dcsimg

Distribution in Egypt

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Nile region, cultivated (sugar cane).

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Global Distribution

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Thought to have arisen in New Guinea, now cultivated for sugar throughout the tropics and subtropics.

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Comments

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Cultivated extensively in Taiwan. The dyed inflorescence is often use as an ornament. The sugar is contained in the soft central tissues of the stem; the canes are cut before flowering and crushed between rollers to extract the juice; afterwards it is boiled down under reduced pressure to produce crystals.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
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Chang-Sheng Kuoh
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Comments

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This is the commercial crop sugarcane, now widely cultivated in tropical regions of the world. Most present-day cultivars contain genes from Saccharum spontaneum. Sugar is extracted from the soft, central tissue of the culm. The dyed inflorescence is used as an ornament.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 577, 579 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Description

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Rhizome stout. Culms solid, 3-5 m high, juicy inside, 2-3 cm in diameter, nodes numerous, the lower internodes shortened and swollen. Sheaths imbricate, lower ones falling off at the culm base; blade 4-6 cm wide, midrib prominent and broad, margins serrulate with siliceous bodies; ligule rounded, small. Panicle very large, up to 50 cm long; racemose branches more or less pendent, rachis-joint. easily falling off together with spikelets when mature. Spikelets paired monomorphic, the one pedicelled and the other sessile, about 3 mm long; callus covered with long silky hairs, the hairs 2-3 times as long as the spikelet; glumes oblong, coriaceous, margins membranous and long, ciliate; lower glume keeled along margins; upper glume boat-shaped, nearly as long as the lower glume; lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, obscurely one-nerved, membranous; upper lemma linear, membranous, about 2/3 as long as the spikelet.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
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Chang-Sheng Kuoh
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Description

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Perennial, forming tall clumps. Culms 3–6 m tall, 2–5 cm in diam., 20–40-noded, solid, nodes glabrous, glabrous below inflorescence. Leaf sheaths glabrous, pilose at mouth; leaf blades 70–150 × 4–6 cm, usually glabrous, midrib large, white, margins sharply serrate, base rounded, apex acuminate; ligule 2–3 mm, ciliate. Panicle 50–100 cm, axis glabrous but pilose at nodes; racemes 10–25 cm; rachis internodes 3–6 mm, glabrous. Spikelets 3.5–4 mm; callus hairs 2–3 times length of spikelet; lower glume oblong, uniformly firm throughout, buff-colored, back glabrous, margins membranous and ciliate above, apex acuminate; lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, subequal to glumes; upper lemma linear, awnless. Lodicules glabrous. Anthers 3. Fl. and fr. autumn. 2n = 80.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 577, 579 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Distribution

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Cultivated in many parts of the tropics.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
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Chang-Sheng Kuoh
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Habitat & Distribution

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Cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [SE Asia, Pacific Islands; widely cultivated elsewhere].
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 22: 577, 579 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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eFloras.org
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Insects whose larvae eat this plant species

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Melanitis leda helena (Common twilight brown)
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Saccharum officinarum L. Flora of Mozambique website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/cult/species.php?species_id=165910
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Saccharum officinarum L. Sp. PI. 54. 1753
Stems tall and leafy, sometimes several meters high ; leaf-blades often over 1 m. long, up to 6 cm. wide ; panicle up to 6 dm. long or more, diffuse.
Type locality : Both Indies. < .
Distribution : Sometimes escaping from cultivation in warm and tropical regions.
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Percy Wilson, Per Axel Rydberg, Norman Taylor, Nathaniel Lord Britton, John Kunkel Small, George Valentine Nash. 1909. PANDANALES-POALES; TYPHACEAE, SPARGANACEAE, ELODEACEAE, HYDROCHARITACEAE, ZANNICHELLIACEAE, ZOSTERACEAE, CYMODOCEACEAE, NAIADACEAE, LILAEACEAE, SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, ALISMACEAE, BUTOMACEAE, POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem nodes bearded or hairy, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stems with inflorescence 2-6 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 6 m or taller, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, g labrous, Leaf sheath hairy at summit, throat, or collar, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades 2 or more cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades scabrous, roughened, or wrinkled, Ligule present, Ligule a fringed, ciliate, or lobed membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence an open panicle, openly paniculate, branches spreading, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelets paired at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets in paired units, 1 sessile, 1 pedicellate, Spikelets bisexual, Inflorescence disarticulating between nodes or joints of rachis, rachis fr agmenting, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Inflorescence branches deciduous, falling intact, Spikelets conspicuously hairy , Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes 3 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 1 nerved, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Callus or base of lemma evidently hairy, Callus hairs longer than lemma, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.
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Saccharum officinarum

provided by wikipedia EN

Saccharum officinarum is a large, strong-growing species of grass in the sugarcane genus. Its stout stalks are rich in sucrose, a simple sugar which accumulates in the stalk internodes. It originated in New Guinea,[1] and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugar, ethanol and other products.

