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Associations

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Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tricholoma vaccinum is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

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Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Cortinellus vaccinus (Schaeff.) Roze, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 23:
50. 1876.
Agaricus vaccinus Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. 4: 13. 1774. Tricholoma vaccinum Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 42. 1872.
Pileus fleshy, convex or campanulate, becoming nearly plane, usually umbonate, gregarious, 2.5-7.5 cm. broad; surface dry, floccose-squamose, reddish-brown, innate-fibrillose and rimose at times, cuticle bay when young, at length light-bay at the center and avellaneousisabelline on the marginal zone, margin involute, tomentose; context white, taste farinaceous; lamellae sinuate-adnexed, subdistant, whitish to reddish or reddish-spotted; spores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 5-7X4-6 /*; stipe equal, hollow, covered with a fibrillose bark, naked at the apex, whitish-rufescent to bay, 5-9 cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick.
Type locality: Bavaria. Habitat: On the ground under conifers.
Distribution : Canada to North Carolina and west to Washington and Oregon.
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bibliographic citation
William Alphonso Murrill. 1914. (AGARICALES); AGARICACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 10(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Bärtiger Ritterling ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Bärtige Ritterling (Tricholoma vaccinum) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Ritterlingsverwandten (Tricholomataceae). Die Fruchtkörper erscheinen von August bis November in Nadelwäldern. Der Pilz ist wegen seines bitteren Geschmacks ungenießbar. Aufgrund der Huthautstruktur wird der Bärtige Ritterling auch Wolliger oder Zottiger Ritterling genannt. Dagegen nimmt der zweite Namensteil des wissenschaftlichen Artnamens „vaccinum“, abgeleitet vom lat. „vacca“ (= Kuh), auf die kuhrote Hutfarbe Bezug.[1]

Merkmale

 src=
Eine Gruppe Fruchtkörper des Bärtigen Ritterlings

Makroskopische Merkmale

Der feste und fleischige Hut ist 3–7(–10) cm breit, jung halbkugelig, später abgeflacht und stumpf-gebuckelt. Die Oberfläche ist trocken und matt und warm rot- bis kupferbraun gefärbt. Sie ist mit braunen bis braunroten, konzentrisch angeordneten, sparrigen Schuppen besetzt. Der lange Zeit eingerollte Hutrand ist stark wollig-filzig bis zottig-bärtig und überragt die Lamellen ein wenig. Die ziemlich gedrängt stehenden Lamellen sind ausgebuchtet am Stiel angewachsen und laufen mit einem Zahn daran herab. Junge Lamellen sind weißlich-cremefarben, bekommen dann braunrote Flecken und sind im Alter schließlich bräunlich gefärbt. Die Lamellenschneiden sind schwach wellig und das Sporenpulver weiß und zeigen bei Kontakt mit Iodlösung keine Farbreaktion (inamyloid). Der zylindrische Stiel ist 3–10 cm lang, 1–2 cm breit und wird schon bald hohl. Er ist mit braunen Faserschüppchen besetzt und an der etwas verdickten Basis bräunlich bis braunrot gefärbt. Zur fast weißlichen Spitze hin wird er heller. Eine Ringzone ist nicht erkennbar, aber junge Fruchtkörper haben eine Cortina, die zum Hutrand reicht. Das dünne Fleisch (Trama) ist weißlich, rötet etwas beim Anschneiden und wird dann braun. Es riecht schwach angenehm bis erdig und schmeckt bitter sowie schärflich.[2][3][1]

Mikroskopische Merkmale

Die inamyloiden, rundlich-ovalen bis breit-elliptischen, glatten Sporen messen 5–8 × 4,5–5,5 µm breit.[2][3]

Artabgrenzung

Der Bärtige Ritterling hat eine Merkmalskombination, die auch die Bestimmung im Feld problemlos möglich macht. Der Ritterling wächst unter Fichten und hat einen sparrig-schuppigen, trockenen, braun gefärbten Hut. Es gibt noch weitere braunhütige Ritterlinge, die aber unter anderen Begleitbäumen wachsen.

