Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron 1841)

Present in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil and Uruguay.

Primulae radix,pigmentos flavônicos, heterósidos, enzimas, vitamina C, saponósidos, sais minerais (1)

Redescription of holotype Head short, wide, and high. Loreal region nearly vertical. Snout very short, barely seen ventrally. Rostrum nearly vertical, rounded. Nostrils elongate and little oblique. Cephalic crests very high, with smooth or somewhat rippled borders. Canthal crests very high. Subnasal crests distinctly visible. Suborbital crests not marked. Preorbital crests well defined. Postorbital crests veiy poorly marked. Ma.xillary crests much expanded; in dorsal view the maxillaries project laterally; ventrally, the maxillaries appear as a very expanded rim. Supraorbital crests very well developed, covering laterally part of the upper eyelids resembling an extra eyelid; interorbital space very concave and deep, practically without granules. Parietals well marked. Orbitotympanic crests very high. Tympanum in general not well marked; nearly vertical. Parotoids subtriangular, with lower border not well marked, length 7 mm; dorsal granules flat. No row of granules on inner tarsal edge. A verte bral light line; dorsum with large dark spots; dark bands on limbs. Belly grayish yellow. Measurements (in mm): Head and bodv 66. Head length 14. Head width 21. Head height 7.5. Eye 5. Interorbital space 9. Upper eyelid width 3. Elbow to third finger 24. Femur 17. Tibia length 17.5. Tibia width 7. Heel to fourth toe 29.5. Foot 21.5. Variation Some specimens show variation of the crests: supraorbitals rather low; parietals more or less distinct; suborbitals very variable: (a) only a feeble indication not prolonged behind postorbitals; (b) visible, separated from lower border of eye but neither expanded nor prolonged; (c) present, only prolonged on one side of head; maxillaries somewhat broken; postorbitals obscurely visible. Other variations are: tympanum veiy distinct (well separated from postorbitals); interorbital space with granules; vertebral light line expanded in interocular and interscapular regions. Size range: males 44.5-57 mm, females 51.5-103 mm. This last specimen comes from Fray Bentos, Uruguay, and it is the largest specimen reported in the literature. Larval morphology Tadpoles with depressed body (body maximum height/body maximum width = 0.79 ± 0.04); the body length is a little less than half of total length (body length/total length = 0.45 ± 0.03); the body shape is ovoid in dorsal view and the maximum width is placed in the middle third of the body just behind the eyes, or in the posterior third at the abdominal level. In lateral view, the ventral contour of the body is slightly convex, almost flat. The snout is slightly truncated in dorsal view and rounded in lateral profile. The nostrils are oval, with a slightly elevated marginal rim which is more developed towards the body midline, producing a sub-reniform opening; they are dorsolaterally positioned (extranasal distance/body width at eye level = 0.34 ± 0.01), closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes (fronto-nasal distance /eye-nostril distance = 0.79 ± 0.05), and are more visible dorsally than laterally. The eyes are large (eye diameter/ bodywidth at eye level = 0.22 ± 0.01) and dorsal (interorbital distance/body width at eye level = 0.60 ± 0.03). The pineal end organ is evident as a less pigmented spot between the anterior ridges of the eyes. The spiracle is single, lateral, sinistral, short, with its inner wall fused to the body, placed on the posterior third of the body (rostro-espiracular distance/body length = 0.68 ± 0.03) and directed posterodorsally; its opening is oval, elevated, with a diameter smaller than the tube diameter, and visible laterally and dorsally. The intestinal assa is located approximately at the center of the abdominal ventral surface. The vent tube is medial, it starts at midline and the opening is usually directed to the right, but in 20% of specimens it opens slightly to the left. The direction of the vent tube opening depends on how the origin of the ventral fin is folded, as it is attached to the posterior wall of the tube over its longitudinal axis. The tail is medium sized (tail length/total length = 0.55 ± 0.03), and both fins make it slightly higher than the body height (FH/body maximum height = 1.04 ± 0.06). The dorsal fin originates at the body-tail junction and it has a regularly curved, convex free margin. The ventral fin originates from the longitudinal axis of the posterior wall of the vent tube and its free margin is almost flat. The tail axis is straight, the tail end is broadly rounded and the tail musculature does not reach the tail end. The oral disc is anteroventral, medium sized (diameter of oral disc/body maximum width = 0.34 ± 0.02) and with lateral constrictions (emarginated). It has a single row of marginal papillae, with a large dorsal gap (dorsal gap length /diameter of roal disc = 0.81 ± 0.03) and a medium-sized ventral gap (ventral gap length/diameter of oral disc = 0.58 ± 0.04). Papillae are simple, longer than wide, with rounded tip, and those from the ventral region (at both sides of the gap), are longer than lateral ones. Submarginal lateral papillae are absent. The upper jaw sheath is arch-shaped, flat in the middle part and the lower jaw sheath with free margin, V shaped. Both jaw sheaths are well developed, serrated and heavily pigmented distally. Labial tooth row formula is 2(2)/2. Coloration in life: Dorsum greenish brown, with golden or copper shines, with irregular black spots. Lateral and ventral sides of the body black, with golden, copper or greenish shines, except for the central region of the belly that is translucent allowing visualization of the viscera. In lateral view, a short, golden horizontal band extends from the beginning of the posterior third of the body to the origin of the vent tube. Caudal musculature with alternating greenish brown and light bands in dorsal view, black in lateral view except for the inferior part of its first half, and unpigmented in ventral view. Dorsal fin translucent, with a dense black dotting; ventral fin transparent and unpigmented. Coloration in preservative: body and caudal musculature coloration turns dark brown; golden and greenish copper shines are lost, as well as the golden horizontal band seen in lateral view.

Europa

LC. Least Concern.

Rhinella dorbignyi is a South American species of toad in the family Bufonidae. The specific name, dorbignyi, is in honor of French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny. Its common name is d'Orbigny's toad or Dorbigny's toad [sic].

Rhinella dorbignyi has been in the past treated as subspecies of Bufo globulosus (now Rhinella granulosa). Rhinella dorbignyi can hybridize with Rhinella fernandezae; these species might be conspecific.