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Queen Palm

Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman

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Syagrus is tenuously represented in the flora by the cultivated ornamental S. romanzoffiana, still known in the nursery trade as Cocos plumosa. This South American species is widely planted throughout much of southern and central Florida. Although it is not yet widely established in the flora, seedlings volunteer in natural areas, and mature plants persist after cultivation. A closely related ornamental palm from South America, Butia capitata (Martius) Beccari, jelly palm, is widely grown in the southeastern United States and crosses with Syagrus romanzoffiana, producing ´ Butyagrus nabonnandii (A. R. Proschowsky) Vorster, largely sterile hybrids. Butia shows little inclination for escaping.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 121 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Stems solitary, smooth, with conspicuous nodal rings. Leaves ca. 5 m. Fruits 3.0--3.5 cm, ovoid, yellowish orange; endocarp ovoid, brown, with 3 germination pores. 2n = 32.
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 121 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution

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Fla., introduced; Fla.; native, South America.
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 121 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flowering/Fruiting

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Flowering throughout the year.
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 121 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat

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Disturbed hammocks and woodlands; ca. 0--30m.
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 121 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym

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Cocos romanzoffiana Chamisso in L. Choris, Voy. Pittor. 6: 5, plates 5, 6. 1822; Arecastrum romanzoffianum (Chamisso) Beccari; Cocos plumosa Loddiges ex Hooker
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Flora of North America Vol. 22: 121 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Derivation of specific name

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romanzoffiana: named after NP Romanzoff, 1754?-1826, of Russia
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman Flora of Mozambique website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/cult/species.php?species_id=184860
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Worldwide distribution

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Subtropical South America
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman Flora of Mozambique website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/cult/species.php?species_id=184860
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Syagrus romanzoffiana ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Aquest article o secció no cita les fonts o necessita més referències per a la seva verificabilitat.

La palmera pindó o ybá pitá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) és una espècie de planta de la família de les arecàcies, nativa del sud de Brasil, Paraguai, el nord-est argentí, Bolívia i Uruguai. Es planta avui com ornamental, i s'ha introduït a aquest efecte en altres regions sub-tropicals del món, sent d'ús habitual en urbanisme. Tolera bé sòls relativament pobres i temperatures fresques.

Característiques

S. romanzoffiana és una palmera de fins a 25 m d'altura, amb estípite de color grisaci i fins a 6 dm de diàmetre basal. Les fulles són palmells alterns, de 2 a 3 m, amb el raquis típicament caedis, pinnades, finament dividides, amb folíols lanceolats de fins a 1 m de llarg, que s'insereixen en el raquis en distintes files i agrupaments donant a la fulla un aspecte plomós. Són persistents, i han d'arrencar-se manualment en els exemplars destinats a decoració.

Produeix inflorescències intrafoliars molt ramificades, protegides per una espata lenyós i estriada, amb flors blanques o grogues, monoiques. Floreix en estiu i fructifica cap a finals d'aquest o començaments de la tardor. El fruit és una drupa globosa, verda quan immadura i taronja o groc al madurar, d'1-2 cm de diàmetre, contenint polpa densa i molt fibrosa i una única llavor de color bru; apareix en densos raïms. S'utilitza per a l'alimentació del bestiar.

Hàbitat i cultiu

S. romanzoffiana prefereix sòls bé drenats, lleugerament àcids o neutres, rics en nutrients —especialment ferro i manganès—, i molt sol. Requereix bastant humitat en època de creixement, i en hivern tolera mitjanament bé les gelades si les temperatures diürnes són temperades.

És de creixement lent. Les llavors requereixen calor i humitat per a germinar, i el procés de germinació insume 3 a 6 mesos. Pot accelerar-se recollint els fruits immadurs i extraient la pulpa fibrosa d'aquests. És fàcil de trasplantar i resistent, pel que es prepara moltes vegades per a la introducció d'exemplars ja madurs en avingudes i altres superfícies verdes.

Altres usos

Els natius del nord-est argentí i el Paraguai empraven la decocció d'arrels del pindó per a provocar o estimular la menorrea, o com abortiu en grans dosis.

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Syagrus romanzoffiana: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La palmera pindó o ybá pitá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) és una espècie de planta de la família de les arecàcies, nativa del sud de Brasil, Paraguai, el nord-est argentí, Bolívia i Uruguai. Es planta avui com ornamental, i s'ha introduït a aquest efecte en altres regions sub-tropicals del món, sent d'ús habitual en urbanisme. Tolera bé sòls relativament pobres i temperatures fresques.

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Syagrus romanzoffiana ( German )

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Syagrus romanzoffiana (früher Cocos plumosa) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Syagrus in der Unterfamilie Arecoideae innerhalb der Familie der Palmengewächse (Arecaceae). Sie ist in Südamerika natürlich in Argentinien, Brasilien, Paraguay, Uruguay und Bolivien verbreitet.[1] In Brasilien wird die Palme Jerivá genannt.

Das Artepitheton romanzoffiana ehrt den russischen Fürsten und finanziellen Förderer von Adelbert von Chamisso, Nikolai Petrowitsch Rumjanzew.[2]

Beschreibung

Vegetative Merkmale

Syagrus romanzoffiana erreicht eine Höhe von 10 bis 15 Meter oder mehr und einen Durchmesser von 35 bis 50 Zentimeter. Die Blätter sind einfach gefiedert und tragen an jeder Seite der 2,5 bis 4,4 Meter langen Blattspindel (Rhachis) 150 bis 200 Blättchen.[3]

Generative Merkmale

Der verzweigte Blütenstand mit 80 bis 280 Zweigen erreicht eine Länge von bis zu 1,5 Meter. Die eiförmigen, gelben bis orangefarbenen Früchte durchmessen 1 bis 2 Zentimeter und sind 2 bis 3 Zentimeter lang.[3]

Die Frucht hat einen grauen, kleinen Kern, der optisch einer Kokosnuss ähnelt und nicht größer als 3 Zentimeter ist. Ein Fruchtstand mit je 100 Samen wiegt circa 1 Kilogramm. Das Gesamtgewicht der Früchte pro Pflanze kann um die 140 Kilogramm betragen. Die Pflanzen können zu verschiedenen Zeiten des Jahres blühen und Früchte bilden, dies ist von der Region abhängig. Der Same keimt nach 100 bis 150 Tagen, wobei die Samen eine Keimungsrate von 50 bis 79 Prozent aufweisen.

Verbreitung und Nutzung

Syagrus romanzoffiana gedeiht in den Subtropen und verträgt Temperaturen von 0 °C bis 40 °C. Sie wird in subtropischen und tropischen Gebieten fast weltweit in Parks und Gärten als Zierpflanze verwendet. In Australien, Honduras und auf Mauritius gilt S. romanzoffiana als invasive Pflanzenart. In Mitteleuropa und Deutschland wird sie selten angeboten und man findet sie auch kaum in Kultur.

Diverse Tiere nutzen die Frucht als Nahrung. Die Frucht ist auf Grund ihrer süßlichen Schleimstoffe vor allem bei Rotsteißpapageien, Guyana-Hörnchen und Hunden, aber auch bei Kindern beliebt. Die Früchte werden allgemein auch als Tierfutter verwendet.