S. officinarum is one of the most productive and most intensively cultivated kinds of sugarcane. It can interbreed with other sugarcane species, such as S. sinense and S. barberi. The major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids.[2] About 70% of the sugar produced worldwide comes from S. officinarum and hybrids using this species.[3]

Description

Saccharum officinarum, a perennial plant, grows in clumps consisting of a number of strong unbranched stems. A network of rhizomes forms under the soil which sends up secondary shoots near the parent plant. The stems vary in colour, being green, pinkish, or purple and can reach 5 metres (16 feet) in height. They are jointed, nodes being present at the bases of the alternate leaves. The internodes contain a fibrous white pith immersed in sugary sap. The elongated, linear, green leaves have thick midribs and saw-toothed edges and grow to a length of about 30 to 60 centimetres (12 to 24 inches) and width of 5 cm (2 in). The terminal inflorescence is a panicle up to 60 cm (24 in) long, a pinkish plume that is broadest at the base and tapering towards the top. The spikelets are borne on side branches and are about 3 millimetres (18 in) long and are concealed in tufts of long, silky hair. The fruits are dry and each one contains a single seed.[4][5] Sugarcane harvest typically occurs before the plants flower, as the flowering process causes a reduction in sugar content.[6]

Taxonomy

Saccharum officinarum was first domesticated in New Guinea and the islands east of the Wallace Line by Papuans, where it is the modern center of diversity. Beginning at around 6,000 BP it was selectively bred from the native S. robustum. From New Guinea it spread westwards to Island Southeast Asia after contact with Austronesians, where it hybridized with S. spontaneum.[7]

The Hawaiian word for this species is kō.[8]

Genome

Zhang et al., 2018 provides a genome.[9]

Uses

Portions of the stem of this and several other species of sugarcane have been used from ancient times for chewing to extract the sweet juice. It was cultivated in New Guinea about 8,000 years ago for this purpose. Extraction of the juice and boiling to concentrate it was probably first done in India more than 2,000 years ago.[4]

