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Morphology

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The Kookaburra is 45cm long and weighs approximately one pound (.5 kg). It has a large square head with brown cheek patches on its face. It is brown with a grayish white underside and has dark bands on its tail. It is a stocky bird with a long, dagger-like beak. Males, females, as well as their offspring (over 3 months of age) are identical in physical appearance as well as vocal behavior.

(Phoenix Zoo, 2001, Ponnamperuma, 1997; Koala Web, 2000; Parry, 1970)

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Sholtis, L. 2001. "Dacelo novaeguineae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dacelo_novaeguineae.html
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Habitat

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Kookaburras live in medium to dense woodland areas that are typically wet and cold. They live in leafy trees sometimes near inland water.

(Parry, 1970; Ponnamperuma 1997)

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

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Sholtis, L. 2001. "Dacelo novaeguineae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dacelo_novaeguineae.html
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Distribution

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Kookaburra are found in eastern and southern Australia and have recently been introduced into Tasmania. They are not migratory.

(Phoenix Zoo 2001; Parry, 1970)

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Introduced , Native )

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Trophic Strategy

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The Kookaburra can be described as insectivorous as well as carnivorous. It feeds primarily on snakes, large lizards, worms, snails, insects, fresh water crayfish, frogs, small birds and rodents. It has a prominent bony ridge in the back of its skull, like the Kingfisher, and strong muscles in the neck that aid in killing prey. It accomplishes this task by bashing its victims against its perch.

(Parry, 1970)

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Sholtis, L. 2001. "Dacelo novaeguineae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dacelo_novaeguineae.html
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Benefits

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Dacelo novaeguineae aids in reducing insect outbreaks and was very useful to colonists because it feeds on snakes. It was also very valuable in trade because of its skin. Fishermen may have kept the Kookaburra as a pet.

(Parry, 1970)

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Conservation Status

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IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Untitled

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A picture can be found at Ponnamperuma 1997.

Nicknames of the Kookaburra include Great Brown Kingfisher and Laughing Jackass. Another scientific name that has been used is Dacelo gigas.

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Behavior

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Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Reproduction

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The Kookaburra's nest is usually 30 feet high in the air and is typically found in a hole in the Mountain Gum Tree. The female lays between two and four pure white eggs, usually one day apart. The incubation period lasts 24-26 days. When hatched, the chicks are naked and blind, but are generally the same size as the adult. However, both their beaks and tails are shorter than those those of the adults. Their beaks are black when born, but as the first three months elapse they turn a bone color. Additionally, their plumage tends to be darker when the young are first hatched because it is new, but it lightens in the first six months. Sexual maturity and adulthood are reached at one year of age. The adult breeding pair usually has one or more auxiliaries (helpers) who are typically the young who were born the previous year.

(Parry, 1970)

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

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Brief Summary

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The Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) is found in eastern and southwestern Australia in Eucalyptus forest and woodland, using riparian trees along major watercourses to extend inland or into primary forest. Laughing Kookaburras are also found on wooded and cleared farmland and in city parks and suburban gardens so long as appropriate nesting cavities are available. In some areas of overlap with the Blue-winged Kookaburra, the two species are interspecifically territorial; in other areas, Blue-winged Kookaburras use drier habitats.

The Laughing Kookaburra's well studied diet includes earthworms, snails, diverse arthropods, and small vertebrates. Most prey is taken from the ground. Snakes up to 1 m long may be grabbed behind the head, beaten violently on the ground or on a perch, then swallowed head first. Scraps may be taken at picnic areas. Undigested food is regurgitated as pellets, which accumulate beneath regular roosting sites.

A breeding pair is often assisted by 4 or 5 "helpers", mostly male young from previous years.

Lifespan in the wild is up to around 11 years. The Laughing Kookaburra is common over most of its range and has generally benefited from human settlement, although density declines where farmland is converted to housing.

(Woodall 2001 and references therein)

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Dacelo novaeguineae ( Asturian )

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El cucaburra común [2] (Dacelo novaeguineae) ye una especie d'ave coraciforme de la familia Alcedinidae mesma d'Australia.

Mide aproximao 40 cm de llongura con una cabeza grande, güeyos prominentes color café y un picu bien grande. Atopar por tol este d'Australia. Foi introducíu nel sudoeste d'Australia Occidental, Tasmania, la islla de Flinders, la islla Canguro y Nueva Zelanda.

Subespecies

Reconócense les siguientes subespecies: [3]

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International. «Dacelo novaeguineae» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2010.4.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2001). «Nomes en castellanu de les aves del mundu recomendaos pola Sociedá Española d'Ornitoloxía (Sexta parte: Coliiformes, Trogoniformes y Coraciiformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 48 (1): pp. 107-110. ISSN 0570-7358. http://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/tmp/docs/vol_48_1_sexto.pdf.
  3. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B. L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, y D. Roberson. «The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.8». Consultáu'l 11 de febreru de 2014.

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Dacelo novaeguineae: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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El cucaburra común (Dacelo novaeguineae) ye una especie d'ave coraciforme de la familia Alcedinidae mesma d'Australia.

Mide aproximao 40 cm de llongura con una cabeza grande, güeyos prominentes color café y un picu bien grande. Atopar por tol este d'Australia. Foi introducíu nel sudoeste d'Australia Occidental, Tasmania, la islla de Flinders, la islla Canguro y Nueva Zelanda.

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Cucaburra comú ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El cucaburra[1] (Dacelo novaeguineae) és un ocell de la família dels alcedínids (Alcedinidae) que habita boscos, terres de conreu i ciutats de l'est d'Austràlia, des del nord-est de Queensland cap al sud fins a Victòria, i, cap a l'oest fins al sud-est d'Austràlia Meridional. S'ha introduït en altres llocs d'Austràlia.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cucaburra comú Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Cucaburra a CERCATERM Rev. 24/04/2012
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Cucaburra comú: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El cucaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) és un ocell de la família dels alcedínids (Alcedinidae) que habita boscos, terres de conreu i ciutats de l'est d'Austràlia, des del nord-est de Queensland cap al sud fins a Victòria, i, cap a l'oest fins al sud-est d'Austràlia Meridional. S'ha introduït en altres llocs d'Austràlia.

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Cwcabyra chwarddol ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwcabyra chwarddol (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwcabyraod chwarddol) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Dacelo novaeguineae; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Laughing kookaburra. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pysgotwyr (Lladin: Alcedinidae) sydd yn urdd y Coraciiformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn D. novaeguineae, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Awstralia.

Teulu

Mae'r cwcabyra chwarddol yn perthyn i deulu'r Pysgotwyr (Lladin: Alcedinidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Pysgotwr bach Swlawesi Ceyx fallax Pysgotwr bach y Dwyrain Ceyx erithacus
Oriental dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx erithaca) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
Pysgotwr brith mawr Megaceryle lugubris
CrestedKingfisher.jpg
Pysgotwr bychan Chloroceryle aenea
Chloroceryle-aenea-001.jpg
Pysgotwr cain Ceyx lepidus
CeyxCajelliWolf.jpg
Pysgotwr coch a gwyrdd Chloroceryle inda
Chloroceryle inda -Madidi National Park -Bolivia-8a-4c.jpg
Pysgotwr coed penlas Actenoides monachus
Green-backed Kingfisher (Actenoides monachus).jpg
Pysgotwr coed y Philipinau Ceyx melanurus
Ceyx melanura by John Gerrard Keulemans.jpg
Pysgotwr gwregysog Megaceryle alcyon
Belted Kingfisher.jpg
Pysgotwr gwyrdd Chloroceryle americana
Chloroceryle americana -Capao do Leao, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil -male-8.jpg
Pysgotwr mawr Megaceryle maxima
Flickr - Rainbirder - Giant Kingfisher (Megaceryle maxima) male (cropped).jpg
Pysgotwr mwstasiog Actenoides bougainvillei
ActenoidesBougainvilleiKeulemans.jpg
Pysgotwr yr Amason Chloroceryle amazona
Amazon Kingfisher.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Cwcabyra chwarddol: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwcabyra chwarddol (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwcabyraod chwarddol) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Dacelo novaeguineae; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Laughing kookaburra. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pysgotwyr (Lladin: Alcedinidae) sydd yn urdd y Coraciiformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn D. novaeguineae, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Awstralia.

