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Papilio aegeus ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Papilio aegeus és una espècie de lepidòpter ditrisi de la família Papilionidae que habita a Austràlia (des de Queensland fins a Victòria), a Papua Nova Guinea i les illes de l'Oceà Pacífic compreses entre els dos països.

Té una envergadura d'entre 7,5 i 9 centímetres. L'espècie es caracteritza per unes taques pàl·lides en el centre de les ales posteriors. Els mascles són més petits i tenen uns punts blancs en les ales negres anteriors, i un punt vermell en el marge interior de les posteriors.

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Papilio aegeus ( German )

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Weiblicher Papilio aegeus
 src=
Raupe im letzten Stadium

Papilio aegeus, auch bekannt unter der englischen Bezeichnung Orchard Swallowtail („Garten-Schwalbenschwanz“) ist ein Schmetterling aus der Familie der Ritterfalter (Papilionidae).[1]

Merkmale

Männlicher Falter

Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 100 bis 120 Millimetern. Die Vorderflügel haben eine schwarze Grundfärbung und weisen eine Reihe, von etwa ein Zentimeter großen weißen Flecken, vom Vorderrand bis zum Außenrand, ein paar Zentimeter vom Apex entfernt, auf. Die Hinterflügel haben ebenfalls eine schwarze Grundfärbung, werden jedoch bis auf die Submarginalregion, die fast ganze Basalregion, Teile der Postdiskalregion sowie den Innenrand von einem weißen Bereich geprägt, dessen Außenrand gerichtete Seite stark gezahnt ist. Im Analwinkel befindet sich ein blasses rotes Auge. Der Außenrand hat keinen Schwanzfortsatz.[1]

Die Unterseite der Vorderflügel hat eine schwarze Grundfärbung und weist wie die Oberseite an der gleichen Stelle eine Reihe weißer Punkte auf. Zwischen Apex und dieser Reihe befinden sich zahllose weiße Schuppen. Die Unterseite der Hinterflügel hat eine schwarze Grundfärbung. In der Postdiskalregion befinden sich einige blaue Sichelmondflecken und darüber gelbe Sichelmondflecken. Im Analwinkel befinden sich zwei orange, kleine Flecken.[1]

Der Körper ist dunkelbraun.[1]

Weiblicher Falter

Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 100 bis 120 Millimetern. Die Vorderflügel haben eine braune Grundfärbung und werden bis auf die Basalregion von einem weißen Bereich geprägt, durch welchen jedoch braune Adern bohren. Die Hinterflügel haben eine schwarze Grundfärbung. In der Diskalregion befindet sich weißer Bereich rund um den Diskoidalquerader bis zum Innenrand. In der Submarginalregion befindet sich eine Reihe roter Bogenflecken. In der Postdiskalregion, befindet sich am Innenrand ein weiterer roter Fleck und daneben drei blaue Flecken, welche jedoch zunehmend verblassen. Der Außenrand hat keinen Schwanzfortsatz.[1]

Die Unterseiten haben die gleichen Flügelzeichnungen wie die Vorderflügel und die Hinterflügel.[1]

Der Körper ist braun.[1]

Ei, Raupe und Puppe

Die Weibchen legen ihre 0,5 Millimeter großen Eier einzeln auf die Unterseite von Blättern der Rutaceae (Rautengewächse) oder Zitruspflanzen. Experimente zeigen, dass die Weibchen künstliche grüne Unterlagen jedoch bevorzugen. Solche Experimente bewiesen auch, dass Papilio aegeus häufiger auf reflektiertes Licht beziehungsweise durch Polarisierung entstandenes Licht zufliegt.[2][3]

Verwandte Arten

Unterarten

Ähnliche Arten

Verbreitung und Vorkommen

Papilio aegeus ist in Neuseeland, Neuguinea, Australien und auf sämtlichen Inseln im Indischen Ozean sowie im Pazifischen Ozean anzutreffen.[4]

Papilio aegeus ist häufig in seinem Verbreitungsgebiet anzutreffen und gilt daher als nicht gefährdet.[5]