Besonders ältere Exemplare, die einen Teil ihrer zottigen Schuppen verloren haben, können mit dem Feinschuppigen Ritterling (T. imbricatum) verwechselt werden, der bei Kiefern wächst. Der Stiel des Feinschuppigen Ritterlings wird erst im Alter hohl und ist nicht so brüchig. Ein weiterer braun- und trockenhütiger Ritterling ist der Lärchen-Ritterling (T. psammopus), dessen Stiel Körnchenschuppen trägt, die beim Sammeln die Finger braun färben. Dieser Pilz schmeckt ebenfalls bitter und ist ungenießbar.[2][1]

Ökologie und Verbreitung

 src=
Europäische Länder mit Fundnachweisen des Bärtigen Ritterlings.[4][5][6][7][8]
Legende:
grün = Länder mit Fundmeldungen
cremeweiß = Länder ohne Nachweise
hellgrau = keine Daten
dunkelgrau = außereuropäische Länder.

Der Ritterling erscheint von August bis November häufig in Gruppen oder Reihen im Nadelwald unter Fichten. Im Laubwald kann man ihn nur selten finden. Der Pilz stellt keine besondere Ansprüche an den Boden, wächst aber gern auf Kalkböden. Er ist in ganz Europa weit verbreitet und ist besonders in Süddeutschland ein sehr häufiger Pilz. Im Norden ist er seltener.[2][1]

Bedeutung

Der Bärtige Ritterling ist wegen seiner Bitterkeit für die Küche ungeeignet.[2]

Quellen

  • Paul Kirk: Tricholoma vaccinum. In: Species Fungorum. Abgerufen am 19. September 2013.
  • Tricholoma vaccinum. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, abgerufen am 19. September 2013 (englisch).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d Karin Montag: Bärtiger Ritterling Tricholoma vaccinum. Virtuelles Pilzbuch. In: Tintling.com. Abgerufen am 19. September 2013.
  2. a b c d e Ewald Gerhardt: Pilze. Band 1: Lamellenpilze, Täublinge, Milchlinge und andere Gruppen mit Lamellen (= Spektrum der Natur / BLV Intensivführer). BLV, München/ Wien/ Zürich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3, S. 74.
  3. a b Hans E. Laux: Der neue Kosmos-Pilzatlas. 1. Auflage. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0, S. 68.
  4. Zdenko Tkalcec & Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. I. Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae. In: Mycotaxon. Vol: 81, 2002, S. 113–176 (englisch, cybertruffle.org.uk).
  5. Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma vaccinum. (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archiviert vom Original am 13. November 2013; abgerufen am 13. November 2013.  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/data.gbif.org
  6. German Josef Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Andreas Gminder: Die Großpilze Baden-Württembergs. Band 3: Ständerpilze. Blätterpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1, S. 542.
  7. Tricholoma vaccinum. Pilzoek-Datenbank, abgerufen am 13. November 2013.
  8. T.V. Andrianova et al.: Tricholoma vaccinum. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. Abgerufen am 13. November 2013 (englisch).

Weblinks

 src=
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
  • Bärtiger Ritterling. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Abgerufen am 19. September 2013 (italienisch, gute Fotos vom Bärtigen Ritterling).
  • Michael Kuo: Tricholoma vaccinum. In: MushroomExpert.Com. Abgerufen am 19. September 2013 (englisch).
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wikipedia DE

Bärtiger Ritterling: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Bärtige Ritterling (Tricholoma vaccinum) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Ritterlingsverwandten (Tricholomataceae). Die Fruchtkörper erscheinen von August bis November in Nadelwäldern. Der Pilz ist wegen seines bitteren Geschmacks ungenießbar. Aufgrund der Huthautstruktur wird der Bärtige Ritterling auch Wolliger oder Zottiger Ritterling genannt. Dagegen nimmt der zweite Namensteil des wissenschaftlichen Artnamens „vaccinum“, abgeleitet vom lat. „vacca“ (= Kuh), auf die kuhrote Hutfarbe Bezug.

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Tricholoma vaccinum

provided by wikipedia EN

Tricholoma vaccinum, commonly known as the russet scaly tricholoma, the scaly knight, or the fuzztop, is a fungus of the agaric genus Tricholoma. It produces medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) that have a distinctive hairy reddish-brown cap with a shaggy margin when young. The cap, which can reach a diameter of up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) wide, breaks up into flattened scales in maturity. It has cream-buff to pinkish gills with brown spots. Its fibrous, hollow stipe is white above and reddish brown below, and measures 4 to 7.5 cm (1.6 to 3.0 in) long. Although young fruit bodies have a partial veil, it does not leave a ring on the stipe.

Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, Tricholoma vaccinum is found in northern Asia, Europe and North America. The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with spruce or pine trees, and its mushrooms are found on the ground growing in groups or clusters in late summer and autumn. Although some consider the mushroom edible, it is of poor quality and not recommended for consumption. The ectomycorrhizae of T. vaccinum has been the subject of considerable research.