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Ledňák obrovský ( Czech )

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Ledňák obrovský (Dacelo novaeguineae) je velký pták z čeledi ledňáčkovitých.

Popis

Dorůstá 45 cm, je zavalitý s velkou hlavou, velkýma hnědýma očima a silným zobákem. Pohlaví jsou si velmi podobná, samice jsou však mírně větší. Spodina těla a hlava je převážně krémově bílá, přes oko se mu táhne tmavě hnědý pruh, který ve slabší podobě zasahuje až na temeno. Hřbet a křídla jsou hnědá, na křídlech je patrné i jasně modré zbarvení některých per. Vrchní čelist zobáku má tmavou, spodní lehce růžovooranžovou.

Ozývá se známým chechtavým voláním (viz zvuk ukázka).

Rozšíření

Vyskytuje se v blahovičníkovitých porostech, galeriových lesích a v kulturní krajině na rozsáhlém území východní Austrálie a jako nepůvodní druh dnes i na území Tasmánie, Nového Zélandu, Flinders Island, Klokaního ostrova a na jihozápadě západní Austrálie.

V Česku jej chová např. Zoo Hluboká, Zoo Plzeň a několik dalších.

Ekologie

Ledňák obrovský žije v rodinných hejnech; mladí ptáci přitom první rok setrvávají v blízkosti svých rodičů a pomáhají jim s výchovou dalších mláďat. Na kořist, kterou se stávají nejčastěji hadi, malí savci, velký hmyz, ještěrky, malí ptáci a jejich mláďata, číhá nehnutě na příhodné větvi a poté, co se přiblíží, se jí zmocní bleskovým útokem. Hnízdí v dutinách stromů. V jedné snůšce bývají 2–4 bílá vejce, na kterých sedí 24–26 dnů.

Vztah s člověkem

Ledňák obrovský se často usazuje ve městech, kde se stává natolik krotkým, že se nechává krmit z ruky. Je oficiálním státním ptákem Nového Jižního Walesu, bývá vyobrazen na mincích a skládají se o něm písně, Pod jménem Olly byl jedním z maskotů Letních olympijských her 2000. Je známý také pod domorodým názvem kookaburra.[2]

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Laughing Kookaburra na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. ZOO Chleby

Literatura

  • KHOLOVÁ, Helena (autorka českého překladu). Ptáci. Praha: Euromedia Group, k. s., 2008. ISBN 9788024222356.

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Ledňák obrovský: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Ledňák obrovský (Dacelo novaeguineae) je velký pták z čeledi ledňáčkovitých.

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Jägerliest ( German )

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 src=
Dieser Artikel behandelt die Vogelart Jägerliest, zur dazugehörigen Gattung siehe Jägerlieste.

Der Jägerliest (Dacelo novaeguineae), besser bekannt unter dem Namen Lachender Hans, ist ein Vogel aus der Familie der Eisvögel (Alcedinidae). In Australien wird er Kookaburra [ˈkʊkəˌbaɹə] (britisch: [ˈkʊkəˌbʌrə]) genannt.

Vorkommen und Lebensweise

never give up
Ein Jägerliest bei der Nahrungssuche
 src=
Porträt eines Jägerliests
 src=
Jägerliest im Flug

Jägerlieste (Dacelo novaeguinae) sind die bekannteste Art in der Gattung der Jägerlieste (Dacelo) und die größten Vertreter in der Familie der Eisvögel (Alcedinidae). Anders als das Epitheton novaeguinae vermuten lässt, kommt die Art nicht in Neuguinea vor. Ihr Hauptverbreitungsgebiet liegt im Osten und Südosten von Australien, während im Norden und Nordwesten Australiens die nahe verwandten Haubenlieste (Dacelo leachii) vorkommen. In Westaustralien, Tasmanien und Neuseeland wurden Jägerlieste wegen ihrer Nützlichkeit eingeführt.

Kookaburras sind nicht an einen spezifischen Lebensraum gebunden, besetzen aber ganzjährig das gleiche Territorium. Neben trockenen Eukalyptuswäldern und baumreichen Gebieten bewohnen sie häufig auch Parks und Gärten und so ähnliche Habitate wie die Haubenlieste.

Merkmale

Jägerlieste verfügen über einen kräftigen Schnabel, einen im Verhältnis zum Körper großen Kopf, einen gedrungenen Körperbau und kurze Beine mit kleinen, aber scharfen Krallen. Über den braunen Augen liegt ein deutlicher brauner Überaugenstreif, der sie gegen das Sonnenlicht schützt. Ihre Flügel und der Schwanz sind relativ kurz. Auf der Unterseite, zwischen den Flügeln und dem Kopf und am Kopf mit einer braunen Krone ist das Gefieder der Jägerlieste weiß bis elfenbeinfarben. Die Oberseite und die Flügel sind dunkelbraun bis braun.

Die Männchen sind an schimmernden blauen Flecken auf der Flügeloberseite zu erkennen, Weibchen hingegen haben weiße Flecken. Die Schnabeloberseite ist schwarz, die Unterseite braunweiß. In der Körperlänge misst ein erwachsener Jägerliest 40 bis 47 Zentimeter. Sie können ein Alter bis zu 20, manchmal auch 25 Jahren erreichen.

Stimme

Die markante Stimme der Jägerlieste

Das Markenzeichen der Jägerlieste ist ihre an ein lautes Gelächter erinnernde markante Stimme zur Revierverteidigung. Ihr regelmäßiges Gelächter am frühen Morgen und in den späten Abendstunden brachte ihnen auch den Namen „Buschmanns-Uhr“ ein. Sie fangen mit einem leisen Ruf an, der in ein lautes, hysterisch erscheinendes Lachen ausläuft. Fängt ein Jägerliest mit hochgestrecktem Körper und steil aufgerichtetem Schwanz damit an, so wartet er nach seinem Ruf darauf, dass andere Jägerlieste in seiner Nachbarschaft darauf antworten. Der Ruf klingt etwa wie „ku-ku-ku-ku-ku-ka-ka-ka“ und wird oft in einem Chor vorgetragen. Neben dieser markanten Ruffrequenz verfügt er noch über fünf weitere Ruflaute.

Ernährung

Als Ansitzjäger erbeuten sie im Sturzflug Insekten, kleine Säugetiere, Vögel und Reptilien. Dabei nehmen die Jägerlieste eine typische Haltung ein. Mit dem seitlich gewendeten Kopf werden die Beutetiere angepeilt. Im seichten Wasser fangen sie Krabben, Muscheln und Fische. Selten betätigen sie sich als Nesträuber. Gelegentlich werden auch die Küken von Haushühnern erbeutet. Kleine Beutetiere werden mit dem Schnabel zerquetscht. Größere Beutetiere werden quer in den Schnabel genommen und auf Steine und Äste geschlagen. Nachdem die Beute getötet wurde, wird sie mit einem Ruck längs genommen und verschlungen.