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g butterflycorner.net: Papilio aegeus (abgerufen am 24. April 2009)
  2. Varjú, Dezsö: Polarized light in animal vision: polarization patterns in nature. Springer, 2004, ISBN 3-540-40457-0, S. 166ff.
  3. L. M. Schoonhoven, J. J. A. van Loon, Marcel Dicke: Insect-plant biology. Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-852594-X, S. 146.
  4. E. D. Edwards, J. Newland, L. Regan: Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. (= Australian Biological Resources Study). CSIRO Publishing, 2001, ISBN 0-643-06700-0, S. 428.
  5. N. Mark Collins, Michael G. Morris: Threatened swallowtail butterflies of the world: the IUCN red data book. IUCN, 1985, ISBN 2-88032-603-6, S. 103.

Literatur

  • E. D. Edwards, J. Newland, L. Regan: Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea. (= Australian Biological Resources Study). CSIRO Publishing, 2001, ISBN 0-643-06700-0.
  • Dezsö Varjú: Polarized light in animal vision: polarization patterns in nature. Springer, 2004, ISBN 3-540-40457-0.
  • N. Mark Collins, Michael G. Morris: Threatened swallowtail butterflies of the world: the IUCN red data book. IUCN, 1985, ISBN 2-88032-603-6.
  • L. M. Schoonhoven, J. J. A. van Loon, Marcel Dicke: Insect-plant biology. Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-852594-X.

Weblinks

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Papilio aegeus: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Weiblicher Papilio aegeus  src= Raupe im letzten Stadium

Papilio aegeus, auch bekannt unter der englischen Bezeichnung Orchard Swallowtail („Garten-Schwalbenschwanz“) ist ein Schmetterling aus der Familie der Ritterfalter (Papilionidae).

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Papilio aegeus

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Papilio aegeus, the orchard swallowtail butterfly or large citrus butterfly is a species of butterfly from the family Papilionidae, that is found in eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea.

The larvae of this species are sometimes considered a pest, due to their feeding on citrus leaves in suburban gardens.[1]

Description

Illustration of adults

Both male and female have black forewings with a white stripe, though there is more white overall on the female forewing. The hindwing is again black, and there is a white swath through the middle. Here the markings differ in that the female has chains of red to orange and blue crescents toward the edge. The markings on the underside are similar to those on top. The body is black.[2] The wingspan is about 140 millimetres (5.5 in) in females and 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in males,[3][4][5] making it rather large overall and the largest butterfly commonly seen in at least part of its range.[3]

Despite being a swallowtail, which group derives its name from the distinctive tails on the hindwing, this characteristic is entirely absent.

Distribution

Papilio aegeus can be found in every state in Australia except Tasmania. Western Australia has well established colonies in the Albany region. Some people are promoting the controlled propagation of eggs and caterpillars in Western Australia, but it is generally found in eastern Australia. It is especially common in Queensland and is the largest butterfly commonly found in Brisbane[3] where there are many citrus trees, on which the larvae feed.[4] During summer, the distribution is temporarily extended to Victoria. Adults are more abundant during late summer and autumn in cc. NSW.

The subspecies P. a. ormenus is found on Papua New Guinea and Thursday Island.

A differentiating feature between males of P. a. aegeus and P. a. ormenus is that P. a. aegeus males have a red spot on the above side of each hindwing, which is absent in the males of P. a. ormenus.

Other subspecies occur on islands in the Banda Sea and the Bismarck Sea.

Variation

Subspecies

  • Papilio aegeus aegeus — Cape York - East Victoria, South Australia
  • Papilio aegeus adrastus C. & R. Felder, [1864] — Banda Group
  • Papilio aegeus aegatinus Rothschild, 1908 — Noemfoor Island
  • Papilio aegeus goramensis Rothschild, 1908 — Goram Island
  • Papilio aegeus keianus Rothschild, 1896 — Kai Island
  • Papilio aegeus kissuanus Rothschild, 1908 — Watubela Island, Goram Island
  • Papilio aegeus oritas Godman & Salvin, 1879 — New Ireland, New Hanover
  • Papilio aegeus ormenulus Fruhstorfer, 1902 — Fergusson Island
  • Papilio aegeus ormenus Guérin-Méneville, [1831] — Aru, Missol, Salawari, Jobi, Waigen, West Irian, Papua, New Guinea, Trobriand, D'Entrecastreaux, Woodlark, Lousiades, Torres Straits Is
  • Papilio aegeus othello Grose-Smith, 1894 — Biak
  • Papilio aegeus websteri Grose-Smith, 1894 — New Britain

