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Black Oak

Quercus velutina Lam.

Associations

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
plant of Loranthus europaeus parasitises live trunk of Quercus velutina

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Comments

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The bark of this species (quercitron) is rich in tannins and was once an important source of these chemicals used for tanning leather. (The yellow dye obtained from the bark is also called quercitron.)

Native Americans used Quercus velutina medicinally for indigestion, chronic dysentery, mouth sores, chills and fevers, chapped skin, hoarseness, milky urine, lung trouble, sore eyes, and as a tonic, an antiseptic, and an emetic (D. E. Moerman 1986).

Quercus velutina reportedly hybridizes with Q . coccinea , Q . ellipsoidalis (= Q . × paleolithicola Trelease), Q . falcata [= Q . × willdenowiana (Dippel) Zabel] (= Q . × pinetorum Moldenke)], Q . ilicifolia (= Q . × rehderi Trelease), Q . imbricaria (= Q . × leana Nuttall), Q . incana , Q . laevis , and Q . laurifolia (= Q . × cocksii Sargent, although E. J. Palmer [1948] challenged the validity of this claim), Q . marilandica , Q . nigra , Q . palustris (= Q . × vaga E. J. Palmer & Steyermark), Q . phellos (= Q . × filialis Little), Q . rubra , Q . shumardii , and possibly Q . arkansana (D. M. Hunt 1989).

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Description

provided by eFloras
Trees , deciduous, to 25 m. Bark dark brown to black, deeply furrowed, ridges often broken into irregular blocks, inner bark yellow or orange. Twigs dark reddish brown, (1.5-)2.5-4.5(-5) mm diam., glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Terminal buds ovoid or ellipsoid to subconic, 6-12 mm, noticeably 5-angled in cross section, tawny- or gray-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 25-70 mm, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Leaf blade ovate to obovate, (80-)100-300 × 80-150 mm, base obtuse to truncate, inequilateral, margins with 5-9 lobes and 15-50 awns, lobes oblong or distally expanded, separated by deep sinuses, apex acute to obtuse; surfaces abaxially pale green, glabrous except for small axillary tufts of tomentum or with scattered pubescence, especially along veins, adaxially glossy, dark green, glabrous, secondary veins raised on both surfaces. Acorns biennial; cup cup-shaped or turbinate, 7-14 mm high × 12-22 mm wide, covering 1/2 nut, cup margins not involute, outer surface puberulent, inner surface pubescent, scale tips loose, especially at margin of cup, acute to acuminate; nut subglobose to ovoid, 10-20 × 10-18 mm, glabrate, scar diam. 5.5-12 mm. n = 12 ± 1; 2 n = 24.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Distribution

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Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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Flowering/Fruiting

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Flowering spring.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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Habitat

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Commonly on dry slopes and upland areas, occasionally on sandy lowlands (especially in north) and poorly drained uplands and terraces; 0-1500m.
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copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
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visit source
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eFloras

Synonym

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Quercus tinctoria W. Bartram
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire use, prescribed fire

The following Research Project Summaries
provide information on prescribed

fire use and postfire response of plant
community species, including black

oak, that was not available when this
species review was originally

written:

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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
black oak
yellow oak
quercitron oak
quercitron
yellow-bark oak
yellowbark oak
yellow butt oak
smooth-bark oak
smoothbark oak
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, tree

Black oak is a medium- to large-sized, native, deciduous tree with an
irregularly rounded crown [56].  In a forest, the trunk is usually
branch-free for half the height of the tree [28].  Individuals may live
150 to 200 years.  On good sites, black oak may reach 150 feet (46 m) in
height and 48 inches (122 cm) in d.b.h., but most trees are 60 to 80
feet (18-24 m) tall and 24 to 36 inches (61-91 cm) in d.b.h. [56].
Black oak has a deep taproot and deep and widespreading lateral roots
[28].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Black oak is widely distributed throughout the eastern and central
United States and extreme southwestern Ontario, Canada.  In the United
States, black oak occurs from southwestern Maine west to southern
Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota; south through Iowa to eastern
Nebraska, eastern Kansas, central Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; and east
to northwestern Florida and Georgia [56].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, forest, formation, frequency, hardwood, litter, mesic, root crown, seed, surface fire, wildfire

Black oak is moderately resistant to fire [11].  Small black oaks are
easily top-killed by fire but sprout vigorously from the root crown
[56].  Larger black oaks can withstand low-severity surface fire because
of moderately thick basal bark.  They are susceptible to basal wounding
[11].

The prevalent presettlement upland oak forests in the eastern and
central United States were associated with recurring fire.  These
forests probably burned at an intermediate frequency (50 to 100 year
intervals) which promoted the dominance and stability of oak [1].  Fire
provides opportunity for establishment of the more fire-resistant oak
species such as black oak [34].  Black oak is characteristic as a
community dominant only where major disturbances periodically open the
canopy [25].  In dry black oak savannas in Illinois and Wisconsin, an
age analysis of black oaks showed that recruitment of the oaks to the
canopy was related to distinct events, most likely fire.  Fire top-kills
the mesic hardwood understory and allows oak sprouts to compete
successfully [5].

Oak-hickory forest floors are usually not conducive to high-severity
fires, but fires are easily ignited.  The total forest floor fuelbed
weight in a 20-year-old stand of black oak in southeast Missouri
averaged 6.4 tons per acre (14.3 t/ha), 2.0 tons per acre (4.8 t/ha) of
which was loose leaf litter.  Forty-year-old stands averaged 8.3 tons of
forest floor per acre (18.6 t/ha), including 2.9 tons per acre (6.5
t/ha) of loose litter [13].

Because of the reduction in wildfire frequency, oak-hickory forests are
converting to more mixed mesophytic stands.  Fifty-five years after a
late summer fire in south-central Connecticut, the burned area had
higher absolute and relative amounts of oak (black, white, scarlet,
chestnut, and northern red) than the adjacent unburned area [65].  In
Indiana, late successional species (red maple, sassafras, and blackgum)
were present in a black oak-dominated community in Indiana where fire
had been suppressed.  In an adjacent but remote black oak community,
late successional species were not present because fires burned longer
before being noticed and suppressed.  In the more frequently burned
area, overstory trees were rarely killed by fire, and an open understory
was maintained.  Where infrequent, fires killed larger trees and
promoted the formation of an understory thicket [25].

Black oak is restricted from the pine-scrub oak communities of the New
Jersey Pine Barrens because it does not produce viable seed at a young
enough age to become established in areas that burn every 8 to 12 years
[37].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, hardwood, tree

Prescribed fire is used to control oak invasion of prairies [4].
Because of prolific sprouting of hardwoods, including black oak,
prescribed burning is not recommended for controlling hardwood
competition during shortleaf pine regeneration on the Cumberland Plateau
in Kentucky [67].

Equations for the estimation of fire-caused mortality have been
developed for black oak.  In order to predict mortality, a manager needs
to know the tree d.b.h., the height of bark blackening, the width of
bark blackening 1 foot above the ground, and the season of fire.  The
equation should only be applied to trees between 3 and 16 inches
(7.6-40.6 cm) in d.b.h. [39]].  Equations have also been developed to
predict lumber value losses due to fire wounding of black oak [38].
An equation has been developed to predict the size of a fire wound
on a black oak from the area of the exterior discolored bark and the
diameter of the damaged tree [47].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

  
   Phanerophyte
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bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, herbaceous, serpentine soils, shrub, tree

Black oak, an upland xerophytic species, can occur on all aspects and
slope positions, but tends to be more abundant on the drier southerly
and westerly aspects and on upper slopes and ridges [16,56].  Black oak
does not appear to be site-sensitive.  Its occurrence is more due to
fortuitous circumstance than inherent habitat requirements [16].
Although it grows best on moist, rich, well-drained sites, it is
sensitive to competition on these sites and is more often found on dry,
nutrient-poor, coarse-textured soils [56].  Black oak does not occur on
the serpentine soils of the Maryland Piedmont [68].  It often grows on
sandy or gravelly sites or heavy glacial clay hillsides.  Black oak is
found up to 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in the southern Appalachian Mountains
[56].

Black oak is less drought tolerant than post oak (Q. stellata), but more
tolerant than northern red oak and about as tolerant as white oak [57].
Its predominance on southerly and westerly aspects may be due in part to
drought tolerance.  In addition, the increased solar radiation on these
sites may facilitate early establishment and eventual dominance of black
oak [49].
 
Overstory associates of black oak not mentioned in Distribution and
Occurrence include pignut hickory (Carya glabra), mockernut hickory (C.
tomentosa), bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis), shagbark hickory (C.
ovata), American elm (Ulmus americana), slippery elm (U. rubra), white
ash (Fraxinus americana), black walnut (Juglans nigra), butternut (J.
cinerea), southern red oak, scarlet oak, chinquapin oak (Q.
muehlenbergii), red maple (Acer rubrum), black cherry, and blackgum
(Nyssa sylvatica) [56].

Common small tree associates include sassafras, flowering dogwood
(Cornus florida), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), eastern hophornbeam
(Ostrya virginiana), redbud (Cercis canadensis), pawpaw (Asimina
triloba), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and American
bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) [56].

Common shrub associates include blueberry (Vaccinium spp.),
mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana),
beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), sumac (Rhus
spp.), and Viburnum spp. [56].

Herbaceous plants associated with black oak in sand savannas include
little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex
pensylvanica), and Coreopsis spp. [8].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: hardwood

    14  Northern pin oak
    40  Post oak - blackjack oak
    42  Bur oak
    43  Bear oak
    44  Chestnut oak
    45  Pitch pine
    46  Eastern redcedar
    51  White pine - chestnut oak
    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak
    53  White oak
    55  Northern red oak
    57  Yellow-poplar
    58  Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
    59  Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
    60  Beech - sugar maple
    75  Shortleaf pine
    76  Shortleaf pine - oak
    78  Virginia pine - oak
    79  Virginia pine
    80  Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
    82  Loblolly pine - hardwood
   110  Black oak
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES39  Prairie
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

   K081  Oak savanna
   K082  Mosaic of K074 and K100
   K083  Cedar glades
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K102  Beech - maple forest
   K104  Appalachian oak forest
   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
   K112  Southern mixed forest
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, fuel, litter, prescribed fire, top-kill

Black oak up to pole size (about 4 inches [10.2 cm] in d.b.h.) are
easily top-killed by fire, and severe fire may even top-kill
saw-timber-sized black oak [56].

Multistemmed black oak clumps are more susceptible to fire than a
single-stemmed sapling because leaves and other litter get trapped in
the clump and promote a hot fire around the multiple stems [26].

In the eastern highlands of Connecticut, a March prescribed fire was
conducted in a black oak-black cherry forest and an oak (Quercus
spp.)-sweet birch (Betula lenta) forest.  All black oak in the black
oak-black cherry forest survived the fire.  In the oak-sweet birch
forest, where surface litter fire temperatures reached 600 degrees
Fahrenheit (315 deg C), about 25 percent of black oak less than 4 inches
( less than 10.2 cm) in d.b.h. were top-killed, but less than 5 percent were
root-killed.  Approximately 95 percent of black oak between 4 and 12
inches (10.2-30.5 cm) survived the fire.  Larger black oak (10 to 13
inches [25-32.5 cm] in d.b.h) exposed to external temperatures of 129
degrees Fahrenheit (54 deg C) for 7 minutes survived [48].

Prescribed fire in an oak woods in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
top-killed about 50 percent of the black oak.  The litter in the oak
woods produced relatively low aboveground temperatures and total kill of
black oak was infrequent.  Two areas with two and three fires during the
subsequent 4-year period averaged 3.71 and 3.65 percent total mortality
per year respectively.  The unburned control averaged 2.1 percent total
mortality per year [12].

In an April prescribed fire in an oak savanna in southern Wisconsin,
damage to woody species (including black oak) was dependent on the type
of fuel within 12 inches (30 cm) of the stem base.  Cool season grass
fuel caused more fire damage than predominantly oak leaf fuel.  Dry
weight fuel load ranged from 0.60 to 0.75 ounce per square foot (200-250
g/sq m) in leaves and from 0.90 to 1.05 ounce per square foot (300-350
g/sq m) in grass [27].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Black oak acorns provide food for numerous wildlife species including
squirrels, mice, voles, white-tailed deer, and wild turkey.  In
Illinois, fox squirrels have been seen feeding on black oak catkins [56].
Black oak has a high cavity value for wildlife [15].  Trunk cavities in
live black oaks were important nest sites for the northern flicker on
Nantucket Island, Massachusetts.  Mean nest height was approximately 3.3
feet (1 m) above the ground [43].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: codominant, forest, natural

Black oak is a common component of many eastern and central upland
deciduous forests.  Black oak also occurs in savannas in the transition
zone between the eastern deciduous forests and the western prairies.

