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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 23.7 years (captivity) Observations: One captive female lived for 23.7 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Benefits

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Gazella dorcas is hunted as a food source.

Positive Impacts: food

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Gazella dorcas, along with some other ungulates, make up the primary mode of seed dispersal for a variety of plants in the Acacia genus between the Red Sea and Israel.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Mutualist Species:

  • Acacia
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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Benefits

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Gazella dorcas is better adapted for the environment around Israel in the Negev desert than other grazing animals. They outcompete other grazers such as sheep and goats that are used for economic purposes.

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Trophic Strategy

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Gazella dorcas individuals feed on the flowers, leaves, and pods of Acacia trees in many of the areas they inhabit. They also feed on fruits and leaves of a variety of bushes. In the Negev Desert, G. dorcas feeds on Madonna lilies (Pancratium sickenbergeri). Depending on the season, methods for obtaining food change. In summer gazelles dig holes in the sand to remove the stem and bulb of Madonna lilies. After winter rains, gazelles eat freshly sprouted leaves. Foraging techniques permit maximum energy intake with minimum energy output. Large amounts of feeding are done in small areas with high concentrations of plant life followed by long moves to other feeding areas.

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore , Granivore , Lignivore)

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Conservation Status

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This species is considered threatened and in the past was classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. The ongoing threats to this species are habitat destruction and illegal hunting.

US Federal List: threatened

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Distribution

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Gazella dorcas is found in the northern Ethiopian biogeographic region and the southwestern Palearctic region. These gazelles inhabit parts of northern Africa, and the Sahara and Negev deserts including: Morocco, Rio de Oro, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Chad, Somalia, Ethiopia and parts of Israel and Sinai in the Middle East.

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); ethiopian (Native )

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Habitat

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Gazella dorcas is the best equipped member of the genus Gazella to inhabit dry areas. They are found in a variety of habitats: savannahs, semi-deserts, small sand dune fields, consolidated dune areas, and wadis, and are associated with a number of different plant species. High densities of G. dorcas are found in sand dune fields with high concentrations of Pancratium sickenbergeri, a preferred food.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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In captivity Gazella dorcas can live up to 15 years. Average lifespan in the wild is unknown and may vary by population.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
15 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
17.1 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
12.5 years.

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Morphology

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Gazella dorcas varies in coloration, depending on the location. They are generally pale colored and have a white underbelly with two brown stripes on either side. In the northern Sahara they are an ochre color with darker flanking stripes. Near the Red Sea, they are reddish-brown with less conspicuous, light flanking stripes. The head is darker than the rest of the body. Their horns have the most pronounced curve of members of Gazella, and within the subspecies the amount of curve in the horn varies. Horns of males are 250-280 mm long and have 20-24 rings. Female's horns are smaller (170-190 mm) and straighter with 16-18 rings. Adult males average 16.5 kg, while the females are about 12.6 kg, although average size varies among populations. They are the second smallest gazelle species.

Range mass: 14 to 18 kg.

Average mass: 16.5 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; ornamentation

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Associations

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Gazella dorcas populations have many predators. Cheetahs, lions, servals, caracals, wolves, and hyaena prey on all sizes and ages. Young can be killed by smaller predators, such as foxes, eagles, and jackals. Many of these predators have been wiped out in areas where gazelles are currently found. Humans, wolves and caracal continue to be major predatory threats to these gazelles. Gazella dorcas relies chiefly on its keen eyesight to watch for predators. They have calls described in the communication section that help alert others in a herd to the presence of a predator. Skin shivering, tail twitching, and taking bouncing leaps with its head high, also called stotting, are all used to warn others of the presence of a predator.

Known Predators:

  • cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
  • leopards (Panthera pardus)
  • lions (Panthera leo)
  • servals (Leptailurus serval)
  • caracals (Caracal caracal)
  • wolves (Canis lupus)
  • hyaenas (Hyaenidae)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)
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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Gazelles have an alarm call which sounds like a short bark. They also use a louder call made in cases of extreme danger or pain. Females have a low grunt to call the young and all G. dorcas can produce a long growling sound that signals annoyance. When in danger from a predator, "stotting", described in the predation section, is a common way to warn other gazelles of the predators presence.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Untitled

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Gazella dorcas individuals can go their entire lives without drinking water. They can get all the water they need from the plants they eat. There is a high mortality rate among young born in captivity because of inadequate resistance to infection.

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Reproduction

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During the September to November mating season males will guard territory marked by their droppings. Depending on local climate, a group of G. dorcas will consist of one or two males with a harem of females or just a male-female pair. In extreme climates, where resources are scarce, they primarily associate in pairs.

Mating System: polygynous

In the wild, females will usually begin reproducing around age two. In captivity pregnancy can happen as early as six months of age. About 90% of females in the wild became pregnant. They give birth to only one offspring per pregnancy in almost all cases. Pregnancy lasts around six months and the fawn is born with hair and open eyes. Young spend the majority of their first two weeks curled up in the shade. Afterwards they will follow the mother around looking for solid food. Males do not seem to participate in the care of the young, except indirectly through resource defense for the group.

Breeding interval: Breeding occurs once yearly.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs from September to November.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 6 months.

Average weaning age: 3 months.

Range time to independence: 1 (low) years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 1650 g.

Average gestation period: 182 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
589 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
730 days.

Females nurse their young for one to two minutes several times a day for around 3 months. For the first two weeks of the young gazelle's life, the mother grazes and sleeps away from the young gazelle, leaving it in a safe spot. As the young gazelle grows, they join their natal group for the first year, or longer.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Stoolman, J. 2006. "Gazella dorcas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gazella_dorcas.html
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Joshua Stoolman, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Biology

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The dorcas gazelle is one of the most desert-adapted of all gazelles; they can go for their entire lives without drinking, as they can get all the moisture they need from the plants that form their diet (2). However, they will drink if water is available (4). They are able to withstand high temperatures, but when it is very hot they are active mainly at dawn, dusk and during the night (2). In areas where they face persecution, they tend to be active at night in order to minimise the risk of hunting (4). These gazelles feed on leaves, flowers and pods of many species of Acacia trees as well as the leaves, twigs and fruits of various bushes. They occasionally stand on their hind legs to browse on trees, and after rain they have been observed digging out bulbs from the ground (4). When conditions are harsh, dorcas gazelles live in pairs, but when conditions are more favourable they occur in family herds with one adult male, several females and young (4). During the breeding season, adult males tend to be territorial, and mark their range with dung middens (2). In most parts of the range, mating takes place from September to November. Gestation takes six months; a single fawn is the norm, although twins have been reported in Algeria. The newborn is well developed at birth, with fur and open eyes. Within the first hour, the fawn attempts to stand, and it will suckle on this first day of life (4). In the first two weeks, the young gazelle lies curled up in a scrape on the ground or beneath bushes while the mother grazes close by. The young then starts to follow its mother around and begins to take solid food. After around three months, the fawn stops suckling and is fully weaned, at which time the pair rejoins the herd (4). The natural predators of dorcas gazelles include cheetahs, which have largely been eliminated throughout the gazelle's range. Other predators include serval, caracal, wolf, and hyaena. Fawns are taken by smaller cats, jackals, foxes, and eagles (4). Dorcas gazelles are able to run at speeds of up to 80 km per hour, and when threatened they tail-twitch and make bouncing leaps with the head held high (stotting) to announce that they have seen a predator (4).
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Conservation

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This species lives within national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas in a number of the countries in which it occurs. It is protected by law in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Jordan and Israel; however in some areas enforcement is poor (3). In many countries, it has been proposed that further reserves should be created and enforcement of existing legal protection should be improved. In Tunisia, there is a need to determine the status of the species in the wild, and to determine where conservation action, such as carrying out reintroductions of captive-bred stock, should be used to restore the species. Captive breeding and reintroductions have also been proposed in Libya (3).
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Description

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The Dorcas gazelle is generally similar in appearance to the closely related Gazella gazella, but they are smaller, have longer ears and more strongly curved horns, which bow outwards then turn inwards and forwards at the tips (4). Individuals belonging to the Saharan subspecies (G. d. osiris) have a very pale fawn coloured coat, and the white underside is bordered with a brown stripe, above which there is a sandy stripe. The forehead and face are darker than the body (4). Subspecies from north of the Sahara tend to be more ochre in colour, and have dark flanks and face-stripes, while populations in Israel and around the Red Sea are darker and more reddish (4).
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Habitat

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Dorcas gazelles inhabit flat grassland and steppe in Morocco, and desert, sub-desert, and steppe in Algeria, where they tend to avoid very sandy areas (3). In Libya they occur in a range of dry open habitats but show a strong preference for vegetated dry watercourses, known as wadis. In the Western Desert of Egypt it prefers oasis-type depressions and used to occur along the coast of the Mediterranean; it also inhabits wadis in this area. In Jordan they are found in flat gravel-plains, mixed gravel and dune areas and gravel plateaux, and in Israel they are typically found in wadis, where acacia trees are able to grow due to the presence of underground water sources (3).
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Range

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The dorcas gazelle is found in North Africa and the Middle East (3). The 'possible' range of the various subspecies includes Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara (5) (6). In Jordan it is considered to be one of the country's most threatened species (3). G.d.isabella is found in Israel and Sinai, and along the coast of the Red Sea on the borders of Saudi Arabia (7). The Moroccan dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas massaesyla) is found only in the northern plains of Morocco (3) and Pelzen's gazelle (Gazella dorcas pelzelni) is found in Somalia (5).
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Status

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Gazella dorcas is classified as Vulnerable (VU A1a) by the IUCN Red List 2003 (1) and listed on Appendix III of CITES (3). The Moroccan dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas massaesyla) is classified as Endangered under IUCN criteria (3). Six subspecies have been described, but the validity and distribution of most of these subspecies are uncertain (3).
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Threats

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Numbers of this gazelle have declined throughout its range (1). Threats facing this species include habitat loss due to the expansion of permanent agriculture and grazing pressures caused by domestic sheep and goats. Poaching for food and predation by dogs are also problems, but the most serious threat throughout this gazelle's range is uncontrolled illegal hunting (3).
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Gazelenn Dorkas ( Breton )

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Gazelenn Dorkas (Gazella dorcas) a zo ur c'hazelenn hag a vev e norzh Afrika[1].