Taxonomy and naming

The species was first described in 1774 by German mycologist Jacob Christian Schäffer as Agaricus vaccinus.[6] According to MycoBank, synonyms include August Batsch's 1783 Agaricus rufolivescens, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's 1783 Amanita punctata var. punctata, and Lucien Quélet's 1886 Gyrophila vaccina.[5] Marcel Bon described the variety T. vaccinum var. fulvosquamosum in 1970, which has squamules (minute scales) arranged in a concentric fashion on the cap;[7] Manfred Enderle published this taxon as a form in 2004.[8]

According to the infrageneric classification of Tricholoma proposed by Rolf Singer in 1986,[9] Tricholoma vaccinum is placed in the section Imbricata, subgenus Tricholoma in the genus Tricholoma. Imbricata includes species with a dry cap cuticle, with a texture that ranges from roughened or squamulose (resembling suede) to almost smooth.[10] The specific epithet derives from the Latin word vaccinus and means "pertaining to cows", probably in reference to its color.[11] The mushroom's common names include the "russet scaly tricholoma",[12] "fuzztop",[13] and "scaly knight".[14]

Description

Collection from Sweden

The cap of T. vaccinum is initially broadly conical, then convex and finally flattened; its diameter is usually between 2.5 and 8 cm (1 and 3 in).[15] The cap margin is initially curved inwards, and shaggy from hanging remnants of the partial veil. The partial veil is cotton-like, and does not leave a ring on the stipe. The fibrous to scaly cap surface ranges in color from reddish-cinnamon to brownish-orange to tan. The gills have an adnate to sinuate attachment to the stipe, and are crowded closely together. There are between three and nine tiers of lamellulae—short gills that do not extend completely from the cap edge to the stipe. The gills are dingy white, and frequently stain reddish brown. The stipe is 3 to 8 cm (1 to 3 in) long and 1 to 2 cm (0.5 to 1 in) thick, and becomes hollow in age.[15] It is roughly equal in width throughout its length and ranges in color from whitish to the same color as the cap, but lighter, and sometimes with reddish-brown stains; it is lighter in color near the apex. Like the cap, the stipe surface is fibrous to scaly.[16] The odor of the fruit bodies is unpleasant.[17]

The mushrooms produce a white spore print, and the spores are broadly elliptical, smooth, hyaline (translucent), inamyloid, measuring 6–7.5 by 4–5 μm.[12] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, without clamps, and measure 17–32 by 6.0–7.5 μm. The hymenium lacks cystidia. The arrangement of the hyphae in the cap cuticle ranges from a cutis (with hyphae that run parallel to the cap surface) to a trichoderm (hyphae perpendicular to the cap surface); these hyphae are roughly cylindrical, and measure 3.5–8.0 μm wide, with roughly cylindrical to club-shaped ends that are 6.0–11.0 μm wide. There are no clamp connections in the hyphae of T. vaccinum.[16]

Although the fruit bodies have sometimes been considered edible,[18] they are of low quality, and generally not recommended for consumption due to their resemblance to and potential for confusion with toxic brown Tricholomas.[11] Orson K. Miller, Jr. considers them "bitter and not edible".[17] Roger Phillips says they may be poisonous.[4] The fruit bodies can be used to create yellow dyes to color wool or other fibers.[19]

Similar species

Tricholoma imbricatum

With its reddish-brown wooly cap, white gills, and hollow stipe, Tricholoma vaccinum is a fairly distinct mushroom and is unlikely to be confused with other Tricholoma.[20] Tricholoma imbricatum somewhat resembles T. vaccinum, but has duller brown colors, is less robust in stature, and has a solid (not hollow) stalk.[13] Another lookalike, T. inodermeum, has a less woolly cap texture and flesh that turns bright pinkish red when injured. It associates solely with pine species and prefers calcareous soil.[16] Other brownish Tricholoma species include T. fracticum, T. dryophilum, and T. muricatum.[15] The scaly and fibrous cap surface of T. vaccinum might be confused with Inocybe, but species in this genus can be distinguished by their brown spore prints.[21]

Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies often grow on the ground in moss, like this cluster photographed under spruce in Oregon.

