புல் மஞ்சள் (Common Grass Yellow, Eurema hecabe) என்பது ஆசியாவிலும் ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலும் காணப்படும் ஒரு சிறிய வகை பிரிடே இன பட்டாம்பூச்சி ஆகும்.[1] இவை நிலத்தை அண்மித்தவாறு பரந்த புல்வெளிகளில் பறக்கும், குறுங்காடுகளில் வசிக்கும் பட்டாம்பூச்சிகள்.
முட்டை
புழு
குடம்பி
பட்டாம்பூச்சி
புல் மஞ்சள் (Common Grass Yellow, Eurema hecabe) என்பது ஆசியாவிலும் ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலும் காணப்படும் ஒரு சிறிய வகை பிரிடே இன பட்டாம்பூச்சி ஆகும். இவை நிலத்தை அண்மித்தவாறு பரந்த புல்வெளிகளில் பறக்கும், குறுங்காடுகளில் வசிக்கும் பட்டாம்பூச்சிகள்.
முட்டை
புழு
குடம்பி
பட்டாம்பூச்சி
Eurema hecabe, the common grass yellow,[1][2] is a small pierid butterfly species found in Asia, Africa and Australia.[1][2][3] They are found flying close to the ground and are found in open grass and scrub habitats. It is simply known as "the grass yellow" in parts of its range; the general term otherwise refers to the entire genus Eurema.
The common grass yellow exhibits seasonal polyphenism. The lepidopteran has a darker summer morph, triggered by a long day exceeding 13 hours in duration, while the shorter diurnal period of 12 hours or less induces a fairer morph in the post-monsoon period.[4]: 164
Upperside (dorsal surface): yellow, variable in tint from sulphur to rich lemon yellow according to season and locality. Forewing: apex and termen deep black, this colour continued narrowly along the costal margin to base of wing, near which it often becomes diffuse; the inner margin of the black area from costa to vein 4 very oblique and irregular, between veins 2 and 4 excavate on the inner side, this excavation outwardly rounded between the veins and inwardly toothed on vein 3; below vein 2 the black area is suddenly dilated into a square spot which occupies the whole of the tornal angle; the inner margin of this dilatation is variable, in the typical form slightly concave. Hindwing: terminal margin with a narrow black band which is attenuated anteriorly and posteriorly; dorsal margin broadly paler than the ground colour.[5]
The region of dorsal surface that appears visibly yellow to humans also reflects brightly in the ultraviolet (320-400 nm) owing to the presence of multilayer cuticular nanostructures.[6]
Underside (ventral surface): yellow, generally a slightly paler shade than that of the upperside, with the following reddish-brown markings. Forewing: two small spots or specks in basal half of cell and a reniform (kidney-shaped) spot or ring on the discocellulars. Hindwing: a slightly curved subbasal series of three small spots, an irregular slender ring or spot on the discocellulars, followed by a highly irregular, curved, transverse, discal series of spots or specks, some or all of which are often obsolescent. On both the forewings and hindwings, the veins that attain the costal and terminal margins end in minute reddish-brown specks. Antenna are greyish yellow, the club black; head, thorax and abdomen are yellow, shaded with fuscous scales; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen are yellowish white. The sex-mark seen from above appears as a thickening of the basal half of the median vein on the forewing.[5]
Upperside: Very similar to that of the male but without the sex-mark; the black areas on both forewings and hindwings slightly broader, with the inner edge of the black terminal band on the hindwing often diffuse.[5]
Females also have a reduced patch of ultraviolet-reflecting scales located in the proximate region of the dorsal forewing. The mechanism responsible for this colouration is the same as in males[6] but the reflectance is less bright.[7]
Underside: ground colour and markings as in the male. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similarly coloured.[5]
Upperside: ground colour and markings much as in wet-season specimens, the emargination on the inner side of the black area and the tornal dilatation on the forewing similar. On the hindwing, in the great majority of individuals, the black terminal band is also similar; in a few it is narrower and diffuse inwardly in both sexes.[5]