Dave

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Gazelenn Dorkas: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Gazelenn Dorkas (Gazella dorcas) a zo ur c'hazelenn hag a vev e norzh Afrika.

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Gasela comuna ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La gasela comuna (Gazella dorcas) és una gasela petita i comuna. La gasela comuna mesura aproximadament 53–65 cm d'alçada. Té una longitud de cap i co de 80–110 cm i pesa entre 12 i 25 kg. Les nombroses subespècies de gasela comuna sobreviuen a base de vegetació a praderies, estepes, uadis i nombrosos climes desèrtics i semidesèrtics d'Àfrica, Aràbia, Iran i el nord de l'Índia.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Gasela comuna Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Gazela dorkas ( Czech )

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Gazela dorkas (Gazella dorcas) je malá, poměrně běžná gazela. Žije především v Severní Africe a místy i na Blízkém východě (Izrael, Jordánsko).[2]

Popis

V kohoutku měří 55-65 cm, délka těla je 90-110 cm a hmotnost dosahuje 15-23 kg. Rohy měří 15 až 25 cm u samic a 25 až 38 cm u samců, přičemž rohy samců jsou výrazně tlustší, zahnutější a s výraznějšími prstenci.[2] Zbarvení je béžové či načervenalé na bocích a horní polovině těla, břicho bývá světlé.[2]

Ekologie a chování

Umí přežít v suchém prostředí pouští a polopouští s minimálními nároky na vodu, pokud je potřeba, obejde se bez vody úplně a tekutiny získává z rostlinné stravy.[2] Vyskytuje se rovněž na savanách. Žije v párech nebo malých stádech, tvořených jedním dominantním samcem, samicemi a jejich mláďaty. Výjimečně mohou stáda čítat až 100 jedinců.[2]

Živí se listy akácií a různých křovin, když má možnost, spásá trávu a jiné rostliny.

Jejími predátory jsou jakékoliv střední a větší šelmy od šakalů, karakalů a vlků, přes psy hyenovité, hyeny, až po gepardy, levharty a lvy. Mohou se stát i kořistí krajt a orlů.[2] Zdravá gazela je většinou schopna útočníkům uniknout, neboť dosahuje rychlosti až 80 km/h a umí výborně kličkovat.

Rozmnožování

Doba březosti se pohybuje od 164 do 180 dnů. Samice rodí jedno nebo výjimečně dvě mláďata. Ta jsou kojena do 2 až 3 měsíců. Pohlavní zralosti dosahují v 9 (samci) až 18 měsících (samice). Doba dožití v divočině se pohybuje okolo 10 let, maximálně pak 12,5 roku.[2]

Populace, hrozby

Celková populace je odhadována na několik desítek tisíc jedinců, přičemž nejvíc jich žije v Čadu, Nigeru a zemích afrického rohu, populační trend je pokles. Hlavní hrozbou pro gazelu dorkas je člověk a jeho aktivity, především nadměrný lov a extenzivní chov domácích zvířat, která jsou schopna spást lokálně veškerou vegetaci.

Zajímavost

Vyhynulá gazela dlouhorohá byla dříve považovaná za poddruh gazely dorkas, ale genetické zkoumání zjistilo, že jde o rozdílné druhy.

Galerie

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c d e f g CASTELLÓ, José R. Bovids of the World. Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2016. 664 s. ISBN 978-0-691-16717-6. S. 140-143.

Zdroje

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Gazela dorkas: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Gazela dorkas (Gazella dorcas) je malá, poměrně běžná gazela. Žije především v Severní Africe a místy i na Blízkém východě (Izrael, Jordánsko).

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Dorkasgazelle ( German )

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Die Dorkasgazelle (Gazella dorcas) ist eine Gazellenart aus den Trockengebieten Nordafrikas. Bevor die Tierwelt der ostafrikanischen Savannen mit den Thomson- und Grantgazellen zu großer Bekanntheit gelangte, galt die Dorkasgazelle als die typische Gazelle.

Merkmale

Mit einem Körpergewicht von 15–20 kg und einer Schulterhöhe von 55–65 cm ist die Dorkasgazelle eine der kleinsten Gazellenarten. Als Wüstentier tarnt ihre sandfarbene Oberseite sie vor ihren Feinden. Der Flankenstreifen ist relativ schwach ausgeprägt. Beide Geschlechter tragen Hörner. Die Unterseite ist weiß, die Flanke rotbraun.[1][2]

Verbreitungsgebiet

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet der Dorkasgazelle

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Dorkasgazelle umfasst die Halbwüsten und Wüsten Nordafrikas südwärts bis zur Sahelzone, dazu angrenzende Teile Israels, Jordaniens und Syriens.[3] Eine ähnliche Form, Gazella saudiya, die früher als Unterart der Dorkasgazelle betrachtet wurde, war einst auch im Irak, in Kuwait, dem westlichen Saudi-Arabien und im Jemen verbreitet.[4]

Lebensweise

Die Dorkasgazelle ist hervorragend an Trockengebiete angepasst. Sie kann ohne Wasser auskommen, da sie ihren Flüssigkeitsbedarf nur aus Tau, aus ihren Futterpflanzen sowie wasserspeichernden Wüstenpflanzen zu decken vermag.

Gefährdung und Bestand

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Dorkasgazellen

Die IUCN stuft die Art als gefährdet ein, da ihr Bestand noch immer durch übermäßige Bejagung abnimmt. So unternehmen reiche Familien aus den Golfstaaten oftmals Jagdreisen in die Sahara, bei denen die Antilopenjagd an die Ausmaße einer Militäroperation heranreicht; die Gazellen werden aus Flugzeugen und Motorfahrzeugen geschossen.

Der Gesamtbestand südlich der Sahara wird auf etwa 35.000 bis 40.000 Tiere geschätzt. Die größten Populationen leben am Horn von Afrika, im Tschad und im Niger, insbesondere in großen Schutzgebieten, wie dem Aïr und Ténéré Naturreservat. In Marokko leben etwa 800 bis 2000 Tiere. In Algerien kommen Dorkasgazellen noch im Tassili n’Ajjer und im Ahaggar-Nationalpark vor. In Tunesien gibt es ebenfalls Bestände in Schutzgebieten, wie dem Jebil-Nationalpark und dem Bou-Hedma-Nationalpark. In nahezu allen Gebieten gehen die Bestände weiterhin zurück. Eine Ausnahme bildet die stabile Population in Israel, die mehr als 2000 Tiere umfasst.[3]

Unterarten

 src=
Ein Pärchen Dorkasgazellen

Folgende Unterarten werden unterschieden:

  • Gazella dorcas dorcas: Östliche Sahara
  • Gazella dorcas massaesyla: Westliche Sahara
  • Gazella dorcas isabella: Östlich des Nils
  • Gazella dorcas beccarii: Hochland von Eritrea
  • Pelzeln-Gazelle (Gazella dorcas pelzelni): Nordküste Somalias

Etymologie

Dorkas ist das griechische Wort für „Gazelle“; dagegen entstammt das Wort „Gazelle“ dem arabischen ghazal. Der deutsche Name der Art ist also aus zwei Bezeichnungen der Gattung zusammengesetzt.

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  • J. Kingdon (1997): Field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Struik Publishers

Einzelnachweise

  1. Paul Scholte und Ibrahim M. Hashim: Gazella dorcas Dorcas Gazelle. In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold und Jan Kalina (Hrsg.): Mammals of Africa Volume VI. Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids. Bloomsbury, London, 2013, S. 340–346
  2. Colin P. Groves und David M. Leslie Jr.: Family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants). In: Don E. Wilson und Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4, S. 641
  3. a b Gazella dorcas in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, 2008. Abgerufen am 26 July 2011.
  4. Gazella saudiya in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, 2008. Abgerufen am 26 July 2011.
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Dorkasgazelle: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Dorkasgazelle (Gazella dorcas) ist eine Gazellenart aus den Trockengebieten Nordafrikas. Bevor die Tierwelt der ostafrikanischen Savannen mit den Thomson- und Grantgazellen zu großer Bekanntheit gelangte, galt die Dorkasgazelle als die typische Gazelle.

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Gazella dorcas ( Scottish Gaelic )

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'S e seòrsa antalop no gobhar-fhiadhaich[2] (iolra:goibhrean-fiadhaich) a tha ann an Gazella dorcas (Beurla: Dorcas Gazelle[1], Arabais: الغزال الأحمر, عفرى)[1], Fionnlannais: Aavikkogaselli[1], Fraingis: Gazelle dorcas[1], Spàinntis: Gacela Dorcas[1]).

Àitichean-fuirich

 src=
Roinnean far a bheil Gazella dorcas cumanta

Tha iad cumanta ann am Maroco, ann an Rio de Oro (Sathara an Iar), Aildiria, Tuinisia, Libia, anns an t-Siad, ann an Somàilia, anns an Aetiòp, ann an Iosrael agus Rubha Sinai (an Eiphit).[1] Tha iad a' fuireach ann an raointean-feòir, ann an steipean, ann an wadis is fàsaichean nam beann. Tha timcheall air 35,000 - 40,000 fiadh-bheathach ann.

