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Distribution

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Continent: Asia
Distribution: Sri Lanka, India (Western Ghats, Karnataka (Castle Rock) [A. Captain, pers. Comm.])
Type locality: Ceylon = Sri Lanka (designated by SCHLEGEL 1837: 550), see comment. Type locality of neotype: Castle Rock in Karnataka State, India, 15º2352N, 74º1956 E, alt. 620 m).
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Indische Nasenotter ( German )

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Die Indische Nasenotter[1] (Hypnale hypnale) ist eine Art der Grubenottern und zählt zur Gattung der Ceylon-Nasenottern (Hypnale).

Merkmale

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Hypnale hypnale

Hypnale hypnale erreicht eine Gesamtlänge von 38 bis 55 cm, Weibchen können größer als Männchen werden. Der Körper ist leicht gedrungen gebaut. Der Kopf ist dreieckig, an der Schnauzenspitze etwas aufgeworfen und setzt sich deutlich vom Rest des Körpers ab. Die Pupille ist bei Lichteinfall sehr schmal senkrecht geschlitzt. Der Kopf weist 7 oder 8 Oberlippenschilder (Scutum supralabiale) und 8 oder 9 (selten 10) Unterlippenschilder (Scutum sublabiale) auf. Die Körpermitte umgeben längs 17 Reihen schwach gekielter Rückenschuppen. Die Bauchseite weist 134 bis 158 Bauchschilder, die Unterseite des Schwanzes 32 bis 48 weitere Hornschilder auf. Der sich verjüngende Schwanz mündet in einem schwarzen Dorn. Der Körper ist variabel gefärbt (gelblich, grau oder braun) und trägt dunkle Flecken oder Querbinden, die auch miteinander verbunden sein können. Der Kopf ist hellbraun bis nussbraun gefärbt und nach oben längs durch eine feine, helle Linie gezeichnet. Von Hypnale nepa und Hypnale walli ist Hypnale hypnale anhand des Fehlens eines warzenähnlichen Höckers auf der Schnauzenspitze, der hohen Anzahl an Bauchschilden sowie des Fehlens von Stacheln auf dem Hemipenis abzugrenzen.[2]

Schlangengift

Hypnale hypnale verursacht regelmäßig Bissunfälle bei Einheimischen, Todesfälle sind jedoch selten. Das Schlangengift dieser Art besitzt prokoagulative (gerinnungsfördernde) Eigenschaften, eine Disseminierte intravasale Koagulopathie kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Ebenso ist ein irreversibles Nierenversagen möglich.[1] Ein spezifisches Antivenin steht nicht zur Verfügung.[3]

Lebensweise

Hypnale hypnale ist eine recht standorttreue, bodenbewohnende, selten in niedrigem Buschwerk kletternde Viper, die sich von kleinen Säugetieren, Froschlurchen, Echsen und Schlangen ernährt. Stellenweise ist sie auffällig häufig vorzufinden. Die Paarungszeit erstreckt sich auf die Monate Juli und August, die Jungschlangen werden zwischen April und August geboren. Sie pflanzt sich durch Ovoviviparie, also ei-lebendgebärend, fort, wobei der Wurf eines Weibchens bis zu 17 Jungschlangen umfasst. Die Jungschlangen messen beim Schlupf circa 13 cm. Hypnale hypnale führt eine sowohl nacht- wie auch tagaktive Lebensweise und versteckt sich am Tage häufig unter Steinen, morschem Holz oder Falllaub. Gegenüber Menschen verhält sich diese Viper temperamentvoll und aggressiv. Bei Störung hebt sie den Kopf schräg an und vibriert mit dem Schwanz hektisch am Boden.[2]

Vorkommen

Heimisch ist Hypnale hypnale in Wälder und Plantagen im südwestlichen Indien und auf Sri Lanka.[1] Es werden sowohl flache Ebenen, als auch Hochland in bis zu 1525 Metern Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel bewohnt.[2]

Quellen

  1. a b c Mark O’Shea: Giftschlangen. Alle Arten der Welt in ihren Lebensräumen. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-440-10619-5.
  2. a b c Ludwig Trutnau: Giftschlangen. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-7371-9.
  3. Dieter Schmidt: Atlas Schlangen. Nikol-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-86820-011-9.

