Associations
provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / feeds on
gregarious, crowded pycnidium of Macrophoma coelomycetous anamorph of Macrophoma nitens feeds on leaf of Quercus palustris
Comments
provided by eFloras
Quercus palustris is especially common in landscape and street plantings. Its persistent dead branchlets (pins) and branching pattern (drooping lower branches, horizontal middle branches, ascending upper branches) are quite distinctive.
This species reportedly hybridizes with Quercus coccinea (E. J. Palmer 1948) and with Q . imbricaria (= Q . × exacta Trelease), Q . marilandica , Q . nigra , Q . phellos (= Q . × schochiana Dieck), Q . rubra , Q . shumardii , and Q . velutina .
Some Native American tribes used infusions prepared from the bark of Quercus palustris to alleviate intestinal pains (D. E. Moerman 1986).
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Trees to 25 m tall, deciduous. Branchlets brown, glabrous. Petiole 2.5-5 cm, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 10-20 × 7-10 cm, abaxially greenish and glabrous or floccose, adaxially dark green, base cuneate, margin with 5-7 lobes on each side ending in 10-30 awns, apex acuminate. Female inflorescence ca. 1 cm; cupules solitary or 2 or 3. Cupule cupular, 1-1.2 × 1.5-1.8 cm, enclosing 1/4-1/3 of nut; bracts triangular, crowded, glabrous. Nut brownish, narrowly ellipsoid, 2-2.5 × ca. 1.5 cm, pubescent, glabrescent, apex rounded; scar flat or slightly impressed; stylopodium present. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Sep of following year.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Trees , deciduous, to 25 m. Bark grayish brown, fissures broad, shallow, inner bark pinkish. Twigs reddish brown, 1.5-3(-4) mm diam., soon becoming glabrous. Terminal buds brown to reddish brown, ovoid, 3-5 mm, glabrous or with a few fine hairs at apex. Leaves: petiole 20-60 mm, glabrous. Leaf blade elliptic to oblong, 50-160 × 50-120 mm, base cuneate to broadly obtuse or truncate with basal pair of lobes often somewhat recurved, margins with 5-7 lobes and 10-30 awns, lobes acute or attenuate or distally expanded, apex acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially glabrous except for conspicuous axillary tufts of tomentum, veins raised, adaxially planar, glabrous. Acorns biennial; cup thin, saucer-shaped, 3-6 mm high × 9.5-16 mm wide, covering 1/4 nut, outer surface glabrous or puberulent, inner surface glabrous or with a few hairs around scar, scale tips tightly appressed, acute to obtuse; nut globose or ovoid, 10-16 × 9-15 mm, often conspicuously striate, glabrous, scar diam. 5.5-9 mm. 2 n = 24.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
provided by eFloras
Ont.; Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mass., Mich., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., Tenn., Va., W.Va., Wis.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Flowering/Fruiting
provided by eFloras
Flowering spring.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
provided by eFloras
Bottoms and poorly drained upland clay soils; 0-350m.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
provided by eFloras
Cultivated. Beijing Shi, Liaoning, Shandong [native to North America]
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
swamppin oak
swamp oak
water oak
swamp Spanish oak
Spanish oak
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
monoecious,
treePin oak is a fast-growing, native, deciduous, monoecious tree. It is
physiologically mature at 80 to 100 years. Little is known of its
maximum age, but one old growth stand averaged 138 years of age. On
good sites, pin oak may reach 120 feet (37 m) in height and 60 inches
(150 cm) in d.b.h. [
19], but the tree is usually 60 to 80 feet (18-24 m)
tall at maturity [
22,
25]. Acorns are 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) or less in
length, the smallest of the tree oaks [
11].
An open-grown pin oak has a well-defined main trunk through most of the
wide, symmetrical crown. The upper branches are ascending, the middle
branches horizontal, and the lower branches inclined downward to give
pin oak a distinctive pyramidal shape. Lower branches remain alive on
open-grown trees. The branches die in closed stands, but are retained
for many years [
19]. There are numerous small stiff branches on the
trunk and larger limbs [
11].
Seedlings develop a strong taproot in well-aerated soils. As trees
become older, the root system becomes more fibrous [
19].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pin oak occurs primarily along major rivers and on glacial till plains
in the north-central and eastern United States. It is distributed from
southwestern New England; west to extreme southern Ontario, southern
Michigan, northern Illinois, and Iowa; south to Missouri, east Kansas,
and northeastern Oklahoma; and east to central Arkansas, Tennessee,
central North Carolina, and Virginia [
19].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
root collarPin oak is susceptible to fire due to its relatively thin bark. If
top-killed by fire, pin oak sprouts from the root collar [
19]. Although
fire is infrequent in pin oak communities during the spring and early
summer because of wet conditions, surface fires may occur in the fall
and winter, especially during drought years [
23,
25].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
hardwoodFire should not be used as a management tool in bottomland hardwood
forests because of the susceptibility to fire of most bottomland
species [
20].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
herbaceous,
shrubs,
swamp,
treePin oak occurs primarily on bottomland sites that usually flood
intermittently during the dormant season but not during the growing
season. These sites include clay flats, depressions where water
accumulates in winter, and clay ridges of first bottoms. Pure or nearly
pure stands of pin oak grow on level or near level moist uplands such as
the glacial till plains of southwest Ohio, southern Illinois, southern
Indiana, and northern Missouri [
8,
19].
It grows on acidic, poorly drained, clay to clayey loam soils (Entisols
and Alfisols) [
19].
Overstory associates not mentioned in Distribution and Occurrence
include swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), willow oak, overcup oak (Q.
lyrata), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), Nuttall oak (Q. nuttallii), swamp
chestnut oak (Q. michauxii), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), green ash,
slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa),
shagbark hickory (C. ovata), river birch (Betula nigra), Ohio buckeye
(Aesculus glabra), and American sycamore [
8,
19]. Shrubs and small tree
associates include American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), possumhaw
(Ilex decidua), and poison-ivy (Toxidendron radicans) [
8]. The
herbaceous understory associates include sedges (Carex spp.), bedstraw
(Galium spp.), and skullcap (Scutellaria spp.) [
5,
25].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
62 Silver maple - American elm
65 Pin oak - sweetgum
95 Black willow
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK098 Northern floodplain forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
top-killLight surface fires in bottomland hardwood stands readily top-kill pin
oak seedlings and saplings. Under more severe fire conditions,
sawtimber-sized trees may also be top-killed. Large trees often sustain
fire wounds [
20,
23,
25].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pin oak acorns are an important food for wildlife including white-tailed
deer, squirrels, wild turkeys, woodpeckers, bluejays, and waterfowl.
Acorns are an especially important food source for wood ducks and
mallards during fall migration [
19]. Bottomland hardwoods that are
seasonally flooded provide nesting sites for colonial waterbirds and
many passerines [
15]. Pin oak is an important species in greentree
reservoirs (artificially flooded areas) that attract and provide food
for migrating waterfowl [
19,
25].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
cover type,
hardwoodPin oak is found in bottomland hardwood communities. There are four
variants of the SAF cover type pin oak-sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua): white oak (Quercus alba)-pin oak-sweetgum, pin
oak-American elm (Ulmus americana), pin oak-red maple (Acer rubrum), and
pure pin oak [
8]. Nearly pure even-aged stands of pin oak are known as
"pin oak flats" [
19]. A pin oak-cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var.
pagodifolia) community occurs in the Mississippi River Valley in
Illinois [
25].
The following publication lists pin oak as a dominant species:
Forests of the Illinoian Till Plain of southwestern Ohio [
5]
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
basal area,
forest,
hardwood,
seed,
treeMany bottomland hardwood forests were cleared for agriculture during the
settlement period. Currently, some of this land is being reforested to
provide wildlife habitat [
1,
3,
21]. Pin oak is highly suited for direct
seeding. Information on seed collection, storage, sowing, site
preparation, and timing for bottomland hardwood reforestation is
detailed [
1]. Pin oak acorns can be held in cold storage (35 to 40
degrees Fahrenheit [2-5 deg C]) with 90 percent viability for 2 years,
possible longer [
21].
To provide habitat and food for wintering waterfowl, bottomland forests
composed of pin oak and other flood-tolerant, mast-producing species are
often impounded during the winter. The shallow water is drawn down in
the early spring to prevent tree damage. Twenty years of dormant-season
flooding did not damage pin oak, although stand basal area growth was
reduced 10 percent. After 25 years, however, some pin oaks had
developed bole swelling at or just above the flood water level. The
swelling caused fissures which provided entry for fungi [
19]. Mature
pin oak survived only 3 years on permanently flooded land when water
levels were artificially raised by dams on the upper Mississippi River.
Pin oaks 2 feet (0.6 m) above the new pool level showed increased growth
rates during the 5 years after the rise in water level [
10].
Pin oak can be harvested by clearcutting at 40-year intervals. Pin oak
grows rapidly on alluvial soils. One stand in Illinois averaged 62 feet
(18.9 m) in height and 12 inches (30.5 cm) in d.b.h. after only 35 years
[
25].
Pin oak is susceptible to several oak diseases, including oak wilt
(Ceratocytis fagacearum), oak leaf blister (Taphrina caerulescens), pin
oak blight (Endothia gyrosa), and Dothiorella canker (Dothiorella
quercina). It is also susceptible to many insects, including
defoliators, wood borers, gall wasps, and weevils. Some of the more
important pests include gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), obscure scale
(Melanaspis obscura), oak leaftier (Croesia semipurpurana), pin oak
sawfly (Caliroa lineata), scarlet oak sawfly (C. quercuscoccineae),
forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), leaf roller (Argyrotaenia
quercifoliana), horned oak gall wasp (Callirhytis cornigera), and gouty
oak gall wasp (C. quercuspunctata) [
19].
Pin oak leaves appear able to tolerate acid rain. Less than 1 percent
of the total leaf area was injured when trees were exposed to simulated
acid rain of pH 2.5 for 20 minutes each day for 10 days [
7].
Leafed-out 2-year-old pin oak seedlings were exposed to salt solutions
for 5 weeks to mimic the impact of deicing salts. The seedlings had a
fairly high degree of foliar injury and high stem sodium and chloride
levels, but height growth and dry matter production were not affected by
the treatment [
26].
Ornamental pin oaks planted on alkaline soils develop foliar chlorosis
because of nutrient deficiencies [
19].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pin oak acorns contain on average 15.4 percent crude fat, 45.4 percent
total carbohydrates, 3.8 percent total protein, 0.08 percent phosphorus,
0.04 percent calcium, and 0.06 percent magnesium [
4].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
AR CT DE IL IN IA KS KY MD MA
MI MO NJ NY NC OH OK PA RI TN
VT VA WV ON
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treePin oak is widely planted as a shade tree and ornamental. It
transplants well and tolerates urban stresses such as street salt, acid
rain, and smoke [
7,
1,
19,
26]. Black ink can be made from twig galls on
pin oak [
11].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Pin oak flowers in the spring about the same time as the leaves appear.
Acorns mature at the end of the second growing season and are dispersed
from September through early December [
19].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
root collarTop-killed seedlings and young pin oak trees sprout from the root
collar. Fire wounds facilitate entry of decay-causing fungi [
19,
20].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
adventitious,
cover,
forest,
formation,
litter,
mast,
root collar,
seed,
stratification,
treeSexual reproduction: Seed production begins when the tree is about 20
years old, although open-grown trees may begin producing by 15 years.
Poor acorn crops occur in 3- to 4-year intervals. Dissemination is by
animals, primarily squirrels, mice, blue jays, and woodpeckers [
19].
Over a 4-week period, blue jays transported and cached 54 percent of the
available pin oak acorn crop from a stand on the campus of Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg. The high
percentage may be skewed, however, because of the high number of
consumers per tree on a campus compared to a forest. The mean transport
distance between seed trees and caches was 0.7 mile (1.1 km), with a
range of 0.06 to 1.2 miles (0.1-1.9 km). Pin oak acorns fall within the
preferred size range [0.4 to 0.7 inches (1.1-1.7 cm) in diameter] of
blue jays [
6].
Pin oak acorns require a 30- to 40-day cold stratification period at 32
to 41 degrees Fahrenheit (0-5 deg C). Viability is high. Acorns
submerged in cold water for as long as 6 months were not damaged. A
thick waxy coating on the pericap restricts water absorption [
19].
Seedling establishment is often high after a good acorn crop year. In a
study in southeast Missouri, there were an average of 3,500 seedlings
per acre (8,650/ha) following a high mast yield [
19]. Pin oaks are most
likely to establish if the litter layer is 0.5 to 2 inches (1.3-5.1 cm)
deep. Pin oak germination and early establishment can occur under a
dense canopy, but seedlings will die after 2 to 3 years unless they are
released. In a study of pin oak regeneration in southern Illinois, 1-
to 2-year-old seedlings were more abundant under a closed canopy than in
an open stand where the ground cover was dense. Seedlings over 5 years
of age, however, were more abundant in the open stands [
13].
