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American Hazel

Corylus americana Walter

Comments

provided by eFloras
Corylus americana is a weedy species, sometimes considered a pest in carefully managed forests. The nuts are smaller but of the same general quality and flavor as commercial filberts ( Corylus maxima Miller and C . colurna Linnaeus).

Native Americans used Corylus americana medicinally for hives, biliousness, diarrhea, cramps, hay fever, childbirth, hemorrhages, prenatal strength, and teething, to induce vomiting, and to heal cuts (D. E. Moerman 1986).

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Shrubs , open, upright, rounded, to 3(--5) m. Bark light gray, smooth. Branches ascending; twigs pubescent, covered with bristly glandular hairs. Winter buds containing inflorescences broadly ovoid, 3--4 × 3--4 mm, apex obtuse to rounded. Leaves: petiole pubescent, densely glandular-bristly. Leaf blade broadly ovate, often with straight sides and slight lobes near apex, giving them squarish appearance, 5--16 × 4--12 cm, moderately thin, base narrowly cordate to narrowly rounded, margins sharply serrate or obscurely doubly serrate, apex abruptly to long-acuminate; surfaces abaxially sparsely to moderately pubescent, velutinous to tomentose along major veins and in vein axils. Inflorescences: staminate catkins lateral along branchlets on very short shoots, usually in clusters of 1--2, 4--8 × 0.5--0.8 cm; peduncles mostly 1--5 mm. Nuts in clusters of 2--5, sometimes partially visible; bracts much enlarged, leaflike, distinct nearly to base, slightly longer than to 2 times length of nuts, apex deeply and irregularly laciniate; bract surfaces downy-pubescent, abaxially stipitate-glandular. 2 n = 22, 28.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
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visit source
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eFloras

Distribution

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Man., Ont., Sask.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., La., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
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Flowering/Fruiting

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Flowering very early spring.
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copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
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Habitat

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Moist to dry open woods and thickets, hillsides, roadsides, fencerows, and waste places; 0--750m.
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copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
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Synonym

provided by eFloras
Corylus americana var. altior Farwell; C. americana var. indehiscens E. J. Palmer & Steyermark; C. americana var. missouriensis A. de Candolle
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
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visit source
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Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hazelnut
Americam hazel
American filbert
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bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: shrub

American hazelnut is a large, deciduous, rhizomatous shrub from 3 to 10
feet (1-3 m) tall [5,9].  It has a straight trunk with spreading,
ascending branches, and can form dense thickets. The leaves are 3 to 5
inches (8-12 cm) long.  The male catkins are 8 inches (20 cm) long,
straight, slender, and regularly spaced along the upper stem.  The
female flowers are tiny, almost completely enclosed by bracts, and near
the end of the twigs.  The nuts are enclosed in two leafy
bracts [20,28].  The roots are typically in the upper 6 inches (15 cm)
of soil [6].  Some of the smaller roots run vertically toward the
surface and branch profusely into very fine laterals [34].
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hazelnut occurs from Maine west to Saskatchewan, south to eastern
Oklahoma, east to Georgia, and north through New England [5,17,31].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: top-kill

Low- to moderate-severity fires top-kill American hazelnut [7].  It
survives fire by sprouting from rhizomes [7,10].

The underground roots and rhizomes can survive low- to moderate-severity
fires when the humus is moist.  They are relatively shallow, however,
and are vulnerable to fire when the humus is dry and combustible [6].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: basal area, cover, density, fire management, fire regime, forb, forest, fuel, herbaceous, litter, low-severity fire, natural, phenology, potential natural vegetation, potential natural vegetation group, prescribed fire, presence, restoration, series, severity, tree, woodland

In areas where fire has been excluded, a heavy density of American hazelnut
has developed, suppressing desirable tree species and contributing to
fuel buildup [10,21].

Repeated summer fires inhibit the ability of American hazelnut to sprout by
exposing and damaging underground stems and roots and exhausting stored
food reserves.  Single fires may eliminate American hazelnut if humus is
sufficiently dry to be completely consumed [6].


FIRE CASE STUDY:
Effects of repeated prescribed fires at Cedar Creek Natural History Area, Minnesota






FIRE CASE STUDY CITATION:



Fryer, Janet L., compiler. 2007.
Effects of repeated prescribed fires at Cedar Creek Natural History Area, Minnesota.
In: Corylus americana.
In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/corame/all.html#FireCaseStudies [
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months[7] = "August";
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months[9] = "October";
months[10] = "November";
months[11] = "December";
var date = new Date();
var year = date.getFullYear();
var month = date.getMonth();
var day = date.getDate();
document.write(year+", "+months[month]+" "+day);
].


SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE STUDY:



This Fire Case Study contains information on the following species:

Common name Scientific name
American hazelnut Corylus americana



FIRE CASE STUDY REFERENCE:



Unless otherwise indicated, the information in this Fire Case Study comes from the following
paper:

Axelrod, A. N.; Irving, F. D. 1978. Some effects of prescribed fire at Cedar
Creek Natural History Area. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science. 44(2):
9-11. [3].



STUDY LOCATION:



Prescribed burning was conducted on the Cedar Creek Natural History Area in Anoka and Isanti counties, Minnesota.



