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North American Ecology (US and Canada)

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Resident in northwestern North America (Scott 1986). Habitats are FOOTHILLS AND MOUNTAINS. Host plants include species from many families, with most hosts from ROSACEAE. Hosts are usually trees or shrubs. Eggs are laid on the host plant singly. Individuals overwinter as pupae. There are a variable number of flights based on latitude with the approximate flight time JUN1-JUN30 in the northern part of the range and MAR15-AUG30 in the southern part of their range (Scott 1986).
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Behavior

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Adults feed mainly from nectar and mud. Males both perch and patrol for females (Scott, 1986).
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Conservation Status

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Of limited distribution in the province.
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Cyclicity

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One brood yearly, with peak flight activity in July.
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Distribution

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Southern BC and extreme southwestern Alberta south to New Mexico and California (Opler 1999). Rare in Alberta, occuring from the Crowsnest Pass region southward along the mountains (Bird et al. 1995).
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General Description

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Faded specimens of P. canadensis or P. rutulus can be similar to the Pale Swallowtail, but the black stripes of P. eurymedon are much broader, and the ground colour is white or creamy white, never yellow. No subspecies are currently recognized.
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Habitat

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Along waterways and montane forest edges.
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Life Cycle

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The egg is yellowish green, round and smooth, developing a pink tinge along the sides several days after being laid (Guppy & Shepard 2001). Larvae are similar to those of other species in the tiger swallowtail group (Layberry et al. 1998); young larvae are black with a white saddle, resembling bird droppings, while mature larvae are bright green with a whitish underside, and have a pair of yellow and black eyespots on the mid-thoracic segment (Guppy & Shepard 2001). The pupae are green or brown, with darker longitudinal lines (Guppy & Shepard 2001). Adult males patrol forest edges and watercourses in search of females, and (unlike the other tiger swallowtails) also congregate at hilltops to await females (Layberry et al. 1998). Males form mud-puddling congregations (Layberry et al. 1998).
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Trophic Strategy

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The larval food plant is unknown in Alberta. It is most likely one or more shrub species in the rose (Rosaceae), birch (Betulaceae) or buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) family. In BC, larvae feed on cultivated apple (Malus spp.), Red Alder (Alnus rubra), birch (Betula spp.), tea bush (Ceanothus sanguineus), Ocean Spray (Holodiscus discolor), and Cherry (Prunus emerginata) (Guppy & Shepard 2001).
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Papilio eurymedon ( German )

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Papilio eurymedon ist ein Schmetterling aus der Familie der Ritterfalter (Papilionidae).

Merkmale

Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 64 bis 90 Millimetern. Ihre Grundfärbung ist gelb mit schwarzer Musterung, wie bei vielen Ritterfaltern, allerdings dominiert das schwarz meist die ausgebleichte hellgelbe Farbe. Die Vorderflügel haben einen sehr breiten schwarzen Außenrand, in dem nahe dem Rand kleine gelbliche Flecken eingeschlossen sind. Die Tigerstreifen sind nicht scharf abgegrenzt und etwas verwischt, der vierte von ihnen, nahe der Flügelspitze, besteht eigentlich aus drei mehr oder weniger ineinanderfließenden Flecken. Die Flügeladern sind fein schwarz gefärbt. Die Hinterflügel haben einen noch breiteren schwarzen Außenrand, an deren Rand gelbliche, Bogenflecken eingefasst sind, die zum schwarzen Schwänzchen hin mehr und mehr orange gefärbt sind. Der Außenrand ist etwas gewellt. Auf den Hinterflügeln verläuft jeweils der erste Tigerstreifen des Vorderflügel weiter, die Flügeladern sind ebenfalls schwarz gefärbt. Am ebenfalls schwarz gerandeten Flügelinnenrand sitzt am unteren Ende je ein blau, schwarz und rot gefärbter Augenfleck, in dessen Umfeld das Schwarz, zum Teil mit blau gestäubten Flecken überdeckt ist. Bei den Weibchen ziehen sich diese blauen Flecken entlang des ganzen Außenrandes, bei ihnen sind auch die Bogenflecken größer. Die Unterseite der Flügel ist ebenso wie die Oberseite gefärbt, auf den Vorderflügeln sind aber die Flecken entlang des Außenrandes größer. Auf den Hinterflügeln sind die Adern kräftiger schwarz gefärbt und auch die blau gestäubten Flecken sind ausgeprägter. Der Körper der Falter ist schwarz und hat auf beiden Seiten einen gelben Längsstreifen.[1]