Das Palmherz wird für die Produktion von Lebensmitteln verwendet.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Syagrus romanzoffiana im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. D. Böhlmann: Syagrus romanzoffiana. Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse: Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie. 1–6. 2014. (Abstract online)
  3. a b Andrew Henderson, Gloria Galeano-Garces, Rodrigo Bernal: Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0691016009, S. 148.
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Syagrus romanzoffiana: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Syagrus romanzoffiana (früher Cocos plumosa) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Syagrus in der Unterfamilie Arecoideae innerhalb der Familie der Palmengewächse (Arecaceae). Sie ist in Südamerika natürlich in Argentinien, Brasilien, Paraguay, Uruguay und Bolivien verbreitet. In Brasilien wird die Palme Jerivá genannt.

Das Artepitheton romanzoffiana ehrt den russischen Fürsten und finanziellen Förderer von Adelbert von Chamisso, Nikolai Petrowitsch Rumjanzew.

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Syagrus romanzoffiana

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Syagrus romanzoffiana, the queen palm[7] or cocos palm, is a palm native to South America, introduced throughout the world as a popular ornamental garden tree. S. romanzoffiana is a medium-sized palm, quickly reaching maturity at a height of up to 15 m (49 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves having as many as 494 pinnae (leaflets), although more typically around 300, each pinna being around 50 centimetres (18 in) in length and 3–5 centimetres (1–2 in) in width.

Etymology

Named after Nikolay Rumyantsev (1754–1826), who was Russia's Foreign Minister and Imperial Chancellor and notable patron of the Russian voyages of exploration. He sponsored the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe.

It was previously scientifically known as Cocos plumosa, a name under which it became popular in the horticultural trade in the early 20th century. In some areas of the world the plant is still popularly known as the cocos palm.

Taxonomy

A 'Cocos plumosos' palm tree growing in a lawn in front of a residence in Los Angeles in 1920.

This palm was first scientifically described and validly published as Cocos romanzoffiana in 1822 in Paris in a folio of illustrations made by the artist Louis Choris, with a description by the French-German poet and botanist Adelbert von Chamisso.[8] Both men had participated in the first Russian scientific expedition around the world under command of Otto von Kotzebue, and funded by Nikolay Rumyantsev, during which they collected this plant in the hinterland of Santa Catarina, Brazil in late 1815.

Meanwhile, in England, sometime around 1825 Loddiges nursery had imported seed of a palm from Brazil which they dubbed Cocos plumosa in their catalogue, a nomen nudum. The horticulturist John Claudius Loudon in 1830 listed this plant among 3 species of the Cocos genus then grown in Britain, and mentioned its possible identification as Karl von Martius' C. comosa.[9] One of Loddiges' seedlings had eventually found its way to the new palm stove built at Kew Gardens in the 1840s, where it had grown to a height of 50–60 ft, and where botanists had been determined it to be another of von Martius' species; C. coronata. In 1859 this palm flowered and produced fruit for the first time, which made it clear that its previous identification was incorrect and thus the director of the garden, Joseph Dalton Hooker, 'reluctantly' published a valid description for Loddiges' name C. plumosa in 1860.[10] C. plumosa became a popular ornamental plant around the world, and plants continued to be sold under this name as of 2000.[11]

From 1887 onwards Odoardo Beccari published a review of the genus Cocos. Under subgenus Arecastrum he listed the taxa C. romanzoffiana of Santa Catarina, C. plumosa known only from cultivation from seedlings from the plant in Kew, C. australis of Argentina to Paraguay, C. datil of eastern Argentina and Uruguay, C. acrocomioides of Mato Grosso do Sul, C. acaulis of Piauí, Goiás and recently collected from the mountains of Paraguay bordering Brazil, and C. geriba (syn. C. martiana) known as a variable species cultivated in gardens throughout Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro) and the Mediterranean region. Beccari noted that many of the palms being offered in the catalogues under various species names were actually C. geriba.[12]

In 1912 Alwin Berger reduced the taxon C. plumosa, hitherto still only known from thousands in cultivation around the world yet not known from the wild, to a variety of C. romanzoffiana, as C. romanzoffiana var. plumosa.[13]

It was first moved from the genus Cocos in 1891 by Otto Kuntze in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, which was widely ignored, but in 1916 Beccari raised Arecastrum to a monotypic genus and synonymised all species in the former subgenus to A. romanzoffianum. By this time South American imports of palm seed were being sold across Europe under a plethora of names, according to Beccari often mislabelled but impossible to determine down to 'correct' geographical species, thus he interpreted the taxa to belong to a single extremely variable species. This interpretation was long followed. Beccari also considered C. botryophora part of this species, an interpretation that is now partially rejected. Beccari recognised the following, now rejected, varieties:[14]

  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. australe - from C. australis, C. datil
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. botryophora - from C. botryophora. As this taxon Beccari (mis)identified plants growing in Rio de Janeiro he earlier considered C. geriba. Synonymy later rejected.
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. ensifolium - from C. botryophora var. ensifolium of Bahia.
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. genuinum - nominate form. Includes C. romanzoffiana, C. plumosa, C. geriba, C. martiana.
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. genuinum subvar. minus - from a dwarf individual plant of uncertain origins in cultivation in a private collection in Hyères, France.
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. micropindo - from a population of dwarf plants from Paraguay earlier misidentified as C. acaulis.

Beccari also reinstated Martius' Syagrus.[14]

Arecastrum was subsumed under Syagrus in 1968.

A genetics study by Bee F. Gunn found that S. romanzoffiana did not group with the other two Syagrus species tested, but with Lytocaryum weddellianum.[15] If this has merit, then L. weddelianum, being the junior taxon, becomes Arecastrum weddelianum.

Distribution

Syagrus romanzoffiana can grow in tough urban conditions. This is in the city of Trenque Lauquen, Argentina.

It occurs from eastern and central Paraguay and northern Argentina north to eastern and southern Brazil and northern Uruguay.[5][6][16] It is quite common in its native range.[6]

In Brazil it occurs in the states of Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina.[6] In Argentina it occurs in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Mendoza, Misiones (El Dorado, Guaraní, Iguazú), Santa Fe, San Juan and San Luis.[2] In Uruguay it occurs in the departments of Maldonado, Montevideo, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, Tacuarembó and Treinta y Tres.[2] In Paraguay it occurs in the departments of Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí and San Pedro.[2][17]

Non-native distribution

The queen palm is reportedly naturalized to some extent in Florida,[11] Queensland,[18] Honduras, and the island of Mauritius.[19]

On Mauritius seedlings have been recorded from gardens in the now highly residential area 'Montagne Ory' near the village of Moka from 1981-1984 to at least 1999.[19]

The government of the Australian state of Queensland considers it a potential 'invasive plant', and discourages home-owners from planting it, but it is not prohibited or restricted, or a declared weed.[20][21] According to the 1989 Flora of Southeastern Queensland it is naturalised in southern Queensland and the Atherton Tableland.[18]

It is not regarded as an invasive or naturalised in New South Wales,[18][22] although numerous sightings of it have been recorded around Sydney and the coast, including in nature parks.[23] It has been classified as a noxious weed by one local council in New South Wales since at least 2010,[24] as of 2015 it is not prohibited or restricted in the state, but classified as a 'serious threat ... not widely distributed in the area' in one local region.[25] It was possibly first identified as a potential environmental weed for the area in a book from 1998.[19] Sale is discouraged and the palms are being removed.