SITE DESCRIPTION:



The study sites are on Anoka sand plain upland soils, with fine sands in the
Sartell and Zimmerman series. Topography is generally level [3].



PREFIRE PLANT COMMUNITY:



Cedar Creek Natural History Area contains bur oak-northern pin oak-quaking aspen (Quercus macrocarpa-Q.
ellipsoidalis-Populus tremuloides) woodlands [35],
marshlands, and old fields. The study sites were on the oak woodlands.
American hazelnut clones dominated the understory, and there was an herbaceous ground layer.
Based on the unburned control plots, prefire American hazelnut density was approximately
11 stems/milacre [3].



Study sites are classified in
the following plant community and likely experienced the historic fire regime
described below:


Fire regime information on the vegetation community in which American
hazelnut occurs in this study. Fire regime characteristics are taken from the
LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment Vegetation Model
[38]. This vegetation model was developed
by local experts using available literature, local data,
and expert opinion as documented in the .pdf file linked from the
Potential Natural Vegetation Group listed below.Vegetation Community (Potential Natural Vegetation Group)
Fire severity*
Fire regime
characteristics
Percent of fires
Mean interval
(years)
Minimum interval
(years)
Maximum interval
(years)
Northern oak savanna Replacement 4% 110 50 500
Mixed 9% 50 15 150
Surface or low 87% 5 1 20

*Fire Severities:
Replacement=Any fire that causes greater than 75% top removal of a vegetation-fuel type,
resulting in general replacement of existing vegetation; may or may not cause a lethal effect on the plants.

Surface or low=Any fire that causes less than 25% upper layer replacement and/or
removal in a vegetation-fuel class but burns 5% or more of the area.

Mixed=Any fire burning more than 5% of an area that does not qualify as a replacement, surface, or low-severity fire;
includes mosaic and other fires that are intermediate in effects
[36,37].




SPECIES PHENOLOGY:



American hazelnut phenology was not described. American hazelnut was probably
rapidly elongating its stems
during the spring fires and flowering during the summer fires.



FIRE SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION:



Spring/low and moderate severity

Summer/moderate severity



FIRE DESCRIPTION:



Fire Management Objective:
Various repeat prescribed fire treatments were conducted to open stand structure in Cedar Creek's
oak woodland. Prescribed burning was conducted over
an 8-year period. The specific management objective was to reduce American hazelnut presence
in the understory.

Fire prescription and behavior:
Four fire treatment sites and an unburned control were selected for this study.
Prescribed burning was conducted annually or on fire-and-rest cycles. A total of
19 prescribed fires were conducted on the 4 burn units. Seventeen of the fires
were conducted in spring, with the earliest fire on 11 April 1969 and the latest
on 16 May 1972. Surface fuels were oak litter and grasses (Poaceae). Fires on
spring-burned sites were conducted before green-up, when surface fuels were mostly or completely
cured. The majority of the prescribed fires were of moderate severity and fairly continuous; however,
Site 3 experienced 2 low-severity, patchy summer fires before the moderate-severity
April 1969 fire gave satisfactory fire continuity. April and May fires were ignited
in the late afternoon, usually after 5:00 p.m., 3 to 10 days after measurable precipitation. 
Strip head fires were used.

Stocking and treatment dates of prescribed-burn
sites on Cedar Creek, MN
Site Treatment Area (acres) 1972 basal area (ft?) Rx fire dates
Site 1 7 burns in 8 years 27 70 4 May 1965,
25 April 1966,
11 April 1967,
26 April 1968,

12 May 1969,
12 April 1971,
16 May 1972
Site 2 8 burns in 8 years 25 42 4 May 1965,
13 April 1966,
5 May 1967,
26 April 1968,

12 May 1969,
4 May 1970,
3 May 1971,
25 April 1972
Site 3 3 burns in 7 years 10 64 30 August 1966,
6 September 1967,
23 April 1969
Site 4 1 burn in 5 years 27 61 14 May 1969
Site 5 unburned control not provided 60 no recent fires

Weather conditions on days of burning ranged as follows:

Weather conditions and fire behavior for the
Cedar Creek burns
Air temperature Relative humidity Windspeed Rate of spread Fuel consumption Flame height* Depth of flame front*
56-91 ?F 26%-72% 1-20 mph 8-15 ft/min 917-6,500 lbs/acre ~2 in-3 ft <1ft in grass fuels

~3 feet in thick oak litter


*Flame height and flame front measures are for
spring fires only. These measures were not provided for the summer fire on
Site 3.

Green-up had begun on some sites burned in late spring,, so herbaceous surface fuels were only
partially cured. These late spring fires burned at lower severities, had slower
rates of spread, and produced more smoke than the other spring fires.


FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES:



All the spring fires top-killed American hazelnut clones. Duration of flame
contact with American hazelnut stems was usually less than 1 minute, which was
enough to kill the cambium of aboveground stems. American hazelnut stems on
sites with heavy concentrations of fallen branches and other downed woody debris
from wind-damaged oaks remained in direct contact with flames for as long as 10
minutes. Effects of this longer-burning woody debris on American hazelnut's
underground system were not noted. Effects of the fires on stand structure
and American hazelnut growth are shown below.