Ähnliche Arten

Vorkommen

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Verbreitungsgebiet von Papilio eurymedon auf den nordamerikanischen Kontinent

Die Tiere kommen entlang der Westküste der USA von Kalifornien bis nach British Columbia in Kanada vor. Östlich findet man sie bis Montana. Sie leben im leichten Bergland, in Waldgebieten und in Flusstälern.[2]

Lebensweise

Die Falter saugen Nektar von Blüten, gelegentlich aber auch Nährstoffe von Pfützen und feuchten Stellen. Die Männchen fliegen auf der Suche nach Weibchen umher. Diese legen ihre Eier einzeln auf die Blätter ihrer Futterpflanzen. Die Raupen ruhen auf seidenen Unterlagen, die sie in zusammengerollten Blättern spinnen. Sie überwintern in der Puppe.[2]

Flugzeiten

Sie fliegen im Süden in mehreren Generationen von März bis August, im Norden von April bis Juli.[2]

Nahrung der Raupen

Die Raupen ernähren sich von Bäumen und Sträuchern der Rosengewächsen (Rosaceae), Kreuzdorngewächsen (Rhamnaceae) und Birkengewächsen (Betulaceae).[2]

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. Papilio eurymedon. butterflycorner.net, Ing. Thomas Neubauer, abgerufen am 29. November 2006.
  2. a b c d Papilio eurymedon. Big Sky Institute at Montana State University, abgerufen am 1. Dezember 2006.

Literatur

  • James A. Scott: The butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Kalifornien 1986, ISBN 0-8047-1205-0.

Weblinks

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Papilio eurymedon: Brief Summary ( German )

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Papilio eurymedon ist ein Schmetterling aus der Familie der Ritterfalter (Papilionidae).

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Papilio eurymedon

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Papilio eurymedon, the pale swallowtail or pallid swallowtail, is a relatively common swallowtail butterfly found throughout much of the western North America. The species was first described by Hippolyte Lucas in 1852. It is found on the Pacific coast from northern Baja California to southernmost British Columbia, and inland to New Mexico and the Black Hills of South Dakota. It is present from the coast to western Montana, and from Wyoming to northern New Mexico. It is absent from most of Nevada and western Utah. It prefers open woodlands and forest clearings, especially near permanent bodies of water such as ponds, but also urban parks and is occasionally seen in suburban areas. Though not as common as the western tiger swallowtail, the pale swallowtail can be seen in large numbers at puddling parties where up to a dozen or more males may be gathered. There they join other species to sip water from damp soil to obtain nutrients for mating. Their appearance is quite similar to that of the western tiger swallowtail, except they are a white-cream color or very pale yellow. Some pale swallowtails also have differing amounts of red-orange patches on the top of the wings just above the tail. There is a submarginal band on the bottom of the hindwings. Tiger stripes and borders are thicker than those of western tiger swallowtails. The wingspan is typically 3.5 to 4.5 inches (8.9 to 11.4 cm).