In Australien sind die Jägerlieste besonders beliebt, weil sie Mäuse, Ratten und giftige Schlangen vertilgen. Schlangen packt ein Jägerliest mit dem kräftigen Schnabel. Dann erschlägt er sie oder fliegt mit ihnen auf und lässt sie mehrmals aus großer Höhe auf den Boden fallen. Während des Nistens zerteilen sie Schlangen für ihre Küken und füttern diese mit kleinen Happen. Jägerlieste sind auch als vorwitzige Diebe bekannt. So kann es unvorsichtigen Campern passieren, dass die Jägerlieste ihnen ihre Speisen klauen.

Fortpflanzung

Jägerlieste sind einzeln, paarweise oder in kleinen Familienverbänden unterwegs. Paare sind meist monogam lebenslang zusammen. Das Brutpaar wird nicht selten von bis zu einem halben Dutzend Nachkommen aus den Vorjahren begleitet, die bei der Revierverteidigung und bei der Jungenaufzucht helfen.

Das Männchen wirbt mit erbeuteter Nahrung um das Weibchen und füttert es bei der Werbung. Das vom Männchen erbaute Nest wird gemeinsam inspiziert. Als Brutplatz werden neben Baumhöhlen in abgestorbenen Bäumen, hohlen Baumstümpfen, verlassenen Höhlenbauten in alten Eukalypten auch Aushöhlungen durch Baumtermiten und verlassene Termitenhügel zur Eiablage genutzt.

Das Gelege umfasst meistens drei oder zwei (selten sind es auch vier) weiße Eier, die von beiden Elternvögeln abwechselnd bebrütet werden. Da zwischen der Eiablage mehrere Tage liegen, schlüpfen die nackten und blinden Nestlinge nach jeweils 24 bis 26 Tagen meist nicht gleichzeitig. Beide Altvögel beteiligen sich an der Brutpflege und der Nahrungsbeschaffung. Bei Annäherung eines Raubtieres verteidigen sie ihre Brut, meist erfolgreich, mit ihrem kräftigen Schnabel. Aggressionen unter den Geschwistern lassen sie jedoch zu, selbst wenn diese tödlich verlaufen.

Der Jägerliest ist der größte rezente Eisvogel und der einzige, bei dem ein obligater Kainismus oder Siblizid (Geschwistermord) beobachtet wurde. Dieses Verhalten ist Teil der evolutionär angeborenen Fortpflanzungsstrategie. Erstgeschlüpfte greifen ihre jüngeren Geschwister direkt nach dem Schlupf an, mit dem Eizahn. Bei drei Jungtieren verbünden sich die beiden älteren in der Regel gegen das Jüngste. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass auch das dritte Küken überlebt, liegt bei unter 50 Prozent.[1][2]

Ein Nesthäkchen stirbt häufiger dadurch, dass es durch seine Geschwister von der Nahrung ferngehalten oder direkt getötet wird, als dass es Feinden zum Opfer fällt. Meistens werden nicht alle Küken flügge. Die für diese Reproduktionsstrategie angenommene Vermutung wird auch Reserveei-Hypothese (englisch Isurance Egg Hypothesis) genannt. Sollte aus dem ersten Ei kein Küken schlüpfen, oder eines, das erkrankt bzw. verletzt wird, so ersetzt das dritte Ei als Reserve den Verlust und sichert den saisonalen Bruterfolg. Elterntiere die sich in kleineren Territorien und ohne Helfer bemühen, ihren Nachwuchs aufzuziehen, verlieren häufiger Küken durch Siblizid, insbesondere wenn das Nahrungsangebot zu knapp ist.[3]

Die überlebenden Küken verlassen nach vier bis fünf Wochen vollständig befiedert das Nest. Ein Daunenkleid legen die Jungvögel nicht an, in den warmen Höhlen benötigen sie es nicht. Flügge gewordene Jungtiere werden noch sechs bis zehn Wochen von der Familiengruppe gefüttert. Einige Jungtiere bleiben bis zu vier Jahre bei den Eltern und helfen ihnen als Bruthelfer bei den folgenden Bruten. Dabei erlernen sie das Brutgeschäft und verbessern die Überlebenschancen ihrer jüngeren Geschwister.

Ureinwohner und Jägerliest

In der Mythologie der Aborigines haben die Jägerlieste eine besondere Rolle eingenommen. Wegen ihres frühzeitigen Gelächters am Morgen kam es zur folgenden Legende: Beim ersten Sonnenaufgang soll der gottähnliche Baiame den Kookaburras befohlen haben, laut zu lachen, damit die Menschen aufwachen und den Sonnenaufgang nicht verpassen. Eine andere Legende besagt, dass bei einer Beleidigung des Vogels der Beleidiger bestraft wird. So soll Kindern ein schiefer Zahn wachsen, wenn sie den Kookaburra beleidigen.

Sonstiges

 src=
Australian Kookaburra
  • Australien hat dem Vogel eine eigene Münzserie gewidmet, die seit 1990 jedes Jahr ein neues Motiv in verschiedenen Größen (1 Unze bis 1 kg) herausbringt. Dazu gibt es jährlich eine Bimetall-Version mit chinesischem Tierkreiszeichen.
  • Bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 2000 in Sydney war ein Jägerliest mit dem Namen Olly neben dem Schnabeltier Syd und dem Ameisenigel Millie eines der drei Maskottchen.
  • In Australien gibt es ein sehr beliebtes Kinderlied über Kookaburra.
  • In einer Folge der Fernsehserie Perry Mason spielt die Eigenschaft des Vogels, bei plötzlichem Lichteinfall zu lachen, eine entscheidende Rolle für die Aufklärung des Falles.
  • In der Buch- und Hörspielserie Die drei ??? spielt ein Kookaburra im Roman Die drei ??? und der lachende Schatten eine wichtige Rolle, um einen australischen Verbrecher zu identifizieren.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Gewalt und Altruismus am Beispiel des Geschwistermords von A. Kämmerer, T. Maissen und M. Wink Universität Heidelberg, aufgerufen am 10. Januar 2022
  2. Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development International Environment Library Consortium, aufgerufen am 10. Januar 2022
  3. Our surprising Kookaburras Australian Geographic, aufgerufen am 10. Januar 2022
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Jägerliest: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Dieser Artikel behandelt die Vogelart Jägerliest, zur dazugehörigen Gattung siehe Jägerlieste.

Der Jägerliest (Dacelo novaeguineae), besser bekannt unter dem Namen Lachender Hans, ist ein Vogel aus der Familie der Eisvögel (Alcedinidae). In Australien wird er Kookaburra [ˈkʊkəˌbaɹə] (britisch: [ˈkʊkəˌbʌrə]) genannt.

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Кукабара-рагатуха ( Belarusian )

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Кукабара-рагатуха

Кукабара-рагатуха альбо зімарадак-велікан (Dacelo novaeguineae/Dacelo gigas) — від птушак роду кукабары.

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Commons-logo.svgсховішча мультымэдыйных матэрыялаў

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Кукабара-рагатуха: Brief Summary ( Belarusian )

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 src= Кукабара-рагатуха

Кукабара-рагатуха альбо зімарадак-велікан (Dacelo novaeguineae/Dacelo gigas) — від птушак роду кукабары.

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சிரிக்கும் கூக்கபரா ( Tamil )

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சிரிக்கும் கூக்கபரா (Laughing Kookaburra; dacelo novaeguineae) மரங்கொத்தி குடும்பத்திலுள்ள ஒரு முதுகுநாணிப் பறவையாகும். இதன் தாயகம் கிழக்கு ஆஸ்திரேலியா ஆகும். இது நியூசிலாந்து, டாஸ்மேனியா, மேற்கு ஆஸ்திரேலியா போன்ற இடங்களில் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. ஆண் பெண் இரண்டுமே சிறகுகளின் தோற்றத்தில் ஒன்று போலவே இருக்கும். இவற்றின் நிறம் பொதுவாக பழுப்பாகவும் வெண்மையாகவும் இருக்கும். கூக்கபரா சிற்றினத்தைச் சேர்ந்த இது இதன் சிரிப்பது போன்ற அழைப்பொலிக்கு (call) பெயர்பெற்றது.