Coltas

San fharsaingeachd tha iad eadar 90 is 110 cm (3–3.6 troigh) a dh'fhaid agus tha iad eadar 55 is 65 cm (1.8–2.1 troigh) a dh'àirde aig an gualainn. Tha iad mu 15 is 20 kg (33-44 lb) de chuideam. Gu cumanta tha an t-earball aca eadar 15 is 20 cm (6-8 òirleach) a dh'fhaid.[3]

Fo-sheòrsa

Dealbhan

Iomraidhean

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Gazella dorcas : Dorcas Gazelle”. EOL Encyclopedia of Life. Air a thogail 10 Faoi. 2015.
  2. An Seotal: Briathrachas Gàidhlig air-loidhne airson teagasg tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig anns an àrd-sgoil. Leughte 9 Faoi. 2015
  3. Huffman, B.: “Gazella dorcas : Dorcas gazelle”. Ultimate Ungulate. Air a thogail 11 Faoi. 2015.

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Gazella dorcas: Brief Summary ( Scottish Gaelic )

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'S e seòrsa antalop no gobhar-fhiadhaich (iolra:goibhrean-fiadhaich) a tha ann an Gazella dorcas (Beurla: Dorcas Gazelle, Arabais: الغزال الأحمر, عفرى), Fionnlannais: Aavikkogaselli, Fraingis: Gazelle dorcas, Spàinntis: Gacela Dorcas).

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Газель-доркас ( Meadow Mari )

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Газель-доркас (лат. Gazella dorcas ) – Африкын Bovidae йамагатын гыч кугу янлык.

Ӱлылтӱрлык-влак

  • Gazella dorcas beccari
  • Gazella dorcas dorcas
  • Gazella dorcas isabella
  • Gazella dorcas massaesyla
  • Gazella dorcas osiris
  • Gazella dorcas pelzelni
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Газель-доркас: Brief Summary ( Meadow Mari )

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Газель-доркас (лат. Gazella dorcas ) – Африкын Bovidae йамагатын гыч кугу янлык.

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Газэль-доркас ( Belarusian )

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Газель-доркас

Газэль-доркас (Gazella dorcas) — невялікая газель, важыць усяго 20 кг. Яе арэал ахоплівае Паўночную Афрыку, Ізраіль, Лібан, Ярданію, Сырыю, Ірак, захад Саудаўскай Арабіі і Емен.

Газэль-доркас жыве ў пустыні і, дзякуючы сваёй афарбоўцы пясчанага колеру, ідэальна замаскіраваная. Ніжні бок цела ў яе белы, бакі злёгку чырванаватыя. Яна можа наогул нічога ня піць, бо ўсю патрэбнасьць у вадкасьці яна ў стане пакрываць за кошт расы на расьлінах, якімі яна сілкуецца, а таксама за кошт вадазапаслівых расьлінаў, якія растуць у пустыні.

Этымалёгія

Доркас зьяўляецца грэцкім словам, якое значыь газель. Уласна слова газель паходзіць ад арабскага ghazal. Commons-logo.svgсховішча мультымэдыйных матэрыялаў

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Газэль-доркас: Brief Summary ( Belarusian )

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 src= Газель-доркас

Газэль-доркас (Gazella dorcas) — невялікая газель, важыць усяго 20 кг. Яе арэал ахоплівае Паўночную Афрыку, Ізраіль, Лібан, Ярданію, Сырыю, Ірак, захад Саудаўскай Арабіі і Емен.

Газэль-доркас жыве ў пустыні і, дзякуючы сваёй афарбоўцы пясчанага колеру, ідэальна замаскіраваная. Ніжні бок цела ў яе белы, бакі злёгку чырванаватыя. Яна можа наогул нічога ня піць, бо ўсю патрэбнасьць у вадкасьці яна ў стане пакрываць за кошт расы на расьлінах, якімі яна сілкуецца, а таксама за кошт вадазапаслівых расьлінаў, якія растуць у пустыні.

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Dorcas gazelle

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The dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), also known as the ariel gazelle, is a small and common gazelle. The dorcas gazelle stands about 55–65 cm (1.8–2.1 feet) at the shoulder, with a head and body length of 90–110 cm (3–3.5 feet) and a weight of 15–20 kg (33–44 pounds). The numerous subspecies survive on vegetation in grassland, steppe, wadis, mountain desert and in semidesert climates of Africa and Arabia. About 35,000–40,000 exist in the wild.

Taxonomy and evolution

The scientific name of the dorcas gazelle is Gazella dorcas. It is a member of the genus Gazella and the family Bovidae. The species was first described by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758.[2]

Although zoologist Theodor Haltenorth considered G. d. pelzelnii to be an independent species, the following six subspecies are identified:[2][3]

  • G. d. subsp. beccarii De Beaux, 1931 – Eritrean dorcas gazelle
  • G. d. subsp. dorcas (Linnaeus, 1758) – Egyptian dorcas gazelle
  • G. d. subsp. isabella Gray, 1846 – Isabelle dorcas gazelle
  • G. d. subsp. massaesyla Cabrera, 1928 – Moroccan dorcas gazelle
  • G. d. subsp. osiris Blaine, 1913 – Saharan (or Saharawi) dorcas gazelle (synonym of G. d. subsp. neglecta)
  • G. d. subsp. pelzelnii Kohl, 1886 – Pelzeln's gazelle
  • G. d. subsp. saudiya Carruthers & Schwarz, 1935 - Saudi gazelle

Description

Skull
Horns of a dorcas gazelle (above) and rhim gazelle (below)

The dorcas gazelle is similar in appearance to, yet smaller than, the closely related mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella). Dorcas gazelles have longer ears and more strongly curved horns, which bow outwards then turn inwards and forwards at the tips. Individuals belonging to the Saharan subspecies (G. d. osiris) have very pale, fawn-colored coats. The white underside is bordered with a brown stripe, above which is a sandy stripe. The forehead and face are darker than the body. Subspecies from north of the Sahara tend to be more ochre in color, and have dark flanks and facial stripes. Populations in Israel and around the Red Sea are darker and more reddish. In the last century, the populations of dorcas gazelle were partially destroyed in all the countries where it was found.

Currently, large populations of dorcas gazelles are found in the Negev and the Arava, with other large populations in Sudan, Iraq, and the southern part of the eastern desert of Egypt. In Israel, only 1000–1500 gazelles remain.

Behaviour

Dorcas gazelles

Dorcas gazelles are highly adapted to life in the desert, though they cannot go their entire lives without water, despite the bulk of their hydration needs coming from succulent plants in their diet. The gazelles will still look for water, and drink readily when water is available. They are naturally able to withstand high temperatures and harsh sunlight. Other than evenings when it is very hot, they are active mainly from dusk to dawn. In areas where they face human predation, they tend to be active only at night to minimise the risk of falling prey to hunters. These gazelles feed on leaves, flowers, and the pods of many species of acacia trees, as well as the leaves, twigs and fruits of various desert bushes. They occasionally stand on their hind legs to browse through trees and, after rain, they have been observed digging out bulbs from the ground. Dorcas gazelles are able to run at speeds up to 80 km/h (50 mph)[4] to 96 km/h (60 mph).[5] When threatened, they tail-twitch and make bouncing leaps with their heads held high (stotting), possibly to announce they have seen a predator.

Breeding

Dorcas gazelles. Ezuz, Israel

When conditions are harsh, dorcas gazelles live in pairs, but when conditions are more favorable, they join together in family herds with one adult male, several females, and young. During the breeding season, adult males tend to be territorial, and mark their range with dung middens. In most parts of their range, mating takes place from September to November. Gestation takes six months; a single fawn is typical, although twins have been reported in Algeria. The newborn is well developed at birth, with fur and open eyes. Within the first hour, the fawn attempts to stand, and it will suckle on this first day of life. In the first two weeks, the young gazelle lies curled up in a scrape on the ground or beneath bushes while the mother grazes close by. The young then starts to follow its mother around and begins to take solid food. After around three months, the fawn stops suckling and is fully weaned. Some dorcas gazelles are also known for their dangerous behaviors when surrounded. There have been many reports of deaths involving them.

Threats

The population of this gazelle has declined throughout its range. Their natural predators include humans, cheetahs, leopards, Arabian wolves, and lions. Due to human hunting, few large cats remain to prey on dorcas gazelles. Mostly unhealthy gazelles are caught successfully by predators, since the healthy gazelles tend to escape them. To escape the cheetah, the fastest of carnivores, they run extremely fast and make zigs-zags, as does the Thomson's gazelle. The serval and caracal also prey on juveniles. The biggest modern threat to this gazelle is ever-expanding human civilization, which shrinks the gazelle's habitat by converting it to farmland, and by introducing new flocks of domestic sheep and goats which compete with gazelles for grassland.

Trade

Dorcas gazelle pelts and horns are traded in Morocco for decorative and medicinal purposes, where they are the most commonly observed ungulate in markets, despite their protected status under Moroccan law.[6] Given the relatively low numbers of wild dorcas gazelles in the country, if locally sourced, this trade could be having a significant negative impact on the local populations of this species.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella dorcas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T8969A50186334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8969A50186334.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 681. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ "Gazella dorcas". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  4. ^ "Dorcas gazelles are able to run at speeds of up to 80 km/hr" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
  5. ^ "Sinai Dorcas Gazelle". Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
  6. ^ Bergin, Daniel; Nijman, Vincent (2015). "Trade of ungulates in Moroccan markets for decoration and medicinal use". Gnusletter. 32 (2). Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  7. ^ Bergin, Daniel. "Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets". researchgate.net.

