Mass congregations of N. exilis have been observed during spawning season, indicating that the species may share other catfishes’ use of scent to attract mates.
Communication Channels: chemical
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Noturus exilis has no special conservation status.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
Fertilized eggs range from 3.9 to 4.5 mm, with the great majority of the bulk being yolk. Hatching occurs between eight and nine days after fertilization, and hatchlings are active and possess recognizable barbels and fins. By six days after hatching, the larvae are remarkably similar in appearance and behavior to adults and are about 11 to 12 mm total length. Black bands on anal, caudal and dorsal fins appear around day 32.
Individuals are one half the length of a one year old by three weeks. Summer is the season of greatest growth, particularly during the first two years of life, and in winter growth slows to a near standstill.
Noturus exilis has one of the most painful stings from the serrae on the pectoral spines of any of the catfishes. Serrae may inflict wounds that can cause extreme swelling for several days.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous )
Noturus exilis is not of economic importance since it is a relatively small, nongame fish that is relatively difficult to collect.
Noturus exilis is an insect predator, a prey item for larger carnivores, and frequently serves as a host to encysted nemotodes (Nemotoda), and, to a lesser degree, members of phylum Acanthocephala.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Slender madtoms are nocturnal feeders, with the greatest feeding activity occurring immediately before dawn.
Analysis of the stomach contents of N. exilis from Northwest Arkansas streams has shown a diet consisting largely of insect larvae of the family Chironomidae in the winter and spring, and families Baetidae, Chironomidae and, to a lesser degree, Heptageniidae during summer and fall. The fluctuation in feeding is likely due to seasonal availability of prey items. Diet breadth seems to be restricted to only a few food types year round.
Northeastern Oklahoma populations favor larvae of the order Ephemeroptera as well as chironomids (no seasonal data provided). However, they exhibit a greater breadth of food items, suggesting a more opportunistic behavior than in northwest Arkansas populations.
Southern Illinois populations’ diet consist of all but 5% dipteran (Diptera), ephemeropteran and trichopteran (Trichoptera) larvae and a few crustaceans. Chironomids are the most favored food source. Eggs of select other species are also consumed. The least breadth of diet occurrs in winter and the greatest in the spring.
Animal Foods: insects; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)
Slender madtoms, Noturus exilis, occur within two distinct geographic areas within the Central Highlands of the United States. They are fairly uncommonly found in the Eastern Highlands from central Kentucky southward to northern Alabama within the drainages of the Green, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. More commonly, they are found in the Interior Highlands from the upper and Central Mississippi River basin including Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas (where it is one of the most common benthic fishes in Ozarkian streams), continuing spottily to the north as far as southern Minnesota and Wisconsin. It has been proposed that this disjunct range resulted from a Pleistocene vicariance which has been preserved by the dispersal barrier of lowland rivers that are slower and contain more siltation than the streams the species typically inhabits.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Slender madtoms inhabit clear streams with rocky or gravel bottoms. Larger rocks are used for diurnal hiding and gravel and rocks are required for nesting. In Vives’ (1987) study, 79% of specimens were acquired in the vicinity of at least one sizable rock that could provide shelter. His research indicates that the species prefers larger substrates in general.
Vives (1987), in his analysis of northeast Oklahoma populations, found the highest frequency of N. exilis in and above riffles, with very little use of aquatic vegetation. However, he does not address microhabitat use by season, which may show patterns similar to other researchers. Mayden and Burr (1981), who worked in southern Illinois, found the highest frequency of adult specimens in pools except in June and July, when riffles are preferred for nest building and reproduction. Banks and Distefano (2002), working in Missouri, found a trend toward utilization of vegetated patches and backwater pools in late summer. This trend is possibly explained by the use of the microhabitats as locations for nursery areas, refuge from predators, or seasonal abundance of invertebrate prey.