மேற்கோள்கள்

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சிரிக்கும் கூக்கபரா: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

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சிரிக்கும் கூக்கபரா (Laughing Kookaburra; dacelo novaeguineae) மரங்கொத்தி குடும்பத்திலுள்ள ஒரு முதுகுநாணிப் பறவையாகும். இதன் தாயகம் கிழக்கு ஆஸ்திரேலியா ஆகும். இது நியூசிலாந்து, டாஸ்மேனியா, மேற்கு ஆஸ்திரேலியா போன்ற இடங்களில் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டது. ஆண் பெண் இரண்டுமே சிறகுகளின் தோற்றத்தில் ஒன்று போலவே இருக்கும். இவற்றின் நிறம் பொதுவாக பழுப்பாகவும் வெண்மையாகவும் இருக்கும். கூக்கபரா சிற்றினத்தைச் சேர்ந்த இது இதன் சிரிப்பது போன்ற அழைப்பொலிக்கு (call) பெயர்பெற்றது.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Laughing kookaburra

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Coloured plate with the incorrect legend that was used by both Johann Hermann and Pieter Boddaert
A laughing kookaburra making a hollow for a nest in an arboreal termite nest.

The laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) is a bird in the kingfisher subfamily Halcyoninae. It is a large robust kingfisher with a whitish head and a brown eye-stripe.[2] The upperparts are mostly dark brown but there is a mottled light-blue patch on the wing coverts.[3][2] The underparts are cream-white and the tail is barred with rufous and black.[2] The plumage of the male and female birds is similar. The territorial call is a distinctive laugh that is often delivered by several birds at the same time, and is widely used as a stock sound effect in situations that involve a jungle setting.[4]

The laughing kookaburra is native to eastern mainland Australia, but has also been introduced to parts of New Zealand, Tasmania, and Western Australia.[5] It occupies dry eucalypt forest, woodland, city parks and gardens.[5] This species is sedentary and occupies the same territory throughout the year. It is monogamous, retaining the same partner for life. A breeding pair can be accompanied by up to five fully grown non-breeding offspring from previous years that help the parents defend their territory and raise their young.[5] The laughing kookaburra generally breeds in unlined tree holes or in excavated holes in arboreal termite nests.[5] The usual clutch is three white eggs. The parents and the helpers incubate the eggs and feed the chicks. The youngest of the three nestlings or chicks is often killed by the older siblings. When the chicks fledge they continue to be fed by the group for six to ten weeks until they are able to forage independently.[6]

A predator of a wide variety of small animals, the laughing kookaburra typically waits perched on a branch until it sees an animal on the ground and then flies down and pounces on its prey.[3] Its diet includes lizards, insects, worms, snakes, mice and it is known to take goldfish out of garden ponds.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classed the laughing kookaburra as a species of least concern as it has a large range and population, with no widespread threats.[1]

Taxonomy

Laughing kookaburra, Audley, Sydney, 2023

The laughing kookaburra was first described and illustrated (in black and white) by the French naturalist and explorer Pierre Sonnerat in his Voyage à la nouvelle Guinée, which was published in 1776.[7][8] He claimed to have seen the bird in New Guinea. In fact Sonnerat never visited New Guinea and the laughing kookaburra does not occur there. He probably obtained a preserved specimen from one of the naturalists who accompanied Captain James Cook to the east coast of Australia.[9] Edme-Louis Daubenton and François-Nicolas Martinet included a coloured plate of the laughing kookaburra based on Sonnerat's specimen in their Planches enluminées d'histoire naturelle. The plate has the legend in French "Martin-pecheur, de la Nouvelle Guinée" (Kingfisher from New Guinea).[10]

In 1783, the French naturalist Johann Hermann provided a formal description of the species based on the coloured plate by Daubenton and Martinet. He gave it the scientific name Alcedo novæ Guineæ.[11][12] The current genus Dacelo was introduced in 1815 by the English zoologist William Elford Leach,[13][14] and is an anagram of Alcedo, the Latin word for a kingfisher. The specific epithet novaeguineae combines the Latin novus for new with Guinea,[15] based on the erroneous belief that the specimen had originated from New Guinea.[8] For many years it was believed that the earliest description was by the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert and his scientific name Dacelo gigas was used in the scientific literature,[16] but in 1926 the Australian ornithologist Gregory Mathews showed that a description by Hermann had been published earlier in the same year, 1783, and thus had precedence.[8][17] The inaccurate impression of geographic distribution given by the name in current usage had not by 1977 been considered an important enough matter to force a change in favor of D. gigas.[8]

In the 19th century this species was commonly called the "laughing jackass", a name first recorded (as Laughing Jack-Ass) in An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales by David Collins which was published in 1798.[18][19] In 1858 the ornithologist John Gould used "great brown kingfisher", a name that had been coined by John Latham in 1782.[20][21] Another popular name was "laughing kingfisher".[19] The names in several Australian indigenous languages were listed by European authors including Go-gan-ne-gine by Collins in 1798,[18] Cuck'anda by René Lesson in 1828[22] and Gogera or Gogobera by George Bennett in 1834.[23] In the early years of the 20th century "kookaburra" was included as an alternative name in ornithological publications,[24][25] but it was not until 1926 in the second edition of the Official Checklist of Birds of Australia that the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union officially adopted the name "laughing kookaburra".[19] The name comes from Wiradjuri, an endangered Aboriginal language.[19]

The genus Dacelo contains four kookaburra species of which the rufous-bellied kookaburra and the spangled kookaburra are restricted to New Guinea and islands in the Torres Straits. The blue-winged kookaburra and the laughing kookaburra are both widespread in Australia.[26]

Two subspecies are recognised:[27]

Description

Large bill and head detail

The laughing kookaburra is the largest species of kingfisher, outsizing even the giant kingfisher in body mass.[6][29] It is a stout, stocky bird 41–47 cm (16–19 in) in length, with a large head, prominent brown eyes, and a long and robust bill.[2] The sexes are very similar, although the female is usually larger and has less blue to the rump than the male. The male weighs 196–450 g (6.9–15.9 oz), mean 307 g (10.8 oz) and the female 190–465 g (6.7–16.4 oz), mean 352 g (12.4 oz).[30] They have a white or cream-coloured body and head with a dark brown stripe across each eye and more faintly over the top of the head. The wings and back are brown with sky blue spots on the shoulders. The tail is rusty reddish-orange with dark brown bars and white tips on the feathers. The heavy bill is black on top and bone-coloured on the bottom. The subspecies D. n. minor has a similar plumage to the nominate but is smaller in size.[6]

The laughing kookaburra can be distinguished from the similarly sized blue-winged kookaburra by its dark eye, dark eye-stripe, shorter bill and the smaller and duller blue areas on the wing and rump.[6] Male blue-winged kookaburras also differ in having a barred blue and black tail.[6]

In Royal National Park, NSW

Call

The name "laughing kookaburra" refers to the bird's "laugh", which it uses to establish territory among family groups. It can be heard at any time of day, but most frequently at dawn and dusk.[6]

This species possesses a tracheo-bronchial syrinx, which creates two sources of vibrations so it can produce two frequencies at the same time with multiple harmonics.[5] The laughing kookaburras call is made through a complex sound production system, by forcing air from the lungs into the bronchial tubes.[5] While the structure for producing calls is present from an early age, the kookaburra’s song is a learned behavior.[31] The breeding pair within a riot of kookaburra teach the fledglings to produce the signature laughing call after the young have left the nest.[31] The adult male will sing a short portion of the call while the offspring mimics this call, usually unsuccessfully.[31] The singing lessons tend to last two weeks before the fledgling can properly sing and take part in crepuscular choral songs.[31] Once mastered, the young can join in crepuscular chorus songs that aid in establishing territory.[31]

One bird starts with a low, hiccuping chuckle, then throws its head back in raucous laughter: often several others join in.[3][30] If a rival tribe is within earshot and replies, the whole family soon gathers to fill the bush with ringing laughter.[2] The laughing chorus has 5 variable elements: 1. "Kooa"; 2. "Cackle"; 3. "Rolling", a rapidly repeated "oo-oo-oo"; 4. Loud "Ha-ha"; followed by 5. Male's call of "Go-go" or female's call of "Gurgle".[30] Hearing kookaburras in full voice is one of the more extraordinary experiences of the Australian bush, something even locals cannot ignore; some visitors, unless forewarned, may find their calls startling.