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Dorcas gazelle: Brief Summary

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The dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), also known as the ariel gazelle, is a small and common gazelle. The dorcas gazelle stands about 55–65 cm (1.8–2.1 feet) at the shoulder, with a head and body length of 90–110 cm (3–3.5 feet) and a weight of 15–20 kg (33–44 pounds). The numerous subspecies survive on vegetation in grassland, steppe, wadis, mountain desert and in semidesert climates of Africa and Arabia. About 35,000–40,000 exist in the wild.

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Dorkas-gazelo ( Esperanto )

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Dorkas-gazelo

La dorkas-gazelo (Gazella dorcas) estas relative malgranda gazelo kun pezo de 15-20 kg, el ordo parhufuloj, familio de bovedoj. Ĝi vivas en norda Afriko, sude ĝis la Sahelo, kaj en Mezoriento nome Israelo, Libano, Jordanio, Sirio, Irako, okcidenta Saud-Arabio kaj Jemeno. Pro la troĉasado, ĝia populacio estas multloke malaperinta, ĝi estas protektita besto en Israelo, Somalio kaj Tunizio. Ĝia nomo venas el la greka „dorkas”, kiu signifas gazelon.

Ĝi estas dezerta besto, kamuflas sin per sablokolora supra parto. La suba korpoparto estas blanka, flanke ruĝbrune. Ĝi longas 90-110 cm, altas 55-65 cm kaj pezas 15-20 kg. La masklo havas 25-28 cm, S-forman kavkornon, sur kiu estas videbla multaj tuberoj. La same tuberkovrita kavkorno de la femalo estas pli maldika, pli mallonga (15-20 cm) ol tiu de la masklo kaj direktiĝas supren. La ido pezas ĉ. 2 kg ĉe nasko kaj havas tiam pli malhelan felon, kiu poste heliĝas.

Kiel aliaj gazeloj, ĝi vivas en aro, nutras sin per herboj, folioj, ŝosoj, fruktoj. Ĝi povas vivi 10-12 jarojn. Ĝi povas kovri sian akvobezonon per roso de la furaĝplantoj kaj el akvorezervaj dezertaj plantoj.

Reproduktado

La femalo atingas la seksan maturiĝon en aĝo de 9 monatoj, la masklo en aĝo de 18 monatoj. La pariĝa periodo estas inter aprilo-junio. La gravedeco daŭras 6 monatojn, ĉe kies fino la femalo naskas unu idon.

Vidu ankaŭ

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Dorkas-gazelo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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 src= Dorkas-gazelo

La dorkas-gazelo (Gazella dorcas) estas relative malgranda gazelo kun pezo de 15-20 kg, el ordo parhufuloj, familio de bovedoj. Ĝi vivas en norda Afriko, sude ĝis la Sahelo, kaj en Mezoriento nome Israelo, Libano, Jordanio, Sirio, Irako, okcidenta Saud-Arabio kaj Jemeno. Pro la troĉasado, ĝia populacio estas multloke malaperinta, ĝi estas protektita besto en Israelo, Somalio kaj Tunizio. Ĝia nomo venas el la greka „dorkas”, kiu signifas gazelon.

Ĝi estas dezerta besto, kamuflas sin per sablokolora supra parto. La suba korpoparto estas blanka, flanke ruĝbrune. Ĝi longas 90-110 cm, altas 55-65 cm kaj pezas 15-20 kg. La masklo havas 25-28 cm, S-forman kavkornon, sur kiu estas videbla multaj tuberoj. La same tuberkovrita kavkorno de la femalo estas pli maldika, pli mallonga (15-20 cm) ol tiu de la masklo kaj direktiĝas supren. La ido pezas ĉ. 2 kg ĉe nasko kaj havas tiam pli malhelan felon, kiu poste heliĝas.

Kiel aliaj gazeloj, ĝi vivas en aro, nutras sin per herboj, folioj, ŝosoj, fruktoj. Ĝi povas vivi 10-12 jarojn. Ĝi povas kovri sian akvobezonon per roso de la furaĝplantoj kaj el akvorezervaj dezertaj plantoj.

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Gazella dorcas ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La gacela dorcas (Gazella dorcas) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae. Esta gacela está especialmente adaptada al hábitat donde se distribuye, los desiertos del norte de África desde Egipto hasta el Sáhara Occidental.

Mide unos 55 a 65 cm de alto, con la cabeza y el cuerpo de una longitud de 90 a 110 cm y un peso de 15-20 kg. Las numerosas subespecies sobreviven en la vegetación en las praderas, estepas, desiertos de montaña y en climas semidesérticos de África y Arabia. Acerca de 35 000 - 40 000 existen en la naturaleza. La gacela de Arabia extinguida de la península arábiga se ha considerado previamente como una subespecie de la gacela dorcas.

Descripción

La gacela dorcas es similar en apariencia, pero más pequeña, a la gacela de montaña ya que están estrechamente relacionados. Tiene orejas más largas y cuernos más curvados. Los individuos que pertenecen a la subespecie del Sahara (G. d. osiris) tienen capas de color muy pálidos. La parte inferior blanca está confinada con una raya marrón, por encima de la cual hay una franja de color arena. El frente y la cara son más oscuros que el cuerpo. La subespecie del norte del Sahara tiende a ser más de color ocre, y tiene flancos oscuros y rayas faciales. Las poblaciones en Israel y en todo el mar Rojo son de color rojizo oscuro. En el siglo XX, la población de gacela dorcas fue parcialmente eliminada en todos los países en los que se encontraba.

Actualmente, una gran población de gacelas Dorcas se encuentran en el Néguev y la Aravá, con otras grandes poblaciones en Sudán, Irak, y la parte sur del desierto del este de Egipto. En Israel, sólo se encuentra entre 1000-1500 individuos.

Comportamiento

Las gacelas dorcas están muy adaptadas al desierto; pueden estar toda su vida sin beber, ya que pueden obtener toda la humedad que necesitan de las plantas de su dieta, aunque siempre beben cuando el agua está disponible. Son capaces de soportar altas temperaturas, pero cuando hace mucho calor, están activas desde el atardecer hasta el amanecer. En las zonas donde se enfrentan a la depredación humana, tienden a ser activas sólo de noche para minimizar el riesgo de caer presa de los cazadores. Estas gacelas se alimentan de hojas, flores y vainas de muchas especies de árboles de acacia, así como las hojas, ramas y frutos de diversos arbustos. Son capaces de correr a velocidades de entre 80[2]​ y 96 km/h cuando se sienten amenazadas.

Enemigos naturales

La población de esta gacela ha disminuido en toda su gama. Sus depredadores naturales incluyen a leopardos, guepardos, lobos árabes, y leones. Aunque debido a la cacería humana, pocos felinos suelen aprovecharse de las gacelas dorcas. El serval y caracal también se aprovechan de las crías de esta especie. La mayor amenaza moderna para esta gacela es la civilización humana, que reduce su hábitat mediante la conversión del hábitat en zonas de cultivo y la introducción de nuevos rebaños de ovejas y cabras domésticas que compiten con las gacelas por los pastizales.

Subespecies

 src=
Gazelas Dorcas

Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:[3]

Referencias

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). «Gazella dorcas». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de octubre de 2010.
  2. "Dorcas gazelles are able to run at speeds of up to 80 km/hr." (PDF). Retrieved 2012-09-05.
  3. Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

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Gazella dorcas: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La gacela dorcas (Gazella dorcas) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae. Esta gacela está especialmente adaptada al hábitat donde se distribuye, los desiertos del norte de África desde Egipto hasta el Sáhara Occidental.

Mide unos 55 a 65 cm de alto, con la cabeza y el cuerpo de una longitud de 90 a 110 cm y un peso de 15-20 kg. Las numerosas subespecies sobreviven en la vegetación en las praderas, estepas, desiertos de montaña y en climas semidesérticos de África y Arabia. Acerca de 35 000 - 40 000 existen en la naturaleza. La gacela de Arabia extinguida de la península arábiga se ha considerado previamente como una subespecie de la gacela dorcas.

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Gazella dorcas ( Basque )

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Gazella dorcas ugaztun hausnarkaria da, Bovidae familiakoa. Gazella generoko beste animalia guztiak bezala, azkar korritzeko gaitasuna du eta liraina da. Afrikako iparraldean bizi da, Marokotik Egiptoraino.

1,20 m bat luze da isatseko 20 cm-ak barne, eta 50-60 cm garai. Ile hori-gorrixka du gainaldean, zuria bular-sabeletan eta isats inguruan, baina isatsa bera beltza izaten du. Adarrak lira formakoak ditu. Oso animalia bizkorra eta jauzikari ona da. 5-6 hilabeteko ernaldiaren ondoren ume bakarra izaten du. Literaturak, olerkariek batez ere, aspaldidanik erabili izan dute gazela liraintasunaren eta pertsona maitearen irudi gisa.

Erreferentziak

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Gazella dorcas: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Gazella dorcas ugaztun hausnarkaria da, Bovidae familiakoa. Gazella generoko beste animalia guztiak bezala, azkar korritzeko gaitasuna du eta liraina da. Afrikako iparraldean bizi da, Marokotik Egiptoraino.

1,20 m bat luze da isatseko 20 cm-ak barne, eta 50-60 cm garai. Ile hori-gorrixka du gainaldean, zuria bular-sabeletan eta isats inguruan, baina isatsa bera beltza izaten du. Adarrak lira formakoak ditu. Oso animalia bizkorra eta jauzikari ona da. 5-6 hilabeteko ernaldiaren ondoren ume bakarra izaten du. Literaturak, olerkariek batez ere, aspaldidanik erabili izan dute gazela liraintasunaren eta pertsona maitearen irudi gisa.

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Gazelle dorcas ( French )

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Gazella dorcas

La gazelle dorcas ou gazelle Dorcade (Gazella dorcas) est une espèce de gazelle de la famille des bovidés qui vit dans le Sahara, elle est le plus petit des bovidés sahariens.

