Doleschallia bisaltide Cramer 1779

Doleschallia bisaltide, the autumn leaf,^[1][2] is a nymphalid butterfly found in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australasia.^[1][2] In Australia it is also known as the leafwing.

Description

D. bisaltide fourth instar larva

D. bisaltide pupa

The larvae are black, with two rows of dorsal white spots. Head with a pair of branched spines; rest of the segments with a dorsal and a lateral row of blue branched spines on each side. They feed on Artocarpus, Pseuderanthemum, Calycanthus, Ruellia, Girardina, Strobilanthus and Graptophyllum.^[3][4] The pupae are yellowish with numerous black spots; constricted in the middle; head produced into two points.^[5] There are several subspecies under Doleschallia bisaltide:^[2]

• Doleschallia bisaltide andamanensis Fruhstorfer, 1899

This subspecies closely resembles the Indian form, but differs in the oblique yellow band on the upperside of the forewing, which is broader and extends from the middle of the costal margin uninterruptedly to interspace 4, though it is preapically constricted. On the upperside of the hindwing there is an inner as well as an outer conspicuous subterminal narrow-black band. On the underside, this subspecies is as variable as the typical form, but the ground colour in many specimens (presumably wet-season broods) is of a richer, almost metallic green, with the basal snow-white spots defined with black lines; the ocelli in interspaces 2 and 5 seem also to be more clearly defined than in the Indian form. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in malabarica.^[6][7]

This subspecies has been seen in the South Andaman (Chidiyatapu), Car Nicobar, Central Nicobars and at Great Nicobar. They are attracted to the flowers of Ligustrum glomeratum and larvae have been discovered on Pseuderanthemum album (Acanthaceae).^[8]

• Doleschallia bisaltide apameia Fruhstorfer, 1912

Found in the Obi Islands.

• Doleschallia bisaltide australis C. & R. Felder, 1867

The leafwing. Found in Indonesia, Torres Strait Islands, and northeastern Australia.^[9]

• Doleschallia bisaltide bougainvillensis Strand, 1920

Found in Bougainville.

• Doleschallia bisaltide cethega Fruhstorfer, 1912

Found in Sulawesi.

• Doleschallia bisaltide ceylonica Fruhstorfer, 1903

The Ceylon autumn leaf. Found in Sri Lanka.

• Doleschallia bisaltide continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1899

Found in southern China, Indochina and Malaysia. Doleschallia bisaltide siamensis is a synonym.^[9][10]

• Doleschallia bisaltide denisi Viette, 1950

Found in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands.

• Doleschallia bisaltide gurelca Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893

Found in the Bismarck Archipelago and the Admiralty Islands

• Doleschallia bisaltide herrichi Butler, 1876

Found in New Hebrides.

• Doleschallia bisaltide indica Moore, 1899^[7]

The Himalayan autumn leaf. Found in northern India and Nepal.

• Doleschallia bisaltide karabachica Tytler, 1940
• Doleschallia bisaltide malabarica Fruhstorfer, 1899

Male's and female's underside yellowish brown, paling anteriorly to rich golden yellow on the forewing, shading anteriorly into dusky brown on the hindwing. Forewing: the apical half black, following a line from vein 12 opposite the discocellulars, passing through apex of cell, obliquely across middle of interspace 3 and curving down to tornus; a black spot near apex of cell coalescing with the inner margin of 1he black colour; a short, very oblique, broad golden-yellow band, broader in the female than in the male, from middle of costal margin to interspace 5; a spot beyond in line with it in interspace 4; two, sometimes three, minute, preapical white specks; the cilia fulvous (tawny), touched with white, anteriorly. Hindwing uniform; the costal margin broadly as noted above, a subterminal narrow band and narrower terminal line posteriorly, dusky black; a postdiscal black spot in interspaces 2 and 5 respectively; the cilia fulvous.^[6]

