobic on bark of Malus

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Mycosphaerella pomi causes spots on live leaf of Malus
Remarks: season: 8-11

Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Tubercularia anamorph of Nectria cinnabarina is saprobic on dead branch of Malus

Foodplant / pathogen
Cylindrocarpon anamorph of Nectria galligena infects and damages cankered branch of Malus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Nectria peziza is saprobic on dead, often rotten stump of Malus
Remarks: season: 8-12

Foodplant / feeds on
Cylindrocarpon anamorph of Nectria radicicola feeds on Malus

Plant / associate
perithecium of Nitschkia parasitans is associated with dead branch of Malus
Remarks: season: 9-5

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Obrium cantharinum feeds within wood of Malus

Foodplant / feeds on
Orthotylus marginalis feeds on Malus

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Oxyporus populinus parasitises live wood of Malus

Foodplant / pathogen
colony of Penicillium dematiaceous anamorph of Penicillium expansum infects and damages soft, brown, rotten, musty-smelling fruit of Malus
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Perenniporia ochroleuca is associated with live trunk of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
conidioma of Phlyctema coelomycetous anamorph of Pezicula alba is saprobic on fruit of Malus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / pathogen
conidioma of Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Pezicula corticola infects and damages cankered bark of Malus

Foodplant / pathogen
conidioma of Cryptosporiopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Pezicula malicorticis infects and damages cankered branch of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phaeomarasmius rimulincola is saprobic on dead, fallen twig of Malus

Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phellinus igniarius parasitises live trunk of Malus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phellinus pomaceus is saprobic on dead Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pholiota squarrosa is saprobic on relatively freshly cut, white rotted stump of Malus

Foodplant / feeds on
pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma epicoccina feeds on Malus

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous, immersed pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma pomorum causes spots on live/dead leaf of Malus

Foodplant / feeds on
Phyllobius oblongus feeds on Malus

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous, scattered, sometimes grouped, immersed pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous anamorph of Phyllosticta briardii causes spots on live leaf of Malus
Remarks: season: 8

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Phytobia carbonaria feeds within twig (cambium) of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pleurotus dryinus is saprobic on live, standing trunk of Malus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / pathogen
conidial anamorph of Podosphaera leucotricha infects and damages live leaf of Malus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Pogonocherus hispidulus feeds within dead twig of Malus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Pogonocherus hispidus feeds within dead twig of Malus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / feeds on
Polydrusus splendidus feeds on Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia tephroleuca is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Malus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / pathogen
immersed, stromatic, solitary or in small groups perithecium of Potebniamyces pyri infects and damages cankered bark of Malus
Remarks: season: 9-11

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Prionychus ater feeds within decaying wood of Malus

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Psallus ambiguus sucks sap of Malus
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites aequatus feeds within fruit of Malus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites bacchus feeds within fruit of Malus

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Rhynchites caeruleus feeds within decaying shoot of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, short-stalked apothecium of Rutstroemia rhenana is saprobic on dead branch of Malus
Remarks: season: 10

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Sarcodontia crocea is saprobic on dead, hollow trunk of Malus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
densely clustered, immersed then breaking through pycnidium of Sclerophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Sclerophoma mali is saprobic on dead twig of Malus

Plant / resting place / within
ovum of Sinodendron cylindricum may be found in sawdust-packed tunnel in dead wood of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Spongipellis spumeus is saprobic on wood of Malus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
Strasseria carpophila is saprobic on black, rotted apple of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, becoming erumpeny conidioma of Strasseria coelomycetous anamorph of Strasseria geniculata is saprobic on dead twig of Malus
Remarks: season: 1-5

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph of Strossmayeria basitricha is saprobic on dead branch of Malus

Plant / resting place / on
male of Taeniothrips inconsequens may be found on live Malus
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Tetrops praeustus feeds within moribund branch of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
subepidermal acervulus of Truncatella coelomycetous anamorph of Truncatella angustata is saprobic on dead rootstock of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent through bark, often in large clusters apothecium of Tympanis conspersa is saprobic on dead twig of Malus
Remarks: season: 1-7

Foodplant / saprobe
subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc stroma of Cytospora anamorph of Valsa ambiens is saprobic on dead branch of Malus
Remarks: season: 10-5
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, in groups of about 10 perithecium of Valsa ceratosperma is saprobic on branch of Malus
Remarks: season: 11-3

Foodplant / pathogen
colony of Venturia inaequalis infects and damages live twig of Malus

Foodplant / gall
haustorium of Viscum album causes gall of branch of Malus

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Volvariella bombycina is saprobic on dead stump (large) of Malus
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
erect stroma of Xylaria hypoxylon is saprobic on old stump of Malus