Overstory density and American hazelnut density,

height, and biomass on study plots in the 4th
postfire growing season. Data are means (SD).
Treatment Oak overstory basal area (ft/acre) American hazelnut basal area (stems/0.001 acre) Stem height* (inches) Stem biomass (g)
Site 1 (7 burns in 8 years) 70 (46) 19.2 (4.6) 16 (6.1) 16.3 (3.6)
Site 2 (8 burns in 8 years) 42 (68) 19.9 (8.4) 18 (6.1) 30.6 (16.4)
Site 3 (3 burns in 7 years) 64 (39) 8.0 (2.7) 34 (14) 117 (92.2)
Site 4 (1 burn in 5 years) 61 (51) 10.0 (6.2) 30 (9.4) 92.1 (49.4)
Site 5 (unburned control) 60 (44) 11.0 (4.6) 33 (14.2) 150.4 (85.3)
*For American hazelnut stem
height, data are the means of the longest stem on each of 218 plots.

Statistical analyses showed no significant differences (P=0.05 for all
study measures) between either American hazelnut density or stem height on Sites 1 and 2, the annual
burn treatments. Similarly, there were no significant differences in stem
density or stem height between Sites 3 and 4, the treatments with rest years between fire
treatments. Data for the 2 annual fire treatments were therefore pooled and
compared to pooled data for the 2 fire-and-rest treatments. American
hazelnut stocking was significantly denser on annually burned plots (Sites 1 and
2) compared to fire-and-rest plots (Sites 3 and 4), and American hazelnut stems
were significantly taller on fire-and-rest plots (Sites
3 and 4) compared to annually burned plots. The authors attribute
these differences to age variation in American hazelnut stems. Annually burned plots had
only even-aged, 1-year-old stems. As time since fire increased on fire-and-rest plots,
even-aged stems from the first postfire growing season were
augmented with younger, shorter stems.

Both annual fire and fire-and-rest treatments initially reduced American
hazelnut stem density and height compared to the control; however, by fourth
growing season following 1 to 3 fires, there were no significant differences
between American hazelnut density, stem height, or biomass on fire-and-rest
plots compared to unburned plots. However, the series of annual fires
approximately doubled American hazelnut density and reduced mean stem height to
about one-half that of American hazelnut stems on unburned plots. Stems on
unburned plots were older and larger than stems on burned plots, so biomass of
unburned stems was approximately
4 times more than biomass of stems on annually burned plots.



FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS:



Fire management objective: The
series of annual fires successfully controlled American hazelnut.
Although density increased, the proportion of the understory occupied by
American hazelnut was less due to reductions in height and biomass. Fire-and-rest
treatments did not control
American hazelnut.

Statistical analyses of the effects of the various fire treatments on the oak
overstory were not provided. Based on overstory oak basal area, overstory stand structures
were similar on fire-and-rest plots and control plots. The Site 1 annual burn
plots had greater oak density than the fire-and-rest and control plots, while
overstory density on the Site 2 annual burn plots was less than fire-and-rest
and control plots. Further burning treatments on Cedar Creek and restoration
fires on similar oak woodland/American hazelnut sites may help explain discrepancies in these study results.

Fire control of American hazelnut:
The authors recommend repeated burning on a
regular schedule to restore and maintain oak savannas. Field observations by the
authors suggested that grass and forb cover increased where American
hazelnut height and biomass were reduced by annual burning.

The effect of repeated fires on American hazelnut was temporary, however. In this study,
American hazelnut regained most of its prefire
biomass by the fourth postfire growing season on fire-and-rest sites. Axelrod and Irving [3]
predict that if burning is conducted at less than 7-year intervals, American hazelnut will completely
regain its prefire height and biomass. The results of this study suggest that a
schedule of annual or nearly annual fires provides optimal American hazelnut control.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: forest

American hazelnut occurs along streams, hedgerows, meadows, woodlands,
roadsides, and forest margins.  It grows best on rich, moist,
well-drained soils [20,31,34]

Common understory associates of American hazelnut include shagbark hickory
(Carya ovata), raspberry (Rubus spp.), smooth sumac (Rhus glabra),
chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), arrowwood (Viburnum rafinesquianum),
eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), and dogwood (Cornus spp.)
[1,2,10].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

     1  Jack pine
     5  Balsam fir
    12  Black spruce
    13  Black spruce - tamarack
    14  Northern pin oak
    15  Red pine
    16  Aspen
    17  Pin cherry
    18  Paper birch
    20  White pine - northern red oak - red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    22  White pine - hemlock
    23  Eastern hemlock
    24  Hemlock - yellow birch
    25  Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
    26  Sugar maple - basswood
    27  Sugar maple
    30  Red spruce - yellow birch
    31  Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
    32  Red spruce
    35  Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
    39  Black ash - American elm - red maple
    40  Post oak - blackjack oak
    42  Bur oak
    43  Bear oak
    44  Chestnut oak
    51  White pine - chestnut oak
    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak
    53  White oak
    55  Northern red oak
    57  Yellow-poplar
    58  Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
    59  Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
    60  Beech - sugar maple
    62  Silver maple - American elm
    76  Shortleaf pine - oak
    78  Virginia pine - oak
   108  Red maple
   110  Black oak
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES11  Spruce - fir
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