Underside: ground colour similar to that in wet-season specimens, but very many have a greater or less irroration of black scales over the yellow parts of the wing; the reddish-brown markings on both forewings and hindwings are also similar, but the spots are larger, more clearly defined, darker, and therefore far more conspicuous. In addition, on the forewing there is a preapical, very prominent, transverse, elongate spot or short bar or reddish brown extended downwards from the costa. This spot is irregular in shape and of variable width, but does not seem to ever spread outwards to the actual edge of the termen. In a few specimens there is also a small reddish-brown spot in interspace near the tornus. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen, and in the male, the sex-mark, as in wet-season specimens.[5][8]
Eggs are laid on Abrus precatorius, Falcataria moluccana, Acacia sp., Aeschynomene species and numerous other Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae and Cucurbitaceae sp..[9]
Studies suggest that the females can discriminate colours when choosing host plants for oviposition.[10]
Larva: "Long, green, rough, cylindrical, or slightly depressed, with a large head."[5]
Pupa: "Suspended by the tail and by a moderately long band; the abdominal segments are round, but the thorax is much compressed, the wing-cases uniting to form a deep sharp keel. The head-case terminates in a short pointed snout. Ordinarily the pupa is solitary and green, but sometimes on a twig in large numbers. Many Pierine and other larvae seek each others company at that time. Having selected a dead branch of some neighbouring bush, they acquired the colour of their surroundings as nearly all Pierine and Papilionine pupae do to a greater or less extent."[5]
This species has been found to be parasitised by multiple strains of Wolbachia. These bacteria can alter the sex ratios of the species.[11]
Egg
Larva (caterpillar)
Pupa
Wet-season form
Dry-season form
Newly emerged
Mating pair
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E. h. solifera, Uganda
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E. h. stankapura, Bali
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E. h. contubernalis, wet season form Singapore
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E. h. contubernalis, dry season form Nepal
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Bingham, C.T. (1907). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. II (1st ed.). London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd. pp. 250–254. Eurema hecabe, the common grass yellow, is a small pierid butterfly species found in Asia, Africa and Australia. They are found flying close to the ground and are found in open grass and scrub habitats. It is simply known as "the grass yellow" in parts of its range; the general term otherwise refers to the entire genus Eurema.
Kylävilkko[1] (Eurema hecabe) on laajalti Aasiassa, Afrikassa sekä Australiassa tavattava erittäin yleinen ja runsaslukuinen päiväperhoslaji.
Kylävilkko on pieni kirkkaankeltainen perhonen, jolla esiintyy kaksi hieman toisistaan poikkeavaa värimuotoa sadekauden ja kuivan kauden mukaan. Siipien yläpinta on kirkkaan keltainen, mutta etusiiven kärkiosassa on laaja mustanruskea alue, jossa on lajille tyypillisesti kaksi sisennystä. Myös takasiivessä on ohut musta reunus, mutta etenkin koiraalla se on huomaamattoman kapea. Siipien alapinta on keltainen, mutta yläpintaa vaaleampi, ja siinä on jonkin verran harmaanruskeaa kuviointia. Siipiväli on noin 40 mm.[2]
Melko samannäköisiä ovat myös muut vilkkolajit (Eurema).
Kylävilkkoa tavataan useina eri alalajeina suuressa osassa Afrikkaa, Etelä-, Itä- ja Kaakkois-Aasiassa sekä laajalti Australiassa ja monilla Tyynen valtameren saarilla.[3]
Kylävilkko on elinalueensa yleisimpiä päiväperhosia.[1] Laji elää luontaisesti avoimilla paikoilla, kuten jokien varsilla, ja se on hyötynyt suuresti ihmisen toiminnasta. Sitä tavataankin usein juuri metsätalouden tuottamilla aukioilla, teiden varsilla, puistoissa sekä puutarhoissa. Koiraat imevät mielellään suoloja maasta, usein suurina parvina. Naaraita tavataan enemmän yksittäin. Perhoset käyvät myös ahkerasti kukilla juomassa mettä.[3] Perhoset lentävät lähellä maanpintaa.[2]
Kylävilkolla esiintyy Wolbackia-suvun bakteeri, joka vaikuttaa perhosten sukupuolten välisiin lukumääräsuhteisiin.[4]
Kylävilkko on polyfagi, jonka toukkien ravintokasvi vaihtelee elinpaikan mukaan. Tyypillisiä ovat esimerkiksi lajit suvuista Caesalpinia, Cassia, Pithecellobium sekä Wagatea.[3]
Kylävilkko (Eurema hecabe) on laajalti Aasiassa, Afrikassa sekä Australiassa tavattava erittäin yleinen ja runsaslukuinen päiväperhoslaji.
Eurema hecabe est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Pieridae et de la sous-famille des Coliadinae.