Two-year-old pin oak seedlings subjected to three shade treatments
increased their shoot/root ratio by 26 percent with increasing shade, a
reaction typical of intolerant species [
18].
In a study in southern Illinois, pin oak reproduction was most abundant
in mixed hard-hardwood communities composed of oaks (Quercus spp.) and
hickories (Carya spp.); low in mixed soft-hardwood communities composed
of silver maple (Acer saccharinum), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvania),
sweetgum, hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and American sycamore
(Platanus occidentalis); low in eastern cottonwood (Populus
deltoides)-black willow (Salix nigra) communities; low in old fields;
and rare in newly formed land (i.e., exposed sand bars) [
14].
Pin oak seedlings are classified as intermediate in tolerance to shallow
flooding during the growing season [
12,
19]. After 60 days of completely
saturated soils, pin oak seedlings averaging 8.2 inches (20.8 cm) in
height had no shoot mortality, sparse adventitious root formation, and
some mortality of secondary roots. Seedlings under saturated conditions
grew significantly (p less than 0.01) taller than the control seedlings [
12]. In
another study, seedlings subjected to shallow flooding (leaves and tops
exposed) during the growing season survived 84 days, but root growth
ceased, growth was poor, and recovery was slow. Seedlings survive only
10 to 20 days of complete inundation during the growing season. Pin oak
seedlings suffer no adverse effect from dormant season flooding [
19].
Vegetative reproduction: Pin oak seedlings and young trees sprout
vigorously from the root collar if top-killed [
19].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
codominant,
swampPin oak is intolerant of shade. It usually occurs as a dominant or
codominant in even-aged stands. Suppressed trees usually die within a
few years [
19].
Pin oak occurs primarily in early successional stages of bottomland
forests. During drought or as the surface drainage in swamps and
sloughs improves, pin oak invades and replaces the first pioneer trees
such as black willow, eastern cottonwood, blackgum, swamp privet
(Forestiera acuminata), and buttonbush (Cephalanthus spp.). With
further surface drainage, pin oak communities are succeeded by white
oak, cherrybark oak, red maple, American elm, sweetgum, and hickory
[
5,
8,
14,
25]. Pin oak communities may be edaphic climaxes on heavy wet
soils because they produce abundant regeneration which, if released,
grows faster on these sites than competing species [
8,
19].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of pin oak is Quercus palustris
Muenchh. [
16]. It has been placed within the subgenus Erythrobalanus, or
red (black) oak group [
22]. There are no recognized varieties,
subspecies, or forms. Pin oak hybridizes with the following species
[
16,
19]:
x Q. coccinea (scarlet oak)
x Q. imbricaria (shingle oak): Q. X exacta Trel.
x Q. phellos (willow oak): Q. X schochiana Dieck
x Q. rubra (northern red oak): Q. X columnaris Laughlin
x Q. shumardii (Shumard oak): Q. X mutabilis Palmer & Steyerm.
x Q. velutina (black oak): Q. X vaga Palmer & Steyerm.
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pin oak is recommended for graded/top-soiled mine spoils. In southern
Illinois, pin oak seedlings (both planted and direct seeded) had among
the best survival and growth of nine oak species tested on graded cast
overburden covered with about 16 inches (40 cm) of eroded old field
surface soil [
2]. Pin oak has naturally established on surface-mined
lands in Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma [
28].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fuelPin oak does not self-prune, so the wood has many small knots which
reduce its quality and utility. The hard, heavy wood is used locally
for construction timbers, mine props, and fuel [
19,
23].
- bibliographic citation
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus palustris. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
Pin oak is a major species in only one forest cover type, Pin
Oak-Sweetgum (Society of American Foresters Type 65), which is
found on bottom lands and some upland sites throughout the
central portion of the pin oak range (8). Associated species in
this type include red maple (Acer rubrum), American elm
(Ulmus americana), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica),
swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), willow oak (Q.
phellos), overcup oak (Q. lyrata), bur oak
(Q. macrocarpa), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica),
Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii), swamp chestnut oak
(Q. michauxii), and shellbark (Carya laciniosa) and
shagbark (C. ovata) hickories. Pin oak and
sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) vary in their relative
proportions in this cover type, and large areas of almost pure
pin oak occur on the "pin oak flats" of the upland
glacial till plains or in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio and
central Mississippi River valleys.
Pin oak is an associated species in Silver Maple-American Elm
(Type 62) in the bottom lands along the Ohio, Wabash,
Mississippi, and Missouri Rivers; a variant of this type, silver
maple-American elm-pin oak-sweetgum, is found along major streams
in southern Illinois and Indiana.
Pin oak also occurs in Black Ash-American Elm-Red Maple (Type 39)
in poorly drained bottom lands in northern Ohio and Indiana along
with silver maple (Acer saccharinum), swamp white oak,
sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), black tupelo, and
eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides).
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Climate
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The climate throughout most of the range of pin oak is classified
as humid or, in the northwestern portion, moist subhumid.
Precipitation varies from 810 mm (32 in) along the western and
northern edges of the pin oak range to more than 1270 mm (50 in)
in Arkansas and Tennessee. Mean annual temperatures and growing
season lengths range from 10° C (50° F) and 120 days in
southern New England to 16° C (60° F) and more than 210
days in northern Arkansas and western Tennessee (16).
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Damaging Agents
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Although pin oak is very tolerant of
dormant-season flooding, it is much less tolerant of
growing-season flooding and trees may be injured or killed by
intermittent growing-season flooding over several successive
years. The trees can usually survive one growing season of
continuous flooding but will be killed by continuous flooding
over 2 or 3 consecutive years (2,4,10,22). Pin oak is rated as "intermediately
tolerant" to growing season flooding, along with such
species as sugar maple (Acer saccharum), river birch (Betula
nigra), southern red oak (Quercus falcata), and
Shumard oak (Q. shumardii); it is less tolerant than red
maple, silver maple, sweetgum, sycamore, swamp white oak, and
American elm (tolerant) and eastern cottonwood, green ash, and
black willow (very tolerant) (28,29).
Dormant-season flooding for 20 years in a greentree reservoir in
southeastern Missouri did not appear to damage pin oak trees, but
did reduce stand basal area growth by 10 percent (26). However,
in this same area approximately 5 years later (i.e., after 25
years of flooding), many, of these trees had developed bole
swellings at and just above the average flood water level. These
swellings caused longitudinal fissures in the bark up to 10 cm (4
in) wide, thereby exposing the bole xylem to decay organisms. The
cause of this phenomenon is unknown, but it appears to be
associated with the continuous dormant-season flooding, because
pin oaks in adjacent areas subject only to intermittent natural
flooding were not similarly affected (27).
The bark of pin oak is relatively thin and the species is
therefore especially susceptible to damage by fire and the decay
associated with fire wounds (12,22).
Pin oak is subject to most of the diseases of oaks including oak
wilt (Ceratocystis fagacearum) and is particularly
susceptible to a leaf blister fungus (Taphrina caerulescens),
a shoot-blight and twig canker fungus (Dothiorella
quercina), and pin oak blight (Endothia gyrosa) (12).
Pin oak is also host to many of the common oak-feeding insects
including many defoliators, wood borers, gall wasps, and acorn
weevils. Pin oak is classified as a "most preferred"
host for gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) (15), and is also
especially susceptible to the obscure scale (Melanaspis
obscura), oak leaftier (Croesia semipurpurana), pin
oak sawfly (Caliroa lineata), scarlet oak sawfly (C.
quercuscoccineae), the sawfly Calinoa petiolata, the
forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), a
leafroller (Argyrotaenia quercifoliana), the homed oak
gall wasp (Callirhytis cornigera), and the gouty oak gall
wasp (C. quercuspunctata). Thousands of acres of pin oak
stands in southern Illinois have been severely damaged over the
past 25 years by outbreaks of the horned oak gall wasp and the
forest tent caterpillar (1,31,32,33).
Ornamental pin oaks planted on alkaline soils often develop foliar
chlorosis (yellowing) which, if severe, can kill the tree. This
chlorosis was previously thought to be a simple iron deficiency,
but recent research has indicated that it is a more complex
phenomenon involving reduced foliar concentrations of one or more
of the micronutrients Fe, Mn, or Zn, often in association with
increased foliar concentrations of one or more of the
macronutrients P, K, or Mg. In most cases, this problem can be
easily corrected by soil applications of sulfuric acid. Chlorosis
is not a problem in natural stands of pin oak which occur on more
acidic soils (20,21).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Pin oak is monoecious; flowers
appear at about the time the leaves develop in the spring.
Staminate flowers are borne on aments that develop from buds
formed in the leaf axils of the previous year, and pistillate
flowers are borne on short stalks from the axils of current-year
leaves. Pollination is by wind. Fruit is an acorn (nut) that
matures at the end of the second growing season after flowering.
Acorns are dispersed from September to early December (25).
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Genetics
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No races or genetically distinct populations have been defined
within pin oak, but the existence of such populations has been
suggested based on differences in flood tolerance and resistance
to iron chlorosis (3,9).
Five hybrids of pin oak are recognized (17): Quercus x
mutabilis Palmer & Steyerm. (Q. palustris x
shumardii), Q. x vaga Palmer & Steyerm. (Q. palustris
x velutina), Q. x schochiana Dieck (Q. palustris
x phellos), Q. x columnaris Laughlin (Q. palustris
x rubra), and an unnamed hybrid with Q. coccinea.
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Growth and Yield
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Pin oak grows rapidly. In well-stocked,
even-aged bottomland stands in southeastern Missouri, pin oak
crop trees averaged 28 cm (11 in) in d.b.h. and 20 rn (65 ft) in
height at age 30, and more than 40 cm (16 in) in d.b.h. at age
50. On good bottomland sites, stands normally reach heights of 24
to 27 m (80 to 90 ft) and diameters of approximately 60 cm (24
in) by 75 years, and individual trees may eventually attain
heights of 37 m (120 ft) and diameters of 150 cm (60 in) (22,26).
Pin oak responds rapidly to thinning. After release, pin oak
crowns expand quickly to occupy the additional growing space, and
diameter growth increases rapidly. Net annual growth on plots
thinned at age 37 in southern Illinois was 8.8 m³/ha (125 ft³/acre).
At age 40 these stands had 42.0 m³/ha (3,000 fbm/acre) in
trees 27 cm (10.6 in) in d.b.h. and larger and were growing at a
rate of 4.2 m³ to 7.0 m³/ha (300 to 500 fbm/acre) per
year. Typical 60- to 70-yearold bottomland pin oak stands yield
112 to 168 m³/ha (8,000 to 12,000 fbm/acre) of merchantable
sawtimber. Growth of pin oaks on upland till-plain sites is much
less than on bottom-land sites (22).
Pin oak is a short-lived species and reaches physiological
maturity at 80 to 100 years. Little is known about maximum ages
attained, but in one old-growth stand in Kentucky trees averaged
138 years of age (6,22).
Pin oak is strongly excurrent in growth form, and even open-grown
trees maintain a well-defined main trunk through most of the
crown. Trees grown in forest stands have narrow -crowns, but
open-grown trees develop wide, symmetrical crowns in which the
upper branches bend upward, the midcrown branches are horizontal,
and the lower branches bend downward. This characteristic
branching habit gives the tree a distinctive pyramidal shape.
Pin oak is not self-pruning. Many of the lower bole branches
remain alive on open-grown trees, and although most of these
branches die in closed stands, the dead branches are retained for
many years. This characteristic causes many small "pin knots"
in the lumber and gives the species its common name. (Some
authorities ascribe the derivation of the common name to the
prevalence of short, pinlike branches on the main lateral limbs
(11)). Pruning removes these lower branches, but its benefit is
partially offset by the subsequent development of new epicormic
sprouts. Twelve years after the first 4.9-m (16-ft) log was
pruned on 30-year-old trees in evenaged stands in southeastern
Missouri, pruned trees have less than one-fourth as many branches
as unpruned trees (6.1 compared to 25.6 branches) (18).
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Reaction to Competition
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Pin oak is classed as intolerant
of shade. It is less tolerant than elm, boxelder (Acer
negundo), sweetgum, hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and
ash but is more tolerant than eastern cottonwood and black
willow. Pin oak usually grows in even-aged stands of dominant and
codominant trees; intermediate and suppressed trees in such
stands usually die within a few years of being overtopped. Single
pin oaks in mixed stands usually are dominants. Pin oak is
considered a subclimax species; it persists, however, on heavy,
wet soils because it produces an abundance of reproduction which,
if released, grows faster on these sites than most of its
competitors (22,29).
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Rooting Habit
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In well-aerated soils, pin oak seedlings
initially develop a strong taproot. As the trees become older,
however, the root system loses this configuration and becomes
more fibrous. When transplanted, bare-root seedlings and small
saplings of pin oak quickly regenerate an extensive, fibrous root
system (7,24).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
provided by Silvics of North America
Pin oak stands begin
producing seed at about age 20, but open-grown trees may begin at
ages as young as 15 years (22,25).