It is widely planted throughout much of Florida and other parts of the southern United States, although it is not yet widely established in the flora as of 2000.[11]

Ecology

Syagrus romanzoffiana growing in the wild in Bosque de Quebrada, Uruguay.

It is a common tree in many habitats.[6]

Birds recorded to eat the fruit pulp from fallen fruit include the rufous-bellied thrush (Turdus rufiventris),[26] the bananaquit (Coereba flaveola), violaceous euphonia (Euphonia violacea), Brazilian tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius) and tropical parula (Parula pitiayumi). Azure jays (Cyanocorax caeruleus) feed on the fruit pulp both picked directly from the infructescence as well as from fallen fruit lying on the ground, usually swallowing the fruits whole or transporting them away from the tree.[27] The two toucans Ramphastos vitellinus[26][27] and R. dicolorus[26][27] pluck ripe fruits directly from the infructescence and regurgitate the seeds, the gamefowl chachalaca Ortalis guttata (or a closely related species, depending on one's taxonomic interpretation)[27] and the two related guan Penelope obscura[28] and P. superciliaris,[28] did so as well, but spread the seeds in their defecations and thus may be important dispersers.[27][28]

The squirrel Guerlinguetus brasiliensis ssp. ingrami is an important seed predator of this palm where the ranges of the two species overlap; breaking the nut open with its teeth at one of the three pores in the top of the nutshell. It preferentially targets bug-infested nuts.[29][30][31][32][33] A long term study into feeding behaviour of this squirrel in a secondary Araucaria forest found that although in certain seasons other plants were consumed in larger quantities, the palm nuts were eaten in large quantities throughout the entire year and were thus the most important food item.[34]

Other important seed predators are seed-boring weevils and palm bruchid beetles[35] of the genus Pachymerus. Grubs of P. bactris, P. cardo and P. nucleorum have all been found within the seed of this species (among many other species of related South American palms).[36] The large, colourful weevil Revena rubiginosa appears to be the main seed predator in numerous areas.[26][27][28] It is thought to probably be a specialist seed predator of this palm.[37] It infests the developing seeds before the fruits are ripe, while they are still attached to the infructescence, the grubs exiting the seed to pupate underground around the palm when the fruit fall.[26][27][37][38] Other weevils found to be seed predators of this palm are Anchylorhynchus aegrotus and A. variabilis,[38] but these species are also flower visitors and likely important specialized pollinators.[39]

The fruit are eaten by tapirs, which might be important seed dispersers,[35] and some wild canids such as the pampas fox[40] and the crab-eating fox.[27][41]

Three studies in Brazil, in four locations lacking other large frugivores such as squirrels, peccaries, deer and tapirs, found coati (Nasua nasua) to be important seed dispersers in such areas.[27][42][43] The coati climb into the palm to get at the fruit,[27] which in one urban study was found in 10% of all stool samples, although it constituted only 2.5% of the total faecal matter.[43] Other important dispersing mammals were agoutis (Dasyprocta azarae), which sometimes cache seeds. Black-eared opossum (Didelphis aurita) and a russet rice rat (Euryoryzomys russatus) were also found among the fallen fruits.[27]

The leaves of this palm are consumed by the caterpillars of the butterflies Blepolenis batea in Uruguay in 1974, Brassolis astyra ssp. astyra, B. sophorae and Catoblepia amphirhoe in Santa Catarina in 1968, while Opsiphanes invirae, the nominate form or possibly subspecies remoliatus, was recorded feeding on this palm in both these regions. O. quiteria was also recorded feeding on the leaves in Argentina in 1969.[44]

Larvae of the giant day-flying moth Paysandisia archon are known to attack the piths of this palm species, along with many other species, at least in Europe, where neither the moth nor palm are native. It can kill the palm. It prefers other genera of palm with more hairy trunks like Trachycarpus, Trithrinax or Chamaerops.[45][46]

The caterpillars of the Indonesian butterfly Cephrenes augiades ssp. augiades and the Australian C. trichopepla may also feed on the leaves this palm.[47]

The bases of the pruned fronds remain on the tree for several months could serve as a habitat for insects or snails.

Cultivation and uses

The queen palm is planted in many tropical and subtropical areas.[11][48] It is very popular as an ornamental tree and much used in urban landscaping. It is quite hardy, to -5 °C (zone 9a), but the dead fronds must be pruned to keep the tree visually pleasing.[49] In some areas the fallen fruit are known for attracting unwelcome insects.

The palm is often cut down in Brazil to use the leaves and inflorescences to provide animal (cattle) fodder, especially in times of drought.[50][51] The leaves are similarly used in Argentina.[52] Its fruits are edible and sometimes eaten;[50][52] consisting of a hard nut surrounded with a thin layer of fibrous flesh that is orange and sticky when ripe. The flavour is sweet and could be described as a mixture of plum and banana.