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Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors
Malus, the apples, are a genus of about 30–35 species (or up to 55, in some classifications) of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including the domesticated apple (M. domestica). The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe, Asia and North America. The domesticated apple was derived from M. sieversii, widely known by the synonym M. pumila. It is often referred to as orchard apple or, formerly, table apple. Other species and subspecies are generally known as "wild apples," "crab apples," "crabapples," or "crabs." Apple trees are typically 4–12 m tall at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The leaves are 3–10 cm long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowers are borne in corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink or red, and are perfect, with usually red stamens that produce copious pollen, and a half-inferior ovary; flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 growing degree days (varying greatly according to subspecies and cultivar). Crabapples are widely grown as ornamental trees for their beautiful flowers or colorful fruit, with numerous cultivars selected for these qualities and for resistance to disease. The fruit is a globose pome, varying in size from 1–4 cm diameter in most of the wild species, to 6 cm in M. sylvestris sieversii, 8 cm in M. sylvestris domestica, and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples; among the largest-fruited cultivars (all of which originate in North America) are 'Wolf River' and 'Stark Jumbo.' The center of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like, each containing one to two (rarely three) seeds. Fruits from species other than M. domestica are not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour and (in some species) woody, but they are used as a natural source of pectin for preserves, to flavor cider, and in Asian condiments. Apples require cross-pollination between individuals by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen); all are self-sterile, and (with the exception of a few specially developed cultivars) self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential. Malus species, including domestic apples, hybridize freely. Malus species are used as food plants by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species.
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Jacqueline Courteau
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Malus

provided by wikipedia EN

Malus (/ˈmləs/[2] or /ˈmæləs/) is a genus of about 30–55 species[3] of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including the domesticated orchard apple, crab apples and wild apples.

The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.

Description

Flowering crabapple blooms

Apple trees are typically 4–12 metres (13–39 feet) talI at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The leaves are 3–10 centimetres (1+14–4 inches) long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowers are borne in corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink, or red, and are perfect, with usually red stamens that produce copious pollen, and a half-inferior ovary; flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 growing degree days (varying greatly according to subspecies and cultivar).

Many apples require cross-pollination between individuals by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen); these are called self-sterile, so self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential.

A number of cultivars are self-pollinating, such as 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious', but are considerably fewer in number compared to their cross-pollination dependent counterparts.

Several Malus species, including domestic apples, hybridize freely.[4]

The fruit is a globose pome, varying in size from 1–4 cm (121+12 in) in diameter in most of the wild species, to 6 cm (2+14 in) in M. sylvestris sieversii, 8 cm (3 in) in M. domestica, and even larger in certain cultivated orchard apples. The centre of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like, each containing one or two seeds.

Subdivisions and species

32 species and hybrids are accepted. [5] The genus Malus is subdivided into eight sections (six, with two added in 2006 and 2008). The oldest fossils of the genus date to the Eocene (Lutetian), which are leaves belonging to the species Malus collardii and Malus kingiensis from western North America (Idaho) and the Russian Far East (Kamchatka), respectively.[6]

Natural hybrids

Fossil species

After[6]

  • Malus collardii Axelrod, North America (Idaho), Eocene
  • Malus kingiensis Budants, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, Eocene
  • Malus florissantensis (Cockerell) MacGinitie Green River Formation, North America (Colorado) Eocene
  • Malus pseudocredneria (Cockerell) MacGinitie Green River Formation, North America (Colorado) Eocene
  • Malus idahoensis R.W.Br. North America (Idaho), Miocene
  • Malus parahupehensis J.Hsu and R.W.Chaney Shanwang, Shandong, China, Miocene
  • Malus antiqua Doweld Romania, Pliocene
  • Malus pseudoangustifolia E.W.Berry North America (South Carolina), Pleistocene

Cultivation

'Evereste' fruits
Crabapple bonsai tree taken in August

Crabapples are popular as compact ornamental trees, providing blossom in spring and colourful fruit in autumn. The fruits often persist throughout winter. Numerous hybrid cultivars have been selected.

Some crabapples are used as rootstocks for domestic apples to add beneficial characteristics.[10] For example, the rootstocks of Malus baccata varieties are used to give additional cold hardiness to the combined plants for orchards in cold northern areas.[11]

They are also used as pollinizers in apple orchards. Varieties of crabapple are selected to bloom contemporaneously with the apple variety in an orchard planting, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. In emergencies, a bucket or drum bouquet of crabapple flowering branches is placed near the beehives as orchard pollenizers.

Because of the plentiful blossoms and small fruit, crabapples are popular for use in bonsai culture.[12][13][14]

Cultivars

These cultivars have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[15]

Other varieties are dealt with under their species names.