Those calls are produced to attract/guard mates, establish and maintain the social hierarchy, and declare and defend a territory, as their calls are more often correlated with aggressiveness.[32] Calls are utilized as neighbor/kin recognition to exhibit that groups are still inhabiting a territory.[31] These calls also demonstrate to receivers that highly coordinated groups are of better quality and health.[33] Acoustic communication between laughing kookaburras increases 2–3 months before the breeding season, September to January, because male aggression also increases.[5]

The duetting call requires higher levels of cooperation within the group.[5] The coordination of calls amongst kookaburras has been hypothesized to strengthen the main long-term pair bond and may have evolved as a mechanism to solidify the group’s bonds since it is energetically costly to learn a new song.[33] Neighboring groups exhibit degrees of cooperation as well since chorus songs between neighbors are delivered without any overlap, alternating between groups.[31]

Other forms of acoustic communication

Squawking is another common form of acoustic communication in D. novaeguineae that is used in a slew of different contexts.[30] Laughing kookaburras have been noted to squawk when nesting, exhibiting submissive behavior, and when fledglings are waiting to be fed.[30] Laughing kookaburras have a greater repertoire of calls than other kookaburra species like the Blue-winged kookaburra (Dacelo leachii) that produces two simple types of calls: “barks” and “hiccups”.[34] This large range of calls is highlighted through cadencing, intonation, and frequency modulations that allow more detailed information to be conveyed.[35]

Distribution and habitat

The laughing kookaburra is native to eastern Australia and has a range that extends from the Cape York Peninsula in the north to Cape Otway in the south. It is present on both the eastern and the western sides of the Great Dividing Range. In the south the range extends westwards from Victoria to the Yorke Peninsula and the Flinders Ranges in South Australia.[36]

It has been introduced into many other areas probably because of its reputation for killing snakes. In December 1891, the Western Australian parliament included 'Laughing Jackass' in the schedule of strictly preserved Australian native birds in the Game Bill, moved by Horace Sholl, member for North District. He described it as native of the North West.[37] His nomination is, therefore, certainly a reference to the blue-winged kookaburra (Dacelo leachii), not the laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae). The Game Act, 1892 (Western Australia), "An Act to provide for the preservation of imported birds and animals, and of native game," provided that proclaimed Australian native birds and animals listed in the First Schedule of the Act could be declared protected from taking. Laughing Jackass was one of 23 Australian native bird species named in the schedule.

Laughing kookaburras from Eastern States were released to the South West as early as 1883,[38] with birds being noted between Perth and Fremantle, as well as up in Mullewa around 1896.[39] The Acclimatization Society (or Animal and Bird Acclimatization committee of WA) imported and released hundreds of birds between 1897 and 1912.[40] Mainly via Ernest Le Souef who was Secretary of the Acclimatization Society and Director of Perth Zoological Gardens, an enthusiastic supporter of the Kookaburra who admitted to releasing hundreds from the Zoo, including 50 in 1900 at the Royal request of the visiting Duke of York.

By 1912 breeding populations had been established in a number of areas. The present range in Western Australia is southwest of a line joining Geraldton on the west coast and Hopetoun on the south coast.[5] In Tasmania the laughing kookaburra was introduced at several locations beginning in 1906. It now mainly occurs northeast of a line joining Huonville, Lake Rowallan, Waratah and Marrawah.[5] It was introduced on Flinders Island in around 1940, where it is now widespread, and on Kangaroo Island in 1926.[5]

In the 1860s, during his second term as governor of New Zealand, George Grey arranged for the release of laughing kookaburras on Kawau Island. The island lies in the Hauraki Gulf, about 40 km (25 mi) north of Auckland on the North Island of New Zealand. It was thought that the introduction had been unsuccessful but in 1916 some birds were discovered on the adjacent mainland.[36][41] It now breeds in a small region on the western side of the Hauraki Gulf between Leigh and Kumeu.[36]

The usual habitat is open sclerophyll forest and woodland. It is more common where the understory is open and sparse or where the ground is covered with grass. Tree-holes are needed for nesting. It also occurs near wetlands and in partly cleared areas or farmland with trees along roads and fences. In urban areas it is found in parks and gardens.[42] The range of the laughing kookaburra overlaps with that of the blue-winged kookaburra in an area of eastern Queensland that extends from the Cape York Peninsula south to near Brisbane. Around Cooktown the laughing kookaburra tends to favour areas near water while the blue-winged kookaburra keeps to drier habitats.[6]

Behaviour

Kookaburra with a captured gecko in its beak

Kookaburras occupy woodland territories (including forests) in loose family groups, and their laughter serves the same purpose as a great many other bird calls—to mark territorial borders. Most species of kookaburras tend to live in family units, with offspring helping the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring.

Breeding

Juvenile in Sydney: Juveniles have shorter bills with a dark underside, and a strong white on the wing and mantle feathers

During mating season, the laughing kookaburra reputedly indulges in behaviour similar to that of a wattlebird. The female adopts a begging posture and vocalises like a young bird. The male then offers her his current catch accompanied with an "oo oo oo" sound. However, some observers maintain that the opposite happens – the female approaches the male with her current catch and offers it to him. Nest-building may start in August with a peak of egg-laying from September to November.[5] If the first clutch fails, they will continue breeding into the summer months.[5]

The female generally lays a clutch of three semi-glossy, white, rounded eggs, measuring 36 mm × 45 mm (1.4 in × 1.8 in), at about two-day intervals.[3] Both parents and auxiliaries incubate the eggs for 24–26 days.[5] Hatchlings are altricial and nidicolous, fledging by day 32–40.[5] If the food supply is not adequate, the third egg will be smaller and the third chick will also be smaller and at a disadvantage relative to its larger siblings. Chicks have a hook on the upper mandible, which disappears by the time of fledging. If the food supply to the chicks is not adequate, the chicks will quarrel, with the hook being used as a weapon. The smallest chick may even be killed by its larger siblings.[5] If food is plentiful, the parent birds spend more time brooding the chicks, so the chicks are not able to fight.