The pale swallowtail has a single brood throughout most of its range, but two or more along the Pacific Coast. Adults fly from April to October and are most common in May and July. Caterpillars enter their pupal stage in the fall and overwinter before emerging as adults. Eggs are laid singly on host plants which include members of the genus Ceanothus, including buckbrush, mountain balm, and mountain lilac, as well as red alder, ocean spray, bitter cherry, and serviceberry species. Caterpillars are plump green with a single yellow band behind the thorax. They have two eye-shaped spots on the upper thorax, which may help frighten predators. Like most swallowtails, they have a red wishbone-shaped organ called the osmeterium, which pops out from behind the head and releases a foul odor to warn off predators. Caterpillars turn brown just before the fifth moult. The pupa is brown and looks like a piece of bark. As they pupate, they face upright, secure the tip of the abdomen to a branch with a silk thread, and hang freely.

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Papilio eurymedon: Brief Summary

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Papilio eurymedon, the pale swallowtail or pallid swallowtail, is a relatively common swallowtail butterfly found throughout much of the western North America. The species was first described by Hippolyte Lucas in 1852. It is found on the Pacific coast from northern Baja California to southernmost British Columbia, and inland to New Mexico and the Black Hills of South Dakota. It is present from the coast to western Montana, and from Wyoming to northern New Mexico. It is absent from most of Nevada and western Utah. It prefers open woodlands and forest clearings, especially near permanent bodies of water such as ponds, but also urban parks and is occasionally seen in suburban areas. Though not as common as the western tiger swallowtail, the pale swallowtail can be seen in large numbers at puddling parties where up to a dozen or more males may be gathered. There they join other species to sip water from damp soil to obtain nutrients for mating. Their appearance is quite similar to that of the western tiger swallowtail, except they are a white-cream color or very pale yellow. Some pale swallowtails also have differing amounts of red-orange patches on the top of the wings just above the tail. There is a submarginal band on the bottom of the hindwings. Tiger stripes and borders are thicker than those of western tiger swallowtails. The wingspan is typically 3.5 to 4.5 inches (8.9 to 11.4 cm).

The pale swallowtail has a single brood throughout most of its range, but two or more along the Pacific Coast. Adults fly from April to October and are most common in May and July. Caterpillars enter their pupal stage in the fall and overwinter before emerging as adults. Eggs are laid singly on host plants which include members of the genus Ceanothus, including buckbrush, mountain balm, and mountain lilac, as well as red alder, ocean spray, bitter cherry, and serviceberry species. Caterpillars are plump green with a single yellow band behind the thorax. They have two eye-shaped spots on the upper thorax, which may help frighten predators. Like most swallowtails, they have a red wishbone-shaped organ called the osmeterium, which pops out from behind the head and releases a foul odor to warn off predators. Caterpillars turn brown just before the fifth moult. The pupa is brown and looks like a piece of bark. As they pupate, they face upright, secure the tip of the abdomen to a branch with a silk thread, and hang freely.

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Papilio eurymedon ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Papilio eurymedon es una especie de mariposa de la familia Papilionidae.[1][2]

Fue descrito por primera vez en 1852 por Lucas.[3]

Galería

Referencias

  1. GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 2008-11-23
  2. Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). «Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.». Species 2000: Reading, UK. Consultado el 24 de septiembre de 2012.
  3. Lucas, Pierre Hippolyte (1852) Description de nouvelles espèces de Lépidoptères appartenant aux collections entomologiques du Musée de Paris. (Quatrième décade, Cinquième décade, Sixième Décade)., Lucas, Pierre Hippolyte (1852) Description de nouvelles espèces de Lépidoptères appartenant aux collections entomologiques du Musée de Paris. (Quatrième décade, Cinquième décade, Sixième Décade). Revue et Magazin de Zoologie pure et appliquée (2)4(3): 128

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Papilio eurymedon: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Papilio eurymedon es una especie de mariposa de la familia Papilionidae.​​

Fue descrito por primera vez en 1852 por Lucas.​

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Papilio eurymedon ( French )

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Papilio eurymedon est une espèce d'insectes lépidoptères qui appartient à la famille des Papilionidae, à la sous-famille des Papilioninae et au genre Papilio.