The following published classifications list black oak as a dominant or
codominant species:

Deciduous forest [23]
Classification of forest ecosystems in Michigan [53]
The natural communities of South Carolina [46]
A classification of the deciduous forest of eastern North America [45]
Forest vegetation of the lower Alabama Piedmont [19]
Old-growth forests within the Piedmont of South Carolina [30]
Plant communities of the Coastal Plains of North Carolina and their
   successional relations [66]
Ecological species groups of oak ecosystems of southeastern Michigan [6]
Presettlement vegetation of Lake County, Indiana [7]
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

Tree
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, frequency, fuel, natural, selection, tree

Forest managers have noticed a decrease in black oak frequency in newly
regenerated stands after clearcutting, especially on good sites.  The
reason for the decrease is the inability of oak seedlings to compete
successfully with faster growing species in the absence of fire.  Oak
seedlings that are repeatedly top-killed develop well-developed root
systems, and the sprouts (advance regeneration) grow faster than true
seedlings and are better able to compete successfully.  To regenerate
oaks successfully, advance regeneration must be 4 to 5 feet (1.2-1.5 m)
tall before the overstory is removed.  Successful regeneration of a
mixed oak forest can be accomplished by clearcutting only if there are
adequate numbers of large advance regeneration [56].  Otherwise, a
shelterwood silviculture system is recommended in order to allow advance
oak regeneration to grow [55,56].

In a study designed to determine the optimum light levels necessary for
shelterwood regeneration, there was no significant difference in black
oak diameter and height growth between 20 and 94 percent transmission of
full light.  Black oak diameter and height growth was poor under 8
percent of full light, which is similar to uncut stands.  It was
recommended that shelterwoods be cut to permit 20 to 60 percent light
transmission [20].

In a shelterwood cut in Arkansas, understory control (cutting of nonoak
stems and spraying stumps with 2,4-D and picloram immediately after
cutting) resulted in an increase in the number of black oak, white oak
(Quercus alba), and northern red oak regeneration in the 1.1 to 5 foot
(0.3-1.5 m) height class and the over 5 foot (> 1.5 m) class [21].  The
application of nitrogen fertilizer in a shelterwood cut did not
stimulate the growth of black oak, white oak, or northern red oak
advance regeneration.  The fertilizer may have even decreased the
drought tolerance of oaks.  During a drought in 1980, more seedlings
died on fertilized plots than on nonfertilized plots [22].

The use of a shelterwood system does not guarantee the continued
regeneration of black oak.  On a sandy loam site in Michigan, black oak,
which formed two-thirds of the original stand, was reduced 50 percent
during the 20-year period following the initiation of a shelterwood
harvest.  While the shelterwood system was better for oak regeneration
than group or single tree selection systems, the regenerated stand will
have more red maple (Acer rubrum), black cherry (Prunus serotina),
sassafras (Sassafras albidum), dogwood (Cornus spp.), and hickory (Carya
spp.) and less black oak than the original stand [55].

Once black oak is regenerated on a site, thinning of a stand can
increase the growth of remaining trees.  Thirty-two-year-old black oaks
showed 10 to 12 years of increased differential diameter growth after
thinning [14]. 

Black oak is susceptible to a number of diseases and insects.  Oak wilt,
caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum, is a vascular disease that
is spread by sap-feeding beetles (Nitidulidae spp.), oak bark beetle
(Pseudopityophthorus minutissimum), and natural root grafts.  The tree
usually dies within several weeks after the symptoms of wilting,
bronzing, and premature leaf defoliation appear [56].

Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), an introduced species, defoliates black
oak, and two or three successive defoliations can kill a tree.  It is
potentially the most destructive insect to black oak [56].

Black oaks that are stressed from drought, gypsy moth defoliation, old
age, fire, poor site conditions, or other factors often succumb to
secondary agents such as twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus),
Hypoxylon canker (Hypoxylon mammatum), and shoestring root rot
(Armillaria mellea).  This scenario, in which a primary agent stresses
the tree and a secondary agent kills it, is known as "oak decline" and
is responsible for considerable black oak mortality.  For instance,
between 1911 and 1921, 46 percent of black oaks in coastal regions of
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine died when gypsy moth defoliation
and drought was followed by twolined chestnut borer and shoestring root
rot attack [44].  Based on site factors, a general stand classification
of mortality risk from oak decline has been developed [60].

Foliage diseases include anthracnose (Gnomonia quercina), leaf blister
(Taphrina spp.), powdery mildews (Phyllactinia corylea and Microsphaera
alni), oak-pine rusts (Cronartium spp.), and leaf spots (Actinopelte
dryina).  A root rot, Phytophthora cinnamomi, kills seedlings in
nurseries.  Strumella spp. and Nectria spp. cause bole cankers [56].

Tunneling insects that attack black oak boles include carpenterworm
(Prionoxystus robiniae), red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus), oak
timberworm (Arrhenodes minutes), and Columbian timber beetle (Corthylus
columbianus).  Oakleaf caterpillar (Heterocampa manteo), orange
striped oakworm (Anisota senatoria), and browntail moth (Euproctis
chrysorrhoea) defoliate black oak.  Acorns are damaged by nut weevils
(Curculio spp.), gall-forming cynipids (Callirhytis spp.), filbertworm
(Melissopus latiferreanus), and acorn moth (Valentinia glandulella)
[56]. 

Black oaks that had recently invaded a prairie in Illinois were
successfully removed by cutting stems (mostly smaller than 4 inches
[10.2 cm] in d.b.h.) and painting stumps with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T mixed
with fuel oil to prevent sprouting [32].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

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Black oak acorns are 5.7 percent crude protein, 17.5 percent crude fat,
0.19 percent calcium, and 0.10 percent phosphorus [58].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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     AL  AR  CT  DE  FL  GA  IL  IN  IA  KS
     KY  LA  ME  MD  MA  MI  MN  MS  MO  NE
     NH  NJ  NY  NC  OH  OK  PA  RI  SC  TN
     TX  VT  VA  WV  WI  ON
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

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More info for the term: natural

The bark of black oak contains enough tannin to make commercial
extraction worthwhile.  A yellow dye, suitable for coloring natural
fibers, can be obtained by boiling the inner bark [28].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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Staminate flowers develop from leaf axils of the previous year.  Catkins
emerge before or at the same time as the current year's leaves, usually
in April or May.  Acorns mature in two growing seasons.  The acorns
ripen from late August to October depending on geographic location, drop
in the fall, and germinate in the spring [56].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

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More info for the terms: density, litter, low-severity fire, root crown, shrub

Black oak individuals, including seedlings, sprout from the root crown
when top-killed.

The density of black oak stems generally increases after fire because of
sprouting.  Two growing seasons after two annual fires in an oak-pine
stand in the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky, black oak and scarlet oak
stems increased from a prefire density of approximately 1,250 stems per
acre (3,090 stems/ha) to a postfire density of approximately 1,750 stems
per acre (4,320 stems/ha) [67].  Sprouting of top-killed black oak in
prescribed fires in the Indiana Dune National Lakeshore also increased
the shrub coverage of black oak [12].

More frequent fire may eventually reduce black oak sprouting, however,
because root systems are weakened.  Five fires in 8 years (three in the
spring and two in the fall) reduced black oak sprouting in a black oak
sand savanna in Indiana [8].

Black oak acorns in the litter may survive a low-severity fire [62], but
no conclusive evidence of this was found in the literature.
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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   Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the terms: codominant, herbaceous, hypogeal, monoecious, root collar, seed, tree

Sexual:  Black oak is monoecious.  Seed production begins when the tree
is about 20 years old, with maximum production occurring between ages 40
and 75.  Black oak is a consistent seed producer, with good acorn crops
every 2 to 3 years.  Seed dissemination is by squirrels, mice, bluejays,
and other animals, and by gravity.  Rodents and birds often cache acorns
in the soil [56].

Germination is hypogeal.  Burial in or contact with mineral soil and
coverage with a light layer of leaves are favorable conditions for acorn
germination [56].  In a study of black oak and white oak regeneration of
an old field in Michigan, seedlings were more likely to establish
initially in open patches because blue jays preferentially choose open
sites to cache acorns.  However, seedlings that colonized open patches
were not likely to survive beyond the first several years unless the
patch was subsequently invaded by herbaceous vegetation [24].

Seedling growth is slow; average annual height growth of seedlings in
Missouri during a 6-year period was 2.1 inches (5.3 cm) [35].  Seedlings
can survive drought conditions [56].

Vegetative:  Black oak sprouts from the root collar if top-killed or
cut.  Younger individuals are more likely to sprout than older
individuals.  The probability that a stump with a 1-year-old sprout will
have at least one dominant or codominant sprout at age 5 is predictable
from stump diameter.  The probability ranges from 1.0 for 3-inch (7.6
cm) stump diameters to 0.15 for 30-inch (76 cm) stump diameters [56].
Black oak has a low tolerance for multiple sprouts and tends toward the
survival of a single sprout per stump.  In one study, 5, 15, and 25
years after cutting, the average number of sprouts per stump was 7.5,
2.2, and 1.0 respectively [42].

Seedlings often die back and sprout numerous times, thus becoming
advance regeneration.  The roots of black oak saplings may be 10 to 20
years older than the tops [56].  Sprouts grow faster than seedlings.
Average annual height growth of sprouts in Missouri during a 6-year
period was 6.1 inches (15.5 cm) [35].  Generally, the bigger the old
stem is, the faster the height growth of its sprouts [56].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

   14  Great Plains
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info for the terms: basal area, density, fire frequency, forest, frequency, herbaceous, litter, relative dominance, stratification, succession, xeric

Facultative Seral Species

Black oak is intermediate in shade tolerance.  It is more tolerant than
black cherry or shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), but less tolerant than
white oak, chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), hickories, maples (Acer spp.),
elms (Ulmus spp.), beech (Betula spp.), or blackgum.  Light is required
to recruit black oak seedlings into the sapling stage; seedlings
eventually die under a closed-canopy forest [29,56].

Black oak replaces pines (Pinus spp.) on heavily cutover areas.  It
succeeds sassafras and common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) on upland
old fields [16].  In the Hudson River Valley in New York, stands
dominated by white oak, black oak, and pignut hickory occur on rocky,
nutrient-poor sites.  The open canopy, less distinct vertical
stratification of canopy trees, and diverse herbaceous understory
suggest these forests gradually invade old pasture sites [18].

Black oaks woodlands began invading savannas in Northern Illinois 2 to 3
years after the construction of roads which acted as functional
firebreaks [50].  In the past, the high presettlement fire frequency in
grasslands prevented black oak expansion [1]

The importance of black oak in many forests has declined since human
settlement.  In the absence of disturbance such as fire or windthrow,
black oak is succeeded by more shade-tolerant, mesophytic species.  A
decline in black oak has been documented in an old-growth oak-hickory
forest in southwestern Illinois.  Black oak had been dominant in the
forest since 1821, but it decreased in density and basal area between
1956 and 1983 due to senescence.  Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) has
increased in the forest.  It is believed that black oak originally
established on this site after the New Madrid Earthquake in 1811 or
after a hurricane shortly after the earthquake, both of which caused
much downed timber [59].

In the late 1700's and 1800's in Pennsylvania, massive logging to
provide wood for charcoal-fueled iron furnaces was accompanied by
wildfires.  The combination of logging and fire increased the relative
dominance of oaks, including black oak.  In the 20th century, fire was
suppressed and eventual logging of stands with understories dominated by
red maple, sugar maple, and black cherry accelerated the recruitment of
these mesophytic species into the canopy [2].

In the Hudson River valley in New York, early land surveys indicate the
white oak-black oak-hickory type was prevalent prior to forest clearing.
Since abandonment from agriculture, the type has returned but is not
nearly as important as it was.  The percent occurrence of black oak in
these forests was 15.3 percent in the period before 1800 and only 4.1
percent in 1984 [18].

In a black oak-white oak forest in southern Wisconsin, white oak is
replacing black oak.  Black oak, which is more susceptible to oak wilt
than white oak, is dying.  White oak is not regenerating in the forest
but because it is a longer lived, slower growing species, it is now
replacing black oak [41].

Succession is slow or unlikely in some oak forests on extremely xeric or
nutrient poor sites [1].  Blackjack oak and black oak forests on
extremely xeric, upland sites in Illinois did not exhibit signs of being
replaced by late successional species.  Self-maintenance was evident as
blackjack oak and black oak were important species in the sapling and
seedling layers as well as the overstory [3]. 

Even in the absence of fire, succession towards a richer, mesophytic
forest appears slow or unlikely in a black oak-blueberry community on
the Lake Michigan sand dunes.  Black oak has low nutrient requirements
and is relatively ineffective in returning nutrients to the dune surface
in its litter.  The well-leached dunes remain dry and nutrient poor.
Fire aggravates these conditions and helps perpetuate black oak on these
sites [52].

Some of the most xeric sites of the South Carolina Piedmont are occupied
by old-growth communities of black oak, post oak, and blueridge
blueberry (Vaccinium vacillans).  Although the community appears to be
in steady state, it may evolve into a hickory-dominated community in the
absence of fire [30].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms

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Quercus velutina var. missouriensis Sarg.
Quercus leiodermis Ashe
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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The currently accepted scientific name of black oak is Quercus velutina
Lam. [36]. It has been placed within the subgenus Erythrobalanus, or
red (black) oak group [51,56]. The following rarely used forms have
been distinguished on the basis of leaf lobe variation and pubescence
[61]:

Q. v. f. macrophylla (Dippel) Trel.
Q. v. f. dilanianta Trel.
Q. v. f. pagodaeformis Trel.

There appears to be complete integration between the forms [61]. Some
northern populations of black oak in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan
have smaller acorns with less cup cover, lighter inner bark, smaller
winter buds, and a more branching growth form than populations in
southern Indiana [56]. Voss [64] suggests that these may be hybrids
between black oak and northern red oak (Q. rubra) or scarlet oak (Q.
coccinea).