Weblinks

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Indische Nasenotter: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Indische Nasenotter (Hypnale hypnale) ist eine Art der Grubenottern und zählt zur Gattung der Ceylon-Nasenottern (Hypnale).

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කුණකටුවා ( Sinhalese )

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පොළොං තෙලිස්සා හෙවත් කුණකටුවා නිශාචර භෞමික වාසී සර්ප විශේෂයකි. සිලින්ඩරාකාර ශරීරයක් දරන මේ සර්පයාගේ ගෙල පැහැදිලිව ගෙලෙන් වෙන් වී පවතී. ත්‍රිකෝණාකාර මහත හිසක් ඇත. පෘෂ්ඨයක් මතුපිට සිටින විට හිස අංශක 45කින් පමණ ඔසවාගෙන සිටී. කුඩා නාස් පුඩු දරන මේ සර්පයාට මදක් ඉදිරියට නෙරූ දුඹුරු පාට ඇස් පිහිටා ඇත. ශරීරයේ කලු පාට පැල්ලම් දැකිය හැක. 35 cm පමණ දිගකට වැඩෙන කුණකටුවා කුඩා සර්ප බිත්තර, කුඩා ක්ෂීරපායින්, සිකනලුන්, ගෙම්බන් ආහාරයට ගනී.වැඩුනු ගැහැණු සතුන් මාර්තු ජුලි අතර කාලයේ පැටවු දැමීම සිදු කරයි. වරකට පැටවුන් 7ත් 14ත් අතර සංඛ්‍යාවක් උපත ලබන අතර උපතේදී මේ සර්පයින් 15 cm දිගකින් යුක්ත වේ.

උප විශේෂ

පොළොං තෙලිස්සා සහ කුණකටුවා වෙනස් විෂ සහිත සර්ප වර්ග දෙකක් ලෙස සිංහල වෛද්‍යවරු කලකයි. එකමුත් සතත්‍ව විද්‍යත්මකව තවමත් උප විශේෂ නම්කිරීමක් සිදුවී නැත. එනමුත් විවිධ වර්ණ වලින් යුක්ත සතුන් හමුවෙන අතර මොවුන් වර්ණ වෙනස්කම් රාශියක් පෙන්වයි. බොහෝ විට අදුරු දුඹුරු පාටයි. ඇතැම් විට තද දුඹුරු පාටින් යුක්ත වේ.

දෂ්ඨකිරීම

මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ විෂ සහිතයි. සර්පයා දෂ්ඨ කළ පසු තුවාලය අවට දැඩි වේදනාවක් ඇතිවේ. රාත්‍රී කාලයට ක්‍රියාශීලි වන මේ සර්පයා දිවා කාලයේ දිරාගිය කොළ රොඩු, ගල් කොටන් යට සැගවී සිටී. රාත්‍රී කාලයේදී සිදුවූ පහරදීම් වාර්තා වේ. කුපිත වූ විට වලිගය තදින් සෙලවීමක් මේ සර්පයාගෙන් දැක ගත හැක.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි

මූලාශ්‍ර

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
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විකිපීඩියා කතුවරුන් සහ කතුවරුන්

Hypnale hypnale

provided by wikipedia EN

Hypnale hypnale is a venomous pit viper species endemic to India and Sri Lanka.[1] Common names include the hump-nosed viper,[2] Merrem's hump-nosed viper[3] and others listed below at § Common names.

No subspecies are currently recognized.[4]

Description

H. hypnale, in Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India.

H. hypnale grows to an average of 30–45 cm (11¾-17¾ inches) in total length (including tail).[2] The Armed Forces Pest Management Board states 0.4-0.6 m (15¾-23⅝ inches) in total length.[3]

Its build is that of a typical viperid with a stout body and a wide head. The snout is pointed and turned upwards,[2] ending in a hump.[3] The frontal, supraoculars, and parietal shields are large, but those on the snout are small and irregular.[2]

The color pattern is grayish with heavy brown mottling, overlaid with a double row of large dark spots. The belly is brownish or yellowish with dark mottling. The tip of the tail is yellow or reddish.[2]

Common names

Common names include: hump-nosed viper,[2] Merrem's hump-nosed viper,[3] hump-nosed pit viper,[5] Oriental hump-nosed viper,[6] hump-nosed pitviper,[7] polon thelissa-පොලොන් තෙලිස්සා & kunakatuwa-කුණක‍ටුවා (Sinhala),[8] churutta /മുഴമൂക്കൻ കുഴി മണ്ഡലി (Malayalam).