C'est un petit papillon diurne dépassant à peine 4 cm d'envergure. Le mâle et la femelle sont d'une couleur jaune plus ou moins intense sur les deux faces. L'apex des antérieures est largement bordé de marron foncé à noir sur le dessus.
Le dessous peut être uniformément jaune ou taché de marron.
Il existe un dimorphisme lié à la saison.
La chenille est verte et cryptique. Elle s'alimente de mimosacées, surtout d'acacias et de légumineuses.
œuf
chenille
chrysalide
Il vole toute l'année dans la partie tropicale de l'Australie, le nord du pays. C'est un migrateur vers le sud durant la période chaude, il n'est pas résident dans le sud de l'Australie même si par endroits il peut exister de petites colonies de semi-résidents[1].
Ses plantes hôtes sont nombreuses, les Acacia, Sesbania, Cassias (Cassia surrattensis), Caesalpinia, Albizia (Albizia lebbeck), Breynia oblongifolia, Breynia cernua, Breynia nivosa, Hypericum aethiopicum, Phyllanthus tenellus, Leucaena glauca, Sesbania aculeata, Indigofera[2].
Eurema hecabe est parasité par des Wolbachia[3].
L'espèce est présente dans toute l'Afrique, à Madagascar, dans le sud de l'Asie et jusqu'en Australie[2].
Ce papillon se nomme en anglais Common Grass Yellow.
Eurema hecabe (Carl von Linné, 1758)
Pas de statut de protection particulier.
Eurema hecabe est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Pieridae et de la sous-famille des Coliadinae.
Eurema hecabe, atau Common Grass Yellow, adalah kupu-kupu yang termasuk dalam kelompok keluarga Pieridae dan sub-keluarga Coliadinae. Ia mempunyai lebar sayap sekitar 35–45 mm.[1]
Telor
Larva (Ulat bulu)
Pupa
Eurema hecabe, atau Common Grass Yellow, adalah kupu-kupu yang termasuk dalam kelompok keluarga Pieridae dan sub-keluarga Coliadinae. Ia mempunyai lebar sayap sekitar 35–45 mm.
Eurema hecabe (Engels: Common Grass Yellow) is een dagvlinder uit de familie witjes, Pieridae. De spanwijdte bedraagt tussen de 35 en 40 mm. De vlinder komt voor in het Afrotropisch, Australaziatisch en Oriëntaals gebied.
De vlinder is door de Vlinderstichting voorlopig Gewoon grasgeeltje genoemd na de eerste waarneming in Nederland in Montfoort in 2013.
De rupsen gebruiken planten uit een groot aantal geslachten als waardplant. Voorbeelden zijn Cassia, Acacia, Caesalpinia, Albizia en Hypericum.
De bovenzijde van de vleugels is geel met een zwarte rand. De voorvleugels eindigen in een zwart tipje. Het is een snelle vlieger die laag bij de grond blijft. Op veel plaatsen in het verspreidingsgebied vliegt de vlinder het gehele jaar.
ei
rups
pop
imago
'gewoon grasgeeltje' gesignaleerd in Nederland
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Eurema hecabe op Wikimedia Commons. Eurema hecabe (Engels: Common Grass Yellow) is een dagvlinder uit de familie witjes, Pieridae. De spanwijdte bedraagt tussen de 35 en 40 mm. De vlinder komt voor in het Afrotropisch, Australaziatisch en Oriëntaals gebied.
De vlinder is door de Vlinderstichting voorlopig Gewoon grasgeeltje genoemd na de eerste waarneming in Nederland in Montfoort in 2013.
De rupsen gebruiken planten uit een groot aantal geslachten als waardplant. Voorbeelden zijn Cassia, Acacia, Caesalpinia, Albizia en Hypericum.
De bovenzijde van de vleugels is geel met een zwarte rand. De voorvleugels eindigen in een zwart tipje. Het is een snelle vlieger die laag bij de grond blijft. Op veel plaatsen in het verspreidingsgebied vliegt de vlinder het gehele jaar.
ei
rups
pop
imago
Eurema hecabe er en dagaktiv sommerfugl i gruppen hvitvinger.
Eurema hecabe finnes sør i Asia, i Australia og Afrika.