   K081  Oak savanna
   K093  Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K099  Maple - basswood forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K101  Elm - ash forest
   K103  Mixed mesophytic forest
   K104  Appalachian oak forest
   K106  Northern hardwoods
   K108  Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
   K112  Southern mixed forest
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The leaves, twigs, and catkins of American hazelnut are browsed by deer and
moose [11,24].  The nuts are eaten by small mammals, northern bobwhite,
ruffed grouse and other large birds, and deer [19.20].  Beaver eat the bark
[20].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: codominant, forest, shrub

American hazelnut is a dominant or codominant shrub in maple-basswood
(Acer-Tilia) forests of Wisconsin and Minnesota [12].  In Nebraska,
American hazelnut is a dominant shrub in the ecotone of forest and prairie
[1,33].  It is a dominant understory species in jack pine (Pinus
banksiana), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), trembling aspen (Populus
tremuloides), and northern pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) communities of
northern Wisconsin [4].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
license
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bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hazelnut often competes with hardwoods and pines for light and
moisture [25,27].  Because of shading and
aggressive growth, it has long
been recognized as a major deterrent to the successful regeneration of
upland conifers [6]. American and beaked
hazelnut (C. cornuta) are
responsible for much of the failure of red pine (Pinus resinosa)
regeneration in Minnesota [13].

American hazelnut can be controlled with herbicides [22,25].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hazelnut has a fairly high protein and energy value.  Percentage
composition (dry weight) of the nuts is as follows [32]:

     crude protein       25.81
     crude fiber          2.10
     available protein   23.25
     calcium              0.28
     phosphorus           0.39
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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     AL  AR  GA  IL  IN  IA  KS  KY  LA  ME
     MD  MA  MI  MN  MS  MO  NH  NJ  NY  NC
     ND  OH  OK  PA  RI  SC  SD  TN  VT  VA
     WV  WI  MB  ON  PQ  SK
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hazelnut has been cultivated as an ornamental since 1798.  It is
also commercially cultivated for nut production.  The sweet nuts may be
eaten raw or ground and made into a cakelike bread [31].  The nuts were
used by Native Americans to flavor soups [16].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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More info on this topic.

The flowers of American hazelnut are formed in the summer and open the
following spring, before the leaves emerge.  By late summer or early
fall, the fertilized flowers develop into fruits [5].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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More info for the terms: fire regime, rhizome, secondary colonizer, seed, shrub

   Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
   Secondary colonizer - off-site seed

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in
which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the term: seed

American hazelnut reproduces both sexually and asexually.  It begins
producing seed after the first year, and produces good seed crops
every 2 to 3 years.  Seed dispersal is chiefly by mammals or birds [5].

Vegetative Reproduction:  The most important mode of reproduction of
American hazelnut is from rhizomes [6].  The large, woody rhizomes are 4 to
6 inches (10-15 cm) below the surface.  Rhizomes give rise to new shoots
1 to 2 feet (30-60 cm) from the parent plant [34].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

   14  Great Plains
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: forest

American hazelnut is shade tolerant [33].  It can grow under a light
intensity of 15 percent or less; even as low as 1 percent [1].  It is a
mid-seral species, and is usually absent in old-growth forest
communities [2].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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More info for the term: fern

The currently accepted scientific name for American hazelnut is Corylus
americana Walt. [17,31]. Two subspecific taxa based on morphological
differences are found in southwestern Missouri and southeastern Kansas:
C. a. var. indehiscens Palm. & Steyerm. and C. a. forma missouriensis
(A. DC.) Fern. [18].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Corylus americana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Avellaner americà ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

L'avellaner americà (Corylus americana) és una espècie d'arbust o arbre del gènere Corylus nativa de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord.[1]

És un arbust de mida mitjana a gran i en certes condicions és un arbret. Les seves múltiples tiges li donen una forma esfèrica. Les seves núcules són comestibles i maduren al setembre-octubre. Atrauen les espècies de caça.

Encara que prefereix el ple sol pot créixer dins una ombra parcial però en aquest cas el creixement i la collita d'avellanes es redueixen molt.

Arriba a fer 4 m d'alt i s'adapta a diversos tipus de sòls i de pH però creix millor en sòls ben drenats.

Ecologia

Les seves avellanes són cercades per esquirols, cérvols i diversos tipus d'ocells. Els aments mascles són també aliment de l'ocell Bonasa umbellus durant l'hivern.

Usos

 src=
Fruits de Corylus americana

Les seves avellanes són comestibles, però massa petites respecte a les cultivades Corylus maxima,[1][2] Corylus colurna,[1] Corylus avellana,[2] i els seus híbrids[2]). També hi ha híbrids cultivats entre C. americana i C. avellana que combinen els fruits grossos de la segona espècie amb la resistència de l'avellaner americà als fongs com Cryptosporella anomala.[2]

Els indoamericans feien servir l'avellaner americà com a medicinals.[3]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Avellaner americà Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1. Corylus americana Walter, Flora of North America
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 "Filbert", Hortus Third, 1976, pàg. 479, ISBN 0-02-505470-8
  3. Corylus americana Marshall, GRIN Taxonomy for Plants



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Avellaner americà: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

L'avellaner americà (Corylus americana) és una espècie d'arbust o arbre del gènere Corylus nativa de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord.