Feeding

Catching a worm, Bruny Island, Tasmania, Australia

Kookaburras hunt much as other kingfishers (or indeed Australasian robins) do, by perching on a convenient branch or wire and waiting patiently for prey to pass by. Common prey include mice and similar-sized small mammals, a large variety of invertebrates (such as insects, earthworms and snails), yabbies, small fish, lizards, frogs, small birds and nestlings, and most famously, snakes.[5][30] Small prey are preferred, but kookaburras sometimes take large creatures, including venomous snakes, much longer than their bodies.[5] When feeding their young, adult laughing kookaburras will make “Chuck calls”, which are deep, guttural calls that differ significantly from their daily chorus songs.[30]

Visual displays

To further enhance territorial behavior, kookaburras will partake in two types of aerial displays: trapeze and circular flights.[43] Trapeze flights are aptly named after the swooping motion that neighboring kookaburras will make towards one another in midair when defending territory.[43] During trapeze flights, an individual from each riot will perch on branches bordering the others’ territory and fly back and forth between trees within their established home range and trees bordering neighboring kookaburras territory.[43] These displays have been observed to last up to a half an hour and are usually accompanied by calls from the sender and members of that individual's riot.[43] Circle flights are initiated when an individual circumnavigates a neighboring territory by flying over the area and then quickly invading neighboring territory.[43] Once inside the neighboring territory, the individual will fly in circles around the other kookaburras inhabiting the area, which results in a typical laughing call or squawking depending on whether the neighbors’ dominance status.[43] Flight displays are useful for communicating over long distances, but other forms of visual signals can be effective for short-range communication.

Close range visual signals can be used to convey aggression or indicate incoming threats to the flock.[43] Aggressive posturing is used as a warning before attacking, a signal that is commonly received by foreign kookaburras encroaching on another groups’ territory.[44] Laughing kookaburras will splay out their wings and propel their head forward while shaking their tail feathers to exhibit dominance and ward off intruders.[44] The aggressive posturing is followed up by chasing off the unwanted individual before attacking.[5] Visual displays are also used to communicate vigilance and the presence of threats via alert postures.[5] D. novaeguineae will open its beak, ruffle up the feathers surrounding its cap, and angle their heads towards the direction of the threat.[5] Depending on the urgency of the threat, alarm postures may be followed by loud laugh-like calls to warn other members of the flock.[5]

Relationship with humans

Laughing kookaburras are a common sight in suburban gardens and urban settings, even in built-up areas, and are so tame that they will often eat out of a person's hands, and allow them to rub their bellies. It is not uncommon for kookaburras to snatch food out of people's hands without warning, by swooping in from a distance. People often feed them pieces of raw meat. Laughing kookaburras are often kept in zoos.

The kookaburra is also the subject of a popular Australian children's song, the "Kookaburra" which was written by Marion Sinclair in 1934.[45]

Recordings of this bird have been edited into Hollywood movies for decades, usually in jungle settings, beginning with the Tarzan series in the 1930s, and more recently in the film The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997).[4]

Conservation status

The population density of the laughing kookaburra in Australia varies between 0.04 and 0.8 birds/ha depending on the habitat. Assuming an average of 0.3 birds/ha the total population may be as large as 65 million individuals.[6] However, this may represent a severe over-estimate since the population of the laughing kookaburra seems to be undergoing a marked decline with Birdata showing a 50% drop in sightings from 2000 to 2019, and a drop in the reporting rate from 25% to 15% over the same period.[46] The population in New Zealand is relatively small and is probably less than 500 individuals.[47] Given the extended range and the large stable population, the species is evaluated as of "least concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Dacelo novaeguineae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22683189A92977835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683189A92977835.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Pizzey, Graham and Doyle, Roy. (1980) A Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Collins Publishers, Sydney. ISBN 073222436-5
  3. ^ a b c d Morcombe, Michael (2012) Field Guide to Australian Birds. Pascal Press, Glebe, NSW. Revised edition. ISBN 978174021417-9
  4. ^ a b Kaercher, Melissa (30 May 2013). "The Sound and the Foley". Tin Lizard Productions.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Higgins, Peter J., ed. (1999). "Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra" (PDF). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 4: Parrots to dollarbird. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 1121–1138. ISBN 978-0-19-553071-1.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fry, C. H.; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1999). Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 133–136. ISBN 978-0-7136-5206-2.
  7. ^ Sonnerat, Pierre (1776). Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée (in French). Chez Ruault. p. 170, Plate 106.
  8. ^ a b c d Mees, G.F. (1977). "The scientific name of the Laughing Kookaburra: Dacelo gigas (Boddaert) v. Dacelo novaeguineae (Hermann)". Emu. 77 (1): 35–36. doi:10.1071/mu9770035.
  9. ^ Lysaght, A. (1956). "Why did Sonnerat record the kookaburra, Dacelo gigas (Boddaert) from New Guinea?". Emu. 56 (3): 224–225. doi:10.1071/MU956224.
  10. ^ Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Martinet, François-Nicolas (1765–1783). Planches enluminées d'histoire naturelle. Vol. 7. Paris. Plate 663.
  11. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 190.
  12. ^ Hermann, Johann (1783). Tabula affinitatum animalium olim academico specimine edita : nunc uberiore commentario illustrata cum annotationibus ad historiam naturalem animalium augendam facientibus (in Latin). Argentorati: Impensis Joh. Georgii Treuttel. p. 192 Note.
  13. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 189.
  14. ^ Leach, William Elford (1815). The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting Animals. Vol. 2. London: B. McMillan for E. Nodder & Son. p. 125.
  15. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 130, 275. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  16. ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton (in French). Utrecht. p. 40.
  17. ^ Mathews, Gregory M. (1926). "An important date". Emu. 26: 148. doi:10.1071/mu926148.
  18. ^ a b Collins, David (1798). An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales. London: T. Cadell Jr and W. Davies. Appendix 12 Language.
  19. ^ a b c d Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013). Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide. Collingwood VIC, Australia: CSIRO. pp. 156–158. ISBN 978-0-64310469-3.
  20. ^ Gould, John (1848). The Birds of Australia. Vol. 2. London: Self-published. Plate 18.
  21. ^ Latham, John (1782). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 1. London: Printed for Benj. White. p. 609.
  22. ^ Lesson, René Primeverre (1828). Manuel d'ornithologie, ou description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux (in French). Paris: Roret. p. 93.
  23. ^ Bennett, George (1834). Wandering in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore, and China: being the journal of a naturalist in those countries during 1832, 1833, and 1834. Vol. 1. London: Richard Bentley. p. 222.
  24. ^ Lucas, A.H.S.; Le Souef, W.H. Dunley (1911). The Birds of Australia. London: Whitcombe and Tombs. pp. 236–237.
  25. ^ Leach, John Albert (1912). An Australian bird book: a pocket book for field use (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 105.
  26. ^ Woodall, P.F. (2020). "Kingfishers (Alcedinidae)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.alcedi1.01. Retrieved 2 February 2017.(subscription required)
  27. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers". World Bird List Version 6.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  28. ^ Robinson, Herbert Christopher (1900). "Contributions to the zoology of north Queensland". Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums. 2 (3&4): 116.
  29. ^ Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Woodall, P. F. (2020). "Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae), version 1.0." In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.laukoo1.01
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Baker, Myron C. (January 2004). "The Chorus Song of Cooperatively Breeding Laughing Kookaburras (Coraciiformes, Halcyonidae: Dacelo novaeguineae): Characterization and Comparison Among Groups". Ethology. 110 (1): 21–35. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0310.2003.00941.x. ISSN 0179-1613.
  32. ^ Reyer, Heinz-Ulrich; Schmidl, Dieter (September 1988). "Helpers Have Little to Laugh About: Group Structure and Vocalisation in the Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae". Emu – Austral Ornithology. 88 (3): 150–160. doi:10.1071/mu9880150. ISSN 0158-4197.
  33. ^ a b Hall, Michelle L. (1 March 2004). "A review of hypotheses for the functions of avian duetting". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 55 (5): 415–430. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0741-x. ISSN 0340-5443. S2CID 33751268.
  34. ^ Legge, Sarah, ed. (2004). Kookaburra: King of the Bush. Clayton South, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. doi:10.1071/9780643091375. ISBN 978-0-643-09137-5.
  35. ^ Smith, W. John (31 December 2020), Kroodsma, Donald E; Miller, Edward H (eds.), "21. Using Interactive Playback to Study How Songs and Singing Contribute to Communication about Behavior", Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Birds, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 377–397, doi:10.7591/9781501736957-030, ISBN 978-1-5017-3695-7, S2CID 225018688, retrieved 3 January 2021
  36. ^ a b c Higgins 1999, pp. 1124–1125.
  37. ^ The Daily News, Perth, 22 December 1891, page 3, Legislative Assembly
  38. ^ Sellick, Douglas. First impressions : Albany 1791-1901 :travellers' tales. pp. 151–2. ISBN 0730983668.
  39. ^ Jenkins, C.F .H. (1959). "Introduced Birds in Western Australia". Emu. 59: 201–207.
  40. ^ L., Long, J. (1974). Introduced birds and mammals in Western Australia. Agriculture Protection Board of Western Australia. p. 3. ISBN 0-7244-5758-5. OCLC 27566719.
  41. ^ Thomson, G.M. (1922). The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–138.
  42. ^ Higgins 1999, p. 1123.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g ICTN; Higgins, P. J.; Davies, S. J. J. F. (1997). "Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 3: Snipe to Pigeons". Colonial Waterbirds. 20 (3): 631. doi:10.2307/1521625. ISSN 0738-6028. JSTOR 1521625.
  44. ^ a b Morton, S. R.; Parry, G. D. (July 1974). "The Auxiliary Social System in Kookaburras: A Reappraisal of Its Adaptive Significance". Emu – Austral Ornithology. 74 (3): 196–198. doi:10.1071/mu974195b. ISSN 0158-4197.
  45. ^ Howell, P. A. (2012). "Sinclair, Marion (1896–1988)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  46. ^ BirdLife Australia (2020). "Explore Birdata map: Laughing kookaburra". Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  47. ^ Michaux, B. (2013). Miskelly, C.M. (ed.). "Laughing kookaburra". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
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Laughing kookaburra: Brief Summary