Black oak hybridizes with the following species [36,56]:

x Q. coccinea (scarlet oak): Q. X fontana Laughlin
x Q. ellipsoidalis (northern pin oak): Q. X palaeolithicola Trel.
x Q. falcata (southern red oak): Q. X willdenowiana (Dippel) Zabel
Q. X pinetorum Moldenke
x Q. ilicifolia (bear oak): Q. X rehderi Trel.
x Q. imbricaria (shingle oak): Q. X leana Nutt.
x Q. incana (bluejack oak): Q. X podophylla Trel.
x Q. marilandica (blackjack oak): Q. X bushii Sarg.
x Q. nigra (water oak): Q. X demarei Ashe
x Q. palustris (pin oak): Q. X vaga Palmer & Steyerm.
x Q. phellos (willow oak): Q. X filialis Little
x Q. rubra (northern red oak): Q. X hawkinsiae Sudw.
x Q. shumardii (Shumard oak): Q. X discreta Laughlin
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

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Black oak naturally regenerated on abandoned lead-zinc mine sites in
Wisconsin and Iowa.  The soil has high concentrations of lead and zinc,
but soil pH is not very low [9].  Minor amounts of black oak were
planted on Indiana surface mines between 1928 and 1975 [10], but its
success on these sites has not been documented in the literature.
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value

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The wood of black oak, which is light brown with a nearly white sapwood,
is sold as "red oak" and used for furniture, flooring, and interior
finishing [25,56].  It is also used for barrels and railroad ties [61].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus velutina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Cyclicity

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This is a perennial tree, with Spring and Summer as active growth periods, and conspicuous Fall foliage. (USDA PLANTS, 2009) Blooms in May to June. In the Great Lakes Region of the USA the oak woods of the high dunes, more than any other trees, give to the autumn woods of this area their glorious appearance. (Peattie, 1930) On these moist sites it often begins seed production at 20 years of age. Leaves may be retained into winter. Flowers appear in April and May along with leaves. Fruit ripens in the fall. (Weeks et al, 2005)
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Distribution

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Throughout the Midwest US. (Hultman, 1978) Very common throughout the Midwest USA. (Weeks et al, 2005)
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Ecology

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Their presence can signify ancient beach ridges in the Great Lakes Region of the USA. In these locations underneath them there is a characteristic undercover, mostly of grasses, of which Stipa spartea, and Koeleria cristata are representative. In the Great Lakes region of the USA oaks are the dominant trees on the old, heavily forested dunes and there they attain their greatest height and girth. Oaks of the dunes have also a characteristic undercover, chiefly of composites and legumes, such as Kuhnia, Liatris, Aster, Solidago, Helianthus, Lupinus, Lespedeza, Desmodium, and Tephrosia. (Peattie, 1930) It is a consistent producer of medium-sized acorns that have average preference among wildlife, The acorns are often a mid-to-late winter staple among many species of wildlife, from mice to wild turkey. On poor sites, where it often occurs, the tree loses limbs to wind and disease, and the cavities that result from fungal or woodpecker activity supply nests for avian and mammalian secondary cavity users. (Weeks et al, 2005)
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Habitat

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Dry, rocky ridges. (Hultman, 1978) Usually it is a dry-site tree. (Weeks et al, 2005) Typically found on dry ridges and upper slopes. With site disturbance it may occur on moist, well-drained soils, where it attains its greatest size. It is intermediate in shade tolerance. (Weeks et al, 2005)
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Life Expectancy

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It has a moderate growth rate and a medium life span, reaching a maximum age of around 200 years. (Weeks et al, 2005)
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Look Alikes

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Quercus coccinae the Scarlet Oak, Quercus ellipsoidalis the Northern Pin Oak, Quercus marilandica the Blackjack Oak, Quercus pagoda the Cherrybark Oak, Quercus rubra the Northern Red Oak, Quercus shumardi the Shumard Oak. (Weeks et al, 2005)
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Morphology

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Overall The tree has alternate branching. Forest-grown trees have tall, clear trunks with thick limbs creating an irregular, rounded crown. On poor sites the tree often has a limby trunk. (Weeks et al, 2005)

Flowers Flowers are yellow. (USDA PLANTS, 2009) The male catkins are single or often several together. They descend from a scaly bud, drooping and slender, with caducous (early dropping) bracts. Each possesses a 2-8-parted calyx, and 3-12 stamens. Female flowers are scattered or somewhat clustered. Each contains a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed stigma and is enclosed in a bud-like scaly involucre (a collection or rosette of bracts)which develops later as the cup of the fruit which is an acorn. (Peattie, 1930) Male flowers are conspicuous and hang downward in clusters. Female flowers are inconspicuous and are tiny spikes in the axils of the new leaves. (Weeks et al, 2005)

Fruit is a light reddish brown acorn, housed in a scaly, bowl-shaped cup. (Hultman, 1978) The scales of the cup are loosely overlapping. Th cup is hemispheric, short-stalked, and pubescent (hairy), about half as high as the ovoid acorn. (Peattie, 1930) The acorns are often striped, with a shaggy cap and are lightly hairy overall. The nut is enclosed by a shaggy-scaled, top-shaped cap. The meat is yellow and bitter. (Weeks et al, 2005) Fruit are abundant. (USDA PLANTS, 2009)

Leaves are variable, tough, and leathery. They possess 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes. (Hultman, 1978) Leaf margins are lobed with the veins extending beyond them as bristle tips. Leaves can be pinnatifid (clefts reaching halfway or more to the midrib) or lobed (cleftsextending less than halfway to the midrib). There are roughly 8 principal and narrow sinuses. When young leaves are firm, brown, and pubescent. With age leaves become dark green, dull, and smooth above, and paler beneath, with pubescent veins. (Peattie, 1930) Leaves are dark green and shiny, with 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes. The sinuses may be deep or shallow. Leaves are hairy underneath. Lower canopy shade leaves may be nearly unlobed, with especially hairy undersides. Leaves on the same tree can be very different shapes, confusing identification, but typically the sinuses on the leaves deepen going up the tree. (Weeks et al, 2005)

Buds are clustered terminally. They are pointed and angles in cross section. The numerous, overlapping scales are covered with dense tan-gray hairs. (Weeks et al, 2005)

Twigs are reddish brown and smooth by maturity. (Weeks et al, 2005)

Bark is dark in color and bright orange or yellow underneath. (Hultman, 1978)The tree bears dark brown or black furrowed outer bark and orange inner bark. (Peattie, 1930) The bark is dark, nearly black, with thick, blocky, vertical ridges on the lower trunk. Bark may have "ski-tracks", but only in the upper half of the tree. (Weeks et al, 2005)

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Size

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Tree is 50-60' tall. (Hultman, 1978) The tree can attain heights of 100' on good sites. (Weeks et al, 2005) At 20 years the tree attains a maximum of 25', attaining 90' at maturity. (USDA PLANTS, 2009)

Fruit the acorns are 3/4" long. (Weeks et al, 2005)

Leaves are 5-7" long. (Hultman, 1978)

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Uses

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The tough wood can be used in flooring and crating. (Hultman, 1978) The nuts are generally inedible. The bark and wood are valued in tanning and the inner bark yields an important dye known as quercitron. (Peattie, 1930) Early weavers used to extract the yellow color form the inner bark to use as a dye. (Weeks et al, 2005) May be used for fuel wood production and lumber products, including veneers. (USDA PLANTS, 2009)

In landscaping the tree is hardy through Zone 3, though it is rarely offered by nurseries. Black oak tolerates salt, but does only moderately well in high ozone areas. It does not survive well in droughty conditions despite being a dry-site species. (Weeks et al, 2005)

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Associated Forest Cover

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Black Oak (Society of American Foresters Type 110) is the forest cover type that designates pure stands of the species or those in which it makes up more than 50 percent of the stand basal area. Black oak is a major associate in White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52), and a component in the following forest cover types (8):

Northern Forest Region
14 Northern Pin Oak
51 White Pine-Chestnut Oak
60 Beech-Sugar Maple

Central Forest Region
40 Post Oak-Blackjack Oak
42 Bur Oak
43 Bear Oak
44 Chestnut Oak
45 Pitch Pine
46 Eastern Redcedar
53 White Oak
55 Northern Red Oak
57 Yellow-Poplar
58 Yellow-Poplar-Eastern Hemlock
59 Yellow-Poplar-White Oak-Northern Red Oak

Southern Forest Region
75 Shortleaf Pine
76 Shortleaf Pine-Oak
78 Virginia Pine-Oak
79 Virginia Pine
80 Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine
82 Loblolly Pine-Hardwood

Other tree associates of black oak include pignut hickory (Carya glabra), mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa), bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis), and shagbark hickory (C. ovata); American elm (Ulmus americana) and slippery elm (U. rubra); white ash (Fraxinus americana); black walnut (Juglans nigra) and butternut (J. cinerea); scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), southern red oak (Q. falcata), and chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii); red maple (Acer rubrum) and sugar maple (A. saccharum); black cherry (Prunus serotina); and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica) (5).

Common small tree associates of black oak include flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), redbud (Cercis canadensis), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and American bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia). Common shrubs include Vaccinium spp., mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), sumac (Rhus spp.), and Viburnum spp. The most common vines are greenbrier (Smilax spp.), grape (Vitis spp.), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) (5).

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Climate

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In the area over which black oak grows, mean annual temperature ranges from about 7° C (45° F) in the north to 20° C (68° F) in east Texas and north-central Florida. Annual precipitation is less than 760 mm (30 in) per year on the northwestern fringe of black oak's range and 2030 mm (80 in) in the southern Appalachians. The frost-free season averages 140 days in southern Wisconsin and 260 days in southeast Texas (6).

Black oak grows best in the Central States where the climate is moderate, with an average annual temperature of 13° C (55° F), precipitation of 1020 to 1270 mm (40 to 50 in), and a frost-free season of about 180 days (6).

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Damaging Agents

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Wildfires seriously damage black oak trees by killing the cambial tissue at the base of the trees. This creates an entry point for decay fungi, and the end result is loss of volume because of heart rot. Trees up to pole size are easily killed by fire and severe fires may even kill sawtimber. Many of the killed trees sprout and form a new stand (6). However, the economic loss may be large unless at least some of it can be salvaged.

Oak wilt (Ceratocystis fagacearum) is a potentially serious vascular disease of black oak that is widespread throughout the eastern United States. Trees die within a few weeks after the symptoms first appear. Usually scattered individuals or small groups of trees are killed, but areas several hectares (acres) in size may be affected. The disease is spread from tree to tree through root grafts and over larger distances by sap-feeding beetles (Nitidulidae) and the small oak bark beetle (6).

Shoestring root rot (Armillaria mellea) attacks black oak and may kill trees weakened by fire, lightning, drought, insects, or other diseases. A root rot, Phytophthora cinnamomi, may kill seedlings in the nursery. Cankers caused by Strumella and Nectria species damage the holes of black oak but seldom kill trees. Foliage diseases that attack black oak are the same as those that typically attack species in the red oak group and include anthracnose (Gnomonia quercina), leaf blister (Taphrina spp.), powdery mildews (Phyllactinia corylea and Microsphaera alni), oak-pine rusts (Cronartium spp.), and leaf spots (Actinopelte dryina) (13).

Tunneling insects that attack the boles of black oak and cause serious lumber degrade include the carpenterworm (Prionoxystus robiniae), red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus), the twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus), the oak timberworm (Arrhenodes minutus), and the Columbian timber beetle (Corthylus columbianus) (3).

The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) feeds on foliage and is potentially the most destructive insect. Although black oaks withstood a single defoliation, two or three defoliations in successive years killed many trees in New Jersey (17). Other defoliators that attack black oak and may occasionally be epidemic are the variable oakleaf caterpillar (Heterocampa manteo), the orangestriped oakworm (Anisota senatoria), and the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea).

The nut weevils (Curculio spp.), gall-forming cynipids (Callirhytis spp.), filbertworm (Melissopus latiferreanus), and acorn moth (Valentinia glandulel1a) damage black oak acorns.

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Flowering and Fruiting

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Black oak is monoecious. The staminate flowers develop from leaf axils of the previous year and the catkins emerge before or at the same time as the current leaves in April or May. The pistillate flowers are borne in the axils of the current year's leaves and may be solitary or occur in two- to many-flowered spikes. The fruit, an acorn that occurs singly or in clusters of two to five, is about one-third enclosed in a scaly cup and matures in 2 years. Black oak acorns are brown when mature and ripen from late August to late October, depending on geographic location (28).

