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Dogtooth Violet

Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl.

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provided by eFloras
Erythronium americanum is a very common and widespread species, particularly in northeastern North America, becoming less frequent towards the southern and western limits of its range. Nonflowering plants far outnumber flowering ones in most populations because of their extensive stolon production. Plants with brown anthers have been called forma castaneum L. B. Smith.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 154, 162, 161, 163 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Bulbs ovoid, 15–28 mm; stolons 1–3, common, mostly on 1-leaved, nonflowering plants. Leaves 8–23 cm; blade green, irregularly mottled, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, ± flat, glaucous, margins entire. Scape 10–18 cm. Inflorescences 1-flowered. Flowers: tepals yellow, sometimes tinged light to dark purple-red abaxially, sometimes with reddish dots adaxially, strongly reflexed at anthesis, lanceolate, 20–33 mm, inner with small auricles; stamens 9–15 mm; filaments yellow, lanceolate; anthers yellow, chestnut brown, or lavender; pollen yellow or brown; style deciduous or base forming small apiculum, greenish yellow, 5–11 mm, swollen distally or ± terete; stigma lobes erect or recurved, 1.5 mm. Capsules held erect or at least off ground at maturity, obovoid, 12–15 mm, apex rounded, truncate, or apiculate. 2n = 48.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 154, 162, 161, 163 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Ostamerikanischer Hundszahn ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Ostamerikanische Hundszahn (Erythronium americanum) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Liliengewächse (Liliaceae).

Merkmale

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Blüte

Der Ostamerikanische Hundszahn ist eine ausdauernde, krautige Zwiebelpflanze, die Wuchshöhen von 10 bis 18 (vermutlich selten bis 30) Zentimeter erreicht. Sie bildet Ausläufer aus. Die Blätter sind 8 bis 23 Zentimeter lang und elliptisch-lanzettlich. Die Blüten sind einzeln. Die Perigonblätter sind 20 bis 33 Millimeter lang und gelb gefärbt, ihre Oberseite ist braun oder purpur gesprenkelt.

Die Blütezeit reicht von April bis Mai.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt für beide Unterarten 2n = 48.[1]

Vorkommen

Der Ostamerikanische Hundszahn kommt im warmgemäßigten bis gemäßigten östlichen Nordamerika von Georgia und Alabama bis Neufundland und Süd-Ontario vor. Die Art wächst auf frischfeuchten bis frischtrockenen Hangwäldern. Sie ist oft auf Lehm und an Gewässern zu finden.

Systematik

Man kann zwei Unterarten unterscheiden[2]:

  • Erythronium americanum subsp. americanum: Sie kommt vom östlichen Kanada bis in die nördlichen, zentralen und östlichen Vereinigten Staaten vor.[2]
  • Erythronium americanum subsp. harperi (W.Wolf) C.R.Parks & Hardin: Sie kommt in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi und Tennessee vor.[2]

Nutzung

Der Ostamerikanische Hundszahn wird selten als Zierpflanze für Steingärten und Gehölzränder genutzt.

Belege

  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (Hrsg.): Rothmaler – Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Band 5: Krautige Zier- und Nutzpflanzen. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Geraldine A. Allen & Kenneth R. Robertson: Erythronium Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America, vol. 26. [1].
  2. a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Erythronium americanum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 26. September 2016.
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Ostamerikanischer Hundszahn: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Ostamerikanische Hundszahn (Erythronium americanum) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Liliengewächse (Liliaceae).

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Erythronium americanum

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Erythronium americanum, the trout lily, yellow trout lily, or yellow dogtooth violet, is a species of perennial, colony forming, spring ephemeral flower native to North America and dwelling in woodland habitats. Within its range it is a very common and widespread species, especially in eastern North America.[3] The common name "trout lily" refers to the appearance of its gray-green leaves mottled with brown or gray, which allegedly resemble the coloring of brook trout.[4][5]

The range is from Labrador south to Georgia, west to Mississippi, and north to Minnesota.[6][7]

Description

Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawler, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade, Quebec, Canada

Flowers

A yellow trout lily produces an erect flower stalk with a nodding, bisexual flower with 6 recurved, yellow, lanceolate tepals. The 20 to 33 mm long tepals are composed of 3 petals and 3 petal-like sepals.[3] E. americanum does not flower for the first 4 to 7 years of its life.[5][6] In any given colony, only 0.5% will have flowers.[8][3]

Trout lilies bloom in early spring before the trees growing above them develop leaves. Blooming at this time allows them unobstructed access to sunlight and time to grow when soil nutrient levels are high. The flowers close at night.[8]