During a 14-year period, production of mature acorns in 32- to
46-year-old pin oak stands in southeastern Missouri averaged
210,300/ha (85,100/acre) but varied yearly from 13,300 to
492,700/ha (5,400 to 199,400/acre). Poor acorn crops occurred at
3- to 4-year intervals. Insect infestation rates varied inversely
with crop size and, over all years, averaged 26 percent (19).
Pin oak acorns are dispersed by squirrels, mice, blue jays, and
woodpeckers.
Pin oak acorns submerged in cold water as long as 6 months were
not damaged. This tolerance may be partly due to a thick, waxy
coating on the pericarp that impedes water absorption (5,23).
The acorns require stratification of 30 to 45 days at 0° to 5°
C (32° to 41° F) to break dormancy, and germination of
sound, stratified acorns averages about 68 percent (30).
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Seedling Development
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Germination is hypogeal (22). Pin
oak seedlings established after good seed years are often
abundant. In southeastern Missouri, an average of 8,650 new
seedlings per hectare (3,500/acre) were present the summer
following a good seed year. Seedling establishment rates were
higher on areas that had been scarified the previous summer than
on undisturbed areas. In an adjacent area that had been
artificially flooded for 3 months during the winter, almost no
new seedlings developed, partly because many of the acorns were
consumed by thousands of migrating ducks attracted to the flooded
area during the winter (23).
Although large numbers of seedlings can become established after
good seed years, under fully stocked stands most die within 5
years because of their shade intolerance. Even under these
conditions, however, a few individuals may live as long as 30
years, although they grow very slowly and frequently die back and
resprout (22).
When established first-year seedlings are subjected to shallow
flooding (tops and leaves above water) during the growing season,
root growth ceases, some secondary roots die, and almost no
adventitious roots are formed. Although growth during flooding is
poor and recovery after flooding may be slow, seedling survival
to such shallow flooding for as long as 84 days is high (7). Pin
oak seedlings survive complete inundation (tops and leaves under
water) for only 10 to 20 days during the growing season. They are
classified as intermediate in tolerance to growing season shallow
flooding along with cottonwood, sycamore, and silver maple; but
they are less tolerant than water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica),
green ash, and black willow (Salix nigra) (13,14).
Neither shallow flooding nor complete inundation during the
dormant season has an adverse effect on pin oak seedlings (4).
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Soils and Topography
provided by Silvics of North America
Pin oak grows primarily on level or nearly level, poorly drained
alluvial floodplain and river bottom soils with high clay content
(order Entisols). Pin oak is usually found on sites that flood
intermittently during the dormant season but do not ordinarily
flood during the growing season. It does not grow on the lowest,
most poorly drained sites that may be covered with standing water
through much of the growing season. It does grow extensively on
poorly drained upland "pin oak flats" on the glacial
till plains of southwestern Ohio, southern Illinois and Indiana,
and northern Missouri (order Alfisols). Because of the level
topography and presence of a claypan in the soil, these sites
tend to be excessively wet in the winter and spring (22).
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Special Uses
provided by Silvics of North America
Pin oak acorns are an important food for mallards and wood ducks
during their fall migration. Pin and other bottom-land oaks are
the primary tree species in bottom-land duck-hunting areas
(greentree reservoirs) that are artificially flooded during the
fall and winter to attract migrating waterfowl (19). Pin oak
acorns are also an important food for deer, squirrels, turkeys,
woodpeckers, and blue jays.
The wood of pin oak is similar to that of northern red oak, and
pin oak lumber is marketed under the general designation of "red
oak." The occurrence of numerous small knots in the wood of
many pin oak trees limits its use for high quality products,
however (11).
Pin oak transplants well, and because of its rapid growth, large
symmetrical crown, and scarlet fall colorations, it is commonly
planted as a shade or ornamental tree (24).
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Vegetative Reproduction
provided by Silvics of North America
Pin oak sprouts vigorously from
stumps of young trees, and, if the origin of the sprouts is low
on the stump, the incidence of decay from the parent stump is
low. After physiological die-back or injury to the top, young
seedlings sprout readily from dormant buds on the stem or root
collar (22).
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Fagaceae -- Beech family
Robert A. McQuilkin
Pin oak (Quercus palustris), also called swamp oak, water
oak, and swamp Spanish oak, is a fast-growing, moderately large
tree found on bottom lands or moist uplands, often on poorly
drained clay soils. Best development is in the Ohio Valley.
The wood is hard and heavy and is used in general construction and
for firewood. Pin oak transplants well and is tolerant of the
many stresses of the urban environment, so has become a favored
tree for streets and landscapes.
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
Pin oak grows from southwestern New England west to extreme
southern Ontario, southern Michigan, northern Illinois, and Iowa;
south to Missouri, eastern Kansas, and northeastern Oklahoma;
then east to central Arkansas, Tennessee, central North Carolina,
and Virginia (16).
-The native range of pin oak.
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Moeraseik
(
Afrikaans
)
provided by wikipedia AF
Die Moeraseik (Quercus palustris) is 'n tipe eikeboom wat inheems in Noord-Amerika voorkom. Die boom is bladwisselend en word algemeen in Suid-Afrikaanse tuine aangetref.
Grootte
Die boom word tot 18–22 m (60-70 voet) hoog, met 'n stam van tot 1 meter in deursnee. Dit bied 'n dekking van ongeveer 8–14 m (25-45 voet). 'n Tien-jaar oue boom sal ongeveer 8 m (25 voet) hoog wees.
Fotogalery
'n 60-70 jaar oue Moeraseik.
Sien ook
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Moeraseik: Brief Summary
(
Afrikaans
)
provided by wikipedia AF
Die Moeraseik (Quercus palustris) is 'n tipe eikeboom wat inheems in Noord-Amerika voorkom. Die boom is bladwisselend en word algemeen in Suid-Afrikaanse tuine aangetref.
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Quercus palustris
(
Asturian
)
provided by wikipedia AST
Quercus palustris (carbayu palustre americanu o carbayu de los banzaos) ye un carbayu dientro de les numberoses especies del xéneru Quercus, Seición Lobatae (sinónimu: subgen. Erythrobalanus), perteneciente a la familia de les fagácees.[1][2]
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Forma del
Q. palustris: cañes ascendentes superiores, y cañes inferiores descendentes.
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Seición al traviés del tueru, amosando nuedos.
Distribución
Ye nativu del este de Norteamérica, del oeste de Connecticut al este de Kansas, sur de Xeorxa, esti d'Oklahoma; tamién ye endémicu del estremu sur d'Ontario, Canadá. El carbayu palustre afíxose bien al mediu ambiente d'Australia (onde foi introducíu) y ta dafechu tremáu nel Continente australianu especialmente nos estaos más frescos del sur como Victoria y Nueva Gales del Sur. Afíxose tamién al clima d'Arxentina principalmente na rexón del Ríu de la Plata.[3]
Descripción
Ye un árbol medianu deciduo que crez hasta 25-30 m d'altor y con un tueru que llega a 1 m de diámetru. La copa ye cónica ancha cuando moza, con numberoses y pequeñes cañes radiales del centru. Cuando vieyu, delles cañes cimeres fáense bien grandes y la central piérdese, mientres les de más embaxo gradualmente aparren. Ye carauterística de la especie la particular organización de les cañes: les inferiores apunten faía embaxo, les medianes quédense horizontales y la cimeres son casi verticales.
Fueyes de 5-16 cm de llargor, y 5-12 cm d'anchu, lobulaes, con cinco a siete lóbulos, con fondes sinuosidaes ente los lóbulos. Cada lóbulu tien 5-7 pequeños escayos. La fueya ye mayormente glabra, sacante por un bien carauterísticu penachu naranxa pardu claru nel viesu, onde cada vena del lóbulu xunir a la vena central.[1] Les abiyotes, de cúpula (calibio) discoidal, plana y escamosa, son sub-esfériques, de 10-16 mm de llargor y 9-15 mm d'anchu, verdes y al maurecer pasen a pardu maciu, dempués de 18 meses de la polinización; la piel ye bien amargosa.
![src=]()
Ilustración en
François André Michaux,
The North American sylva, or A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia ..., 1819
Nun ye un árbol bien llonxevu, non más de 90 a 120 años. Ye naturalmente un árbol de banzaos, y desenvuelve un raízdifusa, superficial y fibrosa, a diferencia d'otros carbayos, que tienen una bien fuerte y fonda. Se confinea a suelu acedu, y nun tolera suelu caliar, crez a baxa altitú, non más de 350 msnm.
Una traza de la especie (compartíu por otres poques especies de carbayu, y tamién delles Fagus y Carpinus) ye la retención de fueyes pel hibiernu poles plantes nueves, per debaxo de los 6 metros d'altor, mientres los exemplares adultos perder. Como en munches otres especies de carbayos, les sos fueyes muertes permanecen nel árbol per munchos años.[3]
Usos
La corteza foi usada por delles naciones americanes pa faer una bébora pa tratar dolores intestinales.
Esti carbayu ye unu de los más populares árboles ornamentales n'Estaos Xuníos. El sistema radicular fibrosu facer bono de tresplantar, y tamién baratu d'arrobinar, comparáu con munchos otros carbayos. Sicasí, por cuenta de la so adaptación a mugor, acidez, puede sufrir una condición estresante de clorosis de fierro, onde la xamasca tórnase amarellentáu, al llantalo en suelu secu, alcalín, y probe en fierro. Les cañes decumbentes pueden ser un problema al interferir el pasu de tráficu y de peatones.
La madera ye xeneralmente comercializada como carbayu coloráu, pero ye significativamente d'inferior calidá, más débil, frecuentemente con munchos y pequeños nuedos.
Esti carbayu ye l'únicu que comen les gates de la camparina Bucculatrix domicola.
Ecoloxía
Quercus palustris ye una especie importante nel tipu de cubierta del monte, que s'atopa en tierres baxes y dellos sitios de tierres altes a lo llargo de la parte central de la gama del carbayu. Especies acomuñaes nesti tipu inclúin el pládanu coloráu ( Acer rubrum, llamera americana ( Ulmus americana ), tupelo negru (Nyssa sylvatica ), carbayu blancu de los banzaos (Quercus bicolor), carbayu sauce (Quercus phellos), carbayu overcup (Quercus lyrata ), fresa roble ( Quercus macrocarpa ), el fresnu ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica ), Nuttall carbayu ( Quercus nuttallii ), carbayu castañu de banzáu (Quercus michauxii ), y el nozales ( Carya laciniosa ) y ( Carya ovata). Quercus palustris y liquidámbar ( Liquidambar styraciflua ) varien nes sos proporciones relatives nesti tipu de cobertoria. Grandes árees de carbayu casi puru producir nos "pisos de carbayu" dende'l glaciar de monte hasta los llanos o nes tierres baxes del Ohio baxu y central, valles del ríu Mississippi.[3]
Quercus palustris ye una especie acomuñada del pládanu americanu nes tierres baxes a lo llargo de los ríos Ohio, Wabash, Mississippi, Missouri. Una variante d'esti tipu, pládanu-American elm pines carbayu liquidámbar plata, atopar a lo llargo de los principales ríos nel sur d'Illinois ya Indiana.[3]
Quercus palustris tamién en tierres baxes mal drenaes nel norte d'Ohio ya Indiana, xuntu col pládanu plateáu ( Acer saccharinum ), carbayu del banzáu blancu, sicomoru ( Platanus occidentalis ), tupelo negru, álamu y oriental ( Populus deltoides ).[3]
Taxonomía
Quercus palustris describióse por Otto von Münchhausen y espublizóse en Der Hausvater 5(1): 253. 1770.[4]
- Etimoloxía
Quercus: nome xenéricu del llatín que designaba igualmente al carbayu y a la encina.
palustris: epítetu latin que significa "de banzaos".[5]
- Sinonimia
Ver tamién
Referencies
-
↑ 1,0 1,1 Quercus palustris en Tree Guide
-
↑ Pin Oak en TreeHelp
-
↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 McQuilkin, Robert A. Quercus palustris Muenchh. en Silvics Manual
-
↑ «Quercus palustris». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 18 d'avientu de 2013.
-
↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley, 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
-
↑ Sinónimnos en Kew
Fuentes
- Bonner, F. T., and L. C. Maisenhelder. 1974. Carya Nutt. Hickory. In Seeds of woody plants of the United States. p. 269-272. C. S. Schopmeyer, tech. coord. O.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 450. Washington, DC.
- Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.
- Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). O.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.
- MacDaniels, L. H. 1979. Hickories. In Nut tree culture in North America. p. 35-50. Richard A. Jaynes, ed. The Northern Nut Growers Association. W. F. Humphrey Press, Geneva, NY.
- O.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1980. Root characteristics of some important trees of eastern forests: a summary of literature. USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region, Milwaukee, WI 217 p.
Bibliografía
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, y. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
- Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.Y. O.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Xeorxa Press, Athens.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Radford, A. Y., H. Y. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.Y. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Voss, Y. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
Enllaces esternos
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Quercus palustris: Brief Summary
(
Asturian
)
provided by wikipedia AST
Quercus palustris (carbayu palustre americanu o carbayu de los banzaos) ye un carbayu dientro de les numberoses especies del xéneru Quercus, Seición Lobatae (sinónimu: subgen. Erythrobalanus), perteneciente a la familia de les fagácees.