Vives (1987) collected specimens in various current speeds, ranging from 8 to 98 cm/sec with a mean of 37.8 cm/sec and depths from 5 to 42 cm with mean of 18.2 cm (90% collected at less than 30 cm). Depth use was closely correlated with distribution of differing depths available.
Banks and Distefano (2002), studying Missouri populations, found contrasting results. N. exilis in Missouri tends to be a habitat generalist, utilizing riffles, runs, deep pools, patches of emergent vegetation, and shallow backwater pools during the day. Some microhabitat use may be linked to habitat partitioning with other species present in particular streams. In Missouri, N. exilis also seems to be a generalist regarding tolerance of various water depths and current velocities.
Range depth: 0.05 to 0.42 m.
Average depth: 0.182 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; rivers and streams
Noturus exilis of up to two to three years of age are not uncommon, and a few exceptional individuals have been captured that were four years or older.
Survivorship may be most affected by sedimentation related to high water, and temperature shifts in addition to biotic factors.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 4 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 2 to 3 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 4 years.
As in other members of the family Ictaluridae, slender madtoms exhibit eight conspicuous barbels around the mouth and have scaleless bodies. Slender madtoms are named such due to their long, slender body, with populations in cool clear habitats having even more slender form than those from warmer waters. They have a flattened head with a terminal mouth and jaws of equal projection. Their bodies are a continuous grey to dusky yellow above with the exception of two light yellow spots (a large spot on the nape, and a smaller one immediately behind the dorsal fin). Below, they are light yellow to whitish. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are mostly pale with a black margin which may or may not be complete, and is darker in cool, clear streams. The other fins are also pale, sometimes yellowish, with the pectoral fins possessing around six prominent serrae (teeth) along the rear edge. Meristics for the species are: 17 to 22 anal rays, 8 to 10 soft pectoral fin rays and pelvic fin rays (usually 9), 46 to 55 caudal fin rays, and 5 to 8 gill rakers. The fish reach a maximum total length of about 15 cm, with most under 10 cm.
Slender madtoms are similar to Noturus flavus and Noturus nocturnus, which often appear syntopically with N.exilis, in shape and coloration. However both of these species lack well-developed pectoral spine teeth, and usually do not exhibit a dark marginal band on the dorsal, anal and caudal fins. Additionally, Noturus insignis and N. exilis are similar in appearance, and likely closely related, but are found in different streams.
A separate race of N. exilis may have formed in the White River of Arkansas and Missouri, evidenced morphologically by a longer total length and more pigmentation.
Range length: <10 to 15 cm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; venomous
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) is a known predator of N. exilis, which may be one reason why N. exilis prefers a nocturnal lifestyle, seeking cover during the day when this visual predator is on the prowl.
Embryo predation by Orconectes virilis (virile crayfish), Campostoma anomalum (central stoneroller) and Etheostoma caeruleum (rainbow darter) has been noted.
Known Predators:
No sexual dimorphism related to color pattern or fin size and shape exists for slender madtoms. Females are typically shorter than males, and weigh less per mm of standard length. During the breeding season the males develop enlarged flattened heads with swollen lips as a means to guard nests. In females and males alike the genital papillae change, with the males’ becoming swollen and more elongate and tissues surrounding the female papillae swelling.
Male size correlates directly to the number of eggs in a nest. Females typically produce twice as many mature ova as are found in the average nest. It is therefore likely that the species is polyandrous, with females laying eggs in at least two males’ nests.
Mating System: polyandrous
Late April to early June is the period of greatest reproductive fitness in northeastern Oklahoma populations. However, protracted or multiple spawning through August may be possible, indicated by a specimen collected in mid-August which contained over 50 mature ova, according to Vives (1987). In contrast, Mayden and Burr (1981) found that southern Illinois males exhibit breeding condition from April to August, and females from April until late July, and suggest that that the breeding season ends in July. Water temperature during breeding ranges from about 23.5 to 30 degrees Celsius.