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Genetics

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Although races of black oak have not been identified, a study of 14 populations from southern Indiana to northern Michigan revealed morphological differences. Northern populations had smaller acorns with less cup cover, lighter yellow inner bark, smaller winter buds, and a more branching growth form than southern populations (21).

Black oak hybridizes readily with other species in the subgenus Erythrobalanus. The following named hybrids with Quercus velutina are recognized (19): Q. coccinea (Q. x fontana Laughlin); Q. ellipsoidalis (Q. x palaeolithicola Trel.); Q. falcata (Q. x pinetorum Moldenke); (Q. x willdenowiana (Dippel) Zabel); Q. ilicifolia (Q. x rehderi Trel.); Q. imbricaria (Q. x leana Nutt.); Q. incana (Q. x podophylla Trel.); Q. marilandica (Q. x bushii Sarg.); Q. nigra (Q. x demarei Ashe); Q. palustris (Q. x vaga Palmer & Steyerm.); Q. phellos (Q. x filialis Little); Q. rubra (Q. x hawkinsiae Sudw.); Q. shumardii (Q. x discreta Laughlin).

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Growth and Yield

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Black oak becomes physiologically mature at about 100 years of age, some individuals living 150 to 200 years. On the best sites black oak trees may reach 46 m (150 ft) in height and 122 cm (48 in) in d.b.h., but most mature trees are 18 to 24 in (60 to 80 ft) tall and 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 in) in d.b.h. (6).

Average diameter growth of black oak for a range of ages, sites, and stand conditions in the Central States was about 5 min (0.2 in) per year for 10 years. In West Virginia, dominant black oaks grew faster in diameter than scarlet, chestnut, and white oaks but slower than northern red oak (6).

Average growing space requirements for oaks in even-aged stands in which black oak is a major component have been determined by Gingrich (9). Competition for growing space in these stands begins at the level of stocking where the total available space is equal to the total of the maximum requirement of all the trees in the stand. This level of stocking is about 60 percent of the maximum stocking a site can support and is the lowest level of stocking at which the stand will fully utilize the site. The maximum amount of growing space a black oak tree can use is 33.3 m³ (358 ft³) for a tree 20 cm (8 in) in d.b.h. and 115 m³ (1,233 ft³) for a tree 51 cin (20 in) in d.b.h. The minimum growing space required for trees is 13.5 m² (145 ft²) and 64.8 m² (697 ft²), respectively.

Yields of unthinned, 80-year-old stands with black oak as a major component range from 75.6 m³ /ha (5,400 fbm/acre) on poor sites (site index 16.8 in (55 ft) at base age 50 years) to 175.0 m³ /ha (12,500 fbm/acre) on good sites (site index 22.9 in or 75 ft). Yields can be increased substantially by thinning regularly. At age 70, stands that are first thinned at age 20, with subsequent thinning at about 10-year intervals, yield from 102.9 m³/ha (7,350 fbm/acre) on poor sites to 278.3 m³ /ha (19,880/acre) on good sites (10).

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Reaction to Competition

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Black oak is classed as intermediate in tolerance to shade. It is less tolerant than many of its associates such as white and chestnut oaks, hickories, beech (Fagus grandifolia), maples, elm, and blackgum; it is more tolerant than yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), black cherry, and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata); and it is about the same as northern red oak and scarlet oak. Seedlings usually die within a few years after being established under fully stocked overstories. Most black oak sprouts under mature stands develop crooked stems and flat-topped or misshapen crowns. After the overstory is removed, only the large stems are capable of competing successfully. Seedlings are soon overtopped. The few that survive usually remain in the intermediate crown class (6,24,27).

Even-aged silvicultural systems satisfy the reproduction and growth requirements of black oak better than the all-aged or uneven-aged selection system (1,27). Under the selection system, black oak is unable to reproduce because of inadequate light. Stands containing black oak that are managed under the selection system will gradually be dominated by more shade-tolerant species.

Black oak responds well to release if the released trees are in the codominant or above-average intermediate crown classes. The best response is obtained if release cuttings or thinnings are begun before a stand is 30 years old. Trees in stands older than 30 years that have always been fully stocked generally have small crowns that have been restricted too long. These are unable to make efficient use of the growing space provided by release or thinnings. Thus response is not as good as in younger stands (25).

Ten years following release in an Arkansas study, diameter growth of 50-year-old black and northern red oak trees averaged 40 percent more than that of unreleased trees. Although the rate of diameter growth increased throughout the 10-year period, response was greater and more apparent ears 5-10.

Dormant buds are numerous on the holes of black oak trees. These buds may be stimulated to sprout and produce branches by mechanical pruning or by exposure to greatly increased light, as by thinning heavily or creating openings in the stand. Dominant trees are less likely to produce epicormic branches than those in the lower crown classes (6,25).

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Rooting Habit

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No information available.

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Seed Production and Dissemination

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In forest stands, black oak begins to produce seeds at about age 20 and reaches optimum production at 40 to 75 years. It is a consistent seed producer with good crops of acorns every 2 to 3 years. In Missouri, the average number of mature acorns per tree was generally higher than for other oaks over a 5-year period, but the number of acorns differed greatly from year to year and from tree to tree within the same stand (6).

The number of seeds that become available for regenerating black oak may be low even in good seed years. Insects, squirrels, deer, turkey, small rodents, and birds consume many acorns. They can eat or damage a high percentage of the acorn crop in most years and essentially all of it in poor seed years (6,26).

Black oak acorns from a single tree are dispersed over a limited area by squirrels, mice, and gravity (28). The blue jay may disperse over longer distances (7).

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Seedling Development

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Black oak will be present to the same extent in newly reproduced stands as it was as advance reproduction before harvest cutting. New seedlings established at or just before harvest cutting grow too slowly to compete with sprouts of other tree species and other vegetation (25,27). To compete successfully in new stands black oak stems must be 1.2 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) tall and have well-developed root systems. Success in reproducing black oak depends on creating conditions within mature stands that will result in seedling establishment and conditions favoring their survival and growth (1,26).

Black oak acorns germinate in the spring following seedfall. Germination is hypogeal (25,28). Most favorable conditions for germination occur when the acorns are in contact with or buried in mineral soil and covered with a light layer of litter. Acorns on top of the litter generally dry excessively during early spring and lose their viability before temperatures are favorable for germination. The primary root generally grows vigorously following germination (6,26). Seedlings can survive droughty conditions, but growth is slow or even ceases altogether. Black oak seedlings are more drought tolerant than northern red oak seedlings and about the same as white oak seedlings (29).

Light intensity appears to be critical to the survival and growth of black oak seedlings. Light intensity under forest stands is often very low at the level of the new seedlings (about 15 cm or 6 in). In Missouri, light intensity at this level in forest stands was 10 percent or less of that in nearby open areas. The black oak seedlings in this study averaged 9 cm (3.5 in) tall at age 4, the same as they averaged at age 1 (26).

Black oak seedlings that survive seldom remain true seedlings for more than a few years because drought, low light intensity, fire, animals, or mechanical agents kill the tops. Then, one or more dormant buds near the root collar produce new sprouts. This dieback and resprouting process can occur several times; thus the roots of black oak saplings may be 10 to 20 years older than the tops (27). Growth of black oak sprouts, like that of seedlings, is slow under forest stands. In Missouri, sprouts grew only 6 cm (2.4 in) in 4 years (26).

Shoot elongation of black oak is episodic. Multiple shoot-growth flushes occur in both seedlings and sprouts when light, temperature, and moisture conditions are favorable. Only one growth flush occurs on stems growing in a shaded understory. Periods of active shoot growth are followed by distinctive rest periods, during which most of the annual root elongation occurs (22).

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Soils and Topography

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In southern New England, black oak grows on cool, moist Orthod Spodosols. Elsewhere it occurs on warm, moist soils including Udalf Alfisols, Udoll Mollisols, Udult Ultisols, small areas of Udipsamment Entisols, Dystrochrept Inceptisols, and in extreme northeastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania on Fragiochrept Inceptisols.

The most widespread soils on which black oak grows are the Udalfs and Udolls (30). These soils are derived from glacial materials, sandstones, shales, and limestone and range from heavy clays to loamy sands with some having a high content of rock or chert fragments. Black oak grows best on welldrained, silty clay to loam soils.

Black oak grows on all aspects and slope positions. It grows best in coves and on middle and lower slopes with northerly and easterly aspects. It is found at elevations up to 1200 m (4,000 ft) in the southern Appalachians (6).

The most important factors determining site quality for black oak are the thickness and texture of the A horizon, texture of the B horizon, aspect, and slope position (2,4,13,20). Other factors may be important in localized areas. For example, in northwestern West Virginia increasing precipitation to 1120 mm (44 in) resulted in increased site quality; more than 1120 mm (44 in) had no further effect (2). In southern Indiana, decreasing site quality was associated with increasing slope steepness (13).

Near the limits of black oak's range, topographic factors may restrict its distribution. At the western limits black oak is often found only on north and east aspects where moisture conditions are most favorable. In southern Minnesota and Wisconsin it is usually found only on ridgetops and the lower two-thirds of south- and west-facing slopes (6).

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Special Uses

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Black oak acorns are an important food for squirrels, white-tail deer, mice, voles, turkeys, and other birds (11). In Illinois, fox squirrels have been observed feeding on black oak catkins (14). Black oak is not extensively planted as an ornamental, but its fall color contributes greatly to the esthetic value of oak forests.

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Vegetative Reproduction

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About 95 percent of the black oaks in newly reproduced stands created by clearcutting or final overstory removal are sprouts, either from advance reproduction or from stumps of cut trees (27). New sprouts from advance reproduction develop from dormant buds near the root collar when the old stems are cut or damaged during logging. These new sprouts grow rapidly and their height growth is related to the size of the old stem; the larger the old stem, the faster a new sprout will grow (23,24).

Stumps of black oaks sprout less frequently than those of northern red, scarlet, and chestnut oaks and with about the same frequency as those of white oak (25). A Missouri study showed that sprouting frequency for black oak stumps is related to site index, tree age, and stump diameter. Small stumps from young trees on good sites sprout most frequently while large stumps from old trees on poor sites sprout least frequently (16). Black oak stump sprouts grow rapidly: in Missouri the height of dominant and codominant stems averaged 3.5 m (11.4 ft) at age 5. The probability that a stump with a living sprout I year old will have at least one dominant or codominant sprout at age 5 is predictable from stump diameter and ranges from near 1.0 for 7.6 cm (3 in) stumps to about 0.15 for 76 cm (30 in) stumps. Black oak stump sprouts may be a valuable component of newly reproduced stands, particularly if they originate at ground level. The low-origin sprouts are less susceptible to rot entering from the parent stump than the high-origin sprouts. Many develop into trees of good quality (27).

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Brief Summary

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Fagaceae -- Beech family

Ivan L. Sander

Black oak (Quercus velutina) is a common, medium-sized to large oak of the eastern and midwestern United States. It is sometimes called yellow oak, quercitron, yellowbark oak, or smoothbark oak. It grows best on moist, rich, well-drained soils, but it is often found on poor, dry sandy or heavy glacial clay hillsides where it seldom lives more than 200 years. Good crops of acorns provide wildlife with food. The wood, commercially valuable for furniture and flooring, is sold as red oak. Black oak is seldom used for landscaping.

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Distribution

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Black oak is widely distributed from southwestern Maine west in New York to extreme southern Ontario, southeastern Minnesota, and Iowa; south in eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, central Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia (18,19).


-The native range of black oaks.