Doleschallia bisaltide malabarica, female

Underside very variable, closely resembling a dry leaf. No two specimens are ever alike. The ground colour varies from reddish to dark greenish brown with irrorations (speckles) of greyish and black scales; apex of the forewing and the terminal margin posteriorly of the hindwing more or less lilacine; forewings and hindwings crossed by a dark narrow discal fascia, generally bordered on the inner side by a greyish line; this fascia bent inwards at right angles above vein 6 of the forewing and in most specimens, bordered internally by a diffuse pale patch and externally by an oblique whitish mark, beyond which is a subcostal white spot, followed by a transverse sinuous postdiscal series of obscure ocelli crossing both wings, each ocellus centred by a minute dot, white on the fore, black on the hindwing. In the male there are generally, but not invariably, a number of whitish spots on the basal areas of both wings. Antennae blackish brown, ochraceous at apex; head, thorax and abdomen dark fulvous brown; beneath, the palpi white, the thorax and abdomen pale brown.^[6] Wingspan is about 84 to 88 mm (3.3 to 3.5 in). Found from Sikkim, S. India, Ceylon, Assam, Myanmar and Tenasserim.

• Doleschallia bisaltide menexema Fruhstorfer, 1912

Found in the Treasury Islands, Shortlands, Guadalcanal, and possibly the Solomon Islands.

• Doleschallia bisaltide merguiana Evans, 1924
• Doleschallia bisaltide montrouzieri Butler, 1876

Found in New Hebrides.

• Doleschallia bisaltide nasica Fruhstorfer, 1907

Found in Waigeu.

• Doleschallia bisaltide nigromarginata Joicey & Noakes, 1915

Found in Biak.

• Doleschallia bisaltide tualensis Fruhstorfer, 1899

Found in Kai Island

D. b. philippensis fifth instar larva on Graptophyllum pictum

• Doleschallia bisaltide philippensis Fruhstorfer, 1899

Found in the Philippines.

• Doleschallia bisaltide pratipa C. & R. Felder, 1860

Found in peninsular Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia.^[3]

• Doleschallia bisaltide rennellensis Howarth, 1962

Found in Rennell and the Bellona Islands.

• Doleschallia bisaltide scapus Fruhstorfer, 1912

Found in Indonesia and Timor.

• Doleschallia bisaltide sciron Godman & Salvin, 1888

Found in the Treasury Islands, Shortlands, and Guadalcanal.

• Doleschallia bisaltide tenimberensis Fruhstorfer, 1912

Found in Biak.

• Doleschallia bisaltide tualensis Fruhstorfer, 1899

Found in Kai Island

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References

Doleschallia bisaltide ou Papillon-feuille est un insecte lépidoptère de la famille des Nymphalidae, de la sous-famille des Nymphalinae et du genre Doleschallia.

Dénomination

Le nom 'Doleschallia bisaltide a été donné par Cramer en 1777^[1].

Noms vernaculaires

Doleschallia bisaltide se nomme en anglais Autumn leaf^[1].

Doleschallia bisaltide

chenille de Doleschallia bisaltide

Sous-espèces

• Doleschallia bisaltide bisaltide
• Doleschallia bisaltide apameia Fruhstorfer
• Doleschallia bisaltide australis C. et R. Felder, 1867;
• Doleschallia bisaltide cethega Fruhstorfer;
• Doleschallia bisaltide ceylonica Fruhstorfer; au Sri Lanka;
• Doleschallia bisaltide continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1899;
• Doleschallia bisaltide denisi (Viette 1950) en Nouvelle-Calédonie^[2].
• Doleschallia bisaltide gurelca Grose-Smith;
• Doleschallia bisaltide herrichi Butler; aux Nouvelles-Hébrides.
• Doleschallia bisaltide indica Moore, 1899;
• Doleschallia bisaltide menexema Fruhstorfer
• Doleschallia bisaltide montrouzieri Butler; aux Nouvelles-Hébrides.
• Doleschallia bisaltide nasica Fruhstorfer, 1907;
• Doleschallia bisaltide nigromarginata Joicey et Noakes, 1915;
• Doleschallia bisaltide philippines Fruhstorfer
• Doleschallia bisaltide polibete (Cramer, [1779])
• Doleschallia bisaltide pratipa C. & R. Felder, 1860
• Doleschallia bisaltide rennellensis Howarth
• Doleschallia bisaltide scapus Fruhstorfer
• Doleschallia bisaltide sciron Godman & Salvin
• Doleschallia bisaltide siamensis Fruhstorfer, 1912;
• Doleschallia bisaltide tenimberensis Fruhstorfer;
• Doleschallia bisaltide tualensis Fruhstorfer^[1].