Tricholoma vaccinum is a mycorrhizal species, and grows in association with coniferous trees, especially pine and spruce.[11] It forms ectomycorrhizae that have been called "Medium-Distance fringe exploration type", indicative of the ectomycorrhiza's ecological role in space occupation in the soil, their possible reach regarding nutrient acquisition and their demand of carbohydrates that have to be invested by the trees for their fungal partners.[22] Fruit bodies usually appear in groups or clusters on the ground, sometimes with moss. The fungus fruits in late summer and autumn.[11] It is found in northern Asia,[14] Europe, and, in North America, is widely distributed in the United States and Canada,[13] and has also been recorded in Mexico.[23] It is one of the most common species of Tricholoma in Central Europe,[24] and is often found in large groups in spruce forests.[20] It is rare in the United Kingdom, and most records have been from Scotland.[10] The fungus may be extinct in the Netherlands.[14]

The ectomycorrhizae of T. vaccinum has been the subject of considerable research. Ectomycorrhizae of Tricholoma species can vary considerably among species in the genus, and differences in the structure of rhizomorphs (a cordlike fusions of hyphae resembling a root) have been used to key out species.[25] Mycorrhizae formed with Norway spruce (Picea abies) are conspicuously hairy with numerous hyphae. The hyphae are partly densely interconnected to rhizomorphs that have a pigment in their outer membrane. The emanating hyphae mostly lack "contact septae" (fully developed simple septae) and contact clamps, and the rhizomorph hyphae vary markedly in diameter. The Hartig net (a network of hyphae that extend into the root) formed by T. vaccinum grows more deeply towards the epidermis, is composed of more rows of hyphae and has more tannin cells in close proximity to the epidermis, and consequently, fewer cortical cells in this position. It is here that the rhizomorphs make the closest contact with the rootlets.[26] The mantle is prosenchymatous, meaning that the constituent hyphae are loosely organized with spaces between them.[25] A combination of techniques including freeze fracturing and scanning electron microscopy has been used to probe the microstructure of the ectomycorrhizae, including inner mantle thickness and the nature of the interface between the Hartig net and host cells.[27] Several fungal genes specifically expressed during ectomycorrhizal interaction between T. vaccinum and Picea abies have been identified, including some involved in a plant pathogen response, nutrient exchange and growth in the plant, signal transduction, and stress response.[28] The first characterized fungal aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, ALD1, helps circumvent ethanol stress—a critical function in mycorrhizal habitats.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ Batsch AJGK (1783). "Elenchus fungorum" (in Latin and German). Halle-Magdeburg, Germany: Joannem J. Gebaver: 85. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Persoon CH (1798). Icones et Descriptiones Fungorum Minus Cognitorum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Leipzig, Germany: Bibliopolii Breitkopf-Haerteliani impensis. p. 6.
  3. ^ Quélet L. (1886). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium (in Latin). France: Octavii Doin. p. 12.
  4. ^ a b Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  5. ^ a b "Tricholoma vaccinum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 1871". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
  6. ^ Schäffer JC (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones (in Latin). Vol. 4. Erlangen, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. p. 13.
  7. ^ Bon M. (1969). "Révision des Tricholomes" (in French). 85: 475–92. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Enderle M. (2004). Die Pilzflora des Ulmer Raumes (in German). Ulm, Germany: Verein für Naturwiss. u. Mathematik. pp. 1–521 (see p. 279). ISBN 978-3-88294-336-8.
  9. ^ Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 978-3-87429-254-2.
  10. ^ a b Kibby G. (2010). "The genus Tricholoma in Britain". Field Mycology. 11 (4): 113–40. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2010.10.004.
  11. ^ a b c d Trudell S, Ammirati J (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  12. ^ a b Roody WC (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.
  13. ^ a b c McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0.
  14. ^ a b c Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
  15. ^ a b c Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 167–168. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
  16. ^ a b c Bas C, Noordeloos ME, Kuyper TW, Vellinga EC (1999). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. Vol. 4. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 978-90-5410-493-3.
  17. ^ a b Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
  18. ^ Dickinson C, Lucas J (1982). VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms. New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-442-21998-7.
  19. ^ Bessette A, Bessette AR (2001). The Rainbow Beneath my Feet: A Mushroom Dyer's Field Guide. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8156-0680-2.
  20. ^ a b Noordeloos ME, van Zanen G (2005). "De Ruige ridderzwam in de Flevopolder" [Tricholoma vaccinum in the Flevopolders] (PDF). Coolia (in Dutch). 48 (1): 18–9.
  21. ^ Lincoff G. (1981). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. New York, New York: Knopf. pp. 805–6. ISBN 978-0-394-51992-0.
  22. ^ Agerer R. (2007). "Diversitat der Ektomykorrhizen im unter- und oberirdischen Vergleich: die Explorationstypen" [Diversity of ectomycorrhizae as seen from below and above ground: the exploration types]. Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German and English). 73 (1): 61–88. ISSN 0170-110X.
  23. ^ De Avila B, Welden AL, Guzmán G (1980). "Notes on the ethnopharmacology of Hueyapan, Morelos, Mexico". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2 (4): 311–21. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(80)81013-0. PMID 7421279.
  24. ^ Pilát, Albert (1961). Mushrooms and other Fungi. London, UK: Peter Nevill. p. 71.
  25. ^ a b Brunner I, Amiet R, Zollinger M, Egli S (1992). "Ectomycorrhizal synthesis with Picea abies and three fungal species: a case study on the use of an in vitro technique to identify naturally occurring ectomycorrhizae". Mycorrhiza. 2 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1007/BF00203255. S2CID 24671418.
  26. ^ Agerer R. (1987). "Studies on ectomycorrhizae .9. Mycorrhizae formed by Tricholoma sulfureum and Tricholoma vaccinum on spruce". Mycotaxon. 28 (2): 327–60.
  27. ^ Scheidegger C, Brunner I (1993). "Freeze-fracturing for low-temperature scanning electron-microscopy of Hartig net in synthesized Picea abies, Hebeloma crustuliniforme and Tricholoma vaccinum ectomycorrhizas". New Phytologist. 123 (1): 123–32. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb04538.x. JSTOR 2557778.
  28. ^ Krause K.; Kothe (2006). "Use of RNA fingerprinting to identify fungal genes specifically expressed during ectomycorrhizal interaction". Journal of Basic Microbiology. 46 (5): 387–99. doi:10.1002/jobm.200610153. PMID 17009294. S2CID 25333268.
  29. ^ Asiimwe T, Krause K, Schlunk I, Kothe E (2012). "Modulation of ethanol stress tolerance by aldehyde dehydrogenase in the mycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum". Mycorrhiza. 22 (6): 471–84. doi:10.1007/s00572-011-0424-9. PMID 22159964. S2CID 14809764.
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Tricholoma vaccinum: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Tricholoma vaccinum, commonly known as the russet scaly tricholoma, the scaly knight, or the fuzztop, is a fungus of the agaric genus Tricholoma. It produces medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) that have a distinctive hairy reddish-brown cap with a shaggy margin when young. The cap, which can reach a diameter of up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) wide, breaks up into flattened scales in maturity. It has cream-buff to pinkish gills with brown spots. Its fibrous, hollow stipe is white above and reddish brown below, and measures 4 to 7.5 cm (1.6 to 3.0 in) long. Although young fruit bodies have a partial veil, it does not leave a ring on the stipe.

Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, Tricholoma vaccinum is found in northern Asia, Europe and North America. The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with spruce or pine trees, and its mushrooms are found on the ground growing in groups or clusters in late summer and autumn. Although some consider the mushroom edible, it is of poor quality and not recommended for consumption. The ectomycorrhizae of T. vaccinum has been the subject of considerable research.

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Partavalmuska ( Finnish )

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Partavalmuska (Tricholoma vaccinum) on keskikokoinen, ruskeanpunainen, verraten matalajalkainen valmuskalaji. Lakki 4-7cm leveä, reunassa on partamaisia karvoja, pinnalla on tummahkoja suomuja,keskiosa on kupumaisesti koholla. Heltat ovat aluksi valkoiset ja vanhemmiten niihin ilmestyy ruskeanpunasia täpliä. Lopulta heltat muuttuvat kokonaan ruskeiksi. Jalka on alhaalta vaaleanruskeanpunainen ja ylhäältä valkea. Jalka on vanhoissa sienissä ontto. Malto on aluksi valkoista ja punertuu leikkauspinnoista. Maku on hieman karvas. Lajin sanotaan toisinaan kelpaavan ryöpättynä muiden joukkoon suolaan. Sieni kasvaa yleisenä Etelä- ja Keski-Suomen kangasmetsissä, elokuulta syysmyöhälle. Pohjoisessa sieni on harvinainen. [2][3]