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Quercus velutina ( Azerbaijani )

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Quercus velutina (lat. Quercus velutina) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə


Bu şablona bax Palıd cinsinə aid növlər Q. griseaQ. oblongifoliaQ. acerifoliaQ. acutaQ. acutissimaQ. afaresQ. agrifoliaQ. albaQ. albocintaQ. alienaQ. alnifoliaQ. arizonicaQ. arkansanaQ. aucheriQ. austrinaQ. basaseachicensisQ. benthamiiQ. berberidifoliaQ. bicolorQ. boyntoniiQ. brandegeeiQ. brenesiiQ. brevilobaQ. buckleyiQ. bumelioidesQ. calliprinosQ. canariensisQ. castaneifoliaQ. cedrosensisQ. cerrioidesQ. cerrisQ. chapmaniiQ. chrysolepisQ. coahuilensisQ. cocciferaQ. coccineaQ. convallataQ. conzattiiQ. copeyensisQ. cornelius-mulleriQ. corrugataQ. costaricensisQ. cubanaQ. deliquescensQ. dentataQ. depressaQ. depressipesQ. deviaQ. diversifoliaQ. douglasiiQ. dumosaQ. durataQ. ellipsoidalisQ. emoryiQ. engelmanniiQ. excelsaQ. fagineaQ. falcataQ. flagelliferaQ. frainettoQ. fulvaQ. fusiformisQ. galeanensisQ. gambeliiQ. garryanaQ. georgianaQ. germanaQ. glaucaQ. glaucoidesQ. graciliformisQ. gravesiiQ. gulielmitreleaseiQ. havardiiQ. hemisphaericaQ. hintoniiQ. hintoniorumQ. humboldtiiQ. hypoxanthaQ. ibericaQ. ilexQ. ilicifoliaQ. imbricariaQ. invaginataQ. john-tuckeriQ. kelloggiiQ. laceyiQ. laevisQ. lamellosaQ. laurifoliaQ. libaniQ. liebmanniiQ. lobataQ. lusitanicaQ. lyrataQ. macdonaldiiQ. macdougalliiQ. macrantheraQ. macrocarpaQ. macrolepisQ. marilandicaQ. martineziiQ. michauxiiQ. miquihuanensisQ. mohrianaQ. mongolicaQ. muehlenbergiiQ. myrsinifoliaQ. nigraQ. oglethorpensisQ. oleoidesQ. pacificaQ. pagodaQ. palmeriQ. palustrisQ. peninsularisQ. perpallidaQ. petraeaQ. phellosQ. planipoculaQ. polymorphaQ. ponticaQ. praecoQ. praineanaQ. prinoidesQ. prinusQ. pubescensQ. pungensQ. purulhanaQ. rapurahuensisQ. roburQ. robustaQ. rubraQ. rugosaQ. rysophyllaQ. sadlerianaQ. sebiferaQ. shumardiiQ. skinneriQ. skutchiiQ. stellataQ. suberQ. subspathulataQ. tardifoliaQ. texanaQ. tomentellaQ. tonduziiQ. toumeyiQ. trojanaQ. turbinellaQ. undataQ. uxorisQ. vacciniifoliaQ. variabilisQ. velutinaQ. vincentensisQ. wislizeniQ. xalapensisQ. zempoaltepecanaQ. × alvordiana Inula britannica.jpeg İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Quercus velutina: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Quercus velutina (lat. Quercus velutina) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Quercus velutina ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Quercus velutina, Roure negre de l'Est., és una espècie del gènere Quercus dins de la família de les fagàcies. Està classificada en la secció dels roures vermells d'Amèrica del Nord, Centreamèrica i el nord d'Amèrica del Sud que tenen els estils llargs, les glans maduren en 18 mesos i tenen un sabor molt amarg. Les fulles solen tenir lòbuls amb les puntes afilades, amb truges o amb pues en el lòbul.

Distribució i hàbitat

És originari de l'Est d'Amèrica del Nord des del sud d'Ontàrio cap al sud fins al nord de Florida i el sud de Maine a l'oest fins al nord-est de Texas. És un arbre comú en les Indiana Dunes i altres ecosistemes dunars sorrencs al llarg de les costes meridionals del Llac Michigan.

Descripció

En la part septentrional de la seva zona de distribució, el roure negre de l'Est és un arbre relativament petit, aconseguint una altura de 20-25 m i un diàmetre de 90 cm, però creix més en el sud i centre de la seva zona de distribució, on es coneixen altures de fins a 42 m. El roure negre de l'Est és ben conegut per hibridar-s'hi fàcilment amb altres membres del grup de roures vermells (Quercus secció Lobatae) sent un parent en almenys una dotzena d'híbrids de nom diferent.

Les fulles del roure negre de l'Est estan col·locades alternativament en la branca i tenen una longitud de 10-20 cm amb 5-7 lòbuls apuntats separats per profundes osques en forma de U. La superfície superior, el feix, és d'un color verd fosc brillant, la inferior, el revés, és d'un marró groguenc. Hi ha també vellositats estavellades en la part inferior de la fulla que creix en grups.

L'escorça interior del roure negre de l'Est conté un pigment groc anomenat quercitron, que es venia comercialment a Europa fins als anys quaranta.

Taxonomia

Quercus velutina va ser descrita per Aylmer Bourke Lambert i publicat Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 721. 1785.[1]

Etimologia

Quercus: nom genèric del llatí que designava igualment al roure i a l'alzina.

velutina: epítet llatí

Sinonímia
  • Quercus coccinea var. nigrescens A.dc.
  • Quercus coccinea var. tinctoria (Bartram) A.dc.
  • Quercus discolor Aiton
  • Quercus leiodermis Ashe
  • Quercus magnifica Dippel
  • Quercus missouriensis Ashe
  • Quercus rubra var. tinctoria (Bartram) Kuntze
  • Quercus tinctoria Bartram
  • Quercus tinctoria Michx.[2][3]

Vegeu també

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Quercus velutina Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. «Quercus velutina». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. [Consulta: 18 desembre 2013].
  2. Quercus velutina en PlantList
  3. «Quercus velutina». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. [Consulta: 19 desembre 2013].
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Quercus velutina: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Quercus velutina, Roure negre de l'Est., és una espècie del gènere Quercus dins de la família de les fagàcies. Està classificada en la secció dels roures vermells d'Amèrica del Nord, Centreamèrica i el nord d'Amèrica del Sud que tenen els estils llargs, les glans maduren en 18 mesos i tenen un sabor molt amarg. Les fulles solen tenir lòbuls amb les puntes afilades, amb truges o amb pues en el lòbul.

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Dub sametový ( Czech )

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Dub sametový (Quercus velutina) je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky asi 25 metrů. Pochází z východních oblastí USA a v Česku je vzácně pěstován jako parkový strom. V minulosti byla borka dubu sametového významným zdrojem tříslovin a z kůry se získávalo žluté barvivo.

Popis

Dub sametový je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky 25, výjimečně až 50 metrů. Koruna je mohutná, široce rozložitá, v horní části nepravidelně protáhle polokulovitá. Borka je tmavě hnědá až černá, s hlubokými brázdami které jsou často rozpadlé na nepravidelné bloky. Vnitřní kůra je žlutá. Letorosty jsou tmavě hnědočervené, v prvním roce plstnaté, později olysávající. Koncové pupeny jsou vejcovité až elipsoidní nebo téměř kuželovité, 6 až 12 mm dlouhé, žlutohnědě nebo šedě chlupaté, na průřezu zřetelně pětiúhlé. Listy jsou vejčité až obvejčité, na bázi tupé až uťaté, na vrcholu špičaté až tupé. Čepel listů je 10 až 30 cm dlouhá a 8 až 15 cm široká, s 5 až 7 laloky a na okraji s 15 až 50 osinami. Mezi laloky jsou hluboké výkrojky. Listy jsou na líci tmavě zelené, lesklé a lysé, na rubu světle zelené, lysé s výjimkou malých chomáčků chlupů v paždí žilek nebo řídce chlupaté, zejména podél žilnatiny. Řapíky jsou 25 až 70 mm dlouhé, lysé nebo řídce chlupaté. Žaludy dozrávají druhým rokem, jsou téměř kulovité až vejcovité, 10 až 20 mm dlouhé a 10 až 18 mm široké, asi do poloviny kryté pohárkovitou až kuželovitou číškou. Číška je z vnitřní strany chlupatá.[2][3]

Rozšíření

Dub sametový je rozšířen ve východních oblastech USA, sporadicky zasahuje i do jihovýchodní Kanady (jižní Ontario). Roste zejména na suchých svazích a vrchovinách, v severnější části areálu i v nížinách na písčitých půdách. Vyskytuje se v nadmořských výškách 0 až 1500 metrů.[2] Je to poměrně rychle rostoucí dřevina, vyhledávající spíše písčité nevápenaté půdy, které mohou být i sušší.[4]

V oblastech společného výskytu se dub sametový kříží s jinými duby, zejména s dubem šarlatovým (Quercus coccinea), dubem srpovitým (Q. falcata), dubem cesmínolistým (Q. ilicifolia), dubem bahenním (Q. palustris), dubem červeným (Q. rubra), dubem vrbolistým (Q. phellos), dubem černým (Q. nigra) a dalšími druhy ze sekce Lobatae.[2]

Význam

Borka dubu sametového je bohatá na třísloviny a v minulosti byla důležitým zdrojem tříslovin pro vydělávání kůží. Z kůra bylo také získáváno žluté barvivo známé jako kvercitron. Severoameričtí indiáni používali dub sametový při ošetřování různých neduhů, jako je chronická úplavice, afty, chrapot, plicní potíže, horečky a podobně jako antiseptikum, tonikum a emetikum. [2]

Dub sametový je v Česku poměrně zřídka pěstován jako okrasná a parková dřevina. Je vysazen např. v Průhonickém parku[5] (pěkný solitérní exemplář je např. při cestě od Podzámeckého rybníka k Alpínu) a v zámeckém parku Sychrov.[3] Do Evropy byl zaveden v roce 1800.[4] Kultivar 'Albertsii' má velké listy (až 34 cm) s dlouhými řapíky a mělkými výkrojky.[3] Je uváděn např. ze sbírek Dendrologické zahrady v Průhonicích a z druhé části Průhonického parku, nazývané Obora.[5]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c d Flora of North America: Quercus velutina [online]. Dostupné online.
  3. a b c Dendrologie online: Quercus velutina [online]. Dostupné online.
  4. a b Oaks of the World: Quercus velutina [online]. Dostupné online.
  5. a b Florius - katalog botanických zahrad [online]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Dub sametový: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Dub sametový (Quercus velutina) je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky asi 25 metrů. Pochází z východních oblastí USA a v Česku je vzácně pěstován jako parkový strom. V minulosti byla borka dubu sametového významným zdrojem tříslovin a z kůry se získávalo žluté barvivo.

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Farveeg ( Danish )

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Farveeg (Quercus velutina), også skrevet Farve-Eg, er et stort, bredkronet træ med en opret, men kroget vækst. Træet plantes nu og da i parker og større haver på grund af det smukke høstløv.

Kendetegn

Farveeg er et stort, løvfældende træ med en kraftig stamme og tykke, krogede grene. Barken er først tæt hårklædt og rødlig. Senere bliver den lysegrøn og tyndere behåret, og gamle grene og stammer får efterhånden en grå og smalfuret bark. Knopperne sidder spredt, men tæt samlet mod skuddets endeknop. De er tæt dækkede af hvide hår og smalt kegleformede. Bladene er omvendt ægformede med dybt indskårne lapper og hel rand. I løvspringet er bladene tæt hårklædte og kobberfarvede. Senere er oversiden blank og mørkegrøn, mens undersiden gulbrun med spredte hårtotter. Høstfarven er rustbrun til klart rød. Blomstringen foregår samtidigt med løvspringet. De hanlige blomster er samlet i lange aks af reducerede blomster, mens de hunlige sidder nogle få sammen ved skudspidserne. Også de er reducerede. Frugterne er nødder (agern), som modner over 2 år. De er næsten kuglerunde og sidder i skællede bægre.

Træet når en højde på ca. 30 m og en bredde på 20 m, begge dele i hjemlandet.

Rodsystemet består af en kraftig pælerod og et vidt forgrenet net af hoved- og birødder. Underbarken indeholder et gult farvestof, quercitron, der har været brugt indtil 1940'erne.[1]

Udbredelse

Farveeg har sin naturlige udbredelse i den østlige halvdel af Nordamerika, dvs. fra Ontario i Canada til det østlige Texas i USA. Her indgår arten som et vigtigt led i de blandede skove og skovsavanner på en vedvarende fugtig, men veldrænet, lerrig morænejord.

I det nordvestlige Ohio fandtes den nævnte skovsavanne på det tidspunkt, da de europæiske nybyggere begyndte at opdyrke landet. Her voksede arten sammen med bl.a. amerikansk asp, amerikansk ceanothus, amerikansk hassel, amerikansk vortemælk, Aster oolentangiensis (en art af asters), bregnepors, Carex pensylvanica (en art af star), carolinarose, fåbladet lupin, Gaylussacia baccata (en art af bukkelbær), glansbladet hæg, gul farvebælg, hvideg, indianermonarda, kalkunfod, kantet sarsaparil, kopalsumak, lav blåbær, Lespedeza capitata og Lespedeza hirta (arter af Kløverbusk), Liatris aspera (en art af pragtskær), liden præriegræs, Lithospermum canescens og Lithospermum caroliniense (arter af stenfrø), orange silkeplante, Panicum lanuginosum (en art af hirse), Phlox pilosa (en art af floks), prærietandbælg, Rubus flagellaris (en art af brombær), sandkirsebær, skarlageneg, skarlagenjordbær, Solidago nemoralis (en art af Gyldenris), spinkel kambunke og sumpeg[2]

Anvendelse

Farveeg har været brugt for det gule farvestof i underbarken. Nu til dags bruges træer mest som prydtræ i større haver og parker.

Galleri

Farveeg.
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Vækstform.
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Frø
(agern).
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Nyudsprungne
blade.
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Kronebygning.

Noter

  1. ^ A. Martin og Z. Herbert: A Golden Guide Trees, 1987.
  2. ^ Lawrence G. Brewer og John L. Vankat: Description of Vegetation of the Oak Openings of Northwestern Ohio at the Time of Euro-American Settlement – en grundig gennemgang af datidens vegetationstyper i Ohio (på (engelsk))


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Farveeg: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Farveeg (Quercus velutina), også skrevet Farve-Eg, er et stort, bredkronet træ med en opret, men kroget vækst. Træet plantes nu og da i parker og større haver på grund af det smukke høstløv.

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Färber-Eiche ( German )

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Die Färber-Eiche (Quercus velutina), auch Quercitron-Eiche oder Schwarz-Eiche genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) in der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Wie der Trivialname Färber-Eiche schon sagt, handelt es sich um eine Färberpflanze.