Dénomination

Il a été nommé Papilio eurymedon par Hippolyte Lucas en 1852.

Synonymes

  • Papilio antinous Donovan, 1805
  • Papilio eurymedon Boisduval, 1852
  • Papilio albanus C. & R. Felder, [1864]
  • Papilio lewisii Kirby, 1884
  • Papilio eurymedon ab. subnigrata Schultz, 1908
  • Papilio eurymedon f. albanus ab. cocklei Gunder, 1925
  • Papilio eurymedon f. albanus tr.f. columbiana Gunder, 1925[1].

Noms vernaculaires

Papilio eurymedon se nomme Pale Swallowtail et Pallid Tiger Swallowtail en anglais[2],[1].

Description

Papilio eurymedon est un grand papillon (son envergure varie de 90 à 115 mm) de couleur blanc crème à jaune pâle rayé de larges bandes noires. Il est de forme vaguement triangulaire et possède une queue. Il présente une bordure noire aux antérieures et aux postérieures et une lunule anale bleue.

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Papilio eurymedon

Chenille et chrysalide

Les chenilles sont vertes avec une bande unique jaune. Elles ont deux points en forme d’œil pour effrayer les prédateurs.

Biologie

Les œufs sont déposés isolément sur des plantes nourricières.

Période de vol et hivernation

Les imagos volent entre avril et octobre suivant leur habitat (avril à juillet au Canada)[3].

Il hiverne à l’état de chrysalide[2].

Plantes hôtes

Les plantes hôtes de sa chenille sont très nombreuses des Rosaceae, des Rhamnaceae, des Betulaceae et en particulier des Prunus Prunus emarginata, Prunus emarginata, Prunus virginiana, Prunus virginiana ssp. demissa, Prunus ilicifolia, Prunus persica, Prunus domestica, des Crataegus, Crataegus rivularis, Crataegus douglasii, des Ceanothus, Ceanothus fendleri, Ceanothus velutinus, Ceanothus prostratus, Ceanothus sanguineus et Rhamnus californica[2],[1].

Écologie et distribution

Il réside dans tout l’ouest de l’Amérique du Nord de la Basse-Californie à la Colombie-Britannique. Plus à l’est, il est présent jusque dans le Montana, le Wyoming et le Nouveau-Mexique. Au Canada il est présent dans le sud de la Colombie-Britannique et dans le sud-ouest de l'Alberta[2],[3].

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carte de résidence

Biotope

Il réside dans les lieux ouverts[2]. Il apprécie les régions boisées à proximité de plans d’eau.

Protection

Pas de statut de protection particulier[2].

Notes et références

  1. a b et c funet
  2. a b c d e et f « Attributes of Papilio eurymedon », sur butterfliesandmoths.org, Butterflies and Moths of North America
  3. a et b Papillons du Canada

.

Annexes

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Papilio eurymedon: Brief Summary ( French )

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Papilio eurymedon est une espèce d'insectes lépidoptères qui appartient à la famille des Papilionidae, à la sous-famille des Papilioninae et au genre Papilio.

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Papilio eurymedon ( Italian )

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Papilio eurymedon Lucas, 1852, è un lepidottero appartenente alla famiglia Papilionidae.

Descrizione

Biologia

Distribuzione e habitat

Tassonomia

Conservazione

Note

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Capinera, J. L. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, 4 voll., 2nd Ed., Dordrecht, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2008, pp. lxiii + 4346, ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1, LCCN 2008930112, OCLC 837039413.
  • (EN) Kükenthal, W. (Ed.), Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of Zoology, Band 4: Arthropoda - 2. Hälfte: Insecta - Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, in Kristensen, N. P. (a cura di), Handbuch der Zoologie, Fischer, M. (Scientific Editor), Teilband/Part 35: Volume 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography, Berlino, New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1999 [1998], pp. x + 491, ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8, OCLC 174380917.
  • (EN) Scoble, M. J., The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity, seconda edizione, London, Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum, 2011 [1992], pp. xi, 404, ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9, LCCN 92004297, OCLC 25282932.
  • (EN) Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects, 2 volumi, seconda edizione, Dubuque, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1991 [1987], pp. ix, 754, ISBN 978-0-8403-3702-3, LCCN 85081922, OCLC 13784377.