According to Blombery & Rodd [1982] people eat the unexpanded leaves of apical buds in some regions. Fallen fruits are fed to pigs, and palm trunks are often used in construction, frequently hollowed out to make water pipes or aqueducts for irrigation.[50] In 1920s Argentina it was cultivated as a crop. The young buds are consumed as vegetables, pickled or preserved in oil. The trunk of the palm provides sago.[52]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ "Syagrus romanzoffiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  2. ^ a b c d "Flora del Conosur" (in Spanish). Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  3. ^ a b IPNI Plant Name Details. International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, The Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium. 2005. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  4. ^ Stauffer, Fred; Ramella, Lorenzo; Ferreira, Evandro; Noblick, Larry (2016). "Lectotipificación de los nombres descritos por J. Barbosa Rodrigues en la obra 'Palmae novae Paraguayenses'" [Lectotypification of names proposed by J. Barbosa Rodrigues in the publication 'Palmae novae Paraguayenses']. Candollea (in Spanish). 71 (1): 105–115. doi:10.15553/c2016v711a13. S2CID 88021476.
  5. ^ a b Kew World Checklist for Selected Plant Families, Syagrus romanzoffiana
  6. ^ a b c d e "Brazilian Flora Checklist - Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman". Flora do Brasil 2020 under construction (in Portuguese). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  7. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Syagrus romanzoffiana". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  8. ^ "IPNI Plant Name Details". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, The Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium. 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  9. ^ Loudon, John Claudius (1830). Loudon's Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue of all the plants indigenous, cultivated in, or introduced to Britain. Vol. copy 1. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 381. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.10320.
  10. ^ Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1 May 1860). "Cocos plumosa - Feathery-flowered Cocoa-nut". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 3. 86 (16). tab. 5180. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d Zona, Scott (2000). "Syagrus romanzoffiana in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". Flora of North America. Vol. 22. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-19-513729-3.
  12. ^ Beccari, Odoardo (1888). "Le Palme incluse nel genera Cocos Linn". Malpighia -rassegna Mensuale di Botanica (in Italian). 2: 85–90. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  13. ^ Berger, Alwin (1912). Hortus Mortolensis : enumeratio plantarum in Horto Mortolensi cultarum [Alphabetical catalogue of plants growing in the garden of the late Sir Thomas Hanbury at La Mortola, Ventimiglia, Italy]. London: West, Newman. p. 87. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.10950.
  14. ^ a b Beccari, Odoardo (1916). "Il genere Cocos Linn. e le palme affini". Biblioteca Agraria Coloniale (in Italian). 10: 14–32. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.101655. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  15. ^ Gunn, Bee F. (2004). "Phylogeny of Cocoeae (Arecaceae)...etc". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 91 (3): 505–522. JSTOR 3298627.
  16. ^ Lorenzi, H., Noblick, L.R., Kahn, F. & Ferreira, E. (2010). Brazilian Flora Arecaceae (Palms): 1-268. Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora LTDA, São Paulo, Brazil.
  17. ^ "Tropicos - Name - !Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman". Inventario Biologico de Paraguay. Missouri Botanical Garden. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  18. ^ a b c Dowe, John Leslie (2010). Australian Palms: Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics (PDF). Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. p. 253. ISBN 9780643096158.
  19. ^ a b c Meyer, Jean-Yves; Lavergne, Christophe; Hodel, Donald R. (January 2008). "Time bombs in gardens: invasive ornamental palms in tropical islands, with emphasis on French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean) and the Mascarenes (Indian Ocean)" (PDF). Palms. 52 (2): 71–83. S2CID 82225824.
  20. ^ Cocos or Queen palm Fact Sheet, Queensland Government, February 2013.
  21. ^ "IPA-Cocos-Queen-Palm-PP73" (PDF). Invasive plant and animal fact sheets. Biosecurity Queensland. 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  22. ^ Wilson, K. L. (January 2013). "NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA ONLINE". PlantNET (The NSW Plant Information Network System). Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  23. ^ "OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife" (Data Set). Office of Environment & Heritage. 2018. doi:10.15468/14jd9g. Retrieved 6 September 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ^ Nanjappa Ashwath (December 2010). Evaluating Biodiesel Potential of Australian Native and Naturalised Plant Species (PDF) (Report). Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. pp. 49–51. 10/216. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  25. ^ Thorp, John R.; Wilson, M. W. (January 2015). "Weeds Australia - Weeds Database Search". Weeds Australia. Australian Weeds Committee, Invasive Plants and Animals Committee. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  26. ^ a b c d e Guix, Juan Carlos; Ruiz, Xavier (1995). "Toucans and thrushes as potential dispersers of seed-predatory weevil larvae in southeastern Brazil". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 73 (4): 745–748. doi:10.1139/z95-087.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Silva, Fernanda R. da; Begnini, Romualdo M.; Lopes, Benedito C.; Castellani, Tânia T. (1 December 2011). "Seed dispersal and predation in the palm Syagrus romanzoffiana on two islands with different faunal richness, southern Brazil". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 46 (3): 163–171. doi:10.1080/01650521.2011.617065. S2CID 85989354.
  28. ^ a b c d Guix, Juan Carlos; Ruiz, Xavier (1997). "Weevil Larvae Dispersal by Guans in Southeastern Brazil". Biotropica. 29 (4): 522–525. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1997.tb00047.x. S2CID 85038659.
  29. ^ Alves, Briza Cristina; Mendes, Calebe Pereira; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar (March 2018). "Queen palm fruit selection and foraging techniques of squirrels in the Atlantic Forest". Biotropica. 50 (2): 274–281. doi:10.1111/btp.12530. S2CID 90076507.
  30. ^ Galetti, Mauro; Paschoal, Maristela; Pedroni, Fernando (February 1992). "Predation on palm nuts (Syagrus romanzoffiana) by squirrels (Sciurus ingrami) in south-east Brazil". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 8 (1): 121–123. doi:10.1017/S0266467400006210. S2CID 84502876.
  31. ^ Mendes, Calebe Pereira; Cãndido-Jr, José Flávio (June 2014). "Behavior and foraging technique of the Ingram's squirrel Guerlinguetus ingrami (Sciuridae: Rodentia) in an Araucaria moist forest fragment". Zoologia (Curitiba). 31 (3): 209–214. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702014000300001. ISSN 1984-4670.
  32. ^ Alvarenga, Cibele A.; Talamoni, Sõnia A. (September 2005). "Nests of the Brazilian squirrel Sciurus ingrami Thomas (Rodentia, Sciuridae)". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 22 (3): 816–818. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000300048. ISSN 0101-8175.
  33. ^ de Vivo, Mario; Carmignotto, Ana Paula (January 2015). "Family Sciuridae G. Fischer, 1817". In Patton, James L.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J.; D'Elía, Guillermo (eds.). Mammals of South America Volume 2, Rodents (1 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–15. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226169606.001.0001. ISBN 978-0226169576.
  34. ^ Bordignon, Marcelo; Monteiro-Filho, Emygdio L.A. (1 December 1999). "Seasonal Food Resources of the Squirrel Sciurus ingrami in a Secondary Araucaria Forest in Southern Brazil". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 34 (3): 137–140. doi:10.1076/snfe.34.3.137.8910.
  35. ^ a b Olmos, Fábio; Pardini, Renata; Boulhosa, Ricardo L. P.; Bürgl, Roberto; Morsello, Carla (1999). "Do Tapirs Steal Food from Palm Seed Predators or Give Them a Lift?". Biotropica. 31 (2): 375–379. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00151.x. S2CID 86837066.
  36. ^ Johnson, Clarence Dan; Zona, Scott; Nilsson, Jan A. (January 1995). "Bruchid Beetles and Palm Seeds: Recorded Relationships" (PDF). Principes. 39 (1): 25–35. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  37. ^ a b Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Rodrigues, Ricardo Ribeiro; Novembre, Ana D. L. C.; Gómez, José M. (January 2011). "Are We Misinterpreting Seed Predation in Palms?". Biotropica. 43 (1): 12–14. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00726.x. JSTOR 41058536. S2CID 83901349.
  38. ^ a b da Silva, Fernanda Ribeiro; Begnini, Romualdo M.; Lopes, Benedito C.; Castellani, Tãnia T. (February 2012). "Temporal Variation in Seed Predation by Insects in a Population of Syagrus romanzoffiana (Arecaceae) in Santa Catarina Island, SC, Brazil". Neotropical Entomology. 41 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1007/s13744-011-0002-z. PMID 23950004. S2CID 14799708.
  39. ^ De Medeiros, Bruno A. S.; Vanin, Sergio A. (2020). "Systematic revision and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Anchylorhynchus Schoenherr, 1836 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Derelomini)". Zootaxa. 4839 (1): 1–98. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4839.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33056794. S2CID 222837392.
  40. ^ BACKES, Paulo & IRGANG, Bruno,Mata Atlântica: as árvores e a paisagem, Porto Alegre, Paisagem do Sul, 2004, pg.133
  41. ^ Rocha, Vlamir J.; Reis, Nelio R. dos; Sekiama, Margareth L. (December 2004). "Dieta e dispersão de sementes por Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus) (Carnívora, Canidae), em um fragmento florestal no Paraná, Brasil" [Diet and seed dispersal by Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus) in a forest fragment in Paraná (Carnivora, Canidae)]. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia (in Portuguese). 21 (4): 871–876. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752004000400022.
  42. ^ Alves-Costa, Cecília P.; Eterovick, Paula C. (July–August 2007). "Seed dispersal services by coatis (Nasua nasua, Procyonidae) and their redundancy with other frugivores in southeastern Brazil". Acta Oecologica. 32 (1): 77–92. Bibcode:2007AcO....32...77A. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2007.03.001.
  43. ^ a b Ferreira, Giovanne A.; Nakano-Oliveira, Eduardo; Genaro, Gelson; Lacerda-Chaves, Adma K. (March 2013). "Diet of the coati (Nasua nasua) Carnivora: Procyonidae in an area of woodland inserted in an urban environment in Brazil" (PDF). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 86: 95–102. doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2013000100008. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  44. ^ Penz, Carla M.; Aiello, Annette; Srygley, Robert B. (1999). "Early stages of Caligo illioneus and C. idomeneus (Nymphalidae, Brassolinae) from Panama, with remarks on larval food plants for the subfamily" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 53 (4): 142–152. S2CID 87385813. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  45. ^ Savela, Markku. "Syagrus". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  46. ^ "Bestimmungshilfe des Lepiforums - Paysandisia Archon". Lepiforum (in German). 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  47. ^ Savela, Markku. "Arecastrum". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  48. ^ Proctor, G. R. (30 November 2005). Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro; Strong, Mark T. (eds.). "Family 19. ARECACEAE (PALMAE) Palm Family in Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands" (PDF). Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 52: 152–153. ISSN 0097-1618. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  49. ^ ENH-767/ST609: Syagrus romanzoffiana: Queen Palm
  50. ^ a b c "Palms on the University of Arizona Campus - University of Arizona Campus Arboretum". The University of Arizona. 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  51. ^ Daehler, C. (3 November 2005). "Syagrus romanzoffiana risk assessment". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  52. ^ a b c Kruse, J. (April 2001). "Mansfeld's World Database of Agriculture and Horticultural Crops". IPK. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