És un arbust de mida mitjana a gran i en certes condicions és un arbret. Les seves múltiples tiges li donen una forma esfèrica. Les seves núcules són comestibles i maduren al setembre-octubre. Atrauen les espècies de caça.

Encara que prefereix el ple sol pot créixer dins una ombra parcial però en aquest cas el creixement i la collita d'avellanes es redueixen molt.

Arriba a fer 4 m d'alt i s'adapta a diversos tipus de sòls i de pH però creix millor en sòls ben drenats.

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Amerikansk hassel ( Danish )

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Amerikansk hassel (Corylus americana) er en stor, løvfældende busk med spiselige nødder. Planten kendes i Danmark kun fra botaniske haver og større parker.

Indholdsfortegnelse

Kendetegn

Amerikansk Hassel er en stor, løvfældende busk med en tæt, efterhånden halvkugleformet vækst. Under gunstige betingelser kan enkelte individer udvikle sig til små træer. Barken er først lysegrøn og besat med klæbrige hår, så bliver den rødbrun med lyse barkporer, og til sidst er barken lysegrå og glat. Knopperne sidder spredt, og de er ægformede og hårklædte med tydelig spids. Bladene er ægformede eller ovale med hjerteformet grund, groft og dobbelt savtakket rand og lang spids. Høstfarven er gylden og rustrød. Blomstringen foregår i foråret, dvs. før løvspring, og de hanlige blomster er samlet i hængende rakler, mens de hunlige sidder sammen i hovedagtige stande. Frugterne er nødder, som sidder samlet i en tæt klynge (omtrent som hos tyrkisk hassel).

Rodsystemet består af mange, højtliggende hovedrødder (de fleste inden for de øverste 15 cm af jorden. Finrødderne vokser lodret op og danner et tæt rodfilt[2]. Nødderne er velsmagende, men noget mindre end nøder af Almindelig Hassel.

Planten bliver op til 5 m høj og bred, men ofte er den dog noget mindre, når den vokser uden for sit naturlige udbredelsesområde.

Hjemsted

Amerikansk Hassel har sin naturlige udbredelse i det østlige USA og Canada, hvor den er knyttet til flodbredder, skovbryn, lysninger, hvor der er humusrig, veldrænet og næringsrig jord.

Mellem Lake Manitoba i den sydlige ende af delstaten Manitoba, Canada, og statsgrænsen ind mod North Dakota, USA, findes tidligere prærie med bevoksninger, hvor urter og buske er blandet med enkelte træer. Her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. Almindelig Særkrone, amerikansk nældetræ, amerikansk snabelkalla, Asclepias verticillata (en art af silkeplante), blodurt, Bouteloua curtipendula (en art af moskitogræs), Cornus alternifolia (en art af kornel), dunet steffensurt, Fraxinus nigra (en art af Ask), Sisyrinchium campestre (en art af blåøje), Verbena bracteata (en art af jernurt) og virginsk ærenpris[3]

Galleri

Amerikansk Hassel.
 src=
Blad.
 src=
Frugter.

Noter


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Amerikansk hassel: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Amerikansk hassel (Corylus americana) er en stor, løvfældende busk med spiselige nødder. Planten kendes i Danmark kun fra botaniske haver og større parker.

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Amerikanische Hasel ( German )

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Die Amerikanische Hasel[1] oder Amerikanische Haselnuss[2] (Corylus americana) ist ein großer Strauch aus der Familie der Birkengewächse und ähnelt der europäischen Gewöhnlichen Hasel (Corylus avellana). Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Kanada und im Osten der USA.

Beschreibung

 src=
Blätter

Die Amerikanische Hasel ist ein 3 Meter, selten bis 5 Meter hoher Strauch mit hellgrauer, glatter Rinde und drüsig behaarten jungen Trieben. Die Winterknospen sind breit eiförmig, 3 bis 4 Millimeter lang und ebenso breit mit abgerundeter Spitze. Die Blätter haben einen 0,8 bis 1,5 Zentimeter langen, behaarten Stiel. Die Blattspreite ist 5 bis 16 Zentimeter lang und 4 bis 12 Zentimeter breit, breit eiförmig, kurz zugespitzt mit herzförmiger oder abgerundeter Basis und unregelmäßig doppelt gesägtem Blattrand. Die Blattoberseite ist etwas, die Unterseite weich behaart. Die männlichen Blüten sind in 4 bis 8 Zentimeter langen und 0,5 bis 0,8 Zentimeter durchmessenden Kätzchen angeordnet. Die Nüsse wachsen in Gruppen von zwei bis fünf. Sie sind kugelig, 1,5 Zentimeter dick und von einer doppelt so langen, unregelmäßig gelappten und an der Basis zusammengewachsenen, blattartigen Hülle umgeben.[3][4]

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 22.[5]

Verbreitung und Standort

Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Ontario, Manitoba und Saskatchewan in Kanada über die Mitte und den Osten bis in den Südosten der USA.[6] Dort wächst sie in artenarmen Wäldern bis in 750 Metern Höhe[4] auf mäßig trockenen bis frischen, schwach sauren bis alkalischen, nährstoffreichen Böden an sonnigen bis halbschattigen, kühl-ausgeglichenen Standorten. Die Art ist frosthart und stadtklimaverträglich, meidet jedoch sandige und tonige Untergründe.[3]

Systematik

Die Amerikanische Hasel (Corylus americana) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Haseln (Corylus) in der Familie der Birkengewächse (Betulaceae). Sie wird der Sektion Corylus, Untersektion Corylus zugeordnet. Sie wurde 1785 durch Thomas Walter erstbeschrieben.