Females are capable of spawning their first summer, especially in harsher northern conditions, as long as a critical size is attained (approximately 50 mm in southern Illinois). In contrast, males do not breed until two years of age. The ratio of ovary weight to adjusted body weight (GSI) increased in females in fall and spring, with greater rates of growth in mature adults.
Breeding season: April to late July spawning
Range number of offspring: 26 to 124.
Range gestation period: 8 to 9 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous
Nests are excavated by males early June, nearly always underneath large rocks with flat lower sides. The nests range in size from around 4 to 15 cm deep and 10 to 60 cm in width and are lined with fine silt-free gravel. Nests are spaced at least three to five meters apart. Eggs, in a single self-adhesive cluster, are found in the deepest part of the nest.
Noturus exilis females likely exit the nest within 24 hours of spawning and leave protection and care of the embryos to the male. Males guard the nests without feeding until the young become sufficient swimmers. Scratches on the males’ flattened heads are a result of confrontations while guarding nests. Disturbance and resulting exposure of the nest by researchers rarely scares away the determined males.
In the White River, Missouri, nest guarding males were approximately 100 mm in standard length. Associated nests were located under rocks of approximately 35 cm in length and width, in water approximately 100 cm deep, in pools and raceways. Nests contained from 26 to 124 embryos, whereas southern Illinois nests ranged from 27 to 74 eggs, with a mean of 51.
Parental Investment: male parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Male); pre-independence (Protecting: Male)
Noturus exilis, also called the slender madtom, is a species of the catfish family Ictaluridae. Ictaluridae includes bullheads, madtoms, channel catfish, and blue catfish. Noturus exilis is found in the central portion of the Mississippi River basin, but is most abundant in Ozarkian streams.[2] Slender madtoms occur west of the Mississippi River in the Ozarks of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri north to southern Wisconsin and Minnesota. It also occurs east of the Mississippi River in the uplands of Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky in the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Green drainages.[3] Nelson first described Noturus exilis in 1876. The slender madtom is moderately large with a terminal to sub terminal mouth, flat head, small eyes, and black marginal bands on the median fins. Most slender madtoms are less than 90 millimetres (3.5 in).[4] Noturus flavus and Noturus nocturnus are rather similar in shape and coloration to Norturus exilis.[2] Slender madtoms inhabit small to medium-sized streams, in riffle and flowing pool habitats with coarse gravel to slab rock substrates. The presence of a shelter object, such as a large rock, seems to be important in habitat selection.[2][4]
Slender madtoms inhabit two disjunct areas of the Central Highlands: one in the Ozark Highlands ranging from eastern Kansas and Oklahoma to the southern tip of Illinois and including most of Missouri and northwest Arkansas, and another in the Eastern Highlands, from middle Tennessee and part of southeastern Kentucky, ranging into northern Alabama and Mississippi. The slender madtom also occurs as several smaller, isolated populations in Iowa, Illinois and southern Wisconsin and Minnesota.[5] Slender madtoms have seen a decrease in population size from their previous habitat ranges. Due to habitat alteration along the small streams of the Tennessee drainage, this species may be in great danger of extirpation from Mississippi. It has also declined in the northern part of its range in Wisconsin, due primarily to agricultural runoff or alterations in river flow due to dams.[4] The slender madtom's range has mostly likely decreased due to dam construction, channelization, and agricultural runoff.
The slender madtom's diet consists of midges, mayflies, caddisflies, isopods, amphipods, and copepods, but ephemeroteran naiads and chironomid larvae make up a majority of their diet.[2][6] Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) is a known predator of slender madtoms, which may be one reason why slender madtoms prefers a nocturnal lifestyle, seeking cover during the day when this visual predator is on the prowl.[6] Embryo predation by Orconectes virilis (virile crayfish), Campostoma anomalum (central stoneroller) and Etheostoma caeruleum (rainbow darter) has also been noted.[7] The slender madtom and the orangethroat darter (Etheostoma spectabile) also compete for and share the same diet.[8] The slender madtom inhabits the rocky riffles and pools of creeks and small rivers, spending much of the day hiding under large rocks and emerging to feed at night.[5] Slender madtoms feed preferably after dusk and before dawn. Slender Madtoms have also been observed in high percentages in vegetated patches and backwaters during late summer.[9] The slender madtom can be found in streams with current speeds from 8–92 cm/s and can be found at depths between 5–42 cm.[6] The slender madtom has never been a strong swimmer, which has reduced their dispersal over the centuries.