Sommerfuglene skiller seg fra de fleste andre insektene ved at munnen ikke har kjever og lepper, men en lang sugesnabel (proboscis) mellom palpene. Den er rullet opp i en spiral, mellom palpene, under hodet, når den ikke er i bruk. Antennene er trådformet og består av sylindriske ganske like ledd. Antenneklubben er flat eller skålformet slik som hos alle dagsommerfuglene. På beina finnes også sanseorgan som gir informasjon om hva sommerfuglen sitter på. Hunner bruker disse sansene for å finne riktig næringsplante, hvor den kan legge sine egg. Kroppen har et ytre skjelett (hudplater) som holder de bløte indre organer på plass. Det ytre hudskjelettet er bygd opp for det meste av kitin.
Bakkroppens indre organer består av fordøyelsesorganer, forplantningsorganer og åndedrett. Åndedrettet hos sommerfugler foregår ikke ved lunger, men ved at luft hentes inn og ut av kroppen gjennom små hull i hudskjelettet (spirakler). I kroppen er det et svært finmasket system av trakéer som leder oksygenet til kroppens vitale deler. En blodvæske som sirkulerer i kroppen, pumpes rundt av et avlangt rørformet hjerte. Brystpartiet består for det meste av vingenes muskulatur. Sanseorganer, for syn, smak og lukt er stort sett plassert i hodet. Nervesystemet består av en bukmarg med to nervestrenger og én nerveknute (ganglion) i hvert kroppssegment. Den første nerveknuten, som ligger foran munnåpningen, er spesielt stor og omtales som hjerne.
Larven har generelt tykk hud og er ganske hardføre. Hodet, brystet og bakkroppen er sammenvokst uten noen oppdeling.
Larvens hode består av en hard hodekapsel med noen punktøyne. Under øynene er det noe små antenner larven bruker til å finne riktig føde. Like bak hodet er bryststykket, som består av tre sammenvokste ledd, Bryststykket har tre par bein. Lengre bak har larvene noen bukføtter, som ikke er egentlige bein, men utvekster larven kan bruke til å holde seg fast. Lengst bak har den en analfot. Larvens bakkropp består nesten bare av fordøyelsessystemet. Dette er ganske kort og mye av maten larven spiser passerer før all næringen er tatt opp. Avføringen kommer ut som små kuler helt bakerst på kroppen.
Larvene ånder gjennom traké-åpninger i hudskjelettet (spirakler), langs kroppens sider.
Puppen er plassert stående eller oppreist, og er festet i anal-enden mot underlaget. Den holdes oppe ved et magebelte av spinntråder. Den har én spiss i hodeenden, ikke to som hos svalestjerter.
Om natten og i overskyet vær hviler sommerfuglen. Vingene holdes sammenlagt opp og ut fra kroppen, noe som gir sommerfuglen en viss kamuflasje og beskyttelse. De voksne lever av nektar de suger opp fra blomstene på ulike planter (urter). Sugesnabelen, på hodets underside, gir sommerfuglen mulighet til å nå inn i dype blomster for å suge til seg nektar. Sugesnabelen gjør at sommerfugler er avhengig av flytende føde.
Parringen skjer ved sammenkobling mellom de to kjønnene. Eggene legges direkte på næringsplanten.
Larven er radikalt forskjellige fra de voksne, både i levevis og i kroppsbygning. Den lever som plantespiser på en rekke planter i slektene Acacia, Indigofera, Brassica, Hypericum, Leucaena, Sesbania, Sesbania, Caesalpinia, Breynia, Aeschynomene, Breynia, Phyllanthus, Cassia, Albizia og Phyllanthus.
Larvens kroppstemperatur er mellom 35 og 38 grader C°. Ved lavere temperatur blir larven inaktiv. Derfor krever larver hos dagsommerfugler gjerne sollys for å være aktive. Om det blir for varmt regulerer larven temperaturen ved å oppsøke skygge.
Eurema hecabe tilhører gruppen av insekter med fullstendig forvandling (holometabole insekter), som gjennomgår en metamorfose i løpet av utviklingen. Mellom larvestadiet og det voksne stadiet er et puppestadium, en hvileperiode, der sommerfuglens indre og ytre organer endres. Larvens bøyelige og myke kropp omdannes til en puppe med et hardt skall. Når skallet er hardt begynner omdanningen fra larve til den voksne (imago) sommerfuglen. De indre organer brytes i varierende grad ned til en cellemasse. En omorganisering skjer og dyret bygges opp igjen.
Eurema hecabe er en dagaktiv sommerfugl i gruppen hvitvinger.
Eurema hecabe, ou capim amarelo comum, é uma pequena borboleta Pieridae encontrada na Ásia, África e Austrália.[1][2][3] Elas são encontradas a voar perto do chão.