Geographic range

Hypnale hypnale is found in peninsular India to the Western Ghats as far north as 16° N, and in Sri Lanka, according to M.A. Smith (1943). The type locality given is "Castle Rock, Karnataka, India."

Habitat

Hypnale hypnale is found in dense jungle and coffee plantations in hilly areas.[2]

Behavior

At Kandalama, note the flattening body when threatened
Hump-nosed pit viper camouflaged in leaf litter, Kali Tiger Reserve, Karnataka, India.

Hypnale hypnale is active during early morning and night. It spends the day in leaf litter and thick bushes. This species can be found on the stream side basking during the sunrise. Although it is a slow mover, it is capable of fast strikes. It has an irritable disposition and will vibrate its tail when annoyed,[2][9] a behavior it has in common with other pit vipers, especially rattlesnakes of the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus. It has been described as nocturnal, terrestrial, and aggressive when disturbed.[3] It is the snake to cause the highest number of recorded snake bites in Sri Lanka.[10]

Venom

Bites from H. hypnale, although previously thought to be innocuous, are now known to cause serious complications such as coagulopathy and acute renal failure (ARF). If not treated within a few hours, bites can potentially be fatal for human beings.[11] While not initially included in the list of highly venomous snakes in Sri Lanka, it is now considered highly venomous, and one of the medically important venomous snakes in Sri Lanka and on the south western coast of India.[10]

As of November 2016, an antivenom is currently being developed by the Costa Rican Clodomiro Picado Institute, and clinical trial phase in Sri Lanka.[12]

Reproduction

Adult females of H. hypnale bear live young from March through July. Brood size ranges from 4 to 17, and the newborns are 13-14.5 cm (5⅛-5¾ inches) long.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h United States Navy (1991). Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: United States Government/Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  3. ^ a b c d e Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center (2001). Regional Disease Vector Ecology Profile for South Central Asia. 219 pp. PDF Archived 2006-08-30 at the Wayback Machine at Armed Forces Pest Management Board. Accessed 17 November 2006.
  4. ^ "Hypnale hypnale". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
  5. ^ Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
  6. ^ Parker HW, Grandison AGC (1977). Snakes — a Natural History. Second Edition. London and Ithaca: British Museum (Natural History) and Cornell University Press. 108 pp. 16 plates. LCCCN 76-54625. ISBN 0-8014-1095-9 (cloth), ISBN 0-8014-9164-9 (paper).
  7. ^ Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). Asian Pitvipers. First Edition. Berlin: Geitje Books. 368 pp. ISBN 3-937975-00-4.
  8. ^ Checklists of the Snakes of Sri Lanka Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine at the Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society. Accessed 12 February 2008.
  9. ^ a b Das, Indraneil (2002). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. ISBN 0-88359-056-5. (Hypnale hypnale, p. 62).
  10. ^ a b Tan CH, Sim SM, Gnanathasan CA, Fung SY, Ponnudurai G, Pailoor J, Tan NH (2011). "Enzymatic and toxinological activities of Hypnale hypnale (hump-nosed pit viper) venom and its fractionation by ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 17 (4): 473–485. doi:10.1590/S1678-91992011000400015. ISSN 1678-9199.
  11. ^ Kularatna SA, Ratnatunga N (1999). "Severe systemic effects of Merrem's hump-nosed viper bite". Ceylon Med. J. 44 (4): 169-170.
  12. ^ Rodrigo M (2016). Trials to start for home-grown anti-venom. Available at: http://www.sundaytimes.lk/161009/news/trials-to-start-for-home-grown-anti-venom-211742.html
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Hypnale hypnale: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Hypnale hypnale is a venomous pit viper species endemic to India and Sri Lanka. Common names include the hump-nosed viper, Merrem's hump-nosed viper and others listed below at .

No subspecies are currently recognized.

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Hypnale hypnale ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Hypnale hypnale es una serpiente venenosa especie endémica de la India y Sri Lanka. Ninguna subespecie es reconocida en la actualidad.[2]

Descripción

 src=
H. hypnale, in Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India.