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Syagrus romanzoffiana: Brief Summary

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Syagrus romanzoffiana, the queen palm or cocos palm, is a palm native to South America, introduced throughout the world as a popular ornamental garden tree. S. romanzoffiana is a medium-sized palm, quickly reaching maturity at a height of up to 15 m (49 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves having as many as 494 pinnae (leaflets), although more typically around 300, each pinna being around 50 centimetres (18 in) in length and 3–5 centimetres (1–2 in) in width.

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Syagrus romanzoffiana ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Syagrus romanzoffiana, la palmera pindó[2]​ o ybá pitá, es una especie de la familia de las palmeras (Arecaceae). Es nativa del sur de Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay, y el Litoral argentino.

Se planta hoy como ornamental, y se ha introducido a ese efecto en otras regiones tropicales, subtropicales e incluso mediterráneas del mundo, siendo de uso habitual en urbanismo. En relación a otras palmeras, tolera bien suelos relativamente pobres y temperaturas frescas.

Otros nombres: "coquito",[2]​ "yerivá"[2]​ en Argentina y Paraguay, "coco de cachoeira",[2]​ "guariroba"[2]​ en Brasil. También es conocida como Coco plumoso

Descripción

Es una palmera de hasta 25 m de altura, con estípite de color grisáceo y hasta 60 cm de diámetro basal. Las hojas son palmas alternas, de 2 a 3 m, con el raquis típicamente caedizo, pinnadas, finamente divididas, con folíolos lanceolados de hasta 1 m de largo, que se insertan en el raquis en distintas filas y agrupamientos dando a la hoja un aspecto plumoso.

El estípite es desnudo y anillado (debido a las cicatrices foliares que dejan las vainas no persistentes), característica que en Argentina comparten con la nativa Euterpe edulis (el palmito).[2]​ Las vainas se diferencian del palmito en que no son cerradas, es decir sus lados no se unen entre sí del otro lado del estípite formando un cilindro; además el margen es fibroso; en Euterpe las vainas son verdes y lustrosas, lisas y cerradas formando un cilindro.[2]​ Otra diferencia con Euterpe es la disposición de las pinas a lo largo del raquis, insertas de forma algo desordenada y plegadas de forma de orientarse hacia varios planos diferentes (carácter que comparten con otros géneros con estípites diferentes: Acrocomia, Allagoptera).[2]​ Esta orientación de las pinas da a cada hoja un aspecto plumoso, a diferencia del aspecto de pinas ordenadas en dos planos de Euterpe. Tallo, pecíolo y raquis se describen como inermes.[2]

Produce inflorescencias intrafoliares muy ramificadas, protegidas por una espata leñosa y estriada, con flores blancas o amarillas, monoicas. Florece en verano y fructifica hacia finales de este o comienzos del otoño. El fruto es una drupa globosa, verde cuando está inmadura y naranja o amarillo al madurar, de 1-2 cm de diámetro, conteniendo pulpa densa y muy fibrosa y una única semilla de color pardo; aparece en densos racimos. Se utiliza para la alimentación del ganado.[3][4]

Esta especie puede formar híbridos con otras especies de palmeras como la Butia capitata, con la cual forma un híbrido denominado Butiagrus.

Cultivo

Esta especie prefiere suelos bien drenados, ligeramente ácidos o neutros, ricos en nutrientes —en especial hierro y manganeso— y mucho sol. Requiere bastante humedad en época de crecimiento, y en invierno tolera medianamente bien las heladas si las temperaturas diurnas son templadas.

Es de crecimiento rápido. Las semillas requieren calor y humedad para germinar, y el proceso de germinación dura de 3 a 6 meses. Puede acelerarse recogiendo los frutos inmaduros y extrayendo la pulpa fibrosa de los mismos. Es fácil de trasplantar y resistente, por lo que se prepara muchas veces para la introducción de ejemplares ya maduros en avenidas y otras superficies verdes.

Usos

Los nativos del Noreste argentino y el Paraguay empleaban la decocción de raíces del pindó para provocar o estimular la menorrea, o como abortivo en grandes dosis.