Morphologie

Les gazelles dorcas sont petites, elles mesurent de 53 à 62 cm de hauteur au garrot pour les femelles et de 58 à 67 cm au garrot pour les mâles, de 90 à 110 cm de longueur, avec un poids de 12 à 25 kg maximum, la femelle étant légèrement plus petite et plus légère que le mâle. Le ventre et la croupe sont blancs, la queue est noire, le reste du pelage est fauve, avec une bande plus foncée délimitant les zones ventrale et dorsale. Cette zone foncée n'est pas toujours visible sur les animaux éloignés, de plus cette zone foncée peut être confondue avec une ombre. Un trait foncé part du coin de l'œil vers la narine comme un trait de maquillage. Les grandes oreilles blanches à l'intérieur sont veinées de noir. Les cornes des mâles sont en forme de lyre, celles des femelles sont plus courtes, plus fines et presque droites.

Répartition/habitat

Espèce saharienne, elle vit dans tout le Sahara, Algérie, Tunisie, Maroc, nord du Mali , Niger ainsi que dans la dépression de Qattara en Égypte, à l'exception du centre de la Mauritanie.
Elle est active le jour, en dehors des heures trop chaudes pendant lesquelles elle aime se reposer à l'ombre d'un acacia ou d'un Maerua crassifolia. Les gazelles dorcas vivent généralement en petits groupes de 3 à 5 individus mais parfois plus aussi bien dans les oueds, la savane, les dunes, que les zones rocheuses.

Reproduction

Durant la saison de reproduction, les mâles ont tendance à devenir territoriaux. Ils se battent entre eux pour se constituer un petit harem. Dans la plupart des régions où vit la gazelle dorcas, l'accouplement a lieu de septembre à novembre.

Après une période de gestation d'environ 6 mois, la femelle met au monde un seul petit. Le nouveau-né est déjà recouvert de son pelage et ses yeux sont ouverts. Dès la première heure de sa vie, il tente de se tenir debout pour pouvoir téter sa mère. Dans les deux premières semaines, la jeune gazelle gît recroquevillée dans un renfoncement sur le sol ou sous les buissons. Sa mère vient le nourrir plusieurs fois par jour. Lorsqu'il est assez robuste, il va suivre sa mère dans ses déplacements et commence à manger de la nourriture solide. Après environ trois mois, il est entièrement sevré, date à laquelle la paire rejoint le troupeau. Les femelles atteignent leur maturité sexuelle à l'âge de 9 mois et à 18 mois pour les mâles. L’espérance de vie de la gazelle dorcas est de 12 ans environ.

Alimentation

Les gazelles dorcas sont herbivores, elles consomment des graminées, diverses plantes basses et également les feuilles d'arbres comme les acacias. Elles peuvent se passer d'eau pendant très longtemps trouvant l'eau dans les plantes, dans le nord du Sahara certaines gazelles peuvent se passer d'eau pendant un temps considérable.

Prédation/fuite

Extrêmement rapide à la course, les gazelles dorcas peuvent courir jusqu'à 75 km/h en vitesse de pointe[1]. Dès qu'elles sont effrayées, elles détalent pour se mettre hors de portée de ce qui leur paraît être un danger.

Seul le guépard peut la dépasser à la course, cependant elle fait des zig-zags, dès que ce dernier la pourchasse et il a bien du mal à suivre ses virages très énergiques. Très agiles, elles pratiquent le stotting sorte de saut rebond qu'elles peuvent réaliser plusieurs fois à la suite, jusqu'à 1,75 mètre de haut et sur une longueur d'environ 6 mètres.

Leurs prédateurs sont les guépards, léopards, lycaons, lévrier arabe et les lions, mais les prédateurs s'attaquent surtout aux individus affaiblis (vieux, infirmes, malades...) ; les gazelles adultes et en bonne condition physique arrivent très souvent à échapper aux prédateurs.

Statut

Espèce protégée, sa population est estimée entre 35 000 et 40 000 animaux.

Photographie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

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Gazelle dorcas: Brief Summary ( French )

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Gazella dorcas

La gazelle dorcas ou gazelle Dorcade (Gazella dorcas) est une espèce de gazelle de la famille des bovidés qui vit dans le Sahara, elle est le plus petit des bovidés sahariens.

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Gasail dorcais ( Irish )

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Gasail bheag atá dúchasach do thuaisceart na hAfraice agus in Iosrael agus san Iordáin is ea an ghasail dorcais (Gazella dorcas). Gealdonn, agus an taobh íochtarach bán. Smál dorcha ar feadh an chliatháin is taobh na haghaidhe. Adharca gearra a chuarann ar chúl, le fáinní eitreacha orthu.

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Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Gasail dorcais: Brief Summary ( Irish )

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Ainmhí Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Gacela dorcas ( Galician )

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A gacela dorcas (Gazella dorcas) é unha especie de gacela que habita nos desertos do norte de África dende Exipto até o Sáhara Occidental. A gacela dorcas mide uns 55 a 65 cm de alto, coa testa e o corpo dunha lonxitude de 90 a 110 cm e un peso de 15–20 kg. As numerosas subespecies habitan na vegetación das pradarías, estepas, desertos de montaña e en climas semidesérticos de África e Arabia. Arredor dunhas 35.000 - 40.000 existen na natureza. A gacela de Arabia extinguida na península arábiga considerouse previamente como unha subespecie da gacela dorcas.

Subespecies

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Gacela dorcas.

Recoñécense as seguintes subespecies:[2]

Notas

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Gacela dorcas: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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A gacela dorcas (Gazella dorcas) é unha especie de gacela que habita nos desertos do norte de África dende Exipto até o Sáhara Occidental. A gacela dorcas mide uns 55 a 65 cm de alto, coa testa e o corpo dunha lonxitude de 90 a 110 cm e un peso de 15–20 kg. As numerosas subespecies habitan na vegetación das pradarías, estepas, desertos de montaña e en climas semidesérticos de África e Arabia. Arredor dunhas 35.000 - 40.000 existen na natureza. A gacela de Arabia extinguida na península arábiga considerouse previamente como unha subespecie da gacela dorcas.

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Dorkas gazela ( Croatian )

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Dorkas gazela (lat. Gazella dorcas) je gazela iz aridnih područja sjeverne Afrike.

Opis

Ima tjelesnu težinu od 15-20 kg i visinu u ramenima od 55-65 cm. Ženka je jedna od najmanjih vrsta antilopa. Kao pustinjska životinja koristi se kamuflažom pa je boje pijeska, kako bi se sakrila od neprijatelja. Oba spola imaju rogove. S donje strane je bijela, a smeđa na boku.

Rasprostanjenost

Obitava u pustinjama sjeverne Afrike, na cijelom području Sahare i Sahela do Izraela, Jordana i Sirije.[1] Slična vrsta saudijska gazela, nekada se smatrala podvrstom dorkas gazele.

Način života

Dorkas gazela je dobro prilagođena sušnim područjima. Može duže vremena živjeti bez vode, jer je u stanju zadovoljiti svoje potrebe unošenjem tekućine preko rose i prehranom.

Klasificirana je kao ugrožena vrsta, jer je rijetka zbog prekomjernog lova.

Izvori

  1. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/8969/0 Preuzeto 19. siječnja 2014.
 src=
Rogovi dorkas gazele (gore) i rimove gazele (dolje)
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Dorkas gazela: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Dorkas gazela (lat. Gazella dorcas) je gazela iz aridnih područja sjeverne Afrike.

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Gazella dorcas ( Italian )

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La gazzella dorcade (Gazella dorcas Linnaeus, 1758), nota anche come gazzella del deserto, è una piccola specie di gazzella piuttosto comune. Le sue numerose sottospecie vivono pascolando e brucando nelle praterie, nelle steppe, negli uadi, nei deserti rocciosi e nei semideserti del Nordafrica e del Medio Oriente. In natura ne rimangono 35 000-40 000 capi. In passato anche la gazzella saudita, una specie scomparsa originaria della Penisola Arabica, era ritenuta una sua sottospecie.

Tassonomia

 src=
Gazella dorcas massaesyla in Marocco

Attualmente gli studiosi ne riconoscono sei sottospecie[1]:

  • G. d. dorcas Linnaeus, 1758 (Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Ciad, Sudan ed Egitto);
  • G. d. beccarii De Beaux, 1931 (Eritrea ed Etiopia);
  • G. d. isabella Gray, 1846 (Israele, Giordania e Sinai);
  • G. d. massaesyla Cabrera, 1928 (Marocco);
  • G. d. osiris Blaine, 1913 (Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libia, Mali, Egitto e Sudan);
  • G. d. pelzelnii Kohl, 1886 (Gibuti e Somalia).

Descrizione

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Cranio.
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Corna di gazzella dorcade (sopra) e di gazzella bianca (sotto).