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Coloured plate with the incorrect legend that was used by both Johann Hermann and Pieter Boddaert A laughing kookaburra making a hollow for a nest in an arboreal termite nest.

The laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) is a bird in the kingfisher subfamily Halcyoninae. It is a large robust kingfisher with a whitish head and a brown eye-stripe. The upperparts are mostly dark brown but there is a mottled light-blue patch on the wing coverts. The underparts are cream-white and the tail is barred with rufous and black. The plumage of the male and female birds is similar. The territorial call is a distinctive laugh that is often delivered by several birds at the same time, and is widely used as a stock sound effect in situations that involve a jungle setting.

The laughing kookaburra is native to eastern mainland Australia, but has also been introduced to parts of New Zealand, Tasmania, and Western Australia. It occupies dry eucalypt forest, woodland, city parks and gardens. This species is sedentary and occupies the same territory throughout the year. It is monogamous, retaining the same partner for life. A breeding pair can be accompanied by up to five fully grown non-breeding offspring from previous years that help the parents defend their territory and raise their young. The laughing kookaburra generally breeds in unlined tree holes or in excavated holes in arboreal termite nests. The usual clutch is three white eggs. The parents and the helpers incubate the eggs and feed the chicks. The youngest of the three nestlings or chicks is often killed by the older siblings. When the chicks fledge they continue to be fed by the group for six to ten weeks until they are able to forage independently.

A predator of a wide variety of small animals, the laughing kookaburra typically waits perched on a branch until it sees an animal on the ground and then flies down and pounces on its prey. Its diet includes lizards, insects, worms, snakes, mice and it is known to take goldfish out of garden ponds.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classed the laughing kookaburra as a species of least concern as it has a large range and population, with no widespread threats.

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Ridema kukabarao ( Esperanto )

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La ridema kukabarao, Dacelo novaeguineae, estas kutima karnovora birdo de Aŭstralio de la familio de Alcededoj aŭ de alciono, tre konataj pro sia alvoko. Iam konata kiel Ridema azeno, nuntempe estas pli konata laŭ la indiĝena nomo.

Distribuo

Ĝi troviĝas tra orienta Aŭstralio, kaj estis enmetita en la sudokcidenta angulo de Okcidenta Aŭstralio, Tasmanio kaj insuloj Flinders kaj Kanguruo.

Krome, kelkaj estis enmetitaj en Novzelando inter 1866 kaj 1880, sed nur tiuj liberigitaj en la insulo Kawau de Sir George Grey survivis. Ties idararo ankoraŭ troveblas tie.

Aspekto

 src=
Aspekto de kukabarao

La Kukabarao estas fortika birdo ĉirkaŭ 45 cm longa, kun granda kapo, elstara bruna okulo, kaj tre granda beko, nigreca en supra makzelo kaj ostokolora en suba. La masklo kaj la ino aspektas same. Ili havas blankajn aŭ kremokolorajn korpon kaj kapon kun malhelbruna strio tra ĉiu okulo kaj pli nuance ĉefrunte kaj ĉekrone. La flugiloj kaj dorso estas malhelbrunaj kun ĉielbluaj punktomakuloj en ŝultroj. La vosto estas ruĝecoranĝa kun malhelbrunaj strioj kaj blankaj pintoj.

Ekologio kaj kutimaro

 src=
Dumfluga kukabarao

Tiuj aŭstralaziaj birdoj okupas ĝangalajn kaj arbarajn teritoriojn en izolitaj familigrupoj, kaj ties konata ridalvoko utilas same kiel tiuj de multaj aliaj birdalvokoj: por marki teritoriajn bordojn.

Alvoko

La Ridema kukabarao estas konata ĉe sia nomo pro sia "rido" kiun uzas por saluti sian partneron post periodoj de malesto. Ĝi povas esti aŭdata iam ajn dum la tago, sed plej ofte iomete post mateniĝo kaj dum la nuancaj koloroj de post sunsubiro.

Unu birdo komencas per mallaŭta, singulta rideto, poste ĵetas sian kapon malantaŭen kun raŭka rido: ofte kelkaj aliaj aliĝas. Se rivala tribo estas en aŭdloko kaj respondas, la tuta familio tuje kuniĝas kaj plenigas la arbaron per zuma ridaro. Aŭdi la Kukabaraon je plena voĉo esta unu el la plej eksterordinaraj spertoj de la aŭstralia arbaro, kion eĉ la propraj lokanoj miras; kelkaj vizitantoj, se neavertitaj, povas trovi tiun alvokon alarman.[1]

Dieto

 src=
Kukabaraoj kun lacertoj kiel predoj

La Kukabarao ĉasas kiel aliaj alcionedoj: per gvatado sur taŭga branĉo aŭ kablo kie ĝi atendas pacience preterpasantan predon: muso aŭ similgranda eta mamulo, granda insekto, lacerto, eta birdo aŭ birdido, kaj plej fame, serpento. Ĝi preferas etan predon, sed ne malkutime kukabaraoj kaptas surprize grandajn animalojn, inkludante venenajn serpentojn tiom longajn kiom la propra birdo.

Vivo

 src=
Junulo en ĝardeno en Swanbourne, Okcidenta Aŭstralio

La Kukabarao plej ofte klopodas vivi en familiaj grupoj, kie la idaro helpas la gepatrojn ĉasi kaj zorgi por la venonta generacio de idaro.

Dum pariĝa sezono, la Kukabarao dorlotas laŭ kutimo simila al tiu de Melifagedoj. La ino adoptas peteman sintenon kaj voĉas kiel junulo. La masklo tiam oferas al ŝi lian tiaman manĝaĵon akompane de sono "uuuuuuuuu". Ili ekreproduktiĝas ĉirkaŭ oktobro au novembro. Se la unua ovodemetado malsukcesas, ili daŭre reproduktiĝos dum la someraj monatoj.