Description

C'est un papillon de 6 à 7 cm d'envergure en moyenne^[3], qui, ailes fermées mime une feuille avec ses ailes antérieures au bord concave et son revers couleur brun noisette feuille d'automne, ses ocelles ébauchés faisant penser à des meurtrissures de feuilles mortes d'où son nom en anglais.

• Papillon-feuille, ailes fermées, Kérala, Inde

• Papillon-feuille, ailes ouvertes, Kérala, Inde

Le dessus est marron doré avec l'apex des antérieures marron foncé.

Biologie

Son vol est puissant et rapide^[4]. .

Chenille

Chrysalide dans un Graptophyllum pictum, Mindanao, Philippines

Chenille dans un Graptophyllum pictum, Mindanao, Philippines

La chenille est noire (ou grise pour certaines espèces) ornée de lignes de points blancs et quelques points rouges et munie d'épines de couleur noire^[4].

Elle se développe en particulier sur les arbres jacquiers artocarpus heterophyllus.

Plantes hôtes

Les plantes hôtes de sa chenille sont des Pseuderanthemum, Pseuderanthemum bicolor, Pseuderanthemum malabaricum, Pseuderanthemum variabile, Pseuderanthemum, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Asystasia gangetica, Graptophyllum pictum et Strobilanthes isophyllus^[1].

Écologie et distribution

Il est présent dans le sud-est de l'Asie, Sri Lanka, Inde, Thaïlande, Birmanie, ouest de la Malaisie et en Océanie, à Sumatra, Bornéo, au Sulawesi et aux Nouvelles-Hébrides, dans le nord-est de l'Australie et en Nouvelle-Calédonie à Grande Terre et aux îles Loyauté^[1],[4],[2].

Biotope

Il réside dans la forêt humide et au bord des routes jusqu'à une altitude de 1400 mètres ^[4].

Protection

Pas de statut de protection particulier.

Philatélie

Un timbre des Îles Salomon de 1982 représente le dessus et le revers de Doleschallia bisaltide. Un timbre Australien représente le dessus^[5].

Doleschallia bisaltide australis

Notes et références

Annexes

Doleschallia bisaltide, atau Autumn Leaf, adalah kupu-kupu yang termasuk dalam kelompok keluarga Nymphalidae dan sub-keluarga Nymphalinae. Ia mempunyai lebar sayap sekitar 60–70 mm.^[1]

Galeri

• Doleschallia bisaltide indica

• Doleschallia bisaltide andamanensis

• 
• Ventral wing views of Doleschallia bisaltide are highly variable - example of weaker contrast

• Stronger ventral contrast example

• Doleschallia bisaltide at Koovery, India

• Caterpillar

Rujukan

Pautan luar

• Sri Lanka Wild Life Information Database

Doleschallia bisaltide is een vlinder uit de familie Nymphalidae.^[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1779 door Pieter Cramer.