La gazzella dorcade misura 90-110 cm di lunghezza, 55-65 cm di altezza al garrese e pesa 15-20 kg. Nel complesso, è molto simile alla gazzella di montagna, sua stretta parente, ma è più piccola e ha orecchie più lunghe e corna più ricurve, a forma di lira e con punte rivolte in avanti e all'interno[3]. Gli esemplari appartenenti alla sottospecie del Sahara (G. d. osiris) hanno un mantello di colore fulvo molto chiaro; in essi, le regioni inferiori bianche sono circondate da una striscia marrone, al di sopra della quale vi è un'altra striscia color sabbia. La fronte e la faccia sono più scure del corpo[3]. Le sottospecie diffuse a nord del Sahara tendono ad avere un colore dalle tonalità ocra e fianchi e maschere facciali scuri, mentre le popolazioni originarie di Israele e delle regioni attorno al Mar Rosso hanno tonalità più scure e rossastre[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

La gazzella dorcade è diffusa in Nordafrica e Medio Oriente[4]. Il «probabile» areale delle varie sottospecie comprende Algeria, Burkina Faso, Ciad, Gibuti, Egitto, Eritrea, Etiopia, Libia, Mali, Marocco, Niger, Sahara occidentale, Somalia, Sudan e Tunisia[5][6]. In Giordania è considerata una delle specie più minacciate del Paese[4]. G. d. isabella è diffusa in Israele e Sinai, e lungo le coste del Mar Rosso presso il confine con l'Arabia Saudita[7]. La gazzella dorcade del Marocco (G. d. massaesyla) è diffusa solamente nelle pianure settentrionali del Marocco[4] e la gazzella di Pelzeln (G. d. pelzelnii) è diffusa in Somalia[5].

Le gazzelle dorcadi abitano le piatte distese erbose e le steppe in Marocco, e i deserti, i subdeserti e le steppe in Algeria, dove tendono a evitare terreni molto sabbiosi[4]. In Libia vivono in una vasta gamma di habitat aridi aperti, ma mostrano una particolare preferenza per i corsi d'acqua in secca ricchi di vegetazione, noti come uadi. Nel Deserto Occidentale dell'Egitto la specie predilige le depressioni con oasi ed è solita spingersi fin sulle coste del Mediterraneo; sempre nella stessa area si incontra anche negli uadi. In Giordania le gazzelle vivono nelle piatte distese ghiaiose, nelle aree miste di ghiaia e dune e sugli altopiani ghiaiosi, e in Israele si incontrano generalmente negli uadi, dove riescono ad attecchire gli alberi di acacia, grazie alla presenza di falde acquifere sotterranee[4].

Biologia

 src=
Gazzelle dorcadi.

La gazzella dorcade è una delle gazzelle meglio adattate alla vita nel deserto; può trascorrere l'intera esistenza senza bere, dal momento che è in grado di ricavare tutti i liquidi necessari dalle piante che costituiscono la sua dieta[8]. Tuttavia, quando è disponibile, beve anche acqua[3]. È in grado di sopportare temperature elevate, ma quando è troppo caldo è attiva prevalentemente al tramonto, all'alba e nelle ore notturne[8]. Nelle aree dove viene perseguitata, tende a essere attiva di notte allo scopo di minimizzare il rischio di essere catturata[3]. Questa gazzella si nutre di foglie, fiori e baccelli di molte specie di acacia, così come di foglie, germogli e frutti di vari arbusti. Occasionalmente si rizza sulle zampe posteriori per brucare dagli alberi, e dopo le piogge è stata vista dissotterrare bulbi dal terreno[3].

Quando le condizioni sono difficili, le gazzelle dorcadi vivono in coppia, ma quando le condizioni sono più favorevoli vivono in gruppi familiari costituiti da un maschio adulto, da alcune femmine e dai piccoli[3]. Durante la stagione degli amori, i maschi adulti tendono a essere territoriali, e marcano la propria zona con cumuli di letame[8]. In quasi tutto l'areale, gli accoppiamenti avvengono da settembre a novembre. La gestazione dura sei mesi; generalmente nasce un unico piccolo, sebbene in Algeria siano stati registrati anche parti gemellari. Alla nascita il piccolo è ben sviluppato, ricoperto di pelliccia e con gli occhi aperti. Entro la prima ora, il piccolo cerca già di alzarsi in piedi, e comincia a succhiare già dal primo giorno di vita[3]. Durante le prime due settimane, la piccola gazzella rimane distesa in una fenditura del terreno o sotto i cespugli, mentre la madre pascola nelle vicinanze. Successivamente il piccolo inizia a seguire la madre nei dintorni e ad assumere cibo solido. Dopo circa tre mesi, il piccolo smette di succhiare ed è completamente svezzato; da allora, la coppia si ricongiunge alla mandria[3].

Uno dei nemici naturali della gazzella dorcade è il ghepardo, che però è stato quasi completamente eliminato dall'areale della specie. Tra gli altri predatori ricordiamo il serval, il caracal, il lupo e la iena. I piccoli vengono catturati da felini più piccoli, sciacalli, volpi e aquile[3]. Le gazzelle dorcadi sono in grado di correre a velocità di 80 km/h, e quando si sentono minacciate agitano la coda e saltano a rimbalzi tenendo la testa alta (stotting) per annunciare di aver scorto un predatore[3].

Conservazione

Il numero di esemplari di gazzella dorcade è diminuito in tutto l'areale[2]. Tra i fattori che minacciano questa specie vi sono la perdita dell'habitat, dovuta all'espansione di pratiche agricole permanenti, e la competizione per i pascoli con pecore e capre domestiche. Altre minacce sono costituite dal bracconaggio a scopo alimentare e dalla predazione da parte dei cani, ma il pericolo maggiore, in tutto l'areale della gazzella, è rappresentato dalla caccia illegale incontrollata[4].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Gazella dorcas, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ a b (EN) IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008, Gazella dorcas, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Yom-Tov, Y., Mendelssohn, H. and Groves, C.P. (1995) Gazella dorcas Archiviato il 19 marzo 2012 in Internet Archive.. Mammalian species, 491: 1 - 6.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (2001) Global Survey and Regional Action Plans - Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
  5. ^ a b GISBAU- Geographic Information Systems Laboratory of the Animal and Human Biology Department Archiviato il 29 ottobre 2005 in Internet Archive. (March, 2004)
  6. ^ Beudels, R.C., Devilliers, P., Lafontaine, R., Devilliers-Terschuren, J. and Beudels, M. (2006) CMS SSA Concerted Action. 2d Edition. CMS Technical Series Publication No. 10. UNEP/CMS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany.
  7. ^ Groves, C.P. (1996) Taxonomic Diversity in Arabian Gazelles: The State of the Art Archiviato il 5 febbraio 2012 in Internet Archive.. In: Greth, A., Magin, C. and Ancrenaz, M. (Eds) Conservation of Arabian Gazelles. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh.
  8. ^ a b c African Mammals Databank Archiviato il 13 novembre 2011 in Internet Archive. (March, 2004)

Bibliografia

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Gazella dorcas: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La gazzella dorcade (Gazella dorcas Linnaeus, 1758), nota anche come gazzella del deserto, è una piccola specie di gazzella piuttosto comune. Le sue numerose sottospecie vivono pascolando e brucando nelle praterie, nelle steppe, negli uadi, nei deserti rocciosi e nei semideserti del Nordafrica e del Medio Oriente. In natura ne rimangono 35 000-40 000 capi. In passato anche la gazzella saudita, una specie scomparsa originaria della Penisola Arabica, era ritenuta una sua sottospecie.

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Dorkas ( Lithuanian )

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Dorkas (lot. Gazella dorcas) – tikrųjų antilopių (Antilopinae) pošeimio dykaraginis (Bovidae) žinduolis.

Kūno aukštis 55-65 cm, masė 20-23 kg. Gelsvai ruda, apatinė kūno dalis balta. Kakta ir viršutinė nosies dalis tamsiai rudos spalvos, tokios pat spalvos dryžis tęsiasi nuo akies link snukio galo. Raguoti patinai ir patelės. Patinų ragai vidutiniškai 25 cm ilgio, lyros formos su ryškiais skersiniais žiedais. Ragai išlinkę atgal ir į šonus, po to - aukštyn ir į vidų. Patelių ragai trumpesni ir mažiau išlindę.

Gyvena dykumose ir pusdykumėse. Laikosi nedideliais būriais. Vyresni patinai dažnai gyvena pavieniui, o jaunesni telkiasi į atskirus būrius. Minta beveik visais dykumų augalais, paįvairindamos racioną skėriais ir jų lervomis. Nėštumas trunka apie 6 mėnesius. Gimsta 1, retai 2 jaunikliai. patelės lytiškai subręsta 9 mėnesių, patinai - 18 mėnesių. Gyvena iki 12 metų.

Paplitusi Šiaurės Afrikoje (nuo Senegalo iki Somalio pusiasalio), Arabijos pusiasalyje, Afganistano pietrytinėje dalyje, Pietų Pakistane ir šiaurės vakrų Indijoje.

Vikiteka

Šaltiniai

  1. „IUCN Red List - Gazella dorcas“. IUCN Red list. Nuoroda tikrinta 2011-10-26.
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Dorkas: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Dorkas (lot. Gazella dorcas) – tikrųjų antilopių (Antilopinae) pošeimio dykaraginis (Bovidae) žinduolis.

Kūno aukštis 55-65 cm, masė 20-23 kg. Gelsvai ruda, apatinė kūno dalis balta. Kakta ir viršutinė nosies dalis tamsiai rudos spalvos, tokios pat spalvos dryžis tęsiasi nuo akies link snukio galo. Raguoti patinai ir patelės. Patinų ragai vidutiniškai 25 cm ilgio, lyros formos su ryškiais skersiniais žiedais. Ragai išlinkę atgal ir į šonus, po to - aukštyn ir į vidų. Patelių ragai trumpesni ir mažiau išlindę.

Gyvena dykumose ir pusdykumėse. Laikosi nedideliais būriais. Vyresni patinai dažnai gyvena pavieniui, o jaunesni telkiasi į atskirus būrius. Minta beveik visais dykumų augalais, paįvairindamos racioną skėriais ir jų lervomis. Nėštumas trunka apie 6 mėnesius. Gimsta 1, retai 2 jaunikliai. patelės lytiškai subręsta 9 mėnesių, patinai - 18 mėnesių. Gyvena iki 12 metų.