Eurema hecabe, ou capim amarelo comum, é uma pequena borboleta Pieridae encontrada na Ásia, África e Austrália. Elas são encontradas a voar perto do chão.
Латинское название Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) Синонимы
Eurema hecabe (лат.) — дневная бабочка из семейства белянок (Pieridae).
Длина переднего крыла у самцов 20—24 мм, у самок — 17—26 мм. Хорошо выражен половой и сезонный полиморфизм. Вершина переднего крыла всегда закруглена. Крылья сверху жёлтые или желтоватые, реже желто-беловатые, часто с черной вершиной, и чёрной краевой каймой (особенно на передних крыльях). Темная внешняя кайма у самцов доходит до заднего угла, полностью занимая его; с прямоугольным сужением между жилками М3 и Сu2. Костальный край крыла широко изогнут, передняя часть костального края и внешний край крыльев образуют угол, близкий к прямому. Снизу крылья желтого, желтоватого цвета, обычно с пестринками[1].
В тропиках бабочки имеют более темноокрашенную летнюю форму, и светлоокрашенную форму сезона дождей[2].
Япония (острова Хонсю, Сикоку, Кюсю, Рюкю), Корея, Китай (Северный, Северо-Восточный до Харбина, Центральный, Восточный, Тайвань), Филиппины, Юго-Восточная Азия, Малайзия, Индонезия, Новая Гвинея, Северная и Восточная Австралия, Гималаи, Индия, Африка (Сахель)[1][3].
Возможен залёт вида на юг Приморского края России[1].
Бабочки населяют разреженные леса и луга. Кормовые растения гусениц: Abrus precatorius, Acacia, Aeschynomene, Albizzia и другие Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae[1] и Cucurbitaceae.
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黃蝶（学名：Eurema hecabe），又名銀歡粉蝶、寬邊黃蝶、荷氏黃蝶、荷氏黃粉蝶、合歡粉蝶，为粉蝶科黃蝶屬下的一个种。
本種幼蟲以多種豆科植物為食，一年多世代，成蟲全年可見。
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这是一篇與动物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
キチョウ（黄蝶、Eurema hecabe）は、チョウ目・シロチョウ科・キチョウ属に分類されるチョウの一種。草原や畑、道端や市街地などでごく普通に観察できる。
従来「キチョウ」とされていた種は、キチョウ（ミナミキチョウ、南西諸島に分布）とキタキチョウ（Eurema mandarina、本州～南西諸島に分布）の2種に分けられることになったが、外見による識別は困難[1]。
前翅長は20-27 mmで、近縁のモンキチョウよりもやや小さい。翅は黄色で、雄の方が濃い色をしている。前翅、後翅とも外縁は黒色に縁どられ、裏面に褐色の斑点がある。夏型と秋型があり、前者は外縁の黒帯の幅が広いが、後者は黒色の縁が先端に少し残るか、もしくはない。成虫は年に5、6回発生し、越冬も行う。早春には活発に飛び回る姿が見られる。
卵は幼虫の食草の若葉や新芽に1個ずつ丁寧に産み付けられる。大きさは1 mmほどで乳白色。孵化直前には黄がかったクリーム色に変色する。形はシロチョウ科に共通する紡錘形で、縦に細かい条線が走る。
幼虫の食草はネムノキ、ハギ類（メドハギなど）のマメ科の植物[2]。
吸蜜する成虫
アフリカ中部以南、インドから東南アジア、そしてオーストラリアと世界的にも広く分布し、地域によって多様な亜種がある。日本においては、秋田・岩手県以南の本州、四国、九州、南西諸島に分布する。
キチョウ（黄蝶、Eurema hecabe）は、チョウ目・シロチョウ科・キチョウ属に分類されるチョウの一種。草原や畑、道端や市街地などでごく普通に観察できる。
従来「キチョウ」とされていた種は、キチョウ（ミナミキチョウ、南西諸島に分布）とキタキチョウ（Eurema mandarina、本州～南西諸島に分布）の2種に分けられることになったが、外見による識別は困難。
남방노랑나비(Eurema hecabe)는 흰나비과의 한 종류이다. 계절과 지역에 따라 날개의 색깔이 꽤 큰 차이를 보이는 나비로 온대 지방에서 열대 지방으로 갈수록 앞날개 바깥가장자리의 검은색 띠무늬가 더 발달해 있다. 또 비가 많이 내리는 우기와 그렇지 않은 건기에 따라 색깔 변화도 다양하다.