Es posible hacer dulces del fruto (similar a la miel de palma); poniendo en remojo los frutos, luego separando la pulpa de la semilla, colocar todo pulpa y semilla con un poco de agua a hervir; luego pasar por un colador separando el jugo al que se le añadirá azúcar en cantidad necesaria y se lleva al fuego hasta darle punto de jalea o mermelada (se puede añadir cascaritas de naranja para enriquecer el sabor). se aclara que por la gran cantidad de pectina del fruto, su consistencia es algo más elástica que la miel. (ejemplo: 30 frutos, 2 tazas chicas de agua y 150 gramos de azúcar, unas cascaritas de naranja en trozos)

Taxonomía

Syagrus romanzoffiana fue descrita por Sereno Watson y publicado en Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 23(2): 286. 1888.[5]

Etimología

Syagrus: nombre genérico que proviene de griego skaphe, "cóncavo o hueco", y glotta = "lengua", refiriéndose al formato del labio de sus flores.[6]

Sinonimia
  • Calappa romanzoffiana (Cham.) Kuntze (1891).
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum (Cham.) Becc. (1916).
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. genuinum Becc. (1916), nom. inval.
  • Cocos australis Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny (1844).
  • Cocos plumosa Hook.f. (1860).
  • Cocos datil Drude & Griseb. (1879).
  • Cocos geriba Barb.Rodr. (1879).
  • Cocos acrocomioides Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.) (1881).
  • Cocos botryophora var. ensifolia Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.) (1881).
  • Cocos martiana Drude & Glaz. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.) (1881).
  • Cocos australis Drude & Brandt (1889), nom. illeg.
  • Calappa acrocomioides (Drude) Kuntze (1891).
  • Calappa australis (Mart.) Kuntze (1891).
  • Calappa datil (Drude & Griseb.) Kuntze (1891).
  • Calappa martiana (Drude & Glaz.) Kuntze (1891).
  • Calappa plumosa (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891).
  • Cocos arechavaletana Barb.Rodr. (1901).
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. australe (Mart.) Becc. (1916).
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. ensifolium (Drude) Becc. (1916).
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum subvar. minus Becc. (1916).
  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. micropindo Becc. (1936). [7]

Referencias

  1. «Syagrus romanzoffiana information from NPGS/GRIN». www.ars-grin.gov. Archivado desde el original el 14 de mayo de 2009. Consultado el 16 de marzo de 2008.
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m Elsa Leonor Cabral, Marcelo Castro. 2007. Palmeras argentinas, guía para el reconocimiento. Editorial L.O.L.A. Buenos Aires.
  3. BACKES, Paulo & IRGANG, Bruno,Mata Atlântica: as árvores e a paisagem, Porto Alegre, Paisagem do Sul, 2004, pg.133
  4. ROCHA, Vlamir, REIS, Nelio R dos & SEKIAMA, Margareth l.- "Dieta e dispersão de sementes por Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus) (Carnívora, Canidae), em um fragmento florestal no Paraná, Brasil, www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v21n4/22951.pdf
  5. «Syagrus romanzoffiana». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 24 de agosto de 2013.
  6. Eduardus Poeppig e Stephano Endlich (1835) Nova genera ac species plantarum, quas in regno Chilensi Peruviano et in terra Amazonica, (Leipzig) F. Hofmeister (Editor), 1835-45. 1: 58.
  7. Sinónimos en Kew Consultado el 3 de agosto de 2009

Bibliografía

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wikipedia ES

Syagrus romanzoffiana: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Syagrus romanzoffiana, la palmera pindó​ o ybá pitá, es una especie de la familia de las palmeras (Arecaceae). Es nativa del sur de Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay, y el Litoral argentino.

Se planta hoy como ornamental, y se ha introducido a ese efecto en otras regiones tropicales, subtropicales e incluso mediterráneas del mundo, siendo de uso habitual en urbanismo. En relación a otras palmeras, tolera bien suelos relativamente pobres y temperaturas frescas.

Otros nombres: "coquito",​ "yerivá"​ en Argentina y Paraguay, "coco de cachoeira",​ "guariroba"​ en Brasil. También es conocida como Coco plumoso

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Syagrus romanzoffiana ( French )

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Syagrus romanzoffiana, parfois appelé Cocotier plumeux, Palmier pindó, Ybá pitá ou palmier de la reine est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Arecaceae.

Description

Syagrus romanzoffiana est un grand palmier pouvant atteindre 12 à 15 m de hauteur[1], au feuillage d'un aspect "plumeux". Le stipe, grisâtre, porte les cicatrices à l'aspect annelé des feuilles tombées. Les grandes feuilles persistantes sont pennées, d'aspect plumeux, pouvant mesurer jusqu'à 4,5 m de longueur environ[1].

Les fleurs du palmier reine sont de couleur blanc-crème et disposées en inflorescences ramifiées qui apparaissent entre les feuilles et mesurent jusqu'à 90 cm de long. Les fruits de Syagrus romanzoffiana mesurent de 2 à 3 cm, sont ovoïdes, jaunes, et ressemblent à de petites dattes non comestibles.

Répartition et habitat

Syagrus romanzoffiana est natif du sud du Brésil, du Paraguay et du nord-est de l'Argentine, notamment dans le Gran Chaco. Comme c'est devenu une plante ornementale, il a été introduit à cet effet dans d'autres régions subtropicales du monde, étant d'usage courant en urbanisme. Il tolère bien les sols relativement pauvres et les températures relativement fraîches.

Systématique

Synonymes :

  • Arecastrum romanzoffianum (Cham.) Becc.
  • Cocos romanzoffiana Cham. (basionym)

Culture

Syagrus romanzoffiana est un beau palmier de croissance relativement rapide, mais à relativiser par rapport à lenteur de croissance des palmiers de manière générale. Des sujets peuvent être admirés au jardin botanique de Pamplemousses à Maurice.

Syagrus romanzoffiana manque de rusticité, ce qui réduit son aire de culture à la zone de l'oranger. En effet, des températures de −7 °C peuvent lui être fatales. Il est devenu populaire sur la Côte d'Azur depuis les années 2000. Par ses qualités ornementales, il bénéficie d'un engouement dans les climats tempérés.

Notes et références

  1. a et b Juan-Alberto Rodriguez Pérez, Flore exotique dans les îles Canaries, Leon, Espagne, Editorial Everest, 1990, 236 p. (ISBN 84-241-4668-9), p. 19

Voir aussi

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Syagrus romanzoffiana: Brief Summary ( French )

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Syagrus romanzoffiana, parfois appelé Cocotier plumeux, Palmier pindó, Ybá pitá ou palmier de la reine est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Arecaceae.

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Syagrus romanzoffiana ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Syagrus romanzoffiana of Koninginpalm is de botanische naam van een Zuid-Amerikaanse palmensoort. De palm is ook bekend als Pindópalm of Ybá Pitá.

De plant heeft een groot verspreidingsgebied in Zuid-Brazilië tot het noorden van Argentinië, Oost-Paraguay en Uruguay. De winters zijn daar vrij kort. De palm komt er voor om vochtige bodems, langs rivieren en in bossen.

De palm kan tot 15 m hoog worden. De plant heeft een grijze stam. De stambasis kan soms luchtwortels aanmaken. De tot 4,5 m lange vederbladeren zijn groen. De grote bloeiwijzen hebben zowel mannelijke als vrouwelijke bloempjes. De geel-oranje vruchten zijn zoet van smaak.

Elders kan de palm in de volle zon, maar uit de wind geplant worden. De plant is niet erg winterhard en kan vooral groeien daar waar citrussen het goed doen, want -7 °C gedurende enkele uren kan al fataal zijn.

Externe link

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wikipedia NL

Syagrus romanzoffiana: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Syagrus romanzoffiana of Koninginpalm is de botanische naam van een Zuid-Amerikaanse palmensoort. De palm is ook bekend als Pindópalm of Ybá Pitá.

De plant heeft een groot verspreidingsgebied in Zuid-Brazilië tot het noorden van Argentinië, Oost-Paraguay en Uruguay. De winters zijn daar vrij kort. De palm komt er voor om vochtige bodems, langs rivieren en in bossen.