![src=]()
Forma del Q. palustris: cañes ascendentes superiores, y cañes inferiores descendentes.
![src=]()
Vista xeneral.
![src=]()
Abiyotes in situ.
![src=]()
Seición al traviés del tueru, amosando nuedos.
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Quercus palustris
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
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Quercus palustris: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
Quercus palustris (lat. Quercus palustris) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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Roure dels pantans
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
El roure dels pantans (Quercus palustris) és un arbre del gènere Quercus original de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord, des de Connecticut fins a l'est de Kansas i el sud de Geòrgia. El seu nom prové del llatí paluster-tris-tre, que vol dir pantanós, que viu en aiguamolls, i fa referència al seu hàbitat.
És de curta vida, i no acostuma a passar dels 100-120 anys d'edat.
Morfologia
Arbre caducifoli de creixement ràpid que pot arribar als 25 m d'alçada, encara que no acostuma a sobrepassar els 18-22 m. Requereix un clima temperat, desenvolupant-se correctament en terrenys àcids humits o molt frescos, fins i tot argilosos i poc drenats, o que pateixen inundacions intermitents. Necessita, també, molta llum. L'arbre madur disposa una capçada oberta, ampla i cònica, on el tronc és recte i les branques s'estenen horitzontalment.
El tronc i branques presenten una escorça llisa de color gris amarronat que varia en diverses tonalitats, que s'esquerda i hi apareixen escates amb l'edat. Les branquetes, en canvi, són d'un color marró-vermellós o ataronjat. Les branques inferiors de la capçada aviat s'assequen per manca de llum i cauen.
Les fulles, de 8 a 15 cm. de llarg i de 5 a 13 cm. d'ample, són profundament lobulades (de cinc a nou lòbuls aguts, acabats en punta). A la tardor prenen coloracions vermelloses que després passen al marró. Molts cops les fulles resten seques i marrons a l'arbre tot l'hivern, caient només quan comencen a aparèixer les noves fulles a la primavera següent.
La maduració de les glans és bianual.
Usos
L'escorça d'aquest arbre va ser utilitzada per algunes tribus natives americanes per tal de fer begudes per al tractament de dolors estomacals. La seva fusta es comercialitza per a la construcció als Estats Units d'Amèrica, encara que no es tracta d'una de les fustes amb més qualitat, ja que compta amb molts nusos.
- rubra var. palustris (Muenchh.) Kuntze 1891
- rubra var. dissecta Lam. 1785
Bibliografia
![src=]()
A
Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a:
Roure dels pantans 
- A. López, Mª Mar Trigo, X. Argimon, JM. Sánchez Flora Ornamental Española Tomo I. Coedició Junta de Andalucia, Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca, Mundi-Prensa i Asociación Española de Parques y Jardines Públicos, Sevilla 2000.
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Roure dels pantans: Brief Summary
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
El roure dels pantans (Quercus palustris) és un arbre del gènere Quercus original de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord, des de Connecticut fins a l'est de Kansas i el sud de Geòrgia. El seu nom prové del llatí paluster-tris-tre, que vol dir pantanós, que viu en aiguamolls, i fa referència al seu hàbitat.
És de curta vida, i no acostuma a passar dels 100-120 anys d'edat.
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Dub bahenní
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
![src=]()
Mapa rozšíření dubu bahenního
Dub bahenní (Quercus palustris) je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky až 25 metrů. Pochází z východních oblastí USA a v Česku se občas pěstuje jako zajímavá parková dřevina. Bývá nápadný zejména hluboce prořezanými laloky listů a suchými větvemi svěšenými podél kmene. Je také používáno synonymum dub bažinný.[2]
Charakteristika
Dub bahenní je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky 25, výjimečně až 40 metrů. Borka je šedě hnědá, se širokými mělkými puklinami. Koruna je široce kuželovitá, přičemž spodní větve bývají charakteristicky svěšené dolů podél kmene a vytrvávají na stromě i suché.
Letorosty jsou načervenale hnědé a rychle olysávají. Zimní pupeny jsou vejcovité, 3 až 5 mm dlouhé, lysé nebo s několika jemnými chlupy na vrcholu. Čepel listů je oválná až podlouhlá, 5 až 16 cm dlouhá a 5 až 12 cm široká, s 5 až 7 laloky. Laloky jsou pravidelně hluboce vykrajované. Listy jsou na bázi klínovité až uťaté a nejspodnější pár laloků je často poněkud zakřivený. Listy jsou na líci živě zelené a lesklé, lysé, pouze na rubu jsou v paždí žilek nápadné hnědé chomáčky chlupů. Řapík je 2 až 6 cm dlouhý. Na podzim se listy barví do červených odstínů. Žaludy dozrávají druhým rokem, jsou kulovité až vejcovité, 10 až 16 mm dlouhé, kryté asi do 1/4 až 1/3 ploše miskovitou číškou.[3][4][5]
Rozšíření
Dub bahenní pochází z východních oblastí USA, kde roste v nadmořských výškách 0 až 350 metrů. Vyhledává vlhké půdy a je poměrně rychle rostoucí dřevinou.[6] V oblastech společného výskytu se dub bahenní kříží s jinými duby ze sekce Lobatae: s dubem šarlatovým (Quercus coccinea), dubem celokrajným (Q. imbricaria), dubem marylandským (Q. marylandica), dubem černým (Q. nigra), dubem vrbolistým (Q. phellos), dubem červeným (Q. rubra), dubem sametovým (Q. velutina) a dubem Shumardovým (Q. shumardii).[4]
Podzimní zbarvení listů dubu bahenního
Význam
Dub bahenní byl introdukován do Evropy již v roce 1800[6] Je to zajímavá, elegantní a rychle rostoucí dřevina, vysazovaná zejména v arboretech a zámeckých parcích. Pěstuje se také v různých okrasných kultivarech.[5]
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ biolib.cz
-
↑ KOBLÍŽEK, J. Jehličnaté a listnaté dřeviny našich zahrad a parků. 2. vyd. Tišnov: Sursum, 2006. ISBN 80-7323-117-4.
-
↑ a b Flora of North America: Quercus palustris [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ a b Dendrologie online: Quercus palustris [online]. Dostupné online.
-
↑ a b Oaks of the World: Quercus palustris [online]. Dostupné online.
Externí odkazy
Dub bahenní: Brief Summary
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
![src=]()
Mapa rozšíření dubu bahenního
Dub bahenní (Quercus palustris) je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky až 25 metrů. Pochází z východních oblastí USA a v Česku se občas pěstuje jako zajímavá parková dřevina. Bývá nápadný zejména hluboce prořezanými laloky listů a suchými větvemi svěšenými podél kmene. Je také používáno synonymum dub bažinný.
Sumpeg
(
Danish
)
provided by wikipedia DA
Sumpeg (Quercus palustris), også skrevet Sump-Eg, er et stort, løvfældende træ. Vækstformen er først slank med vandrette grene, men den bliver senere mere kuplet med hængende skud. Stammen er ret og gennemgående. Med de dybt indskårne blade og de få lapper adskiller sumpeg sig fra rødeg. Ældre træer bevarer evnen til at sætte rødt høstløv. Sumpeg er hjemmehørende i det østlige Nordamerika.
Beskrivelse
Barken er først olivenbrun med lyse barkporer, senere sølvgrå og glat, og til sidst meget mørkt grå med smalle furer og brede kamme. Knopperne sidder spredt, og de er ægformede og gråbrune.
Bladene er omvendt ægformede med to store og to mindre samt et antal små lapper. Hver lap er omtrent lige så lang som bred. Begge bladsider er skinnende grønne, undersiden dog med grå hår ved ribbevinklerne. Høstfarven er rød. Hanblomsterne sidder i lange rakler, mens hunblomsterne sidder ret skjult ved de ældste bladhjørner på nye skud. De er ægformede med røde støvfang. De modne agern er små og halvkugleformede i en tynd, behåret skål. Frøene modner og spirer godt i Danmark.
Hovedroden er en dybtgående pælerod. Siderødderne er kraftige og når dybt ned og langt ud (helt forbi kronens drypzone).
Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 30 x 20 m (20 x 15 cm/år).
Hjemsted
Sumpegen gror i fugtige lavninger, floddale og moser med næringsrig bund i hele det østlige Canada og USA, hvor den danner blandede løvskove.
I området omkring Roosevelt i New Jersey, USA, findes arten i skove og som pionertræ sammen med bl.a. konvalbusk, robinie, tulipantræ, amerikansk bøg, amerikansk knapbusk, amerikansk nældetræ, amerikansk platan, amerikansk vin, blyantene, brunfrugtet surbær, glansbladet hæg, hvid ask, hvid hickory, klatrevildvin, koralsumak, pennsylvansk vokspors, rødløn, skovtupelotræ, sukkerbirk, sumprose, virginsk ambratræ, virginsk troldnød, virginsk vinterbær, weymouthfyr og østamerikansk hemlock[1]
Noter
Kilde
-
Sten Porse: "Plantebeskrivelser", DCJ 2003 (CD-Rom).
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Sumpeg: Brief Summary
(
Danish
)
provided by wikipedia DA
Sumpeg (Quercus palustris), også skrevet Sump-Eg, er et stort, løvfældende træ. Vækstformen er først slank med vandrette grene, men den bliver senere mere kuplet med hængende skud. Stammen er ret og gennemgående. Med de dybt indskårne blade og de få lapper adskiller sumpeg sig fra rødeg. Ældre træer bevarer evnen til at sætte rødt høstløv. Sumpeg er hjemmehørende i det østlige Nordamerika.
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Sumpf-Eiche
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Sumpf-Eiche (Quercus palustris Münchh.), auch Spree-Eiche, Boulevard-Eiche oder Nagel-Eiche (engl.: „pin oak“) genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen in der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Sie wird in den Gemäßigten Breiten häufig als Zierpflanze in Parks und Alleen verwendet.
Beschreibung
Erscheinungsbild, Rinde und Laubblätter
Die Sumpf-Eiche wächst als sommergrüner Baum, der an guten Standorten im Alter von 30 Jahren Wuchshöhen von etwa 20 Metern und Stammdurchmesser (Brusthöhendurchmesser BHD) von durchschnittlich 28 Zentimetern erreicht. Alte Exemplare erreichen in Ausnahmefällen Wuchshöhen von bis zu 37 Metern und Stammdurchmesser (BHD) von bis zu 1,5 Metern und darüber. Dabei entwickeln sie Kronen von 8 bis 20 Metern Durchmesser. Sumpf-Eichen sind sehr schnellwüchsig,[1] bilden aber eine kurzlebige Art, die meist nur ein Alter von 80 bis 100 Jahren erreicht. Einzelexemplare können 150 bis 200 Jahre alt werden. Die Wurzeln der Sumpf-Eiche bilden ein flaches Herzwurzelsystem.
Die für Eichen-Arten dünne Borke ist innen rosafarben und außen gräulich-braun mit breiten Furchen. Die Rinde der Zweige ist rötlich-braun und wird früh kahl. Die braunen bis rötlich-braunen Endknospen sind mit einer Länge von 3 bis 5 mm eiförmig; sie sind kahl oder besitzen an der Spitze wenige feine Haare.[2]
Die wechselständig und spiralig an den Zweigen angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Der kahle Blattstiel ist 2 bis 6 cm lang. Die einfache, mit einer Länge von 5 bis 16 cm und einer Breite von 5 bis 12 cm elliptische bis längliche Blattspreite besitzt 5 bis 7 Blattlappen und der Blattrand besitzt 10 bis 30 Spitzen. Auf beiden Blattflächen kahl, bis auf einige Gruppen von wolligen Haaren an den hervortretenden Hauptnerven der Blattunterseite.[2] Im Herbst färben sich die Blätter rötlich bis scharlachrot und sind dadurch sehr dekorativ.
Generative Merkmale
Die Blütezeit liegt im Frühling gleichzeitig mit dem Blattaustrieb. Die Sumpf-Eiche ist einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). An vorjährigen Zweigen hängen in den Blattachseln die männlichen, kätzchenförmigen Blütenstände. Am diesjährigen Austrieb stehen in den Blattachseln an einem kurzen Schaft die weiblichen Blüten. Die weiblichen Blüten besitzen dunkel-rote Narben. Die Bestäubung erfolgt durch den Wind.[1]
Der mit einer Höhe von 3 bis 6 mm und einem Durchmesser von 9,5 bis 16 mm flach napfförmige Fruchtbecher (Cupula) ist außen kahl bis flaumig behaart und umhüllt die Eichel nur zu einem Viertel. Die über den Winter am Baum bleibende,[1] kahle Eichel (Nussfrucht) ist mit einer Länge von 10 bis 16 mm und einem Durchmesser von 9 bis 15 mm kugelig bis eiförmig; sie ist oft deutlich gestreift.[2] Die Verbreitung der Eicheln erfolgt von September bis Anfang Dezember im auf die Befruchtung folgenden Jahr.[1]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[2]
Verbreitung
Die Sumpf-Eiche ist im östlichen Nordamerika beheimatet. Ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von den südwestlichen Neuengland-Staaten westwärts bis zum äußersten südlichen Ontario, südlichen Michigan, nördlichen Illinois und Iowa, sowie nach Süden bis Missouri, östlichen Kansas und nordöstlichen Oklahoma, dann ostwärts bis zum zentralen Arkansas, Tennessee, zentralen North Carolina und Virginia.[1]
Als Standorte kommen Bereiche von Flusstälern der submontanen Stufe in Frage, die auch über mehrere Wochen überflutet werden können. Sumpfgebiete werden jedoch – anders als der Name vermuten lässt – gemieden. Die Sumpfeiche gedeiht gut an normalen und mäßig trockenen Standorten.