Beschreibung

 src=
Laubblatt der Färber-Eiche.

Erscheinungsbild, Rinde und Laubblätter

Die Färber-Eiche wächst als laubabwerfender Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis zu 25 Metern erreicht. Die lohfarben oder grau flaumig behaarten Endknospen sind bei einer Länge von 6 bis 12 mm eiförmig oder ellipsoid bis fast konisch, im Querschnitt deutlich fünfkantig.

Die tief gefurchte, oft in unregelmäßige Blöcke zerbrochene Borke ist außen dunkelbraun über dunkelgrau bis fast schwarz, aber innen auffallend gelb bis orangefarben. Schon bei jungen Bäumen reißt die Borke in kleine Felder auf, und die gelbe Färbung darunter wird sichtbar. Die Rinde der Zweige ist rost-braun und kahl bis spärlich flaumig behaart.

Die wechselständig und spiralig an den Zweigen angeordneten Laubblätter weisen eine Länge von 12 bis 25 cm auf und sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Der 2,5 bis 7 cm lange Blattstiel ist kahl bis spärlich flaumig behaart. Die einfache mit einer Länge von (selten 8 bis) 10 bis 30 cm und einer Breite von 8 bis 15 cm eiförmige bis verkehrt-eiförmige Blattspreite mit ungleichseitiger, stumpfer bis gestutzter Spreitenbasis besitzt fünf bis neun Blattlappen mit tiefen Einbuchtungen und mit 15 bis 50 aufgesetzten, grannenartigen Spitzen am Blattrand. Auf der hellgrünen Blattunterseite treten die Hauptnerven deutlich hervor, dort ist sie etwas behaart, sonst ist sie kahl. Die dunkelgrüne Blattoberseite ist kahl und auch hier treten die Hauptnerven hervor.

Generative Merkmale

Die Färber-Eiche ist einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch).

Der mit einer Höhe von 7 bis 14 mm und einem Durchmesser von 12 bis 22 mm becher- bis kreiselförmige Fruchtbecher (Cupula) ist außen flaumig behaart und umhüllt die Hälfte der Eichel. Die über den Winter am Baum bleibende, kahle Eichel (Nussfrucht) ist mit einer Länge von 1 bis 2 cm und einem Durchmesser von 1 bis 1,8 cm fast kugelig bis eiförmig.

Die Chromosomengrundzahl beträgt n = 12 ± 1 und der diploide Chromosomensatz 2n = 24.

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Färber-Eiche liegt im östlichen Nordamerika. Sie kommt vor allem im südlichen Neuengland und in den mittleren Staaten wie Pennsylvania, Georgia, South- und North Carolina vor. Sie gedeiht hauptsächlich an trockenen Hängen und Hochflächen in Höhenlagen zwischen 0 und 1500 Meter.

Systematik

Der Artname Quercus velutina wurde durch Jean Baptiste de Monnet de Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al.: Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, 1, 1785, S. 721 erstveröffentlicht. Ein Synonym für Quercus velutina Lam. ist Quercus tinctoria W.Bartram. Quercus velutina gehört zur Sektion Lobatae in der Gattung Quercus.

Quercus velutina bildet Hybriden mit Q. coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis (= Q. ×paleolithicola Trelease), Q. falcata [= Q. ×willdenowiana (Dippel) Zabel und Q. ×pinetorum Moldenke)], Q. ilicifolia (= Q. ×rehderi Trelease), Q. imbricaria (= Q. ×leana Nuttall), Q. incana, Q. laevis und Q. laurifolia (= Q. ×cocksii Sargent; nicht überprüft wurden die Angaben von E.J.Palmer 1948 für die Hybriden mit Q. marilandica, Q. nigra, Q. palustris (= Q. × vaga E.J.Palmer & Steyermark), Q. phellos (= Q. ×filialis Little), Q. rubra, Q. shumardii und vielleicht Q. arkansana.

Nutzung

Die Rinde/Borke der Färber-Eiche wird zum Färben eingesetzt, wurde aber auch im Laufe der Geschichte in der Malerei als Farblack verwendet. Der gelbe Farbstoff ist das Flavon Quercetin (= Pentahydroxyflavon); er wird aus der inneren Rinde gewonnen. Im Handel wurde die gemahlene Rinde unter dem Namen „Quercitron“ (der aus Quercus für Eiche und citrina für gelb zusammengesetzt wurde) vertrieben. Es wurde zum Färben von Leder eingesetzt.[1]

Die indigenen Völker Nordamerikas nutzten die Färber-Eiche in ihrer Volksmedizin.[1]

Quellen

  • Kevin C. Nixon: Quercus. In: Flora of North America. Band 3, 1997, online (Abschnitt Beschreibung, Verbreitung und Systematik).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Kevin C. Nixon: Quercus. In: Flora of North America. Band 3, 1997, (online).

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Färber-Eiche: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Färber-Eiche (Quercus velutina), auch Quercitron-Eiche oder Schwarz-Eiche genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) in der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Wie der Trivialname Färber-Eiche schon sagt, handelt es sich um eine Färberpflanze.

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Quercitrono ( Ido )

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Quercitrono esas granda querko sempre-verda de la nordo regioni di Amerika, di qua la kortico donas materio tintala flava.

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Quercus velutina

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Quercus velutina, the black oak, is a species of oak in the red oak group (Quercus sect. Lobatae), native and widespread in eastern and central North America. It is sometimes called the eastern black oak.[4]

Quercus velutina was previously known as yellow oak due to the yellow pigment in its inner bark. It is a close relative of the California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) found in western North America.

Description

In the northern part of its range, Quercus velutina is a relatively small tree, reaching a height of 20–25 metres (66–82 feet) and a diameter of 90 centimetres (35 inches), but it grows larger in the south and center of its range, where heights of up to 42 m (138 ft) are known.

The leaves of the black oak are alternately arranged on the twig and are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long with 5–7 bristle-tipped lobes separated by deep U-shaped notches. The upper surface of the leaf is a shiny deep green, the lower is yellowish-brown. There are also stellate hairs on the underside of the leaf that grow in clumps.[5] Some key characteristics for identification include that leaves grown in the sun have very deep U-shaped sinuses and that the buds are velvety and covered in white hairs.[5][6]

Black oak is monoecious. The staminate flowers develop from leaf axils of the previous year and the catkins emerge before or at the same time as the current leaves in April or May. The pistillate flowers are borne in the axils of the current year's leaves and may be solitary or occur in two- to many-flowered spikes. The fruit, an acorn that occurs singly or in clusters of two to five, is about one-third enclosed in a scaly cup and matures in 2 years. Black oak acorns are brown when mature and ripen from late August to late October, depending on geographic location.

The fruits or acorns of the black oak are medium-sized and broadly rounded.[7] The cap is large and covers almost half of the nut.[5]

Habitat and distribution

Black oak is found in all the coastal states from Maine to Texas, inland as far as Michigan, Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas.[8]

It grows on all aspects and slope positions. It grows best in coves and on middle and lower slopes with northerly and easterly aspects. It is found at elevations up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the southern Appalachians. In southern New England, black oak grows on cool, moist soils. Elsewhere it occurs on warm, moist soils. The most widespread soils on which black oak grows are the udalfs and udolls. These soils are derived from glacial materials, sandstones, shales, and limestone and range from heavy clays to loamy sands with some having a high content of rock or chert fragments. Black oak grows best on well drained, silty clay to loam soils.

The most important factors determining site quality for black oak are the thickness and texture of the A horizon, texture of the B horizon, aspect, and slope position. Other factors may be important in localized areas. For example, in northwestern West Virginia increasing precipitation to 1,120 millimetres (44 in) resulted in increased site quality; more than 1,120 mm (44 in) had no further effect. In southern Indiana, decreasing site quality was associated with increasing slope steepness.

Near the limits of its range, topographic factors may restrict its distribution. At the western limits black oak is often found only on north and east aspects where moisture conditions are most favorable. In southern Minnesota and Wisconsin it is usually found only on ridge tops and the lower two-thirds of south- and west-facing slopes.

Ecology

Associated plant species

Common tree associates of black oak are white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa), bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis), and shagbark hickory (C. ovata); American elm (Ulmus americana) and slippery elm (U. rubra); white ash (Fraxinus americana); black walnut (Juglans nigra) and butternut (J. cinerea); scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), southern red oak (Q. falcata), and chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii); red maple (Acer rubrum) and sugar maple (A. saccharum); black cherry (Prunus serotina); and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica).

Common small tree associates of black oak include flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), redbud (Cercis canadensis), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), and American bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia). Common shrubs include Vaccinium spp., mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), sumac (Rhus spp.), and Viburnum spp. The most common vines are greenbrier (Smilax spp.), grape (Vitis spp.), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia).

Black oak is often a predominant species in the canopy of an oak–heath forest.[9][10]

Seed production and dissemination

In forest stands, black oak begins to produce seeds at about age 20 and reaches optimum production at 40 to 75 years. It is a consistent seed producer with good crops of acorns every 2 to 3 years. In Missouri, the average number of mature acorns per tree was generally higher than for other oaks over a 5-year period, but the number of acorns differed greatly from year to year and from tree to tree within the same stand.

The number of seeds that become available for regenerating black oak may be low even in good seed years. Insects, squirrels, deer, turkey, small rodents, and birds consume many acorns. They can eat or damage a high percentage of the acorn crop in most years and essentially all of it in poor seed years.

Black oak acorns from a single tree are dispersed over a limited area by squirrels, mice, and gravity. The blue jay may disperse over longer distances.

Response to competition

Black oak is classed as intermediate in tolerance to shade. It is less tolerant than many of its associates such as white and chestnut oaks, hickories, beech (Fagus grandifolia), maples, elm, and blackgum. However, it is more tolerant than yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), black cherry, and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). It is about the same as northern red oak and scarlet oak. Seedlings usually die within a few years after being established under fully stocked over stories. Most black oak sprouts under mature stands develop crooked stems and flat-topped or misshapen crowns. After the over story is removed, only the large stems are capable of competing successfully. Seedlings are soon overtopped. The few that survive usually remain in the intermediate crown class.

Even-aged silvicultural systems satisfy the reproduction and growth requirements of black oak better than the all-aged or uneven-aged selection system. Under the selection system, black oak is unable to reproduce because of inadequate light. Stands containing black oak that are managed under the selection system will gradually be dominated by more shade-tolerant species.

Dormant buds are numerous on the boles of black oak trees. These buds may be stimulated to sprout and produce branches by mechanical pruning or by exposure to greatly increased light, as by thinning heavily or creating openings in the stand. Dominant trees are less likely to produce epicormic branches than those in the lower crown class.

Damaging agents

Wildfires seriously damage black oak trees by killing the cambium at the base of the trees. This creates an entry point for decay fungi. The end result is loss of volume because of heart rot. Trees up to pole size are easily killed by fire and severe fires may even kill saw timber. Many of the killed trees sprout and form a new stand. However, the economic loss may be large unless at least some of it can be salvaged.

Oak wilt (Bretziella fagacearum) is a potentially serious vascular disease of black oak that is widespread throughout the eastern United States. Trees die within a few weeks after the symptoms first appear. Usually scattered individuals or small groups of trees are killed, but areas several hectares in size may be affected. The disease is spread from tree to tree through root grafts and over larger distances by sap-feeding beetles (Nitidulidae) and the small oak bark beetle.

Shoestring root rot (Armillaria mellea) attacks black oak and may kill trees weakened by fire, lightning, drought, insects, or other diseases. A root rot, Phytophthora cinnamomi, may kill seedlings in the nursery. Cankers caused by Strumella and Nectria species damage the holes of black oak but seldom kill trees. Foliage diseases that attack black oak are the same as those that typically attack species in the red oak group and include anthracnose (Gnomonia quercina), leaf blister (Taphrina spp.), powdery mildews (Phyllactinia corylea and Microsphaera alni), oak-pine rusts (Cronartium spp.), and leaf spots (Actinopelte dryina).

Tunneling insects that attack the boles of black oak and cause serious lumber degrade include the carpenter worm (Prionoxystus robiniae), red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus), the twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus), the oak timber worm (Arrenodes minutus), and the Columbian timber beetle (Corthylus columbianus).

The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) feeds on foliage and is potentially the most destructive insect. Although black oaks withstood a single defoliation, two or three defoliations in successive years kill many trees. Other defoliators that attack black oak and may occasionally be epidemic are the variable oak leaf caterpillar (Heterocampa manteo), the orange striped oakworm (Anisota senatoria), and the brown tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea).

The nut weevils (Curculio spp.), gall-forming cynipids (Callirhytis spp.), filbertworm (Melissopus latiferreanus), and acorn moth (Valentinia glandulella) damage black oak acorns.