Leaves

Non-flowering plants grow a single leaf whereas flowering plants grow 2 basal leaves.[9] The 8 to 23 centimeters long yellow trout lily leaves grow in the spring and range from elliptic to lanceolate leaves, the leaves may be mottled with gray to purple and have entire leaf margins.[3]

Fruit and sexual reproduction

Erythronium americanum does not reproduce very effectively via sexual reproduction with only 10% of pollinated flowers developing seeds.[10] The fruit is a 12 to 15 mm long capsule that is held off the ground by the flower stalk.[3] E. americanum is a myrmecochorous plant, meaning that ants help disperse the seeds and reduce seed predation. To make the seeds more appealing to ants they have an elaiosome which is a structure that attracts ants.[11]

Corm and asexual reproduction

A trout lily grows from a 15 to 28 mm oval underground corm. The corm is often located in the upper 11 cm of soil although it may be as deep as 30 cm.[9][8] The corms of E. americanum are buried very deeply compared to other lily family plants. The corms are mostly composed of storage tissue containing large amounts of energy rich starch. The corm is covered by a papery husk which is the remains of the previous year's stalk.[12]

Trout lilies grow in colonies, some of which have been dated to be up to 300 years old.[2][4] The individuals within a colony will often reproduce asexually via a "dropper" or from small bulbs budding off of the main corm. A dropper is a tubular fleshy stem that grows out from a parent corm, up toward the surface and then penetrates deep into the soil where another corm is formed from the tip of the dropper. The stem connecting the daughter and parent corm then dies.[10]

Subspecies

There are two subspecies, Erythronium americanum subsp. americanum and Erythronium americanum subsp. harperi. The americanum subspecies is a distributed more northerly and the harperi subspecies only occurs in the south, from Louisiana to Tennessee and Georgia.[13] The subspecies differ in the shape of the capsule and stigma, with E. americanum subsp. americanum having a capsule with a rounded, truncate, or short-apiculate tip and erect stigma lobes without groves. E. americanum subsp. harperi has a distinctly apiculate capsule apex and stigma lobes which are both grooved and recurved.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Erythronium americanum". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  2. ^ a b "Erythronium americanum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. ^ a b c d e Allen, Geraldine A.; Robertson, Kenneth R. (2002). "Erythronium americanum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 14 June 2016 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. ^ a b Coulber, Sarah. "Trout Lily – Erythronium americanum". Canada Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  5. ^ a b Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
  6. ^ a b Thieret, John W. (2001). National Audubon Society Field Guide to Wildflowers, Eastern Region (revised ed.). Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  7. ^ "Erythronium americanum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  8. ^ a b c Muller, Robert (1978). "The Phenology, Growth and Ecosystem Dynamics of Erythronium americanum in the Northern Hardwood Forest". Ecological Monographs. 48 (48): 1–20. doi:10.2307/2937357. JSTOR 2937357.
  9. ^ a b "2003 Yellow Trout Lily (Erythronium Americanum) - Virginia Native Plant Society". Virginia Native Plant Society. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  10. ^ a b Bernhardt, Peter (2003). Wily violets & underground orchids : revelations of a botanist (University of Chicago Press ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226043661.
  11. ^ Ruhren, Scott; Dudash, Michele (1996). "Consequences of the Timing of Seed Release of Erythronium americanum (Liliaceae), a Deciduous Forest Myrmecochore" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 83 (5): 633. doi:10.2307/2445923. JSTOR 2445923.
  12. ^ Gawler, Ker; Bellenden, John (1808). "Erythronium americanum: Yellow-flowered Dog's-tooth-violet". Botanical Magazine. 28. pl. 1113.
  13. ^ a b USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Erythronium americanum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 14 June 2016.

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Erythronium americanum: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Erythronium americanum, the trout lily, yellow trout lily, or yellow dogtooth violet, is a species of perennial, colony forming, spring ephemeral flower native to North America and dwelling in woodland habitats. Within its range it is a very common and widespread species, especially in eastern North America. The common name "trout lily" refers to the appearance of its gray-green leaves mottled with brown or gray, which allegedly resemble the coloring of brook trout.

The range is from Labrador south to Georgia, west to Mississippi, and north to Minnesota.

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Erythronium americanum ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Erythronium americanum (Trout lily, Yellow trout lily) es una especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las liliáceas. Se encuentra en la costa este de EE.UU. hasta los Grandes Lagos y en San Lorenzo es decir, aproximadamente el límite septentrional de su área.