Paplitusi Šiaurės Afrikoje (nuo Senegalo iki Somalio pusiasalio), Arabijos pusiasalyje, Afganistano pietrytinėje dalyje, Pietų Pakistane ir šiaurės vakrų Indijoje.

Vikiteka

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Dorcasgazelle ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De dorcasgazelle (Gazella dorcas) is een evenhoevig zoogdier uit de familie van de holhoornigen (Bovidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd als Capra dorcas in 1758 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.[2]

Kenmerken

Deze antilope heeft een gelige tot roodbruine vacht met een onopvallende flankstreep. Over de snuit lopen duidelijke strepen. Op de kop prijken liervormige hoorns. De schofthoogte bedraagt ruim 50 cm. Het gewicht kan variëren tussen 15 en 30 kg. Het dier kan tot 12 jaar oud worden.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in noordelijk Afrika in droge Sahel-savannen en halfwoestijnen.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • De grote dierenencyclopedie (1993). Zuidnederlandse Uitgeverij N.V., Aartselaar, België. ISBN 90-243-5204-5
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Dorcasgazelle: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De dorcasgazelle (Gazella dorcas) is een evenhoevig zoogdier uit de familie van de holhoornigen (Bovidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd als Capra dorcas in 1758 gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.

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Gazela pustynna ( Polish )

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Gazela pustynna[2], dawniej: gazela dorkas[3] (Gazella dorcas) – ssak z rodziny wołowatych.

Dane liczbowe

  • Długość: 90-110 cm
  • Wysokość: 55-65 cm
  • Waga: 15-20 kg
  • Długość życia: 10-12 lat
  • Długość ciąży: 6 miesięcy
  • Liczba młodych: 1

Występowanie

Północna Afryka, Półwysep Arabski. Gatunek narażony na wyginięcie, chroniony.

Tryb życia

Żyje w stadach. Głównie roślinożerna, zjada również szarańczę.

Ciekawostki

  • W 2000 p.n.e. Egipcjanie prawdopodobnie hodowali te gazele jako zwierzęta domowe.

Przypisy

  1. Gazella dorcas. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  2. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  3. Zygmunt Kraczkiewicz: SSAKI. Wrocław: Polskie Towarzystwo Zoologiczne - Komisja Nazewnictwa Zwierząt Kręgowych, 1968, s. 81, seria: Polskie nazewnictwo zoologiczne.
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Gazela pustynna: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Gazela pustynna, dawniej: gazela dorkas (Gazella dorcas) – ssak z rodziny wołowatych.

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Gazela-dorcas ( Portuguese )

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 src=
Distribuição da gazela-dorcas pela África e pelo Oriente Médio.

A gazela-dorcas (Gazella dorcas) é um mamífero artiodáctilo da família dos bovídeos que vive nas regiões desérticas e semidesérticas do norte da África e sudoeste da Ásia, sendo, portanto, o único antílope que ocorre em ambos os continentes.[2][3] Às vezes também conhecidas simplesmente pelo nome de dorcas, tais mamíferos estão na lista vermelha da IUCN de «animais vulneráveis», tendo em vista a redução drástica de sua população nas últimas duas décadas desde 1990.[2]

Etimologia

O termo dorcas significa «gazela» em grego e se refere bem a este pequeno antílope, que é conhecido por sua beleza, agilidade, graciosidade e olhos brilhantes.[4]

Características

É uma espécie de gazela que apresenta coloração pardo-clara com a barriga branca e chifres não muito grandes curvados para trás. A parte superior da pele é de cor bege, ou de um avermelhado-argiloso, com a parte baixa da barriga e dos flancos branca. Apresenta também uma espécie de máscara branca na cara com algum preto à volta dos olhos. Seus cornos são em forma de lira.

É um dos animais que mais bem se adaptam ao deserto, já que podem passar toda a sua vida sem provar uma gota de água. Existem em quase todo o deserto do Saara.

Ao comunicar-se emitem um ruído de alarme que parece o grasnar de um pato.

Subespécies

  • Gazella dorcas beccarii – gazela-dorcas-eritreia
  • G. d. dorcas – gazela-dorcas-egípcia
  • G. d. isabella = /littoralis/ – gazela-isabella
  • G. d. massaesyla – gazela-dorcas-marroquina
  • G. d. osiris = /neglecta/ – gazela-dorcas-saariana
  • G. d. pelzelni – gazelle-de-pelzeln

Galeria

Referências

  1. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Gazella dorcas (em inglês). IUCN 2008. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2008 . Página visitada em 18 August 2015.
  2. a b MALLON, David P.; KINGSWOOD, Steven Charles (2001). Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. [S.l.]: IUCN. 260 páginas. ISBN 9782831705941 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  3. ESTES, Richard (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. [S.l.]: University of California Press. 611 páginas. ISBN 9780520080850 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  4. SCHIMIDT, Alaid (2014). Pequena Enciclopédia Bíblica de Temas Femininos. [S.l.]: Arte Editorial. 396 páginas. ISBN 9788598172262 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
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Gazela-dorcas: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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 src= Distribuição da gazela-dorcas pela África e pelo Oriente Médio.

A gazela-dorcas (Gazella dorcas) é um mamífero artiodáctilo da família dos bovídeos que vive nas regiões desérticas e semidesérticas do norte da África e sudoeste da Ásia, sendo, portanto, o único antílope que ocorre em ambos os continentes. Às vezes também conhecidas simplesmente pelo nome de dorcas, tais mamíferos estão na lista vermelha da IUCN de «animais vulneráveis», tendo em vista a redução drástica de sua população nas últimas duas décadas desde 1990.

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Dorkasgasell ( Swedish )

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Dorkasgasell[2] (Gazella dorcas) är den gasell som har det största utbredningsområdet av alla gasellerna. De finns ifrån Marocko till Mellanöstern och vidare till centrala Indien.

Utseende

Dorkasgasellen har en pälsfärg som varierar beroende på var man hittar den. Pälsen kan vara ifrån sandfärgad som på den underart som lever i Sahara G. d. osiris. Individer som hör hemma i Israel och vid röda havet är rödbruna. Den har ett tydligt markerat gasellband och vit undersida. Dorkasgasellen har också en vit akterspegel som går upp till svansroten och den vita linjen vid ögat. Den har en mankhöjd på ungefär 60 centimeter och den kan väga runt 20 kilogram. Båda könen har de lyrformiga hornen som kan bli mellan 25–40 centimeter långa beroende på om det är en hona eller hane.

Habitat

Dorkasgasellen trivs bäst i klippiga och bergiga terränger. Även steniga stäpper och halv öknar passar den bra.

Levnadssätt

Socialt beteende

De är både aktiva på dagarna och nätterna. Är det ont om föda brukar de dela upp sig parvis men i terräng med rikare föda kan de bilda grupper på upp emot 10-20 djur. Grupperna består oftast av honor med ungar och av en äldre hane. De unga hanarna bildar ”ungkarlsflockar” med upp emot 50 djur, medan de äldre hanarna, som inte har en hon grupp, är ensam levande.

Dorkasgasellen är en vandrande gasell art. När regnen kommer oregelbundet slår sig de små grupperna samman till hjordar på upp emot 100 djur som ger sig av för att leta reda på friskt bete. Deras diet består av gräs, örter, busk löv, gräshoppor och deras larver. Dorkasgasellen är väl anpassad till ett liv i torrt klimat. Den har den förmågan att den inte behöver dricka vatten, den får i sig all vätska den behöver genom vad den äter. Men den dricker om den hittar vatten.

Fortplantning

Deras parnings tid är olik beroende på var de befinner sig. Men det vanligaste är att den infaller någon gång i september till november. Hanarna upprättar revir som de försvarar mot andra hanar. De doftmärker också deras revir genom dynghögar. En hona föder vanligtvis en unge efter 5–6 månaders dräktighet. Ungarna föds med öppna ögon. De första tre veckorna ligger ungen gömd medan mamman betar i närheten. Efter det får den följa med sin mor. Vid tre månaders ålder har ungen slutat att dia och den kan äta fast föda. Man räknar med att en dorkasgasell blir könsmogen mellan ett och ett halvt år till två år.

Predatorer

Dorkasgasellens naturliga fiender är lejon, leopard och gepard. Men på grund av de stora rovdjurens tillbakagång är de inte den största faran utan det är människornas utbredning på gasellens tidigare betesmarker. Böndernas får och getter konkurrerar ut dorkasgasellen. Deras habitat blir allt mindre och de får svårare att hitta föda. Dorkasgasellen är på tillbaka gång på många platser där den en gång betade har den blivit sällsynt. I till exempel Israel räknar man med att hela gasellbeståndet består av mellan 1000 –1500 djur.

Underarter

Det finns 8 underarter av Dorkasgasellen i Afrika och 3 underarter i Asien. Här är ett litet urval av arter.

  • Isabellagasell (G.d.isabella) som hör hemma i Sudan och Etiopien.
  • Pelzelngasell (G.d. pelzelni) som hör hemma i Somalia och Etiopien.
  • Indisk gasell (G.d. bennetti) som hör hemma i östra Asien.
  • G.d massaesyla
  • G.d Saudiya

Källor

  • Giuseppe Ardito (1983). Djurens underbara värld, Band 6. Höganäs: Bokorama. ISBN 91-7024-054-X
  • David W. MacDonald, red (1984). Jordens djur, Band 4 – Hovdjuren. Stockholm: Bonnier Fakta. ISBN 91-34-50353-6
  • Kai Curry-Lindahl (1984). Afrikas däggdjur. Stockholm: Norstedt. ISBN 91-1-834122-5

Noter

  1. ^ Gazella dorcasIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Antelope Specialist Group 2008, besökt 23 februari 2009.
  2. ^ Europeiska unionens förordning (EG) nr 318/2008 om skyddet av arter genom kontroll av handel, sid. L95/9, läst 18 augusti 2014.
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Dorkasgasell: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Dorkasgasell (Gazella dorcas) är den gasell som har det största utbredningsområdet av alla gasellerna. De finns ifrån Marocko till Mellanöstern och vidare till centrala Indien.