H. hypnale tiene un tamaño en promedio de 30–45 cm de largo total.[3][4]

Su contextura es la de una típica viperida con un cuerpo compacto y cabeza ancha. La nariz es puntiaguda y dirigida hacia arriba,[3]​ terminada en una protuberancia.[4]​ La escamas frontales, supraoculares y flancos son largas, pero en la nariz son pequeñas e irregulares.[3]

El patrón de colores es grisáceo con manchas de color marrón fuerte, superpuesto por una fila doble de largas manchas oscuras. La barriga es marrón o amarillento con manchado oscuro. La punta de la cola es amarilla o rojiza.[3]

Rango geográfico

Se encuentra en India peninsular hacia los Ghats Occidentales tan al norte como 16° N, y en Sri Lanka, de acuerdo a M.A.Smith (1943). La especie tipo se encuentra en Castle Rock, Karnataka, India.

Hábitat

Se encuentra entre la densa jungla y plantaciones de café en áreas empinadas.[3]

Comportamiento

H. hypnale está activa durante la temprana mañana y la noche. Pasa el día en una cama de hojas y arbustos tupidos. Esta especia se le puede encontrar en la orilla de arroyos tendida durante el amanecer. Aunque se mueve lentamente, es capaz de ataques rápidos. Tiene un carácter irritable y vibra su cola cuando esta airada,,[3][5]​ un comportamiento similar en otras vívoras, especialmente cascabel del género Crotalo y Sistrurus. Se le ha descrito como nocturna, terrestre, y agresiva cuando es molestada.[4]

Veneno

La mordida de esta especie, aunque previamente se creía era inocuo, se conoce causa serias complicaciones tales como coagulopatia e insuficiencia renal aguda (FRC). De no ser tratado dentro de pocas hora, la mordida puede ser fatal para los seres humanos.[6]

Reproducción

Las hembras adultas dan prole desde marzo hasta julio. El tamaño de los machos está entre los 4 a 17, y los recién nacidos de 13-14.5 cm (5⅛-5¾ pulgadas)de largo.[5]

Nombre común

Referencias

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Hypnale hypnale (TSN 634893)» (en inglés).
  3. a b c d e f g U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  4. a b c d Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center. 2001. Regional Disease Vector Ecology Profile for South Central Asia. 219 pp. PDF at Armed Forces Pest Management Board. Accessed 17 November 2006.
  5. a b Das, Indraneil. 2002. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India. Ralph Curtis Books. Sanibel Island, Florida. 144 pp. ISBN 0-88359-056-5. (Hypnale hypnale, p. 62.)
  6. Kularatna SA, Ratnatunga N. 1999. Efectos severos sistémicos de la víbora hocicuda de Merren. Ceylon Med J. 44(4):169-70.

Bibliografía

  • Merrem, B. 1820. Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien: Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum. J.C. Krieger. Marburg. xv + 191 pp. + 1 plate. (Cophias hypnale, p. 155.)
  • Smith, M.A.. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. III.—Serpentes. Secretary of State for India. (Taylor & Francis, Printers). London. xii + 583 pp. + 1 map. (Ancistrodon hypnale, pp. 499–500.)

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Hypnale hypnale: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Hypnale hypnale es una serpiente venenosa especie endémica de la India y Sri Lanka. Ninguna subespecie es reconocida en la actualidad.​

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Hypnale hypnale ( Basque )

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Hypnale hypnale: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Hypnale hypnale Hypnale generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Viperidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Hypnale hypnale ( French )

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Hypnale hypnale est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Viperidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre[1] :

VB 054 Hump-Nosed Viper 01.jpg
VB 055 Hump-Nosed Viper 02.jpg

Description

C'est un serpent venimeux.

Publication originale

  • Merrem, 1820 : Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien I (Tentamen Systematis Amphibiorum). J. C. Krieger, Marburg, p. 1-191 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b (en) Référence Reptarium Reptile Database : Hypnale hypnale

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Hypnale hypnale: Brief Summary ( French )

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Hypnale hypnale est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Viperidae.

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Hypnale hypnale ( Vietnamese )

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Hypnale hypnale là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn lục. Loài này được Merrem mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1820.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ Hypnale hypnale. The Reptile Database. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về họ Rắn lục này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Hypnale hypnale: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Hypnale hypnale là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn lục. Loài này được Merrem mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1820.

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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
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wikipedia VI