Named hybrids involving black oak

Black oak is well known to readily hybridize with other members of the red oak (Quercus sect. Lobatae) group, being one parent in at least a dozen different named hybrids.[5]

Uses

The inner bark of the black oak contains a yellow-orange coloring from the pigment quercitron, which was sold commercially in Europe until the 1940s, and lending the species its former common name of yellow oak.[11]

References

  1. ^ Wenzell , K.; Kenny, L. (2015). "Quercus velutina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T194244A2305832. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194244A2305832.en. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  2. ^ Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de (1785). Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. Vol. 1. p. 721.
  3. ^ "Quercus velutina". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2016-04-27 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  4. ^ "Eastern Black Oak". www.bio.brandeis.edu.
  5. ^ a b c d Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus velutina". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 27 April 2016 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ Virginia Tech Department of Forestry fact sheet on Black Oak
  7. ^ Zim, Herbert S.; Martin, Alexander C. (1987). Trees: A Guide to Familiar American Trees. Golden Guides. Golden Books. ISBN 9780307240569.
  8. ^ "Quercus velutina". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  9. ^ The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups. (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010
  10. ^ Schafale, M. P. and Weakley, A. S. (1990). Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
  11. ^ Sander, Ivan L. (1990). "Quercus velutina". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2. Retrieved 18 November 2012 – via Southern Research Station.
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Quercus velutina: Brief Summary

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Quercus velutina, the black oak, is a species of oak in the red oak group (Quercus sect. Lobatae), native and widespread in eastern and central North America. It is sometimes called the eastern black oak.

Quercus velutina was previously known as yellow oak due to the yellow pigment in its inner bark. It is a close relative of the California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) found in western North America.

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Quercus velutina ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Quercus velutina, el quercitrón,[1]cuercitrón,[2]encina tintórea[2]​ o roble negro del este, es una especie del género Quercus dentro de la familia de las Fagaceae. Está clasificada en la Sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.

Distribución y hábitat

Es originario del Este de Norteamérica desde el sur de Ontario hacia el sur hasta el norte de Florida y el sur de Maine al oeste hasta el nordeste de Texas. Es un árbol común en las Indiana Dunes y otros ecosistemas dunares arenosos a lo largo de las costas meridionales del lago Míchigan.

Descripción

Quercus velutina 001.jpg

En la parte septentrional de su zona de distribución, el roble negro del Este es un árbol relativamente pequeño, alcanzando una altura de 20-25 m y un diámetro de 90 cm, pero crece más en el sur y centro de su zona de distribución, donde se conocen alturas de hasta 42 m. El roble negro del Este es bien conocido por hibridarse fácilmente con otros miembros del grupo de robles rojos (Quercus sección Lobatae) siendo un pariente en al menos una docena de híbridos de nombre diferente.

Las hojas del roble negro del Este están colocadas alternativamente en la rama y tienen una longitud de 10-20 cm con 5-7 lóbulos apuntados separados por hondas muescas en forma de U. La superficie superior, el haz, es de un color verde oscuro brillante, la inferior, el envés, es de un pardo amarillento. Hay también vellosidades estrelladas en la parte inferior de la hoja que crece en grupos.

La corteza interior del roble negro del Este contiene un pigmento amarillo llamado quercitron, que se vendía comercialmente en Europa hasta los años cuarenta.

Taxonomía

Quercus velutina fue descrita por Aylmer Bourke Lambert y publicado en Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 721. 1785.[3]

Etimología

Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.

velutina: epíteto latín

Sinonimia
  • Quercus coccinea var. nigrescens A.DC.
  • Quercus coccinea var. tinctoria (Bartram) A.DC.
  • Quercus discolor Aiton
  • Quercus leiodermis Ashe
  • Quercus magnifica Dippel
  • Quercus missouriensis Ashe
  • Quercus rubra var. tinctoria (Bartram) Kuntze
  • Quercus tinctoria Bartram
  • Quercus tinctoria Michx.[4][5]

Referencias

  1. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1 Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  2. a b Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.
  3. «Quercus velutina». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2013.
  4. Quercus velutina en PlantList
  5. «Quercus velutina». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 19 de diciembre de 2013.

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Quercus velutina: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Quercus velutina, el quercitrón,​ cuercitrón,​ encina tintórea​ o roble negro del este, es una especie del género Quercus dentro de la familia de las Fagaceae. Está clasificada en la Sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.

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Mustatammi ( Finnish )

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Mustatammi (Quercus velutina) on tammilaji, joka kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan itäosissa.[2] Intiaanit ovat käyttäneet sen sisäkuorta värjäykseen keltaisen värin aikaansaamiseksi.[3] Tätä Kversitroni-nimistä väriainetta on myyty laajasti Euroopassa ennen toista maailmansotaa, ja esimerkiksi saksankielinen nimi on Färber-Eiche, väritammi.

Mustatammi muodostaa usein hybridejä punatammen ja sen lähisukulaisten kanssa.

Lajikuvaus

 src=
Lehtiä

Mustatammi jää levinneisyysalueensa pohjoisoissa noin 20–25 metriä korkeaksi, mutta saattaa etelässä kasvaa yli 40-metriseksi. Lehtien yläpinta on kiiltävän vihreä, alapinta kellanruskea. Lehdet ovat 10–20 cm pitkät, ja niissä on 5–7 liuskaa, joita erottavat U:n muotoiset lovet.

Lähteet

  1. Kenny, L. & Wenzell , K.: Quercus velutina IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2015. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 1.10.2016. (englanniksi)
  2. Flora of North America
  3. Coloria.net

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Mustatammi: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Mustatammi (Quercus velutina) on tammilaji, joka kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan itäosissa. Intiaanit ovat käyttäneet sen sisäkuorta värjäykseen keltaisen värin aikaansaamiseksi. Tätä Kversitroni-nimistä väriainetta on myyty laajasti Euroopassa ennen toista maailmansotaa, ja esimerkiksi saksankielinen nimi on Färber-Eiche, väritammi.

Mustatammi muodostaa usein hybridejä punatammen ja sen lähisukulaisten kanssa.

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Quercus velutina ( French )

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Quercus velutina, le chêne noir, chêne des teinturiers ou Quercitron, est un chêne appartenant à la section des chênes rouges (Quercus sect. Lobatae), dans la famille des Fagaceae.

Description

Au nord de sa zone de répartition, il est relativement petit avec 20-25 mètres de haut et 90 cm de diamètre, alors qu'au sud, il peut atteindre jusqu'à 42 m[réf. nécessaire]. Le chêne noir est connu pour être facilement croisable avec d'autres variétés de chêne rouge. On compte actuellement au moins une douzaine d'hybrides différents.

Les glands sont petits et de formes arrondies. La cupule, qui couvre la moitié du fruit, est recouverte d'écailles. Les glands contiennent des substances toxiques (acide tannique, etc.) et ont déjà tué du bétail les ayant consommés en automne[1].

Les feuilles sont alternées sur le rameau. Elles font de 10 à 20 cm de long[réf. nécessaire] et possèdent entre 5 et 7 lobes hérissés séparés par des fentes en forme de U. La face supérieure est verte brillante alors que le bas de la feuille est de couleur brun-jaunâtre.

L'écorce intérieure de l'arbre contient un pigment jaune nommé quercitrine ou quercitrin qui fut vendu commercialement en Europe jusque les années 1940[réf. nécessaire].

Habitat

Il est originaire de toute la moitié orientale de l'Amérique du Nord, du sud de l'Ontario au nord de la Floride, et du sud du Maine au nord-ouest du Texas[2]. C'est un arbre commun dans les dunes de l'Indiana et dans les autres écosystèmes dunaires le long de la rive sud du lac Michigan.

On le trouve souvent dans les sols secs de type argileux ou sablonneux dans la majeure partie du reste de son aire de répartition[2].

Hybrides

Quercus velutina est l'un des parents des hybrides suivants :

 src=
Quercus velutina

Voir aussi

Notes et références

  1. (fr) « Quercus velutina, Chêne noir », scib.gc.ca (consulté le 10 avril 2008)
  2. a et b (en) « Quercus velutina, Black Oak », USDA (consulté le 10 avril 2008)
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Quercus velutina: Brief Summary ( French )

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Quercus velutina, le chêne noir, chêne des teinturiers ou Quercitron, est un chêne appartenant à la section des chênes rouges (Quercus sect. Lobatae), dans la famille des Fagaceae.

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Floseik ( Icelandic )

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Floseik (fræðiheiti: Quercus velutina) er eikartegund sem er útbreidd í austur og mið Norður Ameríku, í öllum strandríkjum frá Maine til Texas, og inn til lands til Michigan, Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, og austur Texas.[2]

Á norðurhluta svæðisins verður hún fremur lítið tré, 20 til 25 m há með bol að 90 sm í þvermál, en hún verður stærri í suðurhluta svæðisins þar sem hún hefur mælst að 42m há. Hún kynblandast auðveldlega við aðrar tegundir í í deildinni (Quercus sect. Lobatae).[3]

 src=
Börkur
Quercus velutina.jpg
 src=
Ný lauf eru þétthærð.

Nefndir blendingar undan floseik

Tilvísanir

  1. Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de (1785). Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. 1. p. 721. 721 Encyclopédie méthodique
  2. Quercus velutina County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2016.
  3. Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). Quercus velutina In Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 3. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 27 April 2016 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.

Ytri tenglar

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Floseik: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Floseik (fræðiheiti: Quercus velutina) er eikartegund sem er útbreidd í austur og mið Norður Ameríku, í öllum strandríkjum frá Maine til Texas, og inn til lands til Michigan, Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, og austur Texas.

Á norðurhluta svæðisins verður hún fremur lítið tré, 20 til 25 m há með bol að 90 sm í þvermál, en hún verður stærri í suðurhluta svæðisins þar sem hún hefur mælst að 42m há. Hún kynblandast auðveldlega við aðrar tegundir í í deildinni (Quercus sect. Lobatae).

 src= Börkur Quercus velutina.jpg  src= Ný lauf eru þétthærð.
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Quercus velutina ( Italian )

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Quercus velutina (Lamarck) è una quercia[1] originaria e diffusa nell'America settentrionale e centrale. Si trova in tutti gli stati costieri degli Stati Uniti, dal Maine al Texas, ma anche nell'entroterra fino al Michigan, Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma e Texas orientale.[2]

Note

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Quercus velutina: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Quercus velutina (Lamarck) è una quercia originaria e diffusa nell'America settentrionale e centrale. Si trova in tutti gli stati costieri degli Stati Uniti, dal Maine al Texas, ma anche nell'entroterra fino al Michigan, Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma e Texas orientale.

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Samtainais ozols ( Latvian )

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Samtainais ozols (latīņu: Quercus velutina) ir daudzgadīgs dižskābaržu dzimtas koks. Šis ozols savvaļā aug Ziemeļamerikas austrumdaļā. Koka augums ir mainīgs. Izplatības areāla ziemeļdaļā, samtainie ozoli ir vidēji lieli, sasniedz 20—25 m augstumu, areāla dienviddaļā koki ir lieli, līdz 42 m augstumam. Lapas ir 10—20 cm garas ar 5—7 smailām daivām. Lapu virspuse ir spilgti zaļa, apakšpuse dzeltenbrūna. Zīles nelielas.

Samtainie ozoli viegli krustojas ar citiem Lobatae grupas ozoliem, veidojot hibrīdus.

Samtaino ozolu miza satur dzelteno pigmentu (kvercitrīnu), kuru līdz 1940. gadiem eksportēja uz Eiropu.

Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Samtainais ozols
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Fargeeik ( Norwegian )

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Fargeeik (Quercus velutina) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige deler av Nord-Amerika.

Den blir opptil 25 meter høy. Barken er mørkegrå og er først glatt og senere tett furet i små, frikantete flak. Bladstilken er gul og 25–70 mm lang. Bladene er omvendt lansettformede med 3–4 dype, brede fliker på hver side. De er 10–30 cm lange og 8–15 cm brede. Oversiden er mørkegrønn og undersiden gulbrun. Nøttene bruker 1,5 år på å bli modne, og nøtteskåla dekker halvparten av nøtta.

Fargeeik danner skog sammen med kviteik og rødeik. Andre trær den vokser sammen med er svinehickory, kvithickory, bitterhickory, skihickory, kvitalm, rødalm, kvitask, svartvalnøtt, smørvalnøtt, skarlageneik, rødlønn, sukkerlønn, romhegg og sumptre. Vanlige små trær og busker er blomsterkornell, syretre, sassafras, virginiahumlebøk, amerikajudastre, Asimina triloba, tresøtmispel, Staphylea trifolia, bærlyng, virginiatrollhassel, nebbhassel, sumak og korsved. De vanligste klatreplantene er Smilax, vin, giftsumak og klatrevillvin.

Nordgrensen for utbredelsen går fra sørvestre Maine gjennom New York, sørligste Ontario, sørøstre Minnesota og Iowa. Vestgrensen går gjennom østre Nebraska, østre Kansas, sentrale Oklahoma og østre Texas. Den finnes sørover til Louisiana og nordvestlige Florida, men mangler stort sett i Mississippi-dalen og på den sørlige kystsletta.

Fargeeik er et viktig tømmertre, men blir sjelden plantet i hager og parker. Barken er rik på tanniner og ble brukt til garving. Et gult fargestoff kan utvinnes av barken.