Nutzung
Das Holz der Sumpfeiche hat verglichen mit anderen Eichenarten eine geringere Qualität. Es ist hart und schwer und wird als Brennholz und für die Produktion von Zellstoff verwendet, sowie für Eisenbahnschwellen[3]. Ferner eignet es sich für den Möbelbau im Innenbereich. Das Holz hat eine weiche, sehr gleichmäßige Struktur mit typisch bräunlicher, bis hin zu Rosa changierenden, Färbung. Wie auch das Holz der Stiel-Eiche kann es sehr gut für Weinfässer verwendet werden[4]. Außerhalb Nordamerikas wird das Holz aufgrund des begrenzten Vorkommens und der sehr geringen Verbreitung in der Forstwirtschaft kaum industriell verarbeitet.
Systematik
Die Erstveröffentlichung des Artnamens Quercus palustris erfolgte 1770 durch Otto Freiherr von Münchhausen in Der Hausvater, 5 (1), S. 253.
Quercus palustris bildet natürliche Hybriden: Quercus ×mutabilis Palmer & Steyerm. (mit Quercus shumardii), Quercus ×vaga Palmer & Steyerm. (mit Quercus velutina), Quercus ×schochiana Dieck (mit Quercus phellos), Quercus ×columnaris Laughlin (mit Quercus rubra) und eine unbenannte Hybride mit Quercus coccinea.
„Umbenennung zur Spree-Eiche“
Mitte der 1990er Jahre beschlossen der Berliner Senat sowie der damalige Bundeskanzler Helmut Kohl, im neuen Berliner Regierungsviertel einige hundert Bäume zu pflanzen. Dabei entschied man sich für die Eichen-Art Quercus palustris. Das erste Exemplar dieser Bäume wurde am 27. März 2000 in der Paul-Löbe-Allee (Nähe Reichstag) gepflanzt.
Da man allerdings befürchtete, die Tatsache, dass der Regierungssitz von Sumpf-Eichen umgeben ist, könne zu unliebsamen Wortspielen führen, benannte man diese Art kurzerhand um. Die nahegelegene Spree lieh den Bäumen den neuen Namen „Spree-Eiche“. Verschiedene Quellen widersprechen einander allerdings in der Frage, wer diese Benennung veranlasst habe: Die Berliner Senatsverwaltung, Helmut Kohl oder der Pflanzer des ersten Baumes, Wolfgang Thierse (Bundestagspräsident im Jahre 2000), während Letzterer die erste Variante bestätigte.[5][6]
Inzwischen übernahmen auch einige Baumschulen und Gärtnereien als zusätzliche Bezeichnung der Sumpfeiche den Namen „Spree-Eiche“.
Literatur
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c d e Robert A. McQuilkin: Quercus palustris (Memento vom 22. September 2014 im Internet Archive)
-
↑ a b c d Kevin C. Nixon: Quercus in der Flora of North America, Volume 3, 1997: Quercus palustris - Online.
-
↑ C. M. Enescu, T. Houston Durrant: Quercus palustris in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. (PDF) Abgerufen am 11. November 2020.
-
↑ Sumpf-Eiche (Quercus palustris) als Waldspezialist. Abgerufen am 11. November 2020.
-
↑ Jonathan Caspar Dralle: Hortus onclusus. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. 19. Juni 2010 (pdf).
-
↑ Harld Olkus: Wo aus Sumpfeichen politische Spreeeichen wurden. In: Gartenfreund. Juni 2007, S. 34–36 (gartenkulturpfad-berlin.de [PDF]).
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Sumpf-Eiche: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Sumpf-Eiche (Quercus palustris Münchh.), auch Spree-Eiche, Boulevard-Eiche oder Nagel-Eiche (engl.: „pin oak“) genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen in der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Sie wird in den Gemäßigten Breiten häufig als Zierpflanze in Parks und Alleen verwendet.
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- copyright
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Quercus palustris
provided by wikipedia EN
Quercus palustris, the pin oak[4] or swamp Spanish oak, is a tree in the red oak section (Quercus sect. Lobatae) of the genus Quercus. Pin oak is one of the most commonly used landscaping oaks in its native range due to its ease of transplant, relatively fast growth, and pollution tolerance.[5]
Description
Largest known pin oak in New England, located in
Northampton, Massachusetts. 2005 measurements: Height 32.9 metres (107.9 ft), circumference 5.3 metres (17.4 ft), average spread 29 metres (96 ft)
Quercus palustris is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 18–22 metres (59–72 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m (3+1⁄2 ft) in diameter. It has an 8–14 m (26–46 ft) spread. A 10-year-old tree grown in full sun will be about 8 m (26 ft) tall. Young trees have a straight, columnar trunk with smooth bark and a pyramidal canopy.
By the time the tree is 40 years old, it develops more rough bark with a loose, spreading canopy. This canopy is considered one of the most distinctive features of the pin oak: the upper branches point upwards, the middle branches are at right angles to the trunk, and the lower branches droop downwards.[5][6]
The leaves are 5–16 centimetres (2–6+1⁄4 inches) long and 5–12 cm (2–4+3⁄4 in) broad, lobed, with five or seven lobes. Each lobe has five to seven bristle-tipped teeth. The sinuses are typically U-shaped and extremely deep cut. In fact, roughly the same amount of sinus area exists as actual leaf area. The leaf is mostly hairless, except for a very characteristic tuft of pale orange-brown down on the lower surface where each lobe vein joins the central vein. Overall autumn leaf coloration is generally bronze, though individual leaves may be red for a time, and is not considered particularly distinctive.[7] The acorns, borne in a shallow, thin cap, are hemispherical, 10–16 millimetres (13⁄32–5⁄8 in) long and 9–15 mm (11⁄32–19⁄32 in) broad, green maturing pale brown about 18 months after pollination.[6] Unless processed using traditional methods, the acorn is unpalatable because the kernel is very bitter.
In its natural environment pin oak is a relatively short-lived, fast-growing pioneer or riparian species with a lifespan of approximately 120 years against many oaks which can live several centuries. Despite this there are many examples of pin oak that exceed this lifespan.[8] It develops a shallow, fibrous root system, unlike many oaks, which have a strong, deep taproot when young.[5]
A characteristic shared by a few other oak species, and also some beeches and hornbeams, is the retention of leaves through the winter on juvenile trees, a natural phenomenon referred to as marcescence. Young trees under 6 m (20 ft) are often covered with leaves year-round, though the leaves die in the fall, remaining attached to the shoots until the new leaves appear in the spring. As with many other oak species, dead pin oak branches stay on the tree for many years.[5][6]
Flowering and fruiting
Like all oaks, flowering and leaf-out occur in late spring when all frost danger has passed. The flowers are monoecious catkins which, being self-incompatible, require the presence of another oak for pollination. Any species in the red oak group can serve as a pollinator, but in pin oak's natural range, this will usually be northern red oak or scarlet oak. Interspecies hybridization occurs freely. The acorns require two growing seasons to develop.[6]
Mature pin oak displaying typical bronze autumn coloration
Name
The Latin specific epithet palustris means "of marshland" or "of swamps", referring to its natural habitat.[6][9]
The common name "pin oak" is possibly due to the many small, slender twigs, but may also be from the historical use of the hard wood for pins in wooden building construction.[10]
Distribution and habitat
Q. palustris is mainly distributed in the eastern and central United States from Connecticut west to eastern Kansas, and south to Georgia, west to eastern Oklahoma and Kansas.[11] It is also native in the extreme south of Ontario, Canada.
The pin oak is also well adapted to life in Australia (where it has been introduced), and is quite widespread across the Australian continent, especially in the cooler southern States such as Victoria and New South Wales. It is also well adapted to life in South Africa and Argentina, especially in the Río de la Plata region.
It is naturally a wetland tree,[5] confined to acidic soils, and does not tolerate limestone or sandy Florida soil, and grows at low altitudes from sea level up to 350 m (1,148 ft).[6][9]
It grows primarily on level or nearly level, poorly drained, alluvial floodplain and river-bottom soils with high clay content. They are usually found on sites that flood intermittently during the dormant season, but do not ordinarily flood during the growing season. They do not grow on the lowest, most poorly drained sites that may be covered with standing water through much of the growing season. However, they do grow extensively on poorly drained upland "pin oak flats" on the glacial till plains of southwestern Ohio, southern Illinois and Indiana, and northern Missouri. The level topography and presence of a claypan in the soil of these areas cause these sites to be excessively wet in winter and spring.[5]
Ecology
Associated forest cover
Pin oak is a major species in only one forest cover type, pin oak–sweetgum, which is found on bottom lands and some upland sites throughout the central portion of the pin oak range. Pin oak and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) vary in their relative proportions in this cover type. Large areas of almost pure pin oak occur on the "pin oak flats" of the upland glacial till plains or in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio and central Mississippi River valleys.[5] Associated species in this forest type include red maple (Acer rubrum), American elm (Ulmus americana), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), willow oak (Quercus phellos), overcup oak (Quercus lyrata), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Nuttall's oak (Quercus texana), swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii), and shellbark (Carya laciniosa) and shagbark (Carya ovata) hickories.[5]
Pin oak is an associated species in silver maple–American elm forests in the bottom lands along the Ohio, Wabash, Mississippi, and Missouri Rivers. A variant of this type, silver maple–American elm–pin oak–sweetgum, is found along major streams in southern Illinois and Indiana.[5]
Pin oak also occurs in black ash–American elm–red maple forests in poorly drained bottom lands in northern Ohio and Indiana along with silver maple (Acer saccharinum), swamp white oak, sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), black tupelo, and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides).[5]
Reaction to competition
Pin oak is classed as intolerant of shade. It is less tolerant than elm, boxelder (Acer negundo), sweetgum, hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and ash, but is more tolerant than eastern cottonwood and black willow. Pin oak usually grows in even-aged stands of dominant and co-dominant trees. Intermediate and suppressed trees in such stands usually die within a few years of being overtopped. Single pin oaks in mixed stands usually are dominants. Pin oak is considered a subclimax species. It persists on heavy, wet soils because it produces an abundance of acorns which, if released, grow faster on these sites than most of its competitors.[5]
Damaging agents
Although pin oak is very tolerant of dormant-season flooding, it is much less tolerant of growing-season flooding. Trees may be injured or killed by intermittent growing-season flooding over several successive years. The trees can usually survive one growing season of continuous flooding, but will be killed by continuous flooding over 2 or 3 consecutive years. Pin oak is rated as "intermediately tolerant" to growing-season flooding. Also, since the bark of pin oak is relatively thin, the species is especially susceptible to damage by fire and decay associated with fire wounds.[5]
Associated species
Due to similarity in leaf shape, the pin oak is often confused with scarlet oak and black oak, and occasionally, red oak. However, it can be distinguished by its distinctive dead branches on the lower trunk ("pins"), and its uniquely shaped crown. The sinuses on pin oak leaves are also deeply cut, often covering just as much area as the leaf itself.
The pin oak is the only known food plant of Bucculatrix domicola caterpillars.
Uses
In its native range, pin oak is the most commonly used landscaping oak along with northern red oak due to its ease of transplant, relatively fast growth, and pollution tolerance. However, as it is naturally adapted to moist, acidic soils, it may develop a condition known as iron chlorosis on less suitable locations, causing the tree to shed leaves during the growing season and rot from the top down. Mature pin oaks are often too big to treat and this nutrient deficiency on alkaline soil may eventually kill them. The drooping lower branches can also be a problem, interfering with access for traffic and pedestrians.
It is also cultivated in parks and large gardens in the United Kingdom, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[12][13]
The wood is generally marketed as red oak, but is of significantly inferior quality, being somewhat weaker, often with many small knots.[5] The wood is hard and heavy and is used in general construction and for firewood. The bark was used by some Native American tribes to make a drink for treatment of intestinal pain.
References
-
^ Wenzell, K.; Kenny L.; Jerome, D. (2017). "Quercus palustris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T194215A111279508.
-
^ Münchhausen, Otto von (1770). "Verzeichniß der Bäume und Stauden, welche in Deutschland fortkommen". Der Hausvater. Vol. 5. Hannover: Försters und Sohns Erben. pp. 253-254. Diagnosis in Latin, description in German in Teutonic script.