Mayden and Burr found that reproductive activity was concentrated from mid June through July at water temperatures of 23.5–29 °C in Southern Illinois.[7] Large lowland rivers, such as the Missouri River and Mississippi River, have high silt loads, covering the gravel and rocks that madtoms require for nesting and diurnal refugia.[5] Spawning sites are usually cavities excavated under large rocks, usually in pool areas. Nests have been found to contain 27–74 eggs and are protected by the male until the yolk sac absorbed by the juveniles.[2] Hatching occurs within eight to nine days in 25 °C water.[4] Individuals are one half the length of a one-year-old by three weeks. Summer is the season of greatest growth, particularly during the first two years of life, and in winter growth slows to a near standstill. Females are capable of spawning their first summer, especially in harsher northern conditions, as long as a critical size is attained (approximately 50 mm in southern Illinois). In contrast, males do not breed until two years of age. The ratio of ovary weight to adjusted body weight (GSI) increased in females in fall and spring, with greater rates of growth in mature adults.[7] Slender madtom are usually 3 inches (7.6 cm) or less in size with a maximum of about 4 inches (10 cm).[10] Slender madtoms can live up to 5 years of age, but most have been collected between 1–3 years old.[6] Adult slender madtoms are weak dispersers, with poor swimming abilities, a characteristic that may have contributed to the existence of two disjoint populations of the species.[5]
Populations across the slender madtom's range have declined since the late 1970s. The species is nearly extirpated in Wisconsin, although once more widespread there than in Minnesota.[11] Causes for decline may include siltation and turbidity in farming areas, and the dewatering of habitats by hydropower operations. Poor farming practices near streams could be contributing sediments and large amounts of nutrients into streams inhabited by slender madtoms and other species that make the overall ecosystem uninhabitable. Human uses have degraded the habitat and livelihood of the slender madtom and associated species. Predation and intraspecific and interspecific competition may also affect the survival of slender madtoms.[6] The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has done stream surveys but found very few slender madtom specimens. The slender madtom has not had a population assessment at the national level. The slender madtom is classified as endangered in Mammoth Cave National Park. The slender madtom is also classified as endangered in Wisconsin. No current management is being done to protect the slender madtom from outside pollutants and other detrimental factors. Some state agencies have surveyed streams for slender madtoms, but no management plan has been put in place. Sufficient research has not been collected on the slender madtom to determine the best method to create new habitat or restore the previous habitat to benefit the slender madtom for decades to come.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Noturus exilis, also called the slender madtom, is a species of the catfish family Ictaluridae. Ictaluridae includes bullheads, madtoms, channel catfish, and blue catfish. Noturus exilis is found in the central portion of the Mississippi River basin, but is most abundant in Ozarkian streams. Slender madtoms occur west of the Mississippi River in the Ozarks of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Missouri north to southern Wisconsin and Minnesota. It also occurs east of the Mississippi River in the uplands of Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky in the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Green drainages. Nelson first described Noturus exilis in 1876. The slender madtom is moderately large with a terminal to sub terminal mouth, flat head, small eyes, and black marginal bands on the median fins. Most slender madtoms are less than 90 millimetres (3.5 in). Noturus flavus and Noturus nocturnus are rather similar in shape and coloration to Norturus exilis. Slender madtoms inhabit small to medium-sized streams, in riffle and flowing pool habitats with coarse gravel to slab rock substrates. The presence of a shelter object, such as a large rock, seems to be important in habitat selection.