Verwendung

Die Amerikanische Hasel wird nur selten forstwirtschaftlich genutzt. Sie wird wegen ihrer Früchte als Zierpflanze verwendet und dient auch als Bienenweide.[3] Die Nüsse sind kleiner aber von ähnlicher Qualität wie die kommerziell kultivierter Sorten (Corylus maxima und Corylus colurna).[4]

Nachweise

Literatur

  • Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 222.
  • Steve Cafferty: Kosmos-Atlas Bäume der Welt. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-440-10983-0, S. 138.

Einzelnachweise

  1. deutscher Name nach Steve Cafferty: Kosmos-Atlas Bäume der Welt
  2. deutscher Name nach Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze
  3. a b c Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 222
  4. a b c Corylus americana. In: Flora of North America Vol. 3. www.eFloras.org, abgerufen am 28. Januar 2012 (englisch).
  5. Corylus americana bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  6. Corylus americana. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, abgerufen am 28. Januar 2012 (englisch).

Weblinks

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Amerikanische Hasel: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Amerikanische Hasel oder Amerikanische Haselnuss (Corylus americana) ist ein großer Strauch aus der Familie der Birkengewächse und ähnelt der europäischen Gewöhnlichen Hasel (Corylus avellana). Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Kanada und im Osten der USA.

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Corylus americana

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Corylus americana, the American hazelnut[1] or American hazel,[2] is a species of deciduous shrub in the genus Corylus, native to the eastern and central United States and extreme southern parts of eastern and central Canada.[1][3]

Description

The American hazelnut grows to a height of roughly 2.5 to 5 m (8 to 16 ft),[4] with a crown spread of 3 to 4.5 m (10 to 15 ft). It is a medium to large shrub, which under some conditions can take the like of a small tree. It is often multi-stemmed with long outward growing branches that form a dense spreading or spherical shape. It spreads by sending up suckers from underground rhizomes 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) below the surface.[5]

It blooms in very early[1] to mid spring,[6] producing hanging male (staminate) catkins 4 to 8 cm (1+12 to 3+14 in) long, and clusters of 2–5 tiny female (pistillate) flowers enclosed in the protective bracts of a bud, with their red styles sticking out at the tip.[1][7] The male catkins develop in the fall and remain over the winter. Each male flower on a catkin has a pair of bracts and four stamens.[6][8]

American hazelnut produces edible nuts that mature at a time between July and October. Each nut is enclosed in two leaf-like bracts[8] with irregularly laciniate margins.[1]

Ecology

The nuts produced by American hazelnut are a mast of squirrels, deer, turkey, woodpeckers, pheasants and other animals. The male catkins are a food staple of ruffed grouse throughout the winter.

Uses

The nuts are edible raw,[9] although smaller than the more commonly cultivated filberts (Corylus maxima,[1][10] Corylus colurna,[1] Corylus avellana,[10] and hybrids thereof).[10]

Native Americans used Corylus americana for medicinal purposes.[1]

Cultivation

Corylus americana is cultivated as an ornamental plant for native plant gardens, and in wildlife gardens to attract and keep fauna in an area. There are cultivated hybrids of Corylus americana with Corylus avellana which aim to combine the larger nuts of the latter with the former's resistance to a North American fungus Cryptosporella anomala.[10]

It is a medium to fast-growing species, that suckers moderately, eventually producing a multi-stemmed, clump appearance.

It adapts well to a range of soil pH and types, but does best on well-drained loams. American hazelnut prefers full sun for best growth and development. Though it can grow and persist in partial shade, plant density and fruit production are greatly reduced.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Furlow, John J. (1997). "Corylus americana". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  2. ^ "Corylus americana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  3. ^ "Corylus americana". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  4. ^ "Corylus americana". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  5. ^ Coladonato, Milo (1993). "Corylus americana". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  6. ^ a b Hilty, John (2020). "American Hazelnut (Corylus americana)". Illinois Wildflowers.
  7. ^ Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). "Corylus americana (American Hazelnut)". Minnesota Wildflowers.
  8. ^ a b Furlow, John J. (1997). "Corylus". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  9. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  10. ^ a b c d Bailey, Liberty Hyde; Bailey, Ethel Zoe (1976). Hortus third : a concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan. p. 479. ISBN 0-02-505470-8. OCLC 2513407.

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Corylus americana: Brief Summary

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Corylus americana, the American hazelnut or American hazel, is a species of deciduous shrub in the genus Corylus, native to the eastern and central United States and extreme southern parts of eastern and central Canada.

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Corylus americana ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Corylus americana, el avellano americano, es una especie del género Corylus que es originaria del este de Norteamérica.

 src=
Detalle de las flores

Descripción

Es un arbusto de tamaño mediano a grande que bajo determinadas condiciones pueden asumir la forma de un árbol pequeño. A menudo es un arbusto con diversos estemas con muchas ramas largas que crecen hacia afuera y adoptan una forma esférica y densa.