-
^ "Quercus palustris". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
-
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m McQuilkin, Robert A. (1990). "Quercus palustris". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2. Retrieved September 25, 2014 – via Southern Research Station.
-
^ a b c d e f Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus palustris". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
-
^ "Oak, Pin Quercus palustris", http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?id=19
-
^ "The thickest, tallest, and oldest pin oak trees (Quercus palustris)". www.monumentaltrees.com. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
-
^ a b Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
-
^ Harlow, W. M. (1942). Trees of the Eastern and Central United States and Canada.
-
^ "Quercus palustris". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
-
^ "Quercus palustris". Retrieved 17 February 2021.
-
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 83. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
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Quercus palustris: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Quercus palustris, the pin oak or swamp Spanish oak, is a tree in the red oak section (Quercus sect. Lobatae) of the genus Quercus. Pin oak is one of the most commonly used landscaping oaks in its native range due to its ease of transplant, relatively fast growth, and pollution tolerance.
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Quercus palustris
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Quercus palustris (roble palustre americano o roble de los pantanos) es un roble dentro de las numerosas especies del género Quercus, Sección Lobatae (sinónimo: subgen. Erythrobalanus), perteneciente a la familia de las fagáceas.[1][2]
![src=]()
Forma del
Q. palustris: ramas ascendentes superiores, y ramas inferiores descendentes.
![src=]()
Sección a través del tronco, mostrando nudos.
Distribución
Es nativo del este de Norteamérica, del oeste de Connecticut al este de Kansas, sur de Georgia, este de Oklahoma; también es endémico del extremo sur de Ontario, Canadá. El roble palustre se ha adaptado bien al medio ambiente de Australia (donde fue introducido) y está completamente diseminado en el Continente australiano especialmente en los estados más frescos del sur como Victoria y Nueva Gales del Sur. Se ha adaptado también al clima de Argentina principalmente en la región del Río de la Plata.[3]
Descripción
Es un árbol mediano deciduo que crece hasta 25-30 m de altura y con un tronco que llega a 1 m de diámetro. La copa es cónica ancha cuando joven, con numerosas y pequeñas ramas radiales del centro. Cuando viejo, algunas ramas superiores se hacen muy grandes y la central se pierde, mientras las de más abajo gradualmente decaen. Es característica de la especie la particular organización de las ramas: las inferiores apuntan hacía abajo, las medianas se quedan horizontales y la superiores son casi verticales.
Hojas de 5-16 cm de longitud, y 5-12 cm de ancho, lobuladas, con cinco a siete lóbulos, con profundas sinuosidades entre los lóbulos. Cada lóbulo tiene 5-7 pequeñas púas. La hoja es mayormente glabra, excepto por un muy característico penacho naranja pardo claro en el envés, donde cada vena del lóbulo se une a la vena central.[1] Las bellotas, de cúpula (calibio) discoidal, plana y escamosa, son sub-esféricas, de 10-16 mm de longitud y 9-15 mm de ancho, verdes y al madurar pasan a pardo pálido, después de 18 meses de la polinización; la piel es muy amarga.
![src=]()
Ilustración en
François André Michaux,
The North American sylva, or A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia ..., 1819
No es un árbol muy longevo, no más de 90 a 120 años. Es naturalmente un árbol de pantanos, y desarrolla una raíz difusa, superficial y fibrosa, a diferencia de otros robles, que tienen una muy fuerte y profunda. Se confinea a suelo ácido, y no tolera suelo calcáreo, crece a baja altitud, no más de 350 msnm.
Un rasgo de la especie (compartido por otras pocas especies de roble, y también algunas Fagus y Carpinus) es la retención de hojas en invierno por las plantas jóvenes, por debajo de los 6 metros de altura, mientras los ejemplares adultos las pierden. Como en muchas otras especies de robles, sus hojas muertas permanecen en el árbol por muchos años.[3]
Usos
La corteza fue usada por algunas naciones americanas para hacer una bebida para tratar dolores intestinales.
Este roble es uno de los más populares árboles ornamentales en Estados Unidos. El sistema radicular fibroso lo hace fácil de trasplantar, y también barato de propagar, comparado con muchos otros robles. Sin embargo, debido a su adaptación a humedad, acidez, puede sufrir una condición estresante de clorosis de hierro, donde el follaje se torna amarillento, al plantarlo en suelo seco, alcalino, y pobre en hierro. Las ramas decumbentes pueden ser un problema al interferir el paso de tráfico y de peatones.
La madera es generalmente comercializada como roble rojo, pero es significativamente de inferior calidad, más débil, frecuentemente con muchos y pequeños nudos.
Este roble es el único que comen las orugas de la mariposa Bucculatrix domicola.
Ecología
Quercus palustris es una especie importante en el tipo de cubierta del bosque, que se encuentra en tierras bajas y algunos sitios de tierras altas a lo largo de la parte central de la gama del roble. Especies asociadas en este tipo incluyen el arce rojo ( Acer rubrum , olmo americano ( Ulmus americana ), tupelo negro (Nyssa sylvatica ), roble blanco de los pantanos (Quercus bicolor), roble sauce (Quercus phellos), roble overcup (Quercus lyrata ), fresa roble ( Quercus macrocarpa ), el fresno ( Fraxinus pennsylvanica ), Nuttall roble ( Quercus nuttallii ), roble castaño de pantano (Quercus michauxii ), y los nogales ( Carya laciniosa ) y ( Carya ovata). Quercus palustris y liquidámbar ( Liquidambar styraciflua ) varían en sus proporciones relativas en este tipo de cobertura. Grandes áreas de roble casi puro se producen en los "pisos de roble" desde el glaciar de montaña hasta los llanos o en las tierras bajas del Ohio bajo y central, valles del río Misisipi.[3]
Quercus palustris es una especie asociada del arce-americano en las tierras bajas a lo largo de los ríos Ohio, Wabash, Misisipi, Misuri. Una variante de este tipo, arce-American elm pines roble liquidámbar plata, se encuentra a lo largo de los principales ríos en el sur de Illinois e Indiana.[3]
Quercus palustris también en tierras bajas mal drenadas en el norte de Ohio e Indiana, junto con el arce plateado ( Acer saccharinum ), roble del pantano blanco, sicomoro ( Platanus occidentalis ), tupelo negro, álamo y oriental ( Populus deltoides ).[3]
Taxonomía
Quercus palustris fue descrita por Otto von Münchhausen y publicado en Der Hausvater 5(1): 253. 1770.[4]
- Etimología
Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.
palustris: epíteto latín que significa "de pantanos".[5]
- Sinonimia
Véase también
Referencias
Fuentes
- Bonner, F. T., and L. C. Maisenhelder. 1974. Carya Nutt. Hickory. In Seeds of woody plants of the United States. p. 269-272. C. S. Schopmeyer, tech. coord. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 450. Washington, DC.
- Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.
- Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.
- MacDaniels, L. H. 1979. Hickories. In Nut tree culture in North America. p. 35-50. Richard A. Jaynes, ed. The Northern Nut Growers Association. W. F. Humphrey Press, Geneva, NY.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1980. Root characteristics of some important trees of eastern forests: a summary of literature. USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region, Milwaukee, WI 217 p.
Bibliografía
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
- Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
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Quercus palustris: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Quercus palustris (roble palustre americano o roble de los pantanos) es un roble dentro de las numerosas especies del género Quercus, Sección Lobatae (sinónimo: subgen. Erythrobalanus), perteneciente a la familia de las fagáceas.
![src=]()
Forma del Q. palustris: ramas ascendentes superiores, y ramas inferiores descendentes.
![src=]()
Vista general.
![src=]()
Bellotas in situ.
![src=]()
Sección a través del tronco, mostrando nudos.
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Zingira-haritz
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Zingira-haritz: Brief Summary
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
Zingira-haritza (Quercus palustris) Fagaceae familiako haritza da. Quercus sect. Lobatae kidea, Ipar Amerikan jatorria du. Latinezko bere epitetoa- palustris- "zingirakoa" esan nahi du.
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Otatammi
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Otatammi (Quercus palustris)[3][4] on pohjoisamerikkalainen kesävihanta tammilaji. Sen tieteellinen nimi palustris tarkoittaa suota. Lajin nimesi Otto von Münchhausen. Otatammea tavataan Itä-Yhdysvalloissa,[5] Connecticutista Kansasiin ja Oklahomaan saakka ulottuvalla alueella. Sitä kasvaa myös Kanadassa Ontarion eteläosissa.[6]
Tuntomerkit
Otatammi ei ole kovin pitkäikäinen tammeksi, ja sen elinkaari päättyy yleensä jo 90–120-vuotiaana. Sitä kasvaa kosteilla alavilla mailla.terhot valmistuvat seuraavana vuonna. Lehdet ovat tummanvihreät, ja niissä on pari kaarevaa lovea, sekä muutama terävä lovi. Lehtien aaltomuoto on terävää, mutta paikoin loivaakin. Lehdet kasvavat 10–15 senttimetriä pitkiksi. Puun kaarna on harmaata ja melko sileää.[5]
Pohjois-Amerikan intiaanit tekivät otatammen kuoresta suolistovaivoja parantavaa juomaa. Otatammen puuainesta kaupataan punatammen nimellä, mutta se on heikompaa ja oksaisempaa kuin tammi. Bucculatrix domicola -kovakuoriainen elää ainoastaan otatammella.
Suomessa otatammea voi kasvattaa vain Etelä-Suomessa pihapuuna. Se ei kestä Pohjois-Suomen ankaria talvia.
Lähteet
-
↑ Kenny, L. & Wenzell , K.: Quercus palustris IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2015. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 1.10.2016. (englanniksi)
-
↑ ITIS: Quercus palustris Viitattu 17.3.2019. (englanniksi)
-
↑ Räty, Ella: Viljelykasvien nimistö, s. 116. Helsinki: Puutarhaliiton julkaisuja, 2012. ISBN 978-951-8942-92-7.
-
↑ ONKI-ontologiapalvelu, Kassu (suomenkieliset nimet) Suomen Biologian Seura Vanamon putkilokasvien nimistötoimikunta. Viitattu 19.10.2012.
-
↑ a b Coombes, Allen: Puut, s. 138. Suomentanut Jani Kaaro. WSOY, 2005. ISBN 951-0-30137-x.
-
↑ Quercus palustris United States Department of Agriculture. Viitattu 17.3.2019. (englanniksi)
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Otatammi: Brief Summary
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Otatammi (Quercus palustris) on pohjoisamerikkalainen kesävihanta tammilaji. Sen tieteellinen nimi palustris tarkoittaa suota. Lajin nimesi Otto von Münchhausen. Otatammea tavataan Itä-Yhdysvalloissa, Connecticutista Kansasiin ja Oklahomaan saakka ulottuvalla alueella. Sitä kasvaa myös Kanadassa Ontarion eteläosissa.
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Chêne des marais
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Quercus palustris
Le Chêne des marais ou Chêne à épingles (Quercus palustris) est un arbre de la famille des Fagaceae originaire de l'Est des États-Unis d'Amérique et du Canada[1].
Il appartient à la section Erythrobalanus de la classification des chênes.
Le nom spécifique palustris provient du mot latin signifiant « marais ».
Distribution
On rencontre l'arbre depuis l'État du Tennessee et en Virginie jusque dans la région des Grands Lacs au Canada[1]. Le chêne des marais a été introduit dans les régions plus fraîches du Sud de l'Australie. Il a été introduit en Europe en 1770 où il est planté dans des parcs à titre ornemental car son feuillage est très coloré en automne[1]. C'est le premier chêne d'Amérique du Nord à fleurir au printemps[1]. Il demande un ensoleillement moyen. Il résiste au gel de force moyenne. Malgré son nom, le chêne des marais n’apparaît pas comme une espèce hygrophile mais plutôt, à l’instar du chêne rouge, comme une espèce mésophile. Une étude écophysiologique menée en condition contrôlée avait d’ailleurs confirmé cet aspect de son autécologie[2]. En revanche, des observations empiriques ont montré que le Chêne des marais était plus résistant à l’hydromorphie que le chêne rouge[3],[4]. Il apprécie surtout les sols légèrement acides et ne supporte pas les sols calcaires. Il pousse à des altitudes inférieures à 350 mètres.
Description
Le chêne des marais est un arbre à croissance rapide (10 m en 10 ans et 40 cm de circonférence à 1,3 m). Sa taille adulte varie de 20 à 25 mètres[1] (Parfois jusque 30 mètres) et a un tronc d'un mètre de diamètre environ. Son écorce gris-vert reste lisse même sur les arbres adultes[1]. L'arbre vit de 90 à 120 années.
Les feuilles ont cinq ou sept lobes profondément découpés avec une nervure centrale[1]. Leur taille varie de 5 à 11 centimètres[1]. L'envers de la feuille possède des poils à la ramification des nervures[1].
Les fleurs mâles sont groupées en chatons longs de 5 à 7 centimètres[1].
Les glands murissent au cours de la seconde année[1]. Longs de 1 cm environ, ils sont enserrés, presque sessiles dans une cupule plate[1].