Forms

Females of both P. a. aegeus and P. a. ormenus have three forms; regular, pale and dark. The pale form has yellow spots on the hindwings, compared to the usual red spots. The forewings are almost completely white. The front wings of the dark form are almost completely black and the hindwings have a smaller white patch.

Life cycle

Egg

The female lays creamy white, smooth, spherical eggs with an approximate diameter of 0.5 millimetres individually on the upper surface of the leaves and shoots of host plants,[6] primarily tropical to subtropical members of the family Rutaceae,[7] which includes introduced and native citrus. The eggs will hatch about one week later.[7]

Larva

The early instars are brown with three white patches, one the: thorax, above the first pair of prolegs, and one on 8th and 9th segment of the abdomen. It is lined with black and white tubercles.[1] The larva only feed on their food plants, citrus. Feeding usually takes place during the day and resting on the upperside of leaves during the night, resembling fresh bird droppings.[3]

The later instars are green with irregular white, yellow or brown markings that run diagonally up/back from the bottom edge of the thorax to the 4th and 6th segments. After about four weeks, the larva may have reached a length of 60 millimetres (2.4 in) and be ready to pupate.[3]

Male Orchard Swallowtail feeding from Nasturtium flowers.

The larvae are sometimes parasitised by other parasitic insects. Like other swallowtail butterflies, when disturbed, the caterpillar erects its bright red osmeterium from behind the head, releasing the smell of citrus, to drive predators away.[3]

Pupa

The pupa is coloured in cryptic grey, green or brown, depending on the colour of the stem it is attached to. The chrysalis is fastened to a stem of the host plant by means of a cremaster. A thin girdle of silk keeps the head end of the chrysalis uppermost during pupation.[3][6][8] Depending on the season, an imago will emerge from the chrysalis, approximately one to six months later.[1]

Images of life cycle

Larval food plants

The larvae often feed on lemon leaves.

Native

The larvae are known to naturally use species the following Australian-native taxa as food plants: Boronia, Citrus, Clausena, Dinosperma, Eriostemon, Flindersia, Geijera, Halfordia, Leionema, Micromelum, Philotheca, Zanthoxylum and Zieria

Introduced

In addition, larvae have also been recorded using introduced species of the following taxa as food plants: Choisya, Citrus, Murraya, Poncirus and Zanthoxylum

Caterpillars also accept leaves from Parsley and Cryptocarya glauscens however female butterflies do not appear to lay eggs on these plants.

Taxonomy

Papilio aegeus is the nominal member of the aegeus species group. The clade members are:

References

  1. ^ a b c "Papilio aegeus".
  2. ^ "Butterflycorner". Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Witness the Orchard Swallowtail Butterfly while standing in nature - Papilio aegeus".
  4. ^ a b "52. Orchard Butterfly - Australian Butterflies". Archived from the original on 2014-02-28. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
  5. ^ "OzAnimals". Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  6. ^ a b "PAPILIONIDAE in Australia". Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  7. ^ a b "SOUTH AUSTRALIAN BUTTERFLIES". Archived from the original on 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  8. ^ "Pupa or chrysalis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

Cited texts

8.Harden, Gwen J.(Ed.) "Flora of New South Wales, Volume 1" New South Wales University Press, 1989.

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Papilio aegeus: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Papilio aegeus, the orchard swallowtail butterfly or large citrus butterfly is a species of butterfly from the family Papilionidae, that is found in eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea.

The larvae of this species are sometimes considered a pest, due to their feeding on citrus leaves in suburban gardens.