El avellano americano crece en un arbusto de muchos estemas fuertes, con nueces comestibles que maduran en los meses de septiembre y octubre. Los entusiastas de la vida salvaje lo plantan para atraer y mantener caza en la zona.

Los avellanos americanos prefieren el pleno sol para un mejor crecimiento y desarrollo. Aunque puede crecer y persiste en sombra parcial, la densidad de plantas y producción de frutos quedan grandemente reducidas. Es una especie de crecimiento medio o rápido.

El avellano americano crece hasta una altura de 2,40 a 3,50 metros. La especie se adapta bien a una variedad de suelos en cuanto a sus tipos y pH, pero lo hace mejor en margas bien drenadas.

Ecología

Las avellanas producidas por el avellano americano son un alimento de ardillas, ciervo, pavo, pájaros carpinteros, faisanes y otros animales. Los amentos masculinos son un alimento básico para el grévol engolado a lo largo del invierno. Las nueces son comestibles crudas, [1]​ aunque más pequeñas que las avellanas más comúnmente cultivadas. Los nativos americanos usaban a Corylus americana con fines medicinales. Las avellanas se usan también en pasteles, galletas y velas.

Taxonomía

El género fue descrito por Thomas Walter y publicado en Flora Caroliniana, secundum... 236. 1788.[2]​ La especie tipo es:

Sinonimia
  • Corylus calyculata Dippel
  • Corylus humilis Willd.
  • Corylus serotina Dippel
  • Corylus virginiana Dippel[3][4]

Referencias

  1. Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009). Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414. Parámetro desconocido |orig-year= ignorado (ayuda)
  2. «Corylus americana». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 2 de septiembre de 2013.
  3. Corylus americana en PlantList
  4. «Corylus americana». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 2 de septiembre de 2013.

Bibliografía

  1. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  2. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
  3. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  5. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  6. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  7. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  8. Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  9. Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 59. xix + 724.
  10. Ward, D. B. 2007. Thomas Walter typification project, IV: neotypes and epitypes for 43 Walter names, of genera A through C. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(2): 1091–1100.

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Corylus americana: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Corylus americana, el avellano americano, es una especie del género Corylus que es originaria del este de Norteamérica.

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Noisetier d'Amérique ( French )

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Corylus americana

Le Noisetier d'Amérique (Corylus americana) est une espèce végétale de la famille des Betulaceae qui est native de l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord, dans l'Est du Canada et l'Est des États Unis.

Description

Cet arbre à croissance rapide atteint une hauteur de 3 mètres et une largeur d'1,5 mètre.

Rustique, il a un enracinement superficiel et ne se plait pas dans les sols lourds. Il préfère l'exposition au soleil ou à mi-ombre.

Son fruit est une noisette légèrement aplatie.

Écologie

Les noix produites par le noisetier d'Amérique sont une source de nourriture pour les écureuils, les cerfs, les pics bois, les faisans et d'autres animaux. Le chaton est une nourriture de choix pour la gélinotte huppée durant l'hiver.

Notes et références

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Noisetier d'Amérique: Brief Summary ( French )

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Corylus americana

Le Noisetier d'Amérique (Corylus americana) est une espèce végétale de la famille des Betulaceae qui est native de l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord, dans l'Est du Canada et l'Est des États Unis.

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Corylus americana ( Italian )

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Corylus americana Walter, 1788 è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia Betulaceae.[1]

Descrizione

 src=
Piccoli amenti femminili a forma di bocciolo e amenti maschili pendenti

La pianta raggiunge un'altezza di circa 2,5 – 5 m,[2] con una corona sparsa da 3 a 4,5 m. È un arbusto di dimensioni medio-grandi, che in alcune condizioni può assumere le caratteristiche di un piccolo albero. È spesso multi-stelo con lunghi rami che crescono verso l'esterno, formano un cespuglio denso o una forma sferica. Si diffonde inviando i polloni dai rizomi sotterranei da 10 a 15 cm sotto la superficie.[3]

 src=
Noci racchiuse in brattee fogliari

Fiorisce molto presto[4] a metà primavera,[5] producendo amenti maschi (staminati) appesi lunghi da 4 a 8 cm e gruppi di 2-5 minuscole femmine (pistillo) fiori racchiusi nelle brattee protettive di un bocciolo, con i loro stili rossi che spuntano sulla punta.[6] Gli amenti maschili si sviluppano in autunno e rimangono durante l'inverno. Ognuno ha un paio di brattee e quattro stami.[5]

La nocciola americana produce noci commestibili che maturano in un periodo compreso tra luglio e ottobre. Ciascun nocciola è racchiusa in due brattee a forma di foglia[7] con margini irregolarmente lacinosi.[7]

Note

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Corylus americana: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Corylus americana Walter, 1788 è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia Betulaceae.

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Corylus americana ( Latin )

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Corylus americana (binomen a Thoma Walter anno 1788 statutum) est species plantarum florentium generis Coryli et familiae Betulacearum in America septentrionali sponte virens, cuius fructus ad comedendum colliguntur.

Notae


Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores

Nexus externi

Wikidata-logo.svg Situs scientifici: TropicosGRINITISPlant ListNCBIBiodiversityEncyclopedia of LifePlant Name IndexIUCN Red ListFlora of North AmericaUSDA Plants Database Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Corylus americana" apud Vicispecies.
Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Corylum americanam spectant.
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Corylus americana: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Corylus americana (binomen a Thoma Walter anno 1788 statutum) est species plantarum florentium generis Coryli et familiae Betulacearum in America septentrionali sponte virens, cuius fructus ad comedendum colliguntur.