Saccharum officinarum and its hybrids are grown for the production of sugar, ethanol, and other industrial uses in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The stems and the byproducts of the sugar industry are used for feeding to livestock. Pigs fed on sugarcane juice and a soy-based protein supplement produced stronger piglets that grew faster than those on a more conventional diet.[10] As its specific name (officinarum, "of dispensaries") implies, it is also used in traditional medicine both internally and externally.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ In New Guinea, according to sources cited by Christian Daniels in Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 6.3, p. 129ff
  2. ^ Vilela, Mariane de Mendonça; Del Bem, Luiz Eduardo; Van Sluys, Marie-Anne; de Setta, Nathalia; Kitajima, João Paulo; Cruz, Guilherme Marcelo Queiroga; Sforça, Danilo Augusto; de Souza, Anete Pereira; Ferreira, Paulo Cavalcanti Gomes; Grativol, Clícia; Cardoso-Silva, Claudio Benicio. "Analysis of Three Sugarcane Homo/Homeologous Regions Suggests Independent Polyploidization Events of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum". Genome Biology and Evolution (GBE). Oxford University Press (OUP). 9 (2): 266–278. doi:10.1093/gbe/evw293. PMC 5381655. PMID 28082603. Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution (Smbe).
  3. ^ "Plants & Fungi: Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane)". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04.
  4. ^ a b c "Saccharum officinarum". Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  5. ^ "Saccharum officinarum L." FAO. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  6. ^ "The Biology and Ecology of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) in Australia, Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, 2004; p. 10.
  7. ^ Paterson, Andrew H.; Moore, Paul H.; Tom L., Tew (2012). "The Gene Pool of Saccharum Species and Their Improvement". In Paterson, Andrew H. (ed.). Genomics of the Saccharinae. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 43–72. ISBN 9781441959478.
  8. ^ Abbott, Isabella Aiona. (1992). Lā'au Hawai'i : traditional Hawaiian uses of plants. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-930897-62-5. OCLC 26509190.
  9. ^
    Fernie, Alisdair R.; Yan, Jianbing (2019). "De Novo Domestication: An Alternative Route toward New Crops for the Future". Molecular Plant. Cell Press. 12 (5): 615–631. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.016. ISSN 1674-2052. PMID 30999078. S2CID 121615993.
    Michael, Todd; VanBuren, Robert (2020). "Building near-complete plant genomes". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. Elsevier BV. 54: 26–33. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2019.12.009. ISSN 1369-5266.
    These reviews cite this research.
    Zhang, Jisen; Zhang, Xingtan; Tang, Haibao; Zhang, Qing; Hua, Xiuting; Ma, Xiaokai; Zhu, Fan; Jones, Tyler; Zhu, Xinguang; Bowers, John; Wai, Ching Man; Zheng, Chunfang; Shi, Yan; Chen, Shuai; Xu, Xiuming; Yue, Jingjing; Nelson, David R.; Huang, Lixian; Li, Zhen; Xu, Huimin; Zhou, Dong; Wang, Yongjun; Hu, Weichang; Lin, Jishan; Deng, Youjin; Pandey, Neha; Mancini, Melina; Zerpa, Dessireé; Nguyen, Julie K.; Wang, Liming; Yu, Liang; Xin, Yinghui; Ge, Liangfa; Arro, Jie; Han, Jennifer O.; Chakrabarty, Setu; Pushko, Marija; Zhang, Wenping; Ma, Yanhong; Ma, Panpan; Lv, Mingju; Chen, Faming; Zheng, Guangyong; Xu, Jingsheng; Yang, Zhenhui; Deng, Fang; Chen, Xuequn; Liao, Zhenyang; Zhang, Xunxiao; Lin, Zhicong; Lin, Hai; Yan, Hansong; Kuang, Zheng; Zhong, Weimin; Liang, Pingping; Wang, Guofeng; Yuan, Yuan; Shi, Jiaxian; Hou, Jinxiang; Lin, Jingxian; Jin, Jingjing; Cao, Peijian; Shen, Qiaochu; Jiang, Qing; Zhou, Ping; Ma, Yaying; Zhang, Xiaodan; Xu, Rongrong; Liu, Juan; Zhou, Yongmei; Jia, Haifeng; Ma, Qing; Qi, Rui; Zhang, Zhiliang; Fang, Jingping; Fang, Hongkun; Song, Jinjin; Wang, Mengjuan; Dong, Guangrui; Wang, Gang; Chen, Zheng; Ma, Teng; Liu, Hong; Dhungana, Singha R.; Huss, Sarah E.; Yang, Xiping; Sharma, Anupma; Trujillo, Jhon H.; Martinez, Maria C.; Hudson, Matthew; Riascos, John J.; Schuler, Mary; Chen, Li-Qing; Braun, David M.; Li, Lei; Yu, Qingyi; Wang, Jianping; Wang, Kai; Schatz, Michael C.; Heckerman, David; Van Sluys, Marie-Anne; Souza, Glaucia Mendes; Moore, Paul H.; Sankoff, David; VanBuren, Robert; Paterson, Andrew H.; Nagai, Chifumi; Ming, Ray (2018). "Allele-defined genome of the autopolyploid sugarcane Saccharum spontaneum L.". Nature Genetics. Nature Portfolio. 50 (11): 1565–1573. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0237-2. ISSN 1061-4036. S2CID 52940229.
  10. ^ "Sugar cane". Feeding pigs in the tropics. FAO. Retrieved 2012-09-21.

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Saccharum officinarum: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Saccharum officinarum is a large, strong-growing species of grass in the sugarcane genus. Its stout stalks are rich in sucrose, a simple sugar which accumulates in the stalk internodes. It originated in New Guinea, and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugar, ethanol and other products.

S. officinarum is one of the most productive and most intensively cultivated kinds of sugarcane. It can interbreed with other sugarcane species, such as S. sinense and S. barberi. The major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. About 70% of the sugar produced worldwide comes from S. officinarum and hybrids using this species.

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