Toxicity

The seeds contain cyanide compounds.[24]

Uses

Crabapple fruit is not an important crop in most areas, being extremely sour due to malic acid (which like the genus derives from the Latin name mālum), and in some species woody, so is rarely eaten raw. In some Southeast Asian cultures, they are valued as a sour condiment, sometimes eaten with salt and chilli or shrimp paste.

Some crabapple varieties are an exception to the reputation of being sour, and can be very sweet, such as the 'Chestnut' cultivar.[25]

Crabapples are an excellent source of pectin, and their juice can be made into a ruby-coloured preserve with a full, spicy flavour.[26] A small percentage of crabapples in cider makes a more interesting flavour.[27] As Old English Wergulu, the crab apple is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in the 10th century.

Applewood gives off a pleasant scent when burned, and smoke from an applewood fire gives an excellent flavour to smoked foods.[28] It is easier to cut when green; dry applewood is exceedingly difficult to carve by hand.[28] It is a good wood for cooking fires because it burns hot and slow, without producing much flame.[28] Applewood is used to make handles of hand saws; in the early 1900s 2,000,000 board feet of applewood were used annually for this purpose.[29]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Cirrus Digital Purple Prince Crabapple
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ Phipps, James B.; Robertson, Kenneth R.; Smith, Paul G.; Rohrer, Joseph R. (1990). "A checklist of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae)". Can. J. Bot. 68 (10): 2209–2269. doi:10.1139/b90-288.
  4. ^ Ken Wilson and D.C. Elfving. "Crabapple Pollenizers for Apples". Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Retrieved 12 Sep 2013.
  5. ^ "Malus Mill". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  6. ^ a b Liu, Bin‐Bin; Ren, Chen; Kwak, Myounghai; Hodel, Richard G.J.; Xu, Chao; He, Jian; Zhou, Wen‐Bin; Huang, Chien‐Hsun; Ma, Hong; Qian, Guan‐Ze; Hong, De‐Yuan; Wen, Jun (May 2022). "Phylogenomic conflict analyses in the apple genus Malus s.l. reveal widespread hybridization and allopolyploidy driving diversification, with insights into the complex biogeographic history in the Northern Hemisphere". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 64 (5): 1020–1043. doi:10.1111/jipb.13246. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 35274452. S2CID 247384781.
  7. ^ Qian, Guan-ZE; Liu, Lian-FEN; Hong, DE-Yuan; Tang, Geng-GUO (2008). "Taxonomic study of Malus section Florentinae (Rosaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (2): 223–227. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00841.x.
  8. ^ "The History of the "Forbidden" Fruit". www.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Partners. 22 July 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
  9. ^ Qian, Guan-Ze; Liu, Lian-Fen; Tang, Geng-Guo (2006). "A new section in Malus (Rosaceae) from China" (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici. 43 (1): 68–73. JSTOR 23727279.
  10. ^ Apple Tree Rootstocks Ecogardening Factsheet #21, Summer 1999
  11. ^ Alaska Department of Natural Resources [https://web.archive.org/web/20080719050542/http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/ag/21Applerootstocks.pdf Archived 2008-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Biel, John. "Collecting and Training Crab Apples | American Bonsai Society". www.absbonsai.org. American Bonsai Society. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  13. ^ "Crabapple (Malus) - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  14. ^ Walston, Brent. "Crabapples for Bonsai". evergreengardenworks.com. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  15. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 63. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  16. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Malus 'Adirondack'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  17. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Malus 'Butterball'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  18. ^ "Malus 'Comtesse de Paris'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  19. ^ "RHS Plantfinder -Malus 'Evereste'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  20. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Malus Jelly King = 'Mattfru'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  21. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Malus 'Laura'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  22. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Malus × robusta 'Red Sentinel'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  23. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Malus 'Sun Rival'". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  24. ^ The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  25. ^ "The Growing Guide". Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co. Archived from the original on 2014-07-26.
  26. ^ Rombauer, I.; Becker, M. R.; Becker, E. (2002) [2002]. All About Canning & Preserving (The Joy of Cooking series). New York: Scribner. p. 72. ISBN 0-7432-1502-8.
  27. ^ "The Science of Cidermaking". Andrew Lea. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  28. ^ a b c Fraser, Anna (22 August 2005). "Properties of different trees as firewood". Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  29. ^ Burks, Jeff (2015). "Woods Used in Saw Handles". Lost Art Press, Traditional Hand-tool Skills. blog.lostartpress.com.

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wikipedia EN

Malus: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Malus (/ˈmeɪləs/ or /ˈmæləs/) is a genus of about 30–55 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae, including the domesticated orchard apple, crab apples and wild apples.

The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.

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copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
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