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Dense patch of Erythronium americanum, Gadsden Co. Florida.
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Vista de la planta en su hábitat

Descripción

Se distingue por ser una de las primeras plantas que florecen en primavera, aprovechando la ausencia de hojas que sobresalen en los árboles por encima de hacer su ciclo de vida.

Taxonomía

Erythronium americanum fue descrita por John Bellenden Ker Gawler y publicado en Botanical Magazine 28: pl. 1113. 1808.[1]

Etimología

Erythronium: nombre genérico que se refiere al color de las flores de algunas de sus especies de color rojo (del griego erythros = rojo), aunque también pueden ser de color amarillo o blanco.[2]

americanum: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en América.

Variedades y Sinonimia
  • Erythronium flavum Sm. in Rees, Cycl. 13: 2 (1809), nom. superfl.

subsp. americanum. De Canadá y Estados Unidos.

  • Erythronium angustatum Raf., Med. Repos. 2(5): 354 (1808).
  • Erythronium aquatile Salisb., Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 331 (1812).
  • Erythronium lanceolatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 230 (1813).
  • Erythronium bracteatum Bigelow, Fl. Boston., ed. 2: 136: 365 (1824).
  • Erythronium aureum Loisel., Herb. Amateur Fleurs 1: t. 51 (1828).
  • Erythronium flavescens Loisel., Herb. Amateur Fleurs 1: 51 (1828).
  • Erythronium nuttallianum Schult. & Schult.f. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 1681 (1830).

subsp. harperi (W.Wolf) C.R.Parks & Hardin, Brittonia 15: 252 (1963). Del este y centro de los Estados Unidos.

  • Erythronium harperi W.Wolf, Castanea 6: 24 (1941).[3]

Referencias

  1. «Erythronium americanum». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 12 de diciembre de 2013.
  2. En Epítgetos Botánicos
  3. «Erythronium americanum». Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 19 de abril de 2010.

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Erythronium americanum: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Erythronium americanum (Trout lily, Yellow trout lily) es una especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las liliáceas. Se encuentra en la costa este de EE.UU. hasta los Grandes Lagos y en San Lorenzo es decir, aproximadamente el límite septentrional de su área.

 src= Dense patch of Erythronium americanum, Gadsden Co. Florida.  src= Vista de la planta en su hábitat
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Érythrone d'Amérique ( French )

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Erythronium americanum

L'érythrone d'Amérique (Erythronium americanum) est une plante herbacée vivace à bulbe de la famille des Liliaceae. On l'appelle aussi ail doux.

Plante des forêts mixtes et feuillues, l'érythrone d'Amérique se retrouve sur la côte est des États-Unis, jusqu'au Grands Lacs et en bordure du Fleuve Saint-Laurent où se situe environ la limite septentrionale de son aire de répartition.

Elle se démarque en étant parmi les premières plantes à fleurir au printemps, profitant de l'absence des feuilles des arbres qui la surplombent afin d'effectuer son cycle vital.

Sous-espèces

Selon World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) (14 avr. 2010)[1] :

  • Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. (1808)
  • Erythronium americanum subsp. americanum.
  • Erythronium americanum subsp. harperi (W.Wolf) C.R.Parks & Hardin (1963)

Description

Plante vivace à bulbe, elle mesure environ 30 cm de hauteur. Ses feuilles sont opposées, de couleur verte, tachetées de beige et de pourpre. Les fleurs printanières sont jaunes. L'arbuste ressemble à l'ail des bois et c'est pourquoi on l'appelle aussi l'ail doux, bien que le goût soit très différent. La germination est lente ; il faut compter dix ans avant que la plante ne produise ses premières fleurs et graines[2].

Usage culinaire et médicinal

La feuille peut se manger bouillie comme un légume. La jeune feuille se mange crue, en salade. Le bulbe est aussi comestible. La feuille peut être utilisée en cataplasme sur une enflure ou un ulcère pour accélérer la cicatrisation. Les Autochtones utilisaient l'érythrone d'Amérique comme antibiotique, comme contraceptif ou pour les maux de poitrine.

Galerie

Références

  1. WCSP. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet ; http://wcsp.science.kew.org/, consulté le 14 avr. 2010
  2. Anny Schneider, Plantes médicinales indigènes du Québec et du Sud-Est du Canada, Montréal, Les Éditions de l'Homme, 2020, 265 p. (ISBN 978-2-7619-5256-9), p. 116-117.