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Papilio aegeus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El papilio de los vergeles (Papilio aegeus) es una especie de lepidóptero ditrisio de la familia Papilionidae que habita en Australia (desde Queensland hasta Victoria), en Papúa Nueva Guinea y las islas del océano Pacífico comprendidas entre los dos países, donde se diferencias numerosas subespecies.[1]

Características

Tiene una envergadura de entre 7,5 y 9 cm. La especie se caracteriza por unas manchas pálidas en el centro de las alas posteriores. Los machos son más pequeños y tienen unos puntos blancos en las alas negras anteriores, y un punto rojo en el margen interior de las posteriores. Las hembras, más grandes, se pueden encontrar de distintas formas; todas ellas tienen marcas blancas en las alas anteriores y una banda de manchas rojas en las posteriores, que recorren el perímetro del ala.[2]

Referencias

  1. Papilio en funet.fi
  2. Carter, D. (1992). Mariposas diurnas y nocturnas
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Papilio aegeus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El papilio de los vergeles (Papilio aegeus) es una especie de lepidóptero ditrisio de la familia Papilionidae que habita en Australia (desde Queensland hasta Victoria), en Papúa Nueva Guinea y las islas del océano Pacífico comprendidas entre los dos países, donde se diferencias numerosas subespecies.​

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Papilio aegeus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

Papilio aegeus is een vlinder uit de familie van de pages (Papilionidae).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De vlinder komt voor in het Australaziatisch gebied, met name in Nieuw-Guinea en Australië.

Kenmerken

De spanwijdte is ongeveer 12 centimeter. Er is sprake van een duidelijk seksueel dimorfisme, het mannetje heeft zwart als grondkleur, het vrouwtje is meer bruin.

Waardplanten

De waardplanten zijn grotendeels soorten uit de wijnruitfamilie (Rutaceae), maar de rups accepteert ook Cryptocarya glaucescens en peterselie.

De rups

De soort kan enigszins schadelijk zijn in boomgaarden met citrusvruchten. De rups heeft heel verschillende verschijningsvormen, de jonge rups is bruin met wit en lijkt op vogelpoep, later komt er meer groene kleur, totdat hij in het laatste stadium voornamelijk groen is. De rups heft zijn kop op als hij wordt bedreigd, steekt dan een rood osmeterium (staartachtig orgaan) uit en scheidt de geur van rottende citrusvruchten af.

Synoniemen

  • Papilio erectheus Donovan, 1805
  • Papilio oberon Grose-Smith, 1897
  • Papilio doddi Oberthür, 1916

Afbeeldingen

Externe link

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Papilio aegeus: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Papilio aegeus is een vlinder uit de familie van de pages (Papilionidae).

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Papilio aegeus ( Norwegian )

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Larven.
Foto: Peter Halasz

Papilio aegeus er en sommerfugl i familie-gruppen svalestjerter. Den lever i Australia, New Zealand og helt sørøst i Asia.

Utseende

Kroppen har et ytre skjelett (hudplater) som holder de bløte indre organer på plass. Det ytre hudskjelettet er bygd opp for det meste av kitin. Bakkroppens indre organer består av fordøyelsesorganer, forplantningsorganer og åndedrett. Åndedrettet hos sommerfugler foregår ikke ved lunger, men ved at luft hentes inn og ut av kroppen gjennom små hull i hudskjelettet (spirakler). I kroppen er det et svært finmasket system av trakéer som leder oksygenet til kroppens vitale deler. En blodvæske som sirkulerer i kroppen, pumpes rundt av et avlangt rørformet hjerte. Brystpartiet består for det meste av vingenes muskulatur. Sanseorganer, for syn, smak og lukt er stort sett plassert i hodet. Nervesystemet består av en bukmarg med to nervestrenger og én nerveknute (ganglion) i hvert kroppssegment. Den første nerveknuten, som ligger foran munnåpningen, er spesielt stor og omtales som hjerne.