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Papilio eurymedon: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Papilio eurymedon Lucas, 1852, è un lepidottero appartenente alla famiglia Papilionidae.

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Papilio eurymedon ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

Papilio eurymedon is een vlinder uit de familie van de pages (Papilionidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1852 door Lucas.

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Papilio eurymedon ( Norwegian )

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Papilio eurymedon er en sommerfugl i familie-gruppen svalestjerter. Den lever vest i Nord-Amerika.

Utseende

Kroppen har et ytre skjelett (hudplater) som holder de bløte indre organer på plass. Det ytre hudskjelettet er bygd opp for det meste av kitin. Bakkroppens indre organer består av fordøyelsesorganer, forplantningsorganer og åndedrett. Åndedrettet hos sommerfugler foregår ikke ved lunger, men ved at luft hentes inn og ut av kroppen gjennom små hull i hudskjelettet (spirakler). I kroppen er det et svært finmasket system av trakéer som leder oksygenet til kroppens vitale deler. En blodvæske som sirkulerer i kroppen, pumpes rundt av et avlangt rørformet hjerte.

Brystpartiet består for det meste av vingenes muskulatur. Sanseorganer, for syn, smak og lukt er stort sett plassert i hodet. Nervesystemet består av en bukmarg med to nervestrenger og én nerveknute (ganglion) i hvert kroppssegment. Den første nerveknuten, som ligger foran munnåpningen, er spesielt stor og omtales som hjerne.

Larvens hode består av en hard hodekapsel med noen punktøyne. Under øynene er det noen små antenner larven bruker til å finne riktig føde. Larvens bakkropp består nesten bare av fordøyelsessystemet. Dette er ganske kort og mye av maten larven spiser passerer før all næringen er tatt opp. Avføringen kommer ut som små kuler helt bakerst på kroppen. Larvene ånder gjennom åpninger i hudskjelettet (spirakler), langs kroppens sider.

Levevis

Parringen skjer ved sammenkobling mellom de to kjønnene.

Larven er radikalt forskjellige fra de voksne, både i levevis og i kroppsbygning. Larven lever som plantespiser.

Papilio eurymedon tilhører gruppen av insekter med fullstendig forvandling (holometabole insekter), som gjennomgår en metamorfose i løpet av utviklingen. Mellom larvestadiet og det voksne stadiet er et puppestadium, en hvileperiode, der sommerfuglens indre og ytre organer endres. Larvens bøyelige og myke kropp omdannes til en puppe med hardt skall. Når skallet er hardt begynner omdanningen fra larve til den voksne (imago) sommerfuglen. De indre organer brytes i varierende grad ned til en cellemasse. En omorganisering skjer og dyret bygges opp igjen. Puppeperioden varierer etter temperaturen.

Systematisk inndeling

Treliste

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Papilio eurymedon er en sommerfugl i familie-gruppen svalestjerter. Den lever vest i Nord-Amerika.

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Papilio eurymedon ( Vietnamese )

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Papilio eurymedon là một loài bướm thuộc họ Bướm phượng (Papilionidae). Loài Papilio eurymedon được mô tả năm 1852 bởi Lucas. Loài bướm Papilio eurymedon sinh sống ở [1].

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Bướm phượng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Papilio eurymedon: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Papilio eurymedon là một loài bướm thuộc họ Bướm phượng (Papilionidae). Loài Papilio eurymedon được mô tả năm 1852 bởi Lucas. Loài bướm Papilio eurymedon sinh sống ở .

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