De palm kan tot 15 m hoog worden. De plant heeft een grijze stam. De stambasis kan soms luchtwortels aanmaken. De tot 4,5 m lange vederbladeren zijn groen. De grote bloeiwijzen hebben zowel mannelijke als vrouwelijke bloempjes. De geel-oranje vruchten zijn zoet van smaak.

Elders kan de palm in de volle zon, maar uit de wind geplant worden. De plant is niet erg winterhard en kan vooral groeien daar waar citrussen het goed doen, want -7 °C gedurende enkele uren kan al fataal zijn.

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Syagrus romanzoffiana ( Polish )

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Owocująca palma królowej

Syagrus romanzoffiana, zwana palmą królowej (ang. Queen palm) – gatunek roślin należący do rodziny arekowatych (palm). Pochodzi z Ameryki Południowej, z terenu Brazylii, Boliwii i północnej Argentyny. Poza tym rozpowszechniona jest m.in. w obszarze śródziemnomorskim z uwagi na dekoracyjny wygląd, szybki wyrost i łatwość uprawy.

Morfologia

Drzewiasta palma osiągająca w swoim naturalnym środowisku wysokość do 18 m. Ma gładki jasno szary pień z którego wyrasta pióropusz pierzastych, ciemnozielonych liści. Kwiaty zebrane w żółte kwiatostany. Owoce do 2,5 cm długości, koloru pomarańczowego, zebrane w grona[3].

Uprawa

Palma łatwa w uprawie i bardzo szybko rosnąca. Uprawiana w zakresie 9-11 stref mrozoodporności. Wymaga pełnego słońca, ale toleruje też półcień. Wrażliwa jest na wysychanie. Lubi ziemię bogatą w mikroelementy szczególnie mangan.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2009-09-03].
  2. Germplasm Resources Information Network: Syagrus romanzoffiana Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-02-05].
  3. Martin Gibbons: Palmen. Das neue kompakte Bestimmungsbuch. Köln: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 1998. ISBN 3-8290-1285-3.
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Syagrus romanzoffiana: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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 src= Owocująca palma królowej

Syagrus romanzoffiana, zwana palmą królowej (ang. Queen palm) – gatunek roślin należący do rodziny arekowatych (palm). Pochodzi z Ameryki Południowej, z terenu Brazylii, Boliwii i północnej Argentyny. Poza tym rozpowszechniona jest m.in. w obszarze śródziemnomorskim z uwagi na dekoracyjny wygląd, szybki wyrost i łatwość uprawy.

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Jerivá ( Portuguese )

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O jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana), também chamado baba-de-boi, coco-catarro, coqueiro, coqueiro-jerivá, coquinho-de-cachorro, coquinho-meleca, jeribá, coqueiro-pindoba, coco-juvena, coqueiro-pindó, gerivá, juruvá, jiruvá, jurubá, é uma palmeira nativa da Mata Atlântica, no Brasil, podendo ser encontrada também em seus ecossistemas associados, como restingas, florestas ombrófilas densas, florestas estacionais semideciduais, florestas estacionais deciduais, ou outras formações florestais como matas ciliares, matas paludosas, e cerrado.

Etimologia

"Jerivá" e "jeribá" são termos oriundos do tupi jeri'wa[1]. "Baba" origina-se do latim vulgar baba, "saliva que escorre da boca"[2]. O nome "baba-de-boi" é uma referência ao fio resinoso produzido pela planta e que se assemelha à baba dos bois[2]. É também chamada de "coquinho-de-cachorro" devido ao gosto dos cachorros pelo consumo de seus frutos.

Descrição

 src=
Os coquinhos de jerivá servem de alimento para vários animais, como o periquitão-maracanã

É uma Palmeira de Estipe (tronco solitário), atingindo de 6 a 15 m de altura, no meio da floresta chega aos 30 m com o tronco variando de 25 a 62 cm de diâmetro. Ele é cilíndrico, vertical e fissurado (com algumas rachaduras), com coloração cinzenta e algumas pontuações escuras. A copa é ligada ao tronco e é composta por 4 a 14 folhas arqueadas e pinadas com raque (eixo das folhas) de 2,5 a 4 m de comprimento, sob pecíolo (segmento da folha que se prende ao tronco) semelhante a bainha (que envolve metade do tronco) com base expandida, fibrosa de 20 a 40 cm de largura, a ápice é o topo das folhas que mede de 30 a 70 centímetros de comprimento. A raque central contem de 150 a 250 filetes dispostos em diferentes planos medindo 30 a 60 cm de comprimento por 2 a 3,5 cm de largura, com ápice mais curvadas. A inflorescência é interfoliar e que nasce dentro de uma espádice lenhoso e fissurado, longo e de até 26 cm de comprimento, que é segurado pelo pedúnculo. Quando a espádice se abre surgem milhares de flores numa panícula com raque de 40 a 50 cm de comprimento e possui raquilas com cerca de 70 a 300 contendo de 60 a 120 flores unissexuais, sendo que uma feminina é distribuída entre 2 masculinas, depois torna-se apenas a espata (tecido modificado). A parte externa do fruto é carnosa, amarelada ou alaranjada, marcada por três cicatrizes em resultado da polinização e composta de uma mucilagem adocicada muito apreciada por alguns animais, como papagaios, maritacas e esquilos-caxinguelê, ou mesmo por cachorros e pelos humanos, principalmente pelas crianças, sendo uma lembrança comum, aos interioranos, a quebra destes coquinhos batendo-se com pedras para alcançar as suas amêndoas. Internamente, possui uma pequena castanha bem parecida com a do coco-da-baía. A semente germina em cerca de 100 a 150 dias, tendo um potencial de germinação de cinquenta a 79 por cento. A folha é perenifólia e é usada como ração para o gado. A árvore fornece também palmito para alimentação humana.

A madeira foi (ainda é) muito usada nas construções rurais como por exemplo o madeiramento de telhados, é utilizado para paisagismo ornamental e também para fazer reflorestamentos em áreas degradadas, preservação permanente, plantios mistos. Tem um crescimento moderado, com uma altura média de dez a doze metros (chegando a ter mais de quinze metros). Alguns exemplares chegam a ter um tronco com mais de sessenta centímetros de diâmetro. Possui grande resistência no transplante, mesmo quando adulta. Pode ser encontrado em várias regiões do Brasil, como: Sudeste, Sul, e nos estados Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, e sul da Bahia.

A sua forma de dispersão é zoocórica, ou seja, através dos animais que consomem seus frutos e dispersam suas sementes através das fezes.

Sinonímia Botânica

Arecastrum romanzoffianum; Cocos romanzoffiana; Cocus plumosa.

Galeria de Fotos

Referências

  1. FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. Segunda edição. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1986. p.987
  2. a b FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. Segunda edição. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1986. p.214

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Jerivá: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana), também chamado baba-de-boi, coco-catarro, coqueiro, coqueiro-jerivá, coquinho-de-cachorro, coquinho-meleca, jeribá, coqueiro-pindoba, coco-juvena, coqueiro-pindó, gerivá, juruvá, jiruvá, jurubá, é uma palmeira nativa da Mata Atlântica, no Brasil, podendo ser encontrada também em seus ecossistemas associados, como restingas, florestas ombrófilas densas, florestas estacionais semideciduais, florestas estacionais deciduais, ou outras formações florestais como matas ciliares, matas paludosas, e cerrado.