Lähteet

  1. Taksonomian lähde: Index Fungorum Viitattu 5. syyskuuta 2008
  2. Phillips, R.: WSOY Suuri Sienikirja, s. 41. suomeksi toim. Lasse Kosonen. WSOY, 1981, suom. 1992. ISBN 951-0-17255-3.
  3. Tuomikoski, Risto: Sienet värikuvina, s. 131. suomeksi toim. Risto Tuomikoski. WSOY, 1959.
Tämä sieniin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Partavalmuska: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Partavalmuska (Tricholoma vaccinum) on keskikokoinen, ruskeanpunainen, verraten matalajalkainen valmuskalaji. Lakki 4-7cm leveä, reunassa on partamaisia karvoja, pinnalla on tummahkoja suomuja,keskiosa on kupumaisesti koholla. Heltat ovat aluksi valkoiset ja vanhemmiten niihin ilmestyy ruskeanpunasia täpliä. Lopulta heltat muuttuvat kokonaan ruskeiksi. Jalka on alhaalta vaaleanruskeanpunainen ja ylhäältä valkea. Jalka on vanhoissa sienissä ontto. Malto on aluksi valkoista ja punertuu leikkauspinnoista. Maku on hieman karvas. Lajin sanotaan toisinaan kelpaavan ryöpättynä muiden joukkoon suolaan. Sieni kasvaa yleisenä Etelä- ja Keski-Suomen kangasmetsissä, elokuulta syysmyöhälle. Pohjoisessa sieni on harvinainen.

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Barzdotasis baltikas ( Lithuanian )

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Barzdotasis baltikas (lot. Tricholoma vaccinum) – baltikinių (Tricholomataceae) šeimos, baltikų (Tricholoma) genties grybų rūšis.

  • Augimo vieta

Spygliuočių miškai, kalkinga dirva.

  • Augimo laikas

Vasara, ruduo.

  • Pagrindiniai požymiai

Kepurėlė plaušuotai žvynuota, rudai rusva, kotas pasišerpetojęs.

Vaisiakūniai vidutiniai, dideli. Kepurėlė 3–10 cm skersmens, retai didesnė, paplokščia, su gūbreliu, jos ochrinis paviršius raudonai rudai plaušuotas, žvynuotas, pakraščiai šviesesni, tankiai plaukuoti, barzdoti. Lakšteliai tankūs, gelsvi, kreminiai, priaugtiniai. Kotas 4–10×0,5–2 cm, vienodo storio, kietas, plaušuotas, žvyneliuotas, kepurėlės arba šviesesnės spalvos. Trama balsva, rusva, nemalonaus kvapo ir skonio. Sporos 5–7×3,5–5,5 μm.

Būdingi požymiai: vaisiakūniai raudonai rudos spalvos, pasišerpetoję.

Auga pavieniui, nedidelėmis grupelėmis spygliuočių miškuose, ypač eglynuose. Valgomas gerai išvirtas, menkavertis.

Literatūra

Nuorodos

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Barzdotasis baltikas: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Barzdotasis baltikas (lot. Tricholoma vaccinum) – baltikinių (Tricholomataceae) šeimos, baltikų (Tricholoma) genties grybų rūšis.

Augimo vieta

Spygliuočių miškai, kalkinga dirva.

Augimo laikas

Vasara, ruduo.

Pagrindiniai požymiai

Kepurėlė plaušuotai žvynuota, rudai rusva, kotas pasišerpetojęs.

Vaisiakūniai vidutiniai, dideli. Kepurėlė 3–10 cm skersmens, retai didesnė, paplokščia, su gūbreliu, jos ochrinis paviršius raudonai rudai plaušuotas, žvynuotas, pakraščiai šviesesni, tankiai plaukuoti, barzdoti. Lakšteliai tankūs, gelsvi, kreminiai, priaugtiniai. Kotas 4–10×0,5–2 cm, vienodo storio, kietas, plaušuotas, žvyneliuotas, kepurėlės arba šviesesnės spalvos. Trama balsva, rusva, nemalonaus kvapo ir skonio. Sporos 5–7×3,5–5,5 μm.

Būdingi požymiai: vaisiakūniai raudonai rudos spalvos, pasišerpetoję.

Auga pavieniui, nedidelėmis grupelėmis spygliuočių miškuose, ypač eglynuose. Valgomas gerai išvirtas, menkavertis.

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Tricholoma vaccinum ( Pms )

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Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.


Capel fin-a a 8 cm, brun càud, a scaje e lanos, con ël bòrd apendiculà e fibros. Lamele crema, macià ëd rossastr. Gamba àuta fin-a a 9 cm e larga fin-a a 1,5 cm, smòrta, con ël pé fibros e ëd l'istess color dël capel. Carn smòrta o un pòch rossastra.