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Corylus americana ( Vietnamese )

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Corylus americana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Betulaceae. Loài này được Walter mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.[1] Corylus americana là một loài cây lá rụng phát triển dưới dạng cây bụi; Nó có nguồn gốc ở miền đông Bắc Mỹ, ở phía đông Canada và phía Đông Hoa Kỳ; Nó đã được phân loại trong chi Corylus.

Mô tả

Cây trồng phát triển đến độ cao khoảng 2,5 m đến 5 m (8-16 feet), với tán cây lan rộng từ 3 m đến 4,5 m. Đây là cây bụi từ trung bình đến lớn, trong một số điều kiện có thể giống như một cây nhỏ. Nó thường có nhiều nhánh với các nhánh phát triển ra ngoài dài tạo thành hình dạng dãn rộng hoặc hình cầu. Quả có hạt ăn được đã trưởng thành vào khoảng thời gian từ tháng 7 đến tháng 10, chúng được bọc trong những cuống có lá giống như lá phủ.

Sinh thái học

Các loại hạt của loài này là thức ăn của sóc, hươu, gà tây, chim gõ kiến, bồ nông và các động vật khác. Hoa đực là thức ăn của Bonasa umbellus

suốt mùa đông. 

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Corylus americana. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Cử (Fagales) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Corylus americana: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Corylus americana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Betulaceae. Loài này được Walter mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788. Corylus americana là một loài cây lá rụng phát triển dưới dạng cây bụi; Nó có nguồn gốc ở miền đông Bắc Mỹ, ở phía đông Canada và phía Đông Hoa Kỳ; Nó đã được phân loại trong chi Corylus.

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Лещина американская ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Порядок: Букоцветные
Семейство: Берёзовые
Подсемейство: Лещиновые
Род: Лещина
Вид: Лещина американская
Международное научное название

Corylus americana Marsh.

Ареал

изображение

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ITIS 19506NCBI 78632EOL 1147600GRIN t:104856IPNI 295439-1TPL kew-47831

Лещина американская (лат. Corylus americana) — вид листопадных деревянистых кустарников и деревьев рода Лещина (Corylus) семейства Берёзовые (Betulaceae).

Ценный осенний декоративный кустарник, когда листва приобретает красивую красно-коричневую окраску. В культуре в Европе и Северной Америке известна с 1798 года.

Синонимы

В синонимику латинского названия входят:[2]

Распространение и экология

В природе ареал вида охватывает восточные районы Северной Америки: от штатов Мэн, Онтарио и Саскачеван на севере, до Флориды и Канзаса на юге[3].

Произрастает среди кустарников, по берегам и долинам рек и на склонах; образует заросли.

Ботаническое описание

Кустарник высотой 1—3 м. Молодые побеги опушённые, с железистыми щетинками; годовалые — красно-коричневые; зрелые — коричнево-серые, трещиноватые, со светлыми, поперечными чечевичками.

Почки мелкие, многочешуйчатые, красно-коричневые. Листья овальные, широко или продолговато-яйцевидные до эллиптических, длиной 7—10 см, шириной 5—8 см, острые, в основании слабо сердцевидные или иногда округлые, неправильно удвоенно-зубчатые, сверху светло-зелёные, голые или рассеянно-опушённые, снизу сизые, тонко-войлочно-опушённые, на опушённых и железисто-щетинистых черешках длиной 5—15 мм.

Тычиночные серёжки одиночные, длиной 7—10 см, диаметром 0,5 см.

Плоды скучены по 4—6. Обёртка, вдвое или втрое превышающая орех, длиной до 3,5 см, из двух почти совершенно раздельных листочков, которые облегают орех и плотно сложены над ним в виде широкой каймы, по краю выемчато-лопастные с неравномерно-зубчатыми лопастями. Орех светло-коричневый, бороздчатый, округло-яйцевидный, несколько сжатый с боков, длиной 1—1,5 см.

Цветение в марте — апреле. Плодоношение в августе.

Таксономия

Вид Лещина американская входит в род Лещина (Corylus) подсемейства Лещиновые (Coryloideae) семейства Берёзовые (Betulaceae) порядка Букоцветные (Fagales).


ещё 7 семейств
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 3 рода порядок Букоцветные подсемейство Лещиновые вид
Лещина американская
отдел Цветковые, или Покрытосеменные семейство Берёзовые род Лещина ещё 44 порядка цветковых растений
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё одно подсемейство, Берёзовые
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё 16 видов

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Synonyms of Corylus (англ.) (лат.) (Проверено 2 декабря 2010)
  3. По данным сайта GRIN (см. карточку растения).
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Лещина американская: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Лещина американская (лат. Corylus americana) — вид листопадных деревянистых кустарников и деревьев рода Лещина (Corylus) семейства Берёзовые (Betulaceae).

Ценный осенний декоративный кустарник, когда листва приобретает красивую красно-коричневую окраску. В культуре в Европе и Северной Америке известна с 1798 года.

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Авторы и редакторы Википедии