Trachycephalus dibernardoi Kwet & Solé 2008

Diagnosis This species is assigned to the genus Trachycephalus, due to the presence of paired lateral vocal sacks situated behind the angles of the jaws in males and the skin of nape and shoulder region thickened by well-developed glands producing an irrigating. A medium to large-sized species of Trachycephalus (snout-vent length in females 73.3Â?84.4 mm, mean 77.6 mm; snout-vent length in males 50.5Â?64.6 mm, mean 57.2 mm) which is characterized by (1) dorsal coloration green, bluish-green, yellowish-green, olive, or brown with a characteristic dorsal pattern of conspicuous dark ocelli and black spots, (2) limbs with broad, dark olive, black and white-edged transverse bands, (3) iris bright yellow or greenish-golden with contrasting black reticulated pattern forming a distinct, four radial symmetric network (a pattern of four light, petal-like spots), (4) adhesive disks on fingers and toes strongly developed and bright green or bluish-green in life; (5) unique advertisement call with dominant frequency spectrum ranging between 1100 and 1800 Hz.

Present in the Serra Geral and adjacent regions of northern and north-eastern Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná; Brazil, and eastern Misiones province; Argentina at altitudes from about 150-1100 m a.s.l.

Description of holotype Robust, medium to large-sized hylid with broad and flattened head, slightly wider than long. Snout short and blunt, nearly rounded in dorsal profile and truncate in lateral profile. Canthus rostralis distinct and rounded, the loreal region concave. Lips flared, nostrils protuberant and laterally directed. The eye-nostril distance is about two times the distance of the nostril to the tip of the snout and somewhat larger than the internarial distance. Internarial region slightly depressed. The eyes are sited laterally, directed anteriorly, with diameters of about 1/4 of head length. The pupils are horizontal and the iris shows a radial symmetric pattern of contrasting black reticulations forming a conspicuous pattern of four light, petal-like spots. The tympanum is large and distinct, its size being approximately the same as the eye diameter; the supratympanic fold is distinct extending from the posterior corner of the eye over the tympanum to the arm insertion. The tongue is large, broadly cordiform, covering approximately 4/5 of the mouth floor; it is barely free and posteriorly notched. The vomerine teeth are small and indistinct (between 8Â?10 very small dentigerous processes at each side), situated on two slightly curved ridges between the relatively large internal nares. The dorsal skin texture is smooth with scattered small pustules, and highly glandular (white venomous skin secretion when stressed); the skin on the under surface is anteriorly smooth and posteriorly granular. Arms are short and moderately robust; without axillary membranes or ulnar folds; the large hands with short and moderately robust fingers have large, distinct finger discs with diameters equal to, or slightly smaller than, the tympanum diameter on fingers II IV and about two thirds of tympanum diameter on finger I. The distinct inner metacarpal tubercle is large and elliptical being visible from dorsal view, with its distal end slightly pointed and its proximal end blunt; an outer metacarpal tubercle is present but small and indistinct. The distinct subarticular tubercles are single and round on fingers I-III, and oval, slightly bilobate on finger IV; supernumerary tubercles are not evident. Relative finger length is I < II < IV < III; the fingers are slightly webbed, except the web between the first and second digits which is rudimentary. Legs are robust, with thighs and shanks each reaching about half of snout-vent length. There is no inner tarsal fold, and the discs of the toes are well developed and large. The inner metatarsal tubercle is large and elliptical; the outer metatarsal tubercle is very small and indistinct. Subarticular tubercles are large, prominent and subconical; small supernumerary tarsal tubercles are indistinct but present. Relative toe length is I < II < V = III < IV, foot webbed. Coloration in live: The dorsal coloration in life consists of olive to greenish-brown tones, with a distinct pattern of several large and small, dark olive ocelli and a few black spots. The irregularly formed, variably sized ocelli have black outer lines and are bordered by a whitish zone; centrally they present the same tone as the dorsal ground coloration, but slightly darker. The holotype has two large-sized ocelli located centrally on each side of the dorsum, roughly between the insertions of fore and hind limbs. Two larger ocelli are presented on the sacral region, and several small ocelli and dark spots are located laterally and on the posterior region of the dorsum. The upper surfaces of the limbs have the same ground coloration as the dorsum with dark olive to brown tones and are characterized by a distinct pattern of dark, transverse bands with the same coloration as the ocelli (dark brown with black and whitish margins). The hind limbs are characterized by two transverse bands on each femur, thigh, and tarsus; these bands are narrower than the width of their interspaces. The fore limbs present one transverse band on each upper arm and under arm. The ventral surface is yellowish-white with a greenish hint, immaculate except a few small, dark brown spots in the gular region and laterally near the flanks. Adhesive disks on fingers and toes are bluish-green to greenishbrown. The iris is golden to bright yellow with a contrasting dark radial symmetric network-pattern forming the petal-like pattern described above. Coloration in preservative. The dorsum turned to brownish-gray presenting the distinct pattern of variable ocelli on dorsum and transverse bands on limbs as described above. The ventral surface is whitish, but the bluish-green hints, especially of the adhesive disks on fingers and toes, turned to brown. Measurement of Holotype: Snout-vent length 84.4; head length 24.2; head wide 27.4; horizontal eye diameter 6.2; tympanum diameter 5.8; eye-nostril distance 8.1; interorbital distance 16.5; internarinal distance 6.0; thigh length 42.7; tibia length 42.0; femur length 39.7 Variation Measurements and proportions of the female paratypes are similar to the holotype, but males are considerably smaller in snout-vent length than females; females have more extensive webbing than males and slightly larger fingers and toes. Calling males have dark, paired, lateral vocal sacs and dark callosities at the base of the first finger. The dorsal ground coloration in life varies from greenish-olive (holotype), bright yellowish-green, bluish-green (most of the smaller specimens), to dark brown. There is a considerable variation in the pattern of dorsal ocelli and blotches. Most specimens have a distinct, symmetrical pattern of one or two large, mid-dorsally located ocelli and several smaller ocelli especially on the sacral region, and a few dark spots scattered over the dorsum. The outer lines of these ocelli might be interrupted or not, and some specimens present a much reduced dorsal pattern consisting only of a few small spots on dorsum and transverse lines on limbs instead of the prominent ocellus and bar pattern. The number and shape of the dark transverse bands on hind limbs also show some variation, but the interspace width is usually larger than these bands varying between one and twice the width of the bands.

DD. Data Deficient.

Trachycephalus dibernardoi is a frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to Brazil and Argentina. Scientists think it might also live in Paraguay.