Åmene til den innførte sommerfuglen løvskognonne (Lymantria dispar) kan snauspise bladverket. Fargeeik overlever et enkelt angrep, men hvis åmene kommer tilbake to eller tre ganger dør ofte treet. En annen innført sommerfugl, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, kan også gjøre mye skade.

Galleri

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Fargeeik: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Fargeeik (Quercus velutina) er et løvfellende tre som vokser i østlige deler av Nord-Amerika.

Den blir opptil 25 meter høy. Barken er mørkegrå og er først glatt og senere tett furet i små, frikantete flak. Bladstilken er gul og 25–70 mm lang. Bladene er omvendt lansettformede med 3–4 dype, brede fliker på hver side. De er 10–30 cm lange og 8–15 cm brede. Oversiden er mørkegrønn og undersiden gulbrun. Nøttene bruker 1,5 år på å bli modne, og nøtteskåla dekker halvparten av nøtta.

Fargeeik danner skog sammen med kviteik og rødeik. Andre trær den vokser sammen med er svinehickory, kvithickory, bitterhickory, skihickory, kvitalm, rødalm, kvitask, svartvalnøtt, smørvalnøtt, skarlageneik, rødlønn, sukkerlønn, romhegg og sumptre. Vanlige små trær og busker er blomsterkornell, syretre, sassafras, virginiahumlebøk, amerikajudastre, Asimina triloba, tresøtmispel, Staphylea trifolia, bærlyng, virginiatrollhassel, nebbhassel, sumak og korsved. De vanligste klatreplantene er Smilax, vin, giftsumak og klatrevillvin.

Nordgrensen for utbredelsen går fra sørvestre Maine gjennom New York, sørligste Ontario, sørøstre Minnesota og Iowa. Vestgrensen går gjennom østre Nebraska, østre Kansas, sentrale Oklahoma og østre Texas. Den finnes sørover til Louisiana og nordvestlige Florida, men mangler stort sett i Mississippi-dalen og på den sørlige kystsletta.

Fargeeik er et viktig tømmertre, men blir sjelden plantet i hager og parker. Barken er rik på tanniner og ble brukt til garving. Et gult fargestoff kan utvinnes av barken.

Åmene til den innførte sommerfuglen løvskognonne (Lymantria dispar) kan snauspise bladverket. Fargeeik overlever et enkelt angrep, men hvis åmene kommer tilbake to eller tre ganger dør ofte treet. En annen innført sommerfugl, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, kan også gjøre mye skade.

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Dąb barwierski ( Polish )

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Dąb barwierski (Quercus velutina Lam.) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae). Występuje we wschodniej i środkowej części Ameryki Północnej. Rośnie we wszystkich stanach nadbrzeżnych Stanów Zjednoczonych od Maine na północy do Teksasu na południu, a wewnątrz kraju w Minnesocie, Nebrasce, Kansas i Oklahomie. Na terenie Kanady spotkamy go jedynie w południowej części Ontario[2].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Dorasta do 30 m wysokości. Korona szeroka i rozłożysta. Gałęzie sztywne, lekko skierowane do góry.
Pień
Kora ciemnobrązowa pokryta bruzdami.
Liście
Sztywne, grube, eliptyczne do 25 cm długości i 15 cm szerokości. Najczęściej złożone z siedmiu zaostrzonych klap. Z góry ciemnozielone, od spodu jaśniejsze z delikatnym brązowym owłosieniem u zbiegu nerwów[4].
Kwiaty
Męskie w postaci kotków z żółtymi pręcikami, żeńskie na krótkich szypułkach, pojedynczo lub w grupach.
Owoce
Czerwonobrązowe żołędzie 2,5 cm długości, w głębokich miseczkach[4].

Biologia i ekologia

Roślina wiatropylna kwitnąca wczesną wiosną. Rośnie w miejscach suchych i na zboczach górskich. W Appalachach spotykany do wysokości 1200 m n.p.m.

Nazewnictwo

Nazwa nawiązuje do dużego stężenia taniny w wewnętrznych warstwach kory, której używa się do barwienia skór i tkanin na żółto bądź brązowo[4][5]. W Ameryce znany jest jako eastern black oak (wschodni czarny dąb) lub po prostu jako black oak (czarny dąb).

Zastosowanie

  • Rdzenni Amerykanie używali dębu barwierskiego w celach leczniczych na niestrawność, biegunki, środek antyseptyczny i wymiotny[6].
  • W garbarstwie i przemyśle farbiarskim.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2013-05-14].
  2. a b Quercus velutina (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2013-05-14].
  3. The Plant List. [dostęp 2013-05-14].
  4. a b c Russel, Cutler, Walters: Ilustrowana encyklopedia Drzewa Świata. Kraków: Universitas, 2008, s. 155. ISBN 97883242-0842-5.
  5. Kremer B.: Drzewa. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 1996, s. 126. ISBN 83-7129-141-8.
  6. Quercus velutina (ang.). Flora in North America, 2011.12.15. [dostęp 2013-05-14].
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Dąb barwierski: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Dąb barwierski (Quercus velutina Lam.) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae). Występuje we wschodniej i środkowej części Ameryki Północnej. Rośnie we wszystkich stanach nadbrzeżnych Stanów Zjednoczonych od Maine na północy do Teksasu na południu, a wewnątrz kraju w Minnesocie, Nebrasce, Kansas i Oklahomie. Na terenie Kanady spotkamy go jedynie w południowej części Ontario.

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Дуб чорний ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

На півночі чорний дуб — відносно невисоке дерево, що досягає висоти тільки 20–25 м і діаметра стовбура 90 см, але на півдні та в центрі ареалу досягає 42 м заввишки. Цвітіння відбувається навесні. Кора від темно-коричневого до чорного кольору, глибоко борозенчаста, гребені часто розбиваються на блоки неправильної форми, внутрішня кора жовтого або оранжевого кольору. Галузки темно-червонувато-коричневі, (1,5-) 2,5–4,5 (-5) мм діам., голі або з рідкими волосками. Верхівкові бруньки яйцеподібні або еліпсоїдо-субконічні, 6-12 мм, помітно 5-куті в поперечному перерізі, рудувато-коричнево або сіро опушені. Листовий черешок 25–70 мм, голий з рідкісним опушенням. Листова пластинка від яйцевидої до оберненояйцевидої, (80) 100—300 × 80–150 мм; поверхня абаксіально (звернена в сторону від стовбура рослини) блідо-зеленого кольору, гола за винятком маленьких пахвових клаптиків повсті або з розсіяним опушенням; поверхня адаксіально (звернений до стебла рослини) глянцева, темно-зелена, гола. Жолуді бувають раз на два роки, чашка форми чашки або перевернутого конуса, 7–14 мм заввишки × 12–22 мм завширшки й охоплює 1/2 горіха. Горіх від майже кулястого до яйцеподібного, 10–20 × 10–18 мм.

Поширення

Дерево рідне для східної Північної Америки від Онтаріо на півночі до Флориди на півдні та від Мена на заході до північно-східного Техасу на заході, хоча у невеликій кількості зустрічається майже на всій території Північної Америки. Це загальне дерево дюн Індіани та інших екосистем піщаних дюн південних берегів озера Мічиган, хоча на решті ареалу воно не так поширене. Висота проживання: 0–1500 м.

Використання

Кора цього виду (кверцітрон) багата дубильними речовинами і колись була важливим джерелом цих хімічних речовин, які використовуються для дублення шкіри. Корінні американці використовували Quercus velutina в лікувальних цілях при проносі, хронічному коліті, виразках у роті, ознобі й гарячці, болю в очах, а також як тонізуючий засіб, антисептик.

Галерея

Джерела


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Quercus velutina ( Vietnamese )

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Quercus velutina là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Lam. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1785.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Quercus velutina. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


Bài viết Họ Cử này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Quercus velutina: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Quercus velutina là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Lam. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1785.

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Дуб бархатистый ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Порядок: Букоцветные
Семейство: Буковые
Подсемейство: Буковые
Род: Дуб
Вид: Дуб бархатистый
Международное научное название

Quercus velutina Lam., 1783

Синонимы
Список
Quercus discolor Aiton
Quercus leiodermis Ashe
Quercus missouriensis Ashe
Quercus tinctoria Bartram
Quercus tinctoria Michx.
Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
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ITIS 19447NCBI 500452EOL 1151197GRIN t:30770IPNI 296899-1TPL kew-175672

Дуб бархатистый (лат. Quercus velutina) — вид рода Дуб (Quercus) семейства Буковые (Fagaceae), относится к красным дубам.

Распространение и экология

Родина вида — восток Северной Америки: от Онтарио на севере до Флориды на юге и от южного Мэна на западе до северо-восточного Техаса на западе, хотя небольшими группами встречается почти на всей территории Северной Америки.

Растёт в лесах на сухой почве. Это основное дерево для дюн Индианы и прочих экосистем песчаных дюн южных берегов озера Мичиган, хотя в остальной части ареала оно не так распространено. Высота проживания до 1500 м.

Введён в культуру в Англии в 1800 году, встречается в культуре в Западной Европе. В России первое введение в культуру — 1843 году в Никитском саду, где не прижился. Есть в Батумском ботаническом саду и в Весело-Боковеньковском парке на Украине.

Описание

На севере ареала относительно невысокое листопадное дерево, достигающее высоты 20-25 м и диаметра ствола 90 см. На юге и в центре ареала достигает 42 м в высоту. Крона цилиндрическая с закруглённым верхом. Кора от темнобурого до почти чёрного цвета, с глубокими бороздами, гребни часто разбиваются на блоки неправильной формы, на молодых стволах гладкая темнобурая. Внутренние слои коры жёлтого или оранжевого цвета. Побеги красно-бурые, толщиной в (1,5)2,5–4,5(5) мм, с бурым войлочным опушением, значительно или полностью сходящим в течении лета.

Верхушечные почки густо-войлочно опушенные, яйцевидные или эллипсо-субконечные, длиной 6-12 мм, выражено 5-угольные в поперечном сечении, рыжевато-коричневые, опушка седого окраса. Листовой черешок 25-70 мм, голый с редким опушением. Листья яйцевидной или обратнояйцевидой формы, длиной (80)100-300 и шириной 80-150 мм. Листовая пластинка с глубокими широкими выемками с каждой стороны и 2-3 лопастями, из которых верхняя значительно крупнее нижних, по краю крупновыемчато-зубчатые или почти выемчато-лопастные, с зубцами, заканчивающимися длинным остистым окончанием и со сравнительно короткой и широкой выемчато-зубчатой, или на конце неглубоко-лопастной, конечной лопастью. Листва при распускании ярко-красная, затем становится серебристого цвета, при полном развитии переходит к зелёному окрасу и осенью приобретает оранжево-красный цвет. Абаксиальная сторона бледно-зелёного цвета, более-менее войлочно опушена по всей поверхности и особенно по жилкам и в углах между ними; адаксиальная — глянцевая, тёмно-зелёная, голая.

Пыльниковые серёжки длиной 10-15 см, пестичные цветки и плоды почти сидячие или на коротком толстом плодоносе, одиночные или по два.

Плюска в форме глубокой чашки или перевёрнутого конуса, 7-14 мм высотой на 12-22 мм в ширину, покрыта овальными светлокоричневыми, несколько отстоящими, чешуями, голыми или мелко опушенными, и охватывает до ½ ореха. Орех коричневый почти шаровидный или яйцеподобный, тонко опушенный, 10-20 мм высотой и 10-18 мм шириной. Жёлуди созревают на второй год — с конца августа до конца октября, в зависимости от географического положения..


  • Quercus velutina 001.jpg
  • Quercus velutina 002.jpg
  • Quercus velutina acorns.jpg
  • Quercus velutina leaves.jpg
  • Quercus velutina illustration.svg

Название

В США более известен, как «чёрный дуб»[2] (англ. black oak), реже — «eastern black oak», для отличения от имеющего такое же «укороченное» обиходное название дуба вида Quercus kelloggii («калифорнийский чёрный дуб», англ. California black oak). Ранее этот вид был известен также как «жёлтый дуб» (англ. yellow oak), благодаря окрасу внутренних слоёв коры, однако сейчас это название закрепилось за видом Quercus muehlenbergii[en] (англ. chinkapin oak).[3]

Применение

Кора этого вида (кверцитрон) богата дубильными веществами и некогда была важным источником этих химических веществ, которые используются для дубления кожи. Используется для получения жёлтой краски.

Коренные американцы использовали Quercus velutina в лечебных целях при расстройства желудка, хронической дизентерии, язвах во рту, ознобе и лихорадке, боли в глазах, а также как тонизирующее средство, антисептик.

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. не следует путать с дубом вида Дуб чёрный, растущего в южной части ареала этого вида, но значительно отличающегося от него и называемого в США «водным дубом» (англ. water oak)
  3. Sander, Ivan L. Quercus velutina : [англ.] // Silvics of North America : [англ.] : энцикл. : in 2 vol. / Burns, Russell M. ; Honkala, Barbara H.. — Washington, D.C. : United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1990. — Vol. 2 : Hardwoods.
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Дуб бархатистый: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Дуб бархатистый (лат. Quercus velutina) — вид рода Дуб (Quercus) семейства Буковые (Fagaceae), относится к красным дубам.

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