Doleschallia bisaltide (Cramer, [1777]) é uma espécie de inseto da ordem Lepidoptera; uma borboleta da família Nymphalidae e subfamília Nymphalinae com diversas subespécies que se distribuem pela região indo-malaia (incluindo Sri Lanka^[1], Índia^[2], Península da Malásia^[4], Filipinas e Indonésia)^[1] até o leste da Austrália (em Queensland e Nova Gales do Sul^[3]; onde é nomeada, em inglês, Autumn Leaf; na tradução para o português, "folha outonal"), ilhas Salomão, Novas Hébridas e Nova Caledónia.^[1] Macho e fêmea são muito semelhantes. Sua coloração é caracterizada por apresentar asas de um laranja amarronzado, com tonalidade amarela e áreas enegrecidas no ápice das asas anteriores, vista por cima, e padronagem de folha seca em vista inferior; contendo pequenas manchas brancas, em alguns espécimes, e com ocelos que não comprometem sua camuflagem de "borboleta-folha".^[2][5][6][7] Seu tipo nomenclatural foi obscuramente descrito como coletado no Suriname (ou Sumatra?); inicialmente nomeado Papilio bisaltide, no século XVIII. Suas lagartas se alimentam de plantas dos gêneros Artocarpus (família Moraceae; Jaqueira), Asystasia, Calycanthus, Graptophyllum, Pseuderanthemum e Strobilanthes (família Acanthaceae).^[1][5]

• Vista superior de D. bisaltide ssp. malabarica, cujo tipo nomenclatural fora coletado em Karwar, Índia, no fim do século XIX.^[1]

• Vista inferior de D. bisaltide ssp. malabarica, cujo tipo nomenclatural fora coletado em Karwar, Índia, no fim do século XIX.^[1]

Hábitos

Doleschallia bisaltide é uma espécie bem distribuída^[1], podendo existir em floresta primária e secundária entre altitudes que vão do nível médio do mar a 1.400 metros. Adultos têm voo forte, direto e muito rápido; encontrados isoladamente em estradas, clareiras e pedreiras em áreas florestais; com machos podendo ser avistados a absorver umidade mineralizada da areia e de rochas nas margens de rios e de florestas.^[5]

Referências

见正文

蠹叶蛱蝶（学名：Doleschallia bisaltide），是蛱蝶科的一种蝴蝶，分布在印度和澳大利亚。

描述

幼虫黑色，背上有两排白色斑点。头上有一对尖刺，身上每一节的背侧和外侧有蓝色的尖刺。它们以桂木属、钩粉草属、夏蜡梅属、双翅爵床属、蝎子草属、紫云菜属和紫叶属的植物为生。^[1][2]蛹是微黄，有许多黑色斑点。^[3]

蠹叶蛱蝶有如下亚种：^[4]

• Doleschallia bisaltide andamanensis Fruhstorfer, 1899
• Doleschallia bisaltide apameia Fruhstorfer, 1912
• Doleschallia bisaltide australis C. & R. Felder, 1867
• Doleschallia bisaltide bougainvillensis Strand, 1920
• Doleschallia bisaltide cethega Fruhstorfer, 1912
• Doleschallia bisaltide ceylonica Fruhstorfer, 1903
• Doleschallia bisaltide continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1899
• Doleschallia bisaltide denisi Viette, 1950
• Doleschallia bisaltide gurelca Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893
• Doleschallia bisaltide herrichi Butler, 1876
• Doleschallia bisaltide indicaMoore, 1899
• Doleschallia bisaltide karabachica Tytler, 1940
• Doleschallia bisaltide malabarica Fruhstorfer, 1899
• Doleschallia bisaltide menexema Fruhstorfer, 1912
• Doleschallia bisaltide merguiana Evans, 1924
• Doleschallia bisaltide montrouzieri Butler, 1876
• Doleschallia bisaltide nasica Fruhstorfer, 1907
• Doleschallia bisaltide nigromarginata Joicey & Noakes, 1915
• Doleschallia bisaltide tualensis Fruhstorfer, 1899
• Doleschallia bisaltide philippensis Fruhstorfer, 1899
• Doleschallia bisaltide pratipa C. & R. Felder, 1860
• Doleschallia bisaltide rennellensis Howarth, 1962
• Doleschallia bisaltide scapus Fruhstorfer, 1912
• Doleschallia bisaltide sciron Godman & Salvin, 1888
• Doleschallia bisaltide tenimberensis Fruhstorfer, 1912
• Doleschallia bisaltide tualensis Fruhstorfer, 1899

参考资料