Ambient

A chërs dzortut sota ij sapin (Picea abies).

Comestibilità

WHMIS Class D-1.svg A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
As peul nen mangesse.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

  • Tricholoma vaccinum (Schaeff. : Fr.) Kummer
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Tricholoma vaccinum: Brief Summary ( Pms )

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Capel fin-a a 8 cm, brun càud, a scaje e lanos, con ël bòrd apendiculà e fibros. Lamele crema, macià ëd rossastr. Gamba àuta fin-a a 9 cm e larga fin-a a 1,5 cm, smòrta, con ël pé fibros e ëd l'istess color dël capel. Carn smòrta o un pòch rossastra.

Ambient

A chërs dzortut sota ij sapin (Picea abies).

Comestibilità

WHMIS Class D-1.svg A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
As peul nen mangesse.

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Gąska krowia ( Polish )

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Pokryty łuskami kapelusz gąski krowiej
Tricholoma vaccinum G3.jpg

Gąska krowia (Tricholoma vaccinum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm ) – gatunek grzybów należący do rodziny gąskowatych (Tricholomataceae)[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Tricholoma, Tricholomataceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi[1].

Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozował w 1774 r. Schaeffer nadając mu nazwę Agaricus vaccinus. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1871 r. P. Kumm., przenosząc go do rodzaju Tricholoma[1]. Niektóre synonimy naukowe[2]:

  • Agaricus rufolivescens Batsch 1783
  • Agaricus vaccinus Schaeff. 1774
  • Agaricus vaccinus Schaeff. 1774 subsp. vaccinus
  • Gyrophila vaccina (Schaeff.) Quél. 1886

Nazwę polską podał Stanisław Chełchowski w 1898 r[3].

Morfologia

Kapelusz

Średnicy 3-8 cm. Początkowo dzwonkowaty, lub kuliście wypukły, później rozpostarty i – przynajmniej u młodych grzybów – wyraźnie garbaty, zabarwienie jaśniej lub ciemniej czerwonobrązowe. Skórka sucha, pokryta dużymi, włóknistymi łuskami; brzeg podwinięty, kosmato obwieszony wystającą skórką[4].

Blaszki

Rzadko rozmieszczone, zatokowo wycięte, różnej długości. U młodych owocników białawe lub kremowe, później różowoczerwone lub w rdzawe plamki[4].

Trzon

Cylidryczny, 4 do 10 cm długości i od 1 do 2 cm grubości. W dolnej części czerwonobrązowy, w okolicy kapelusza, lub u starszych grzybów białawy; początkowo mięsisty, wkrótce pusty i dlatego stosunkowo łamliwy, jego powierzchnia wygląda jakby była pokryta drobnymi, podłużnymi włókienkami i łuseczkami[4].

Miąższ

Białawy, w okolicach kapelusza, lub u starszych grzybów miejscami czerwonawy. Ma gorzki smak i zapach ziemi[4].

Cechy mikroskopowe

Wysyp zarodników biały, nieamyloidalny. Zarodniki eliptyczne, gładkie, o średnicy 6-7,5 × 4-5 µm. Brak pleurocystyd i cheilocystyd. Strzępki skórki cylindryczne, o szerokości 3-14 µm i barwie od brązowej do czerwono-brązowej. Brak na nich sprzążek[5]

Występowanie i siedlisko

Występowanie gąski krowiej opisano w Ameryce Północnej, Europie i w Japonii[6]. Na terenie Polski w piśmiennictwie naukowym opisano wiele stanowisk[3]. Lokalnie jest częsta i występuje w większych grupach, na niektórych terenach jednak jest rzadkością lub nie występuje wcale[7].

Rośnie na ziemi w lasach iglastych, głównie w górach i na terenach podgórskich. Szczególnie często rośnie pod świerkami na glebach wapiennych. Preferuje miejsca jaśniejsze, np. na obrzeżach dróg leśnych. Owocniki pojawiają się od późnego lata do jesieni (sierpień – listopad)[7].

Znaczenie

Żyje w symbiozie z niektórymi gatunkami drzew (mikoryza). Grzyb niejadalny z powodu bardzo gorzkiego smaku[7].