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Érythrone d'Amérique: Brief Summary ( French )

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Erythronium americanum

L'érythrone d'Amérique (Erythronium americanum) est une plante herbacée vivace à bulbe de la famille des Liliaceae. On l'appelle aussi ail doux.

Plante des forêts mixtes et feuillues, l'érythrone d'Amérique se retrouve sur la côte est des États-Unis, jusqu'au Grands Lacs et en bordure du Fleuve Saint-Laurent où se situe environ la limite septentrionale de son aire de répartition.

Elle se démarque en étant parmi les premières plantes à fleurir au printemps, profitant de l'absence des feuilles des arbres qui la surplombent afin d'effectuer son cycle vital.

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Ameriski hrymzyčnik ( Upper Sorbian )

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Ameriski hrymzyčnik (Erythronium americanum) je rostlina ze swójby Lilijowych rostlinow (Liliaceae).

 src=
Kćenje

Wopis

Stejnišćo

Rozšěrjenje

Wužiwanje

Nóžki

  1. Jurij Kral: Serbsko-němski słownik hornjołužiskeje serbskeje rěče, Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2003, ISBN 3-7420-0313-5, str. 121, pod hesłom Hundszahn (bot.).

Žórła

  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
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Ameriski hrymzyčnik: Brief Summary ( Upper Sorbian )

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Ameriski hrymzyčnik (Erythronium americanum) je rostlina ze swójby Lilijowych rostlinow (Liliaceae).

 src= Kćeni  src= Kćenje
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Bronsfärgad hundtandslilja ( Swedish )

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Bronsfärgad hundtandslilja (Erythronium americanum) är en art i familjen liljeväxter. De är knölväxter med marmorerade blad. Kalkbladen är uppåtriktade medan ståndare och pistiller pekar nedåt. Rotknölen är giftig och ger våldsamma kräkningar. [1]

Referenser

  1. ^ Wigander, Millan (1976). Farliga växter. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell Förlag. ISBN 91-20-04445-3 sid 42
Rödklöver.png Denna växtartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Bronsfärgad hundtandslilja: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Bronsfärgad hundtandslilja (Erythronium americanum) är en art i familjen liljeväxter. De är knölväxter med marmorerade blad. Kalkbladen är uppåtriktade medan ståndare och pistiller pekar nedåt. Rotknölen är giftig och ger våldsamma kräkningar.

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Erythronium americanum ( Vietnamese )

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Erythronium americanum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Liliaceae. Loài này được Ker Gawl. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1808.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Erythronium americanum. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 7 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Loa kèn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Erythronium americanum: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Erythronium americanum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Liliaceae. Loài này được Ker Gawl. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1808.

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Кандык американский ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Lilianae
Порядок: Лилиецветные
Семейство: Лилейные
Подсемейство: Лилейные
Триба: Tulipeae
Род: Кандык
Вид: Кандык американский
Международное научное название

Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl.

Синонимы
Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 196365NCBI 202119EOL 1088090GRIN t:410562IPNI 276827-2TPL kew-305739

Канды́к америка́нский (лат. Erythrónium americánum) — вид цветковых растений рода Кандык (лат. Erythronium).

Ареал и местообитание

Произрастает в умеренных регионах востока Северной Америки от Джорджии и Алабамы до Ньюфаундленда и юга Онтарио. Растёт во влажных или сухих лесах на холмах. Нередко обнаруживается в иле и воде.

Ботаническое описание

Эфемероидное многолетнее травянистое луковичное растение высотой 10—18 (редко до 30) см.

Листья 8—23 см длиной, эллиптически-ланцетовидные.

Цветки одиночные. Околоцветник простой. Листочки околоцветника 20—33 мм длиной, жёлтые, верхняя поверхность покрыта крапинками коричневого или пурпурного.

Цветение с апреля по май.

Хозяйственное значение и применение

Применяется как декоративное растение в каменистых садах и других посадках.

Сваренные листья кандыка американского можно употреблять в пищу. Его луковицы также съедобны.

Листья можно прикладывать на язвы и распухшие места для быстрого заживления. Туземцы используют кандык американский в качестве антибиотика или обезболивающего средства.

Список подвидов

Различают следующие подвиды:

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. Кандык американский (англ.): сведения о названии таксона на сайте The Plant List (version 1.1, 2013). (Проверено 27 августа 2012)
  3. Кандык американский (англ.) по данным Объединённой таксономической информационной службы (ITIS). (Проверено 27 августа 2012)
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Кандык американский: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Канды́к америка́нский (лат. Erythrónium americánum) — вид цветковых растений рода Кандык (лат. Erythronium).

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Авторы и редакторы Википедии