Utilisation
Il fournit un bois au cœur brunâtre et à l'aubier presque blanc qu'on utilise dans la production de meubles[1]. Il est très utilisé à titre ornemental grâce à ses belles couleurs[1].
En reboisement, sur sol humide voire hydromorphe, on peut le préférer au chêne rouge. En effet, la supériorité du chêne des marais sur le chêne rouge est à la fois quantitative et qualitative. Sur le plan quantitatif, Quercus palustris présente une croissance légèrement plus forte que celle du Quercus rubra. Sur le plan qualitatif, le chêne des marais présente deux avantages importants par rapport au chêne rouge : d’abord sa non-sensibilité à la maladie de l’encre, ensuite sa meilleure forme et donc un besoin nettement moindre en taille de formation.
Cet arbre est la seule nourriture connue de la chenille Bucculatrix domicola.
Notes et références
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Chêne des marais: Brief Summary
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Quercus palustris
Le Chêne des marais ou Chêne à épingles (Quercus palustris) est un arbre de la famille des Fagaceae originaire de l'Est des États-Unis d'Amérique et du Canada.
Il appartient à la section Erythrobalanus de la classification des chênes.
Le nom spécifique palustris provient du mot latin signifiant « marais ».
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Bahnowy dub
(
Upper Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia HSB
Bahnowy dub (Quercus palustris) je štom ze swójby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae).
Wopis
Bahnowy dub je přećiwo zmjerzkej kruty štom, kotryž docpěwa wysokosć wot hač do 25 m.
Ma płone korjenje.
Zdónk je hładki a šěry. Hałuzy lochko wotwisuja.
Łopjena
Błyšćace zelene łopjena docpěwaja dołhosć wot 10 cm a su do wótrych lapow poddźělene.
Nazymske barbjenje je karmesinčerwjene.
Stejnišćo
Rosće tež na pěskowej pódźe, hačrunjež w lěće mam rady włóžnu hłuboku napławjeninu.
Rozšěrjenje
Pochadźa z wuchoda a srjedźišća Zjednoćenych statow Ameriki.
Wužiwanje
Nóžki
-
↑ Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 104.
-
↑ W internetowym słowniku: Eiche
Žórła
- Botanica, Bäume und Sträucher, Über 2000 Pflanzenporträts, ISBN 978-3-8331-4467-7, strona 708 (němsce)
- Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
- Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
- Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
- Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
Eksterne wotkazy
Hlej wotpowědne dataje we Wikimedia Commons:
Bahnowy dub
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Bahnowy dub: Brief Summary
(
Upper Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia HSB
Bahnowy dub (Quercus palustris) je štom ze swójby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae).
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Mýraeik
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Mýraeik (fræðiheiti: Quercus palustris) er eikartegund sem er ættuð frá austur og mið Bandaríkjunum, frá Connecticut vestur til austur Kansas, og suður til Georgia, vestur til austur Oklahoma og Kansas.[3] Hún finnst einnig syðst í Ontaríó í Kanada. Hún kýs helst blautan og leirkenndan jarðveg eins og nafnið gefur til kynna. Hún verður 18 til 22 m há, með bol allt að 1 m í þvermál.
Tilvísanir
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Mýraeik: Brief Summary
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Mýraeik (fræðiheiti: Quercus palustris) er eikartegund sem er ættuð frá austur og mið Bandaríkjunum, frá Connecticut vestur til austur Kansas, og suður til Georgia, vestur til austur Oklahoma og Kansas. Hún finnst einnig syðst í Ontaríó í Kanada. Hún kýs helst blautan og leirkenndan jarðveg eins og nafnið gefur til kynna. Hún verður 18 til 22 m há, með bol allt að 1 m í þvermál.
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Quercus palustris
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
La quercia palustre (Quercus palustris Münchh., 1770), detta anche quercia rosa, quercia spagnola di palude o quercia di palude, è un albero della famiglia Fagacee[2], originario della regione floristica nordamericana atlantica, cioè degli stati orientali degli U.S.A.. E' coltivata ad uso selvicolturale per la sua rapida crescita e per la sua resistenza all'inquinamento. In Italia cresce con successo in Italia settentrionale, specie in Lombardia, Piemonte e Veneto.
Descrizione
Portamento
La quercia palustre cresce fino a 18-22 metri di altezza, con un tronco che può raggiungere un metro di diametro. I rami più alti tendono a puntare verso l'alto, quelli mediano si trovano ad angolo retto rispetto al tronco, mentre i più bassi propendono verso il terreno.[3][4]
Corteccia
La corteccia è sottile, grigia, solcata e reticolata.
Foglie
Le foglie sono lunghe 5–16 cm, lobate, con cinque o sette lobi. Ciascun lobo ha sette denti. I seni delle foglie hanno le tipiche forme a "U" e sono molto incavati.
Una caratteristica condivisa con altre specie di quercia è il mantenimento delle foglie in inverno, un fenomeno naturale noto come marcescenza. Le foglie appassiscono durante il periodo invernale (in particolare negli esemplari più giovani) pur rimanendo attaccate alla pianta sino alla comparsa delle nuove foglie in primavera.[3][4]
Fiori
Infiorescenze unisessuali (pianta monoica), i maschili sono raccolti in lunghi amenti penduli, poco vistosi e verdognoli. I fiori femminili, anch'essi poco evidenti, sono situati all'attaccatura (o ascella) delle foglie. Fioritura all'inizio di maggio.
Frutti
Ghiande ovali lunghe 9–15 mm, con cupola piatta o poco avvolgente, portate da corti peduncoli, maturano in 18 mesi.
Distribuzione e habitat
La quercia palustre è originaria dell'area compresa tra il Connecticut occidentale ed il Kansas orientale, nella Georgia meridionale, nell'Oklahoma e nel Kansas. È nota anche nella parte meridionale dell'Ontario, in Canada.
Pur essendo a crescita piuttosto veloce, la quercia palustre presenta una vita piuttosto breve se comparata a quella di molte altre specie di querce secolari, ovvero attorno ai 120 anni. Il sistema di radici della quercia palustre è fibroso.[3] Ama i suoli acidi e non tollera quelli calcarei o sabbiosi, crescendo dai 350 m s.l.m.[4][5]
Note
-
^ Wenzell, K., Kenny, L. & Jerome, D., Quercus palustris, vol. 2017, 2017, p. e.T194215A111279508.
-
^ (EN) Quercus palustris Münchh., su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 19 gennaio 2021.
-
^ a b c Template:Silvics
-
^ a b c Template:EFloras
-
^ Lorraine Harrison, RHS Latin for gardeners, United Kingdom, Mitchell Beazley, 2012, p. 224, ISBN 978-1-84533-731-5.
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Quercus palustris: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
La quercia palustre (Quercus palustris Münchh., 1770), detta anche quercia rosa, quercia spagnola di palude o quercia di palude, è un albero della famiglia Fagacee, originario della regione floristica nordamericana atlantica, cioè degli stati orientali degli U.S.A.. E' coltivata ad uso selvicolturale per la sua rapida crescita e per la sua resistenza all'inquinamento. In Italia cresce con successo in Italia settentrionale, specie in Lombardia, Piemonte e Veneto.
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Pelkinis ąžuolas
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Pelkinis ąžuolas (lot. Quercus palustris, angl. Pin oak, vok. Sumpf-Eiche) – bukinių (Fagaceae) šeimos, ąžuolų (Quercus) genties medis.
Aukštis apie 17 m. Laja plačiai išsišakoja į šakas. Lapai plačiai elipsiški, su 2-3 porom neplačių, aštriai nusmailėjusių ir stambiai aštriai dantytų skiaučių, kurios yra siauresnės už iškirpimus. Lakštas odiškas, ryškiai žalia, plika, žvilgančia viršutine ir šviesiai žalia, matine, plaukuotomis gyslų kampeliuose apatine puse. Lakšto pamatas pleištiškas.
Rudenį lapai parausta nuo skaisčiai iki tamsiai raudonos ar rudos spalvos. Lapai ilgai nenukrenta iki vėlyvo rudens. Ūgliai neaštriai briaunoti, pilkai rudi. Pumpurai kiaušiniški, šviesiai ar pilkai rudi. Žydi gegužės mėn. Piesteliniai žiedai beveik bekočiai, po 1-2.
Vaisiai – gilės – prinoksta ir krinta rugsėjo-spalio mėn. Gilė užauga antraisiais metais. Jos beveik rutuliškos, tai yra tokio paties skersmens, kaip ir ilgio, šviesiai rudos. Goželė plokščia, stora, apgaubia iki ketvirtadalio ar trečdalio gilės. Auga derlingoje, lengvai drėgnoje dirvoje.
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Purva ozols
(
Latvian
)
provided by wikipedia LV
Purva ozols (latīņu: Quercus palustris) ir daudzgadīgs dižskābaržu dzimtas koks. Šis ozols savvaļā aug Ziemeļamerikas austrumdaļā. Ozols ir introducēts arī Austrālijā un Argentīnā. Koks ir vidēji liels, sasniedz 18-22 m augstumu, stumbra diametrs līdz 1 m. Lapas 5-16 cm garas, 5-12 cm platas, ar 5-7 daivām. Daivu gali asi. Jauniem kokiem lapas paliek pie koka visu ziemu, nobirst, kad pavasarī aug jaunās lapiņas. Zīles nelielas, 1-1,6 cm garas un 0,9-1,5 cm platas. Nogatavojas 18 mēnešu laikā. Zīles ir rūgtas.
Purva ozolu mūža ilgums ir ap 90-120 gadiem. Koki aug mitrās vietās. To sakņu sistēma ir sekla, sazarota, nav mietsakņu. Patīk skābas augsnes.
Indiāņi no purva ozola mizas gatavoja dzērienu sāpju noņemšanai zarnās. Purva ozoli ir viegli pārstādāmi, tāpēc plaši tiek izmantoti dekoratīvos stādījumos. Koksne tiek izmantota kokmateriāliem, lai gan to kvalitāte nav īpaši augsta. Ir zināms, ka purva ozoli ir vienīgā barība Bucculatrix domicola tauriņu kāpuriem.
Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt:
Purva ozols
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Moeraseik
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De moeraseik (Quercus palustris), niet te verwarren met veeneik, is een eenhuizige boom uit de napjesdragersfamilie (Fagaceae).
De plant komt van nature voor in de rivierdalen in het noordoosten van de Verenigde Staten en bereikt daar een hoogte van 25 m. Op de boom komen mannelijke en vrouwelijke bloemen apart voor. De boom wordt sinds het einde van de achttiende eeuw in Europa aangeplant. Hij wordt in Nederland tamelijk veel aangeplant langs straten en in parken en plantsoenen binnen de bebouwde kom. De boom is ongeschikt voor kalkrijke gronden en in tegenstelling tot wat de naam zou doen vermoeden is de boom minder geschikt voor natte, moerasachtige gronden. De boom kan echter wel korte tijd tegen overstromingen. De bladeren hebben een opvallend dieprode herfstkleur. De kwaliteit van het hout is minder in vergelijking met dat van de andere eikensoorten.
De boom groeit matig snel, wordt in Nederland tot 20 m hoog en heeft een kegelvormige kroon. De horizontaal geplaatste takken hebben korte, scherpe twijgen. Op latere leeftijd buigen de onderste takken door. De moeraseik heeft smalle diep ingesneden bladeren met aan elke zijde twee tot vier lobben. Het blad is 7 tot 10 cm lang, heeft een 2 tot 5 cm lange bladsteel en een wigvormige voet. De boom loopt in het voorjaar uit met rode scheuten, die na een maand verkleuren naar donkergroen. Latere nieuwe scheuten in juli hebben ook een rode kleur. De bloemen verschijnen tegelijk met het blad. Mannelijke bloemen zitten in katjes, die zich ontwikkelen uit knoppen in de bladoksels van het voorgaande jaar. De vrouwelijke bloemen zitten op korte steeltjes in de oksels van de uitlopende bladeren.
Op vijftien- tot twintigjarige leeftijd gaat de boom eikels dragen. De 13 mm grote eikel is een enkele dopvrucht, waarvan de vruchtwand verhout is en die twee jaar nodig heeft om te rijpen. De eikels vallen van september tot december. Pas na een koude periode kunnen de eikels kiemen.
Cultivars
Quercus palustris 'Green Dwarf' is een kleine cultivar die na 3 jaar een hoogte van 4.5 m heeft bereikt.
Quercus palustris 'Helmonds Red Globe' is een in Helmond ontdekte cultivar met een perfect ronde kroon en intens rode herfstkleur. In de Verenigde Staten zijn klonen van deze boom in zeer grote aantallen aangeplant.
Quercus palustris 'Helmonds Red Globe' (Moederboom)
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Moeraseik: Brief Summary
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De moeraseik (Quercus palustris), niet te verwarren met veeneik, is een eenhuizige boom uit de napjesdragersfamilie (Fagaceae).