Gatunki podobne

Główną cechą odróżniającą ten gatunek od innych gąsek jest charakterystyczny, brodaty brzeg kapelusza. Ta swoistość zanika czasami u bardzo starych owocników i rozpoznanie grzyba staje się trudniejsze[4]. Podobna jest m.in. jadalna gąska dachówkowata (Tricholoma imbricatum), ale jest większa, ma kapelusz o prążkowanym brzegu i powierzchni filcowatej, dopiero u starszych okazów staje się łuskowaty[7]. Gąska modrzewiowa (Tricholoma psammopus) ma kapelusz nieco ziarnisty, ale bez odstających łusek[8]. Gąska krowia bywa czasami mylona z opieńką ciemną (Armillaria ostoyae), ta jednak ma wyraźny pierścień i nie jest gorzka[9].

Przypisy

  1. a b c Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-03-05].
  2. Species Fungorum. [dostęp 2013-03-25].
  3. a b Władysław Wojewoda: Checklist of Polish Larger Basidiomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów podstawkowych Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003. ISBN 83-89648-09-1.
  4. a b c d e Ewald Gerhardt: Grzyby – wielki ilustrowany przewodnik. KDC, 2006, s. 80. ISBN 83-7404-513-2.
  5. Mushroom Expert. [dostęp 2016-01-02].
  6. Discover Life Maps. [dostęp 2015-12-16].
  7. a b c d Till R. Lohmeyer, Ute Kũnkele: Grzyby. Rozpoznawanie i zbieranie. Warszawa: 2006. ISBN 978-1-40547-937-0.
  8. Pavol Škubla: Wielki atlas grzybów. Poznań: Elipsa, 2007. ISBN 978-83-245-9550-1.
  9. Barbara Gumińska, Władysław Wojewoda: Grzyby i ich oznaczanie. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1985. ISBN 83-09-00714-0.
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Gąska krowia: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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 src= Pokryty łuskami kapelusz gąski krowiej Tricholoma vaccinum G3.jpg

Gąska krowia (Tricholoma vaccinum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm ) – gatunek grzybów należący do rodziny gąskowatych (Tricholomataceae).

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Рядовка бородатая ( Russian )

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Царство: Грибы
Подцарство: Высшие грибы
Подотдел: Agaricomycotina
Порядок: Агариковые
Семейство: Рядовковые
Род: Рядовка
Вид: Рядовка бородатая
Международное научное название

Tricholoma vaccinum (Schaeff.) P.Kumm., 1871

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Рядо́вка борода́тая (лат. Tricholóma vaccínum) — вид грибов-базидиомицетов, входящий в род Рядовка семейства Рядовковые (Tricholomataceae).

Легко определяемый вид с красно-коричневой шерстисто-чешуйчатой шляпкой, наиболее часто отмечается под елью.

Описание

Шляпка 4—8 см в диаметре, у молодых грибов коническая до широковыпуклой, затем уплощённо-выпуклая, с небольшим бугорком в центре. Край у молодых грибов подвёрнут, с возрастом почти распрямляется. Окраска красно- или розово-коричневая, нередко более тёмная в центре; вся поверхность волосистая, затем крупноволокнисто-чешуйчатая.

Пластинки гименофора с редкими пластиночками, сравнительно редкие, выемчато-приросшие, белые до кремово-жёлтых, при повреждении буреют.

Ножка 3—9 см длиной и 1—2 см толщиной, ровная или слабо утончающаяся книзу, у верхушки белая, ниже — красновато-коричневая, волокнисто-чешуйчатая.

Мякоть без особого вкуса и запаха, белая или бледно-жёлтая.

Споровый порошок белый, споры 5,5—7×4—5,5 мкм, почти шаровидные до эллиптических. Базидии четырёхспоровые, 17—32×6—9 мкм. Кутикула шляпки — кутис, переходящий в триходермис.

Сходные виды

  • Tricholoma inodermeum (Fr.) Gillet, 1878 — отличается менее волокнистой шляпкой, а также мякотью, на воздухе окрашивающейся в розово-красный цвет. Произрастает под соснами.

Экология и ареал

Широко распространённый в бореальной зоне вид, встречающийся, в основном, в ассоциации с елью, изредка — с сосной и пихтой. Также описывался из заболоченной местности с ольхой и ивой. Позднелетне-осенний вид, встречающийся с августа по ноябрь.

Синонимы

Примечания

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Рядовка бородатая: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Рядо́вка борода́тая (лат. Tricholóma vaccínum) — вид грибов-базидиомицетов, входящий в род Рядовка семейства Рядовковые (Tricholomataceae).

Легко определяемый вид с красно-коричневой шерстисто-чешуйчатой шляпкой, наиболее часто отмечается под елью.

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