Larvens hode består av en hard hodekapsel med noen punktøyne. Under øynene er det noen små antenner larven bruker til å finne riktig føde. Larvens bakkropp består nesten bare av fordøyelsessystemet. Dette er ganske kort og mye av maten larven spiser passerer før all næringen er tatt opp. Avføringen kommer ut som små kuler helt bakerst på kroppen. Larvene ånder gjennom åpninger i hudskjelettet (spirakler), langs kroppens sider.

Levevis

Parringen skjer ved sammenkobling mellom de to kjønnene.

Larven er radikalt forskjellige fra de voksne, både i levevis og i kroppsbygning. Larven lever som plantespiser.

Papilio aegeus tilhører gruppen av insekter med fullstendig forvandling (holometabole insekter), som gjennomgår en metamorfose i løpet av utviklingen. Mellom larvestadiet og det voksne stadiet er et puppestadium, en hvileperiode, der sommerfuglens indre og ytre organer endres. Larvens bøyelige og myke kropp omdannes til en puppe med hardt skall. Når skallet er hardt begynner omdanningen fra larve til den voksne (imago) sommerfuglen. De indre organer brytes i varierende grad ned til en cellemasse. En omorganisering skjer og dyret bygges opp igjen. Puppeperioden varierer etter temperaturen.

Systematisk inndeling

Treliste

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Papilio aegeus: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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 src= Larven. Foto: Peter Halasz

Papilio aegeus er en sommerfugl i familie-gruppen svalestjerter. Den lever i Australia, New Zealand og helt sørøst i Asia.

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Papilio aegeus ( Vietnamese )

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Papilio aegeus là một loài bướm thuộc họ Papilionidae. Loài này có ở miền Đông Úc.

Đây là loài bướm lớn nhất được tìm thấy ở Brisbane[1] nơi có nhiều cây citrus để ấu trùng ăn.[2]

Hình dạng

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Papilio aegeus  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Papilio aegeus
  • [1]
  • [www.faunanet.gov.au/wos/factfile.cfm?Fact_ID=189]


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Bướm phượng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Papilio aegeus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Papilio aegeus là một loài bướm thuộc họ Papilionidae. Loài này có ở miền Đông Úc.

Đây là loài bướm lớn nhất được tìm thấy ở Brisbane nơi có nhiều cây citrus để ấu trùng ăn.

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Парусник эгей ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Надотряд: Amphiesmenoptera
Подотряд: Хоботковые
Клада: Двупорые
Клада: Obtectomera
Надсемейство: Булавоусые
Семейство: Парусники
Подсемейство: Papilioninae
Вид: Парусник эгей
Международное научное название

Papilio aegeus Donovan 1805

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Систематика
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NCBI 110794EOL 130875

Парусник эгей[1] (лат. Papilio aegeus) — бабочка семейства парусников или кавалеров (лат. Papilionidae).

Внешний вид

 src=
Самка. Нижняя сторона крыльев

Самцы на всём протяжении ареала одинаковы по расцветке. Самки имеют разнообразную окраску, подражающую, в основном, различным видам ядовитых бабочек, обитающих в тех же местах.

Распространение

Распространён в Новой Гвинее и Австралии.

Образ жизни

Часто встречается в городских парках и садах. Великолепно летает, способен быстро скрыться от врагов.

Размножение

Гусеницы развиваются на микроцитрусе, халфордии, микромелуме и других рутовых растениях. Нередко вредят садовым посадкам цитрусовых. Окраска куколки зависит от места, где окуклилась гусеница: на листьях и стеблях — зелёная, на старых ветвях — серовато-коричневая.

Примечания

  1. Ландман В. Бабочки: иллюстрированная энциклопедия. — М.: Лабиринт Пресс, 2002. — С. 80
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Парусник эгей: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Парусник эгей (лат. Papilio aegeus) — бабочка семейства парусников или кавалеров (лат. Papilionidae).

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果園美鳳蝶 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Papilio aegeus
Dovovan, 1805

果園美鳳蝶学名Papilio aegeus)为鳳蝶科鳳蝶屬下的一个种。

参考文献

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果園美鳳蝶: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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果園美鳳蝶(学名:Papilio aegeus)为鳳蝶科鳳蝶屬下的一个种。

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