De plant komt van nature voor in de rivierdalen in het noordoosten van de Verenigde Staten en bereikt daar een hoogte van 25 m. Op de boom komen mannelijke en vrouwelijke bloemen apart voor. De boom wordt sinds het einde van de achttiende eeuw in Europa aangeplant. Hij wordt in Nederland tamelijk veel aangeplant langs straten en in parken en plantsoenen binnen de bebouwde kom. De boom is ongeschikt voor kalkrijke gronden en in tegenstelling tot wat de naam zou doen vermoeden is de boom minder geschikt voor natte, moerasachtige gronden. De boom kan echter wel korte tijd tegen overstromingen. De bladeren hebben een opvallend dieprode herfstkleur. De kwaliteit van het hout is minder in vergelijking met dat van de andere eikensoorten.
De boom groeit matig snel, wordt in Nederland tot 20 m hoog en heeft een kegelvormige kroon. De horizontaal geplaatste takken hebben korte, scherpe twijgen. Op latere leeftijd buigen de onderste takken door. De moeraseik heeft smalle diep ingesneden bladeren met aan elke zijde twee tot vier lobben. Het blad is 7 tot 10 cm lang, heeft een 2 tot 5 cm lange bladsteel en een wigvormige voet. De boom loopt in het voorjaar uit met rode scheuten, die na een maand verkleuren naar donkergroen. Latere nieuwe scheuten in juli hebben ook een rode kleur. De bloemen verschijnen tegelijk met het blad. Mannelijke bloemen zitten in katjes, die zich ontwikkelen uit knoppen in de bladoksels van het voorgaande jaar. De vrouwelijke bloemen zitten op korte steeltjes in de oksels van de uitlopende bladeren.
Op vijftien- tot twintigjarige leeftijd gaat de boom eikels dragen. De 13 mm grote eikel is een enkele dopvrucht, waarvan de vruchtwand verhout is en die twee jaar nodig heeft om te rijpen. De eikels vallen van september tot december. Pas na een koude periode kunnen de eikels kiemen.
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Sumpeik
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Sumpeik (Quercus palustris) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige deler av USA.
Den blir opptil 25 m høy. Barken er gråbrun med brede, grunne furer. Bladstilken er 2–6 cm lang. Bladene er ellipseformet avlange, 5–16 cm lange og 5–12 cm brede. Bladet har 3–4 fliker på hver side. Høstfargen er skarlagensrød. Nøttene bruker 1,5 år på å bli modne, og nøtteskåla dekker en fjerdedel av nøtta.
Sumpeik vokser på våt, leirete jord. Voksestedene blir som regel oversvømt om vinteren, men den tåler ikke hyppige oversvømmelser i vekstsesongen. Arten danner blandede skoger med ambratre. Andre tresorter i disse skogene er rødlønn, kvitalm, sumptre, pileik, borreeik og andre eikearter, grønnask og skihickory. Den kan også danne skog sammen med sølvlønn, svartask, amerikaplatan og virginiapoppel.
Nordgrensen for utbredelsen strekker seg fra sørvestre New England vestover til aller sørligste Ontario, sørlige Michigan, nordlige Illinois og Iowa. Vestgrensen går sørover gjennom Missouri, østlige Kansas og nordøstlige Oklahoma. Sørgrensen går gjennom sentrale Arkansas, Tennessee, sentrale Nord-Carolina og Virginia.
Dette treslaget er mye plantet både i USA og Europa på grunn av den tette krona og de fine høstfargene. Den er lett å plante om, vokser fort og tåler mye luftforurensning. Den er ikke så mye brukt i Norge, men finnes blant annet ved NMBU på Ås og i Botanisk hage i Oslo. Trerekkene langs Kong Håkon 5.s gate i Oslo består delvis av sumpeik.
Kilder
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Sumpeik: Brief Summary
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Sumpeik (Quercus palustris) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige deler av USA.
Den blir opptil 25 m høy. Barken er gråbrun med brede, grunne furer. Bladstilken er 2–6 cm lang. Bladene er ellipseformet avlange, 5–16 cm lange og 5–12 cm brede. Bladet har 3–4 fliker på hver side. Høstfargen er skarlagensrød. Nøttene bruker 1,5 år på å bli modne, og nøtteskåla dekker en fjerdedel av nøtta.
Sumpeik vokser på våt, leirete jord. Voksestedene blir som regel oversvømt om vinteren, men den tåler ikke hyppige oversvømmelser i vekstsesongen. Arten danner blandede skoger med ambratre. Andre tresorter i disse skogene er rødlønn, kvitalm, sumptre, pileik, borreeik og andre eikearter, grønnask og skihickory. Den kan også danne skog sammen med sølvlønn, svartask, amerikaplatan og virginiapoppel.
Nordgrensen for utbredelsen strekker seg fra sørvestre New England vestover til aller sørligste Ontario, sørlige Michigan, nordlige Illinois og Iowa. Vestgrensen går sørover gjennom Missouri, østlige Kansas og nordøstlige Oklahoma. Sørgrensen går gjennom sentrale Arkansas, Tennessee, sentrale Nord-Carolina og Virginia.
Dette treslaget er mye plantet både i USA og Europa på grunn av den tette krona og de fine høstfargene. Den er lett å plante om, vokser fort og tåler mye luftforurensning. Den er ikke så mye brukt i Norge, men finnes blant annet ved NMBU på Ås og i Botanisk hage i Oslo. Trerekkene langs Kong Håkon 5.s gate i Oslo består delvis av sumpeik.
![src=]()
Bark
![src=]()
Rakler
![src=]()
Bladverk og nøtter
![src=]()
Nøtter og høstfarge
![src=]()
Høstfarge
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Quercus palustris
(
Pms
)
provided by wikipedia PMS
Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.
Distribussion
Da finì.
Notissie
Da finì.
Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse
-
Quercus palustris Muenchh.
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Quercus palustris: Brief Summary
(
Pms
)
provided by wikipedia PMS
Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.
Distribussion
Da finì.
Notissie
Da finì.
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Dąb błotny
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Dąb błotny (Quercus palustris Münchh.) – gatunek drzewa liściastego z rodziny bukowatych występujący naturalnie w północno-wschodniej i centralnej części Ameryki Północnej. W Europie spotykany w parkach i ogrodach.
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Jest to drzewo wolnorosnące. Posiada owalny pokrój. Dorasta do 20 m wysokości[2]. Korona u młodszych okazów dość smukła, u starszych wąska i lekko sklepiona.
- Pień
- W dolnej części prawie zawsze bez gałęzi, dopiero w górnej części rozgałęzia się dość gęsto i regularnie. Kora początkowo gładka, jasnoszara, później ciemniejsza z wyraźnym deseniem smugowym, na starszych drzewach z gładkimi bruzdami.
- Liście
- Mocno wkrojone, do ćwiartki powierzchni liścia. Cechą odróżniającą, oprócz kształtu, są charakterystyczne kępki włosków u zbiegu głównych nerwów od spodu liścia. Jesienią przebarwiają się na intensywny, czerwony kolor. 8-17 cm długości i prawie tak samo szerokie.
- Kwiaty
- Kwitnie od czerwca do lipca.
- Owoc
- Żołędzie szeroko półkoliste, do jednej trzeciej zagłębione w niskiej miseczce[3].
Ekologia
Rośnie na obszarach nizinnych w obrębie zalewów rzecznych, na glebach wilgotnych i mokrych.
Zastosowanie
Sadzony jako roślina ozdobna w parkach i kolekcjach.
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Dąb błotny: Brief Summary
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
![src=]()
Liść dębu błotnego
Dąb błotny (Quercus palustris Münchh.) – gatunek drzewa liściastego z rodziny bukowatych występujący naturalnie w północno-wschodniej i centralnej części Ameryki Północnej. W Europie spotykany w parkach i ogrodach.
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Quercus palustris
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Quercus palustris là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Münchh. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1770.[1]
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
Tham khảo
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Quercus palustris: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Quercus palustris là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Münchh. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1770.
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Дуб болотный
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Дуб болотный
Международное научное название
Quercus palustris Münchh.
Ареал 
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 19281NCBI 73152EOL 1151382GRIN t:30725IPNI 359933-1TPL kew-174242 Дуб боло́тный (лат. Quércus palústris) — крупное дерево родом из Северной Америки; вид рода Дуб (Quercus) семейства Буковые (Fagaceae).
Ботаническое описание
Дуб болотный — стройное дерево высотой до 25 м и диаметром проекции кроны 10—15 м. Крона пирамидальная (в молодости узкопирамидальная, затем — широкопирамидальная). Кора ствола зеленовато-коричневая, долго остаётся гладкой.
Листья длиной до 12 см, с пятью-семью глубоко вырезанными, почти до середины листа, зубчатыми лопастями, сверху ярко-зелёные, снизу светлее, с пучками волосков в уголках жилок. Осенью — ярко-пурпуровые.
Жёлуди сидячие, почти шаровидные, в поперечнике до 1,5 см, примерно на треть охвачены плюской.
Распространение и экология
В природе дуб болотный растёт на глубоких, влажных почвах берегов рек и болот. Родиной его считается Северная Америка, в основном восток США — от Коннектикута до Канзаса. Севернее вид распространён вплоть до канадской провинции Онтарио.
По сравнению с дубом красным и дубом северным данный вид менее морозостоек, более требователен к почве и её влажности. Хорошо переносит городские условия.
Примечания
Дуб болотный: Brief Summary
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Дуб боло́тный (лат. Quércus palústris) — крупное дерево родом из Северной Америки; вид рода Дуб (Quercus) семейства Буковые (Fagaceae).
沼生栎
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Quercus palustris 沼生栎（学名：Quercus palustris），为壳斗科栎属下的一个种。
参考资料
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沼生栎: Brief Summary
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
沼生栎（学名：Quercus palustris），为壳斗科栎属下的一个种。
Palıd cinsinə aid növlər Q. grisea• Q. oblongifolia• Q. acerifolia• Q. acuta• Q. acutissima• Q. afares• Q. agrifolia• Q. alba• Q. albocinta• Q. aliena• Q. alnifolia• Q. arizonica• Q. arkansana• Q. aucheri• Q. austrina• Q. basaseachicensis• Q. benthamii• Q. berberidifolia• Q. bicolor• Q. boyntonii• Q. brandegeei• Q. brenesii• Q. breviloba• Q. buckleyi• Q. bumelioides• Q. calliprinos• Q. canariensis• Q. castaneifolia• Q. cedrosensis• Q. cerrioides• Q. cerris• Q. chapmanii• Q. chrysolepis• Q. coahuilensis• Q. coccifera• Q. coccinea• Q. convallata• Q. conzattii• Q. copeyensis• Q. cornelius-mulleri• Q. corrugata• Q. costaricensis• Q. cubana• Q. deliquescens• Q. dentata• Q. depressa• Q. depressipes• Q. devia• Q. diversifolia• Q. douglasii• Q. dumosa• Q. durata• Q. ellipsoidalis• Q. emoryi• Q. engelmannii• Q. excelsa• Q. faginea• Q. falcata• Q. flagellifera• Q. frainetto• Q. fulva• Q. fusiformis• Q. galeanensis• Q. gambelii• Q. garryana• Q. georgiana• Q. germana• Q. glauca• Q. glaucoides• Q. graciliformis• Q. gravesii• Q. gulielmitreleasei• Q. havardii• Q. hemisphaerica• Q. hintonii• Q. hintoniorum• Q. humboldtii• Q. hypoxantha• Q. iberica• Q. ilex• Q. ilicifolia• Q. imbricaria• Q. invaginata• Q. john-tuckeri• Q. kelloggii• Q. laceyi• Q. laevis• Q. lamellosa• Q. laurifolia• Q. libani• Q. liebmannii• Q. lobata• Q. lusitanica• Q. lyrata• Q. macdonaldii• Q. macdougallii• Q. macranthera• Q. macrocarpa• Q. macrolepis• Q. marilandica• Q. martinezii• Q. michauxii• Q. miquihuanensis• Q. mohriana• Q. mongolica• Q. muehlenbergii• Q. myrsinifolia• Q. nigra• Q. oglethorpensis• Q. oleoides• Q. pacifica• Q. pagoda• Q. palmeri• Q. palustris• Q. peninsularis• Q. perpallida• Q. petraea• Q. phellos• Q. planipocula• Q. polymorpha• Q. pontica• Q. praeco• Q. praineana• Q. prinoides• Q. prinus• Q. pubescens• Q. pungens• Q. purulhana• Q. rapurahuensis• Q. robur• Q. robusta• Q. rubra• Q. rugosa• Q. rysophylla• Q. sadleriana• Q. sebifera• Q. shumardii• Q. skinneri• Q. skutchii• Q. stellata• Q. suber• Q. subspathulata• Q. tardifolia• Q. texana• Q. tomentella• Q. tonduzii• Q. toumeyi• Q. trojana• Q. turbinella• Q. undata• Q. uxoris• Q. vacciniifolia• Q. variabilis• Q. velutina• Q. vincentensis• Q. wislizeni• Q. xalapensis• Q. zempoaltepecana• Q. × alvordiana 
İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. 
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Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. 
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