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Drottningpalm ( Swedish )

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Drottningpalm[1] (Syagrus romanzoffiana[2]) är en enhjärtbladig växtart som först beskrevs av Adelbert von Chamisso, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Sidney Frederick Glassman. Syagrus romanzoffiana ingår i släktet Syagrus och familjen palmer.[3][4] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[3]

Palmens stam blir vanligen 10 till 15 meter hög och den når en diameter av 35 till 50 cm. På toppen bildas 7 till 15 fjäderlika sammansatta blad som är 2,5 till 4,4 meter långa. På varje sida av bladet förekommer 150 till 250 långsmala bladskivor. Blomställningen når ibland en längd av 1,5 meter och den har 80 till 280 förgreningar. De mogna frukterna liknar ägg i utseende med en längd av 2 till 3 cm och en diameter av 1 till 2 cm. De har en gul till orange färg. I frukten bildas fröet som har en oregelbunden form.[5]

Drottningpalmens ursprungliga utbredningsområde ligger i Sydamerika från södra Brasilien och Bolivia till Paraguay, Uruguay och norra Argentina. Arten odlas som prydnadsväxt, främst i andra tropiska och subtropiska delar av världen.[5]

Trädens mogna frukter är ätliga. Dessutom används bladen som foder för nötkreatur och frön som föder för höns. Omogna frukter äts av trädekorrar (Sciurus) och mogna frukter utgör föda till mösskapucin (Cebus apella) och vrålapan Alouatta guariba.[5]

Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ Palmnamn - svenska och latinska, Svensk kulturväxt databas, läst 2017-02-10.
  2. ^ Glassman, 1968 In: Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 382
  3. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (27 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9730049. Läst 26 maj 2014.
  4. ^ WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ^ [a b c] Henderson et al. (1997). Syagrus romanzoffiana. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press. sid. 148. ISBN 0-691-08537-4

Externa länkar

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Drottningpalm: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Drottningpalm (Syagrus romanzoffiana) är en enhjärtbladig växtart som först beskrevs av Adelbert von Chamisso, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Sidney Frederick Glassman. Syagrus romanzoffiana ingår i släktet Syagrus och familjen palmer. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Palmens stam blir vanligen 10 till 15 meter hög och den når en diameter av 35 till 50 cm. På toppen bildas 7 till 15 fjäderlika sammansatta blad som är 2,5 till 4,4 meter långa. På varje sida av bladet förekommer 150 till 250 långsmala bladskivor. Blomställningen når ibland en längd av 1,5 meter och den har 80 till 280 förgreningar. De mogna frukterna liknar ägg i utseende med en längd av 2 till 3 cm och en diameter av 1 till 2 cm. De har en gul till orange färg. I frukten bildas fröet som har en oregelbunden form.

Drottningpalmens ursprungliga utbredningsområde ligger i Sydamerika från södra Brasilien och Bolivia till Paraguay, Uruguay och norra Argentina. Arten odlas som prydnadsväxt, främst i andra tropiska och subtropiska delar av världen.

Trädens mogna frukter är ätliga. Dessutom används bladen som foder för nötkreatur och frön som föder för höns. Omogna frukter äts av trädekorrar (Sciurus) och mogna frukter utgör föda till mösskapucin (Cebus apella) och vrålapan Alouatta guariba.

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Syagrus romanzoffiana ( Vietnamese )

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Syagrus romanzoffiana là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Arecaceae. Loài này được (Cham.) Glassman miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1968.[3]

Hình ảnh

Tham khảo

  1. ^ “Syagrus romanzoffiana information from NPGS/GRIN”. www.ars-grin.gov. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 3 năm 2008.
  2. ^ Kew World Checklist for Selected Plant Families, Syagrus romanzoffiana
  3. ^ The Plant List (2010). Syagrus romanzoffiana. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến phân họ cau Arecoideae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Syagrus romanzoffiana: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Syagrus romanzoffiana là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Arecaceae. Loài này được (Cham.) Glassman miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1968.

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Сиагрус Румянцева ( Russian )

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 src=
Желтокрылые тонкоклювые попугаи (Brotogeris chiriri) питаются плодами сиагруса Романцова

Высокое дерево. Ствол с листовыми следами. Листья перисторасщеплённые, до 4—5 м длиной; доли в средней части листа до 0,7—1 м длиной и 25—30 мм шириной. Черешок без шипов, до 1 м длиной. Покрывало соцветия складчато-бороздчатое, до 1 м длиной. Плод — широкояйцевидная или обратнояйцевидная костянка, 2,2—2,7 см длиной и 1,5—1,9 см толщиной. Плоды сладкие на вкус и напоминают смесь сливы и банана. Семена широкояйцевидные[5].

Распространение

Встречается в субтропиках восточной части Южной Америки: от Аргентины (устье Параны) до штата Баия[3][5]. Признан инвазивным видом в США (штат Флорида) и Австралии (штат Квинсленд).

Хозяйственное значение и применение

Широко используется в качестве декоративного растения[5].

Синонимика

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. Выгодский, В. С. Деревья Израиля в Ашкелоне. — Ашкелон, 2005. — 149 с.
  3. 1 2 Имханицкая Н. Н. Пальмы / Отв. ред. А. Л. Тахтаджян. — Л.: Наука, 1985. — С. 190. — 243 с. — 2350 экз.
  4. Бекасова А. В. "Ученые занятия" русского аристократа как способ самореализации (на примере графа Н. П. Румянцева) // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники : журнал. — 1995. — № 1. — С. 24—39. — ISSN 0205-9606.
  5. 1 2 3 Сааков, 1954, с. 238—239.
  6. Syagrus romanzoffiana (англ.): сведения о названии таксона на сайте The Plant List (version 1.1, 2013). (Проверено 5 ноября 2012)
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Сиагрус Румянцева: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Желтокрылые тонкоклювые попугаи (Brotogeris chiriri) питаются плодами сиагруса Романцова

Высокое дерево. Ствол с листовыми следами. Листья перисторасщеплённые, до 4—5 м длиной; доли в средней части листа до 0,7—1 м длиной и 25—30 мм шириной. Черешок без шипов, до 1 м длиной. Покрывало соцветия складчато-бороздчатое, до 1 м длиной. Плод — широкояйцевидная или обратнояйцевидная костянка, 2,2—2,7 см длиной и 1,5—1,9 см толщиной. Плоды сладкие на вкус и напоминают смесь сливы и банана. Семена широкояйцевидные.

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金山葵 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

金山葵学名Syagrus romanzoffiana)为棕榈科山葵属下的一个种。[1][2]

参考文献

  1. ^ 金山葵 Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassm.. 中国植物物种名录(CPNI). 中国植物物种信息数据库. [2013-1-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  2. ^ Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman. In: The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ [2018-12-12].

扩展阅读

Syagrus romanzoffiana Cocos romanzoffiana


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金山葵: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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金山葵(学名:Syagrus romanzoffiana)为棕榈科山葵属下的一个种。

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