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Газель доркас ( Ukrainian )

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Статус загрози

МСОП класифікує вид газель доркас як рідкісний і такий, що знаходиться під загрозою вимирання. Багато заможних сімей в арабських країнах Близького сходу роблять поїздки в пустелю, при яких полювання на антилоп набуває характеру військової операції. Газелей підстрілюють з вертольотів і машин.

Етимологія

Доркас є грецьким словом, що означає газель. Саме слово газель походить від арабського ghazal.

Примітки

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 131. — 10 000 экз.

Посилання

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Linh dương Ai Cập ( Vietnamese )

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Linh dương Ai Cập[3] (danh pháp hai phần: Gazella dorcas) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1758.[2] Loài linh dương này chịu được khô hạn, chúng tồn tại nhờ vào quá trình hyđrat hoá khi ăn thực vật, cây cỏ. Linh dương Dorcas có thể giữ lượng nước cho cơ thể bằng cách tập trung axit uric và hạn chế đi tiểu.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ 10th edition of Systema Naturae
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Gazella dorcas”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ “Thông tư Ban hành Danh mục các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã thuộc quản lý của Công ước về buôn bán quốc tế các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã nguy cấp”. Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn Việt Nam. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 1 năm 2013.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Gazella dorcas tại Wikimedia Commons

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về chủ đề Bộ Guốc chẵn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Linh dương Ai Cập: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Linh dương Ai Cập (danh pháp hai phần: Gazella dorcas) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1758. Loài linh dương này chịu được khô hạn, chúng tồn tại nhờ vào quá trình hyđrat hoá khi ăn thực vật, cây cỏ. Linh dương Dorcas có thể giữ lượng nước cho cơ thể bằng cách tập trung axit uric và hạn chế đi tiểu.

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Газель-доркас ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Подотряд: Жвачные
Семейство: Полорогие
Подсемейство: Настоящие антилопы
Род: Газели
Вид: Газель-доркас
Международное научное название

Gazella dorcas (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
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ITIS 625092NCBI 37751EOL 129511FW 149567

Газель-доркас[1][2] (лат. Gazella dorcas) — парнокопытное млекопитающее из семейства полорогих.

Описание

Небольшая газель, длина тела достигает 90—110 см, высота в холке — 55—65 см, масса — 15—23 кг, длина рогов 25—38 см у самцов и 15—25 см у самок, длина хвоста 15—20 см[3]. Будучи обитателем пустынь, газель-доркас благодаря своей окраске песчаного цвета идеально замаскирована. Нижняя сторона тела у неё белая, бока слегка красноватые.

Ареал и места обитания

Ареал газели-доркас охватывает Северную Африку, Израиль, Ливан, Иорданию, Сирию, Ирак, запад Саудовской Аравии и Йемен.

Образ жизни

Она может вообще ничего не пить, так как всю потребность в жидкости она в состоянии покрывать за счёт росы на растениях, которыми она питается, а также за счёт водосохраняющих растений, произрастающих в пустыне.

Подвиды

Выделяют от 5 до 7 подвидов газели-доркас[3][4]:

  • Gazella dorcas dorcas Linnaeus, 1758 — номинативный подвид, Ливийская пустыня в пределах западного Египта;
  • Gazella dorcas beccarii De Beaux, 1931 — Эритрейская газель-доркас[3], эндемик Эритреи, где обитает в горах в верховьях реки Ансэба;
  • Gazella dorcas isabella Gray, 1846 — Изабелловая газель-доркас[3], распространена вдоль африканского побережья Красного моря от северо-восточного Египта до восточной Эфиопии;
  • Gazella dorcas massaesyla Cabrera, 1928 — высокие плато Марокко и Западной Сахары;
  • Gazella dorcas osiris Blaine, 1913 — Сахарская газель-доркас[3], южная и восточная части пустыни Сахара;
  • Gazella dorcas neglecta — плато западной и центральной Сахары, часто включается в состав подвида G. d. osiris[5];
  • Gazella dorcas pelzelni[6] Kohl, 1886 — Газель-доркас Пельцельна[3], некоторыми исследователями выделяется в отдельный вид Gazella pelzelni[3].

Статус угрозы

МСОП классифицирует газель-доркас как редкий и находящийся под угрозой вымирания вид. Многие богатые семьи в арабских странах Ближнего востока предпринимают поездки в пустыню, при которых охота на антилоп приобретает характер военной операции. Газелей подстреливают из вертолётов и машин.

Этимология

Доркас является греческим словом, обозначающим газель. Само слово газель происходит от арабского ghazal.

Галерея

  •  src=

    G. d. neglecta

  • Gazella dorcas neglecta.001 - Zoo Aquarium de Madrid.JPG
  • Barcelona-Zoo-Gacela dorcas del Sáhara Occidental (Gazella dorcas neglecta) (II).jpg
  •  src=

    Доркас в зоопарке Агадира (Марокко)

  • Доркас II.jpg

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 131. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Банников А. Г., Флинт В. Е. Отряд Парнокопытные (Artiodactyla) // Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 489. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Castello J. R. (2016) Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives. — Princeton University Press. — Pp. 140—145. — 664 p. — ISBN 978-0-691-16717-6
  4. Gazella dorcas в книге Wilson D. E., Reeder D. M. (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. — 3rd edition. — Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 volumes. — 2142 pp. — ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 [1]
  5. Yoram Yom-Tov, Heinrich Mendelssohn, Colin P. Groves. 1995. Gazella dorcas Архивная копия от 16 марта 2016 на Wayback Machine. Mammalian Species (by The American Society of Mammalogists), No. 491, pp. 1—6.
  6. Иногда встречается написание pelzelnii (см. Wilson & Reeder, 2005)
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Газель-доркас: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Газель-доркас (лат. Gazella dorcas) — парнокопытное млекопитающее из семейства полорогих.

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小鹿瞪羚 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Gazella dorcas
(Linneaus, 1758)

小鹿瞪羚學名Gazella dorcas),是分布最广的瞪羚,从北非阿拉伯甚至到印度东部都是它们的分布地区。其众多的亚种可以生活在草原旱谷沙漠半沙漠等多種氣候地區。由於人類的土地開發以及畜養大量的綿羊山羊,小鹿瞪羚的棲地與食物來源一直在縮小,族群存續相當受威脅。

特征

小鹿瞪羚的外觀類似山瞪羚,但體型较小,耳朵更长。雌雄都有角,但雌性的角较小且并后弯,雄性的角较大,其角先往后弯,再往前弯。生活于北非的亚种的毛色通常为浅黄褐色,腹部为白色,在腹部与身体侧部的交界处會有一条沙色的条纹。头部的毛色比身体其他部分的颜色更深。生活于撒哈拉北部的亚种毛色會較深,其脸上有条纹。在以色列红海的亚种毛色則为红褐色。

习性

小鹿瞪羚能高度適應沙漠環境,牠們可以畢生不用喝水,只透過在攝食的植物水份維生。不過當水源充足時,牠們一樣會正常飲水。牠們可以忍受高溫,在酷熱地區只會在黎明黃昏及晚上活動。若在受人類捕獵的地區,則會傾向於在夜晚活動,以避開捕獵。牠們吃不同品種的金合歡樹葉花朵及莢,以及不同灌木的葉、枝及果實。牠們有時會以後腳站立往樹上攝食,而在下雨後會挖樹根。小鹿瞪羚奔跑速度可達每小時80公里。當受到威脅時尾巴會顫動,並會不斷昂首跳躍以提醒同伴。

繁殖

若環境較艱難時,小鹿瞪羚會成對的生活。但當環境資源充分時,牠們會組成群族,當中有一頭成年雄性,多頭雌性及幼羚。在繁殖期時,成年雄性會建立領域,並堆肥作邊界。在牠們的領域內,牠們會於九月至十一月之間交配。妊娠期為6個月,一般會是單胎,但在阿爾及利亞曾有報告指發現一胎雙生。幼羚經在出生時已有毛,眼睛亦是打開的。出生後的第一個小時,幼羚會嘗試站立,並會在首日哺乳。在頭兩個星期,幼羚在母羚接近餵哺時會捲曲在地上或在灌木下磨擦身子。幼羚接著會模仿母羚吃固體食物。經過三個月時間,幼羚會完全斷乳。


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小鹿瞪羚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

小鹿瞪羚(學名:Gazella dorcas),是分布最广的瞪羚,从北非阿拉伯甚至到印度东部都是它们的分布地区。其众多的亚种可以生活在草原旱谷沙漠半沙漠等多種氣候地區。由於人類的土地開發以及畜養大量的綿羊山羊,小鹿瞪羚的棲地與食物來源一直在縮小,族群存續相當受威脅。

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도르카스가젤 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

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도르카스가젤 개체들

도르카스가젤(학명: Gazella dorcas)은 가젤속에 속하는 소형 가젤의 일종이다. 어깨높이 55-65cm, 몸길이 90~110cm이고, 몸무게 15-20kg에 달한다. 사막지대 또는 반사막 지대에 서식하며, 가젤 중에서는 작은 편이다. 다마가젤처럼 물을 마시지 않고도 살 수 있고, 음식물에서 수분을 섭취한다. 아카시아나무의 잎을 즐겨 먹는다. 암수 모두 뿔이 있고 뿔의 길이는 거의 30cm에 달한다. 아라비아 반도아프리카에 서식하고, 야생에 약 4만 마리가 남아 있다.

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