La ino ĝenerale demetas tri ovojn dum ĉirkaŭ dutagaj tempospacoj. Se la manĝodisponeblo ne taŭgas, la tria ovo estos pli malgranda kaj ankaŭ la tria ido estos pli malgranda kaj je malavantaĝa situacio antaŭ siaj gefratoj. Idoj havas hokon en la supra makzelo, kio malaperos je elnestiĝo. Se la manĝodisponeblo ne taŭgas, la idoj kverelos kaj la hoko utilos kiel armilo por mortigi la plej junan. Se estas sufiĉa manĝodisponeblo, la gepatroj dediĉos pli da tempo al zorgado de la idoj kaj tiuj ne devos kvereli.

Interagado kun homoj

La Kukabarao estas komuna vidaĵo en ĉeurbaj ĝardenoj kaj urbaj lokoj, eĉ en tre konstruitaj areoj, kaj ili estas tiom alkitimiĝitaj al homoj ke ili tre ofte manĝas el ties manoj. Homoj ofte manĝigas ilin per viandopecoj aŭ kartilagoj.

Oni malkonsilas manĝigi ilin ĉar tiu manĝaĵo donebla de homoj ne kongruas kun ilia necesa dieto kaj povus malsanigi ilin.

En Aŭstralio tiu ĉi specio estas konsiderata unu el la plej simbolaj animaloj kaj unu el la tri plej simbolaj birdoj, kaj pro tio aperas en monero kaj en multaj poŝtmarkoj.

Notoj

  1. [1]

Referencoj

Bildaro

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Ridema kukabarao: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La ridema kukabarao, Dacelo novaeguineae, estas kutima karnovora birdo de Aŭstralio de la familio de Alcededoj aŭ de alciono, tre konataj pro sia alvoko. Iam konata kiel Ridema azeno, nuntempe estas pli konata laŭ la indiĝena nomo.

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Dacelo novaeguineae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La cucaburra común[2]​ (Dacelo novaeguineae) es una especie de ave coraciforme de la familia Alcedinidae propia de Australia.

Mide aproximadamente 45 cm de largo con una cabeza grande, sus ojos son bastantes prominentes, son de color café y tiene un pico muy grande que puede llegar a medir 10 cm de largo. A primera vista, la cucaburra tiene un plumaje de color marrón oscuro y una cabeza y parte inferior blancas. Rayas oscuras en los ojos marrones le cruzan la cara y su pico superior es negro. Su cola de color rojizo está modelada con barras negras.

Se encuentra por todo el este de Australia, sobre todo en las zonas boscosas. Ha sido introducido en el sudoeste de Australia Occidental, Tasmania, la isla de Flinders, la isla Canguro y Nueva Zelanda.

La cucaburra es uno de los símbolos de la vida salvaje en Australia, en el que también es una inspiración en una canción infantil llamada “Merry, Merry King of the Bush” ("El alegre y feliz rey del bosque").

La cucaburra común es un ave salvaje y carnívoro que se dedica a cazar insectos, lagartijas, roedores, pájaros pequeños,serpientes y hasta serpientes venenosas, como forma de alimentación y supervivencia. Para marcar su territorio, se echa la cabeza hacia atrás y emiten unos sonidos muy fuertes y gorgoteantes cuyo sonido es aterrador parecido a unas risas grotescas.

Son aves territoriales monógamas que anidan en los agujeros de los árboles. Las hembras ponen de uno a cinco huevos, que son atendidos por una unidad colectiva compuesta de padres y hermanos mayores. Las cucaburras mayores generalmente permanecen con sus padres para ayudar a cuidar a los siguientes polluelos que nazcan. Cuando nacen, sus hermanos, las cucaburras mayores, ya pueden conseguir su propia independencia y de poder explorar el mundo por sí solo.

Cuando consiguen la independencia, la cucaburra siempre vuela en zonas territoriales, ya que de ese tipo de aves, no se atreven a volar cruzando el río, lago ni el mar, por eso actualmente solo habita en Australia.

La proximidad de los cucaburras a las personas no suele ser bien recibida, ya que forman un gran alboroto que suelen armar nada más al amanecer y al atardecer, por ello ha recibido un sobrenombre, "El reloj de los hombres del bosque". Pero aparte de eso, es un ave bastante "amigable" le gusta estar cerca de las personas.

En la actualidad, las cucaburras no se encuentran en peligro de extinción, aunque la lenta desaparición de los bosques australianos hace que sea una amenaza para estas aves, pero en la actualidad la mayoría de las cucaburras viven en áreas suburbanas que es allí donde encuentran alimentos y refugio, para poder sobrevivir

Subespecies

Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:[3]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2016). «Dacelo novaeguineae». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2020.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 13 de diciembre de 2020.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2001). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Sexta parte: Coliiformes, Trogoniformes y Coraciiformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 48 (1): 107-110. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 11 de febrero de 2014.
  3. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B. L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, y D. Roberson (2013). «The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.8». Consultado el 11 de febrero de 2014.

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Dacelo novaeguineae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La cucaburra común​ (Dacelo novaeguineae) es una especie de ave coraciforme de la familia Alcedinidae propia de Australia.

Mide aproximadamente 45 cm de largo con una cabeza grande, sus ojos son bastantes prominentes, son de color café y tiene un pico muy grande que puede llegar a medir 10 cm de largo. A primera vista, la cucaburra tiene un plumaje de color marrón oscuro y una cabeza y parte inferior blancas. Rayas oscuras en los ojos marrones le cruzan la cara y su pico superior es negro. Su cola de color rojizo está modelada con barras negras.

Se encuentra por todo el este de Australia, sobre todo en las zonas boscosas. Ha sido introducido en el sudoeste de Australia Occidental, Tasmania, la isla de Flinders, la isla Canguro y Nueva Zelanda.

La cucaburra es uno de los símbolos de la vida salvaje en Australia, en el que también es una inspiración en una canción infantil llamada “Merry, Merry King of the Bush” ("El alegre y feliz rey del bosque").

La cucaburra común es un ave salvaje y carnívoro que se dedica a cazar insectos, lagartijas, roedores, pájaros pequeños,serpientes y hasta serpientes venenosas, como forma de alimentación y supervivencia. Para marcar su territorio, se echa la cabeza hacia atrás y emiten unos sonidos muy fuertes y gorgoteantes cuyo sonido es aterrador parecido a unas risas grotescas.

Son aves territoriales monógamas que anidan en los agujeros de los árboles. Las hembras ponen de uno a cinco huevos, que son atendidos por una unidad colectiva compuesta de padres y hermanos mayores. Las cucaburras mayores generalmente permanecen con sus padres para ayudar a cuidar a los siguientes polluelos que nazcan. Cuando nacen, sus hermanos, las cucaburras mayores, ya pueden conseguir su propia independencia y de poder explorar el mundo por sí solo.

Cuando consiguen la independencia, la cucaburra siempre vuela en zonas territoriales, ya que de ese tipo de aves, no se atreven a volar cruzando el río, lago ni el mar, por eso actualmente solo habita en Australia.

La proximidad de los cucaburras a las personas no suele ser bien recibida, ya que forman un gran alboroto que suelen armar nada más al amanecer y al atardecer, por ello ha recibido un sobrenombre, "El reloj de los hombres del bosque". Pero aparte de eso, es un ave bastante "amigable" le gusta estar cerca de las personas.

En la actualidad, las cucaburras no se encuentran en peligro de extinción, aunque la lenta desaparición de los bosques australianos hace que sea una amenaza para estas aves, pero en la actualidad la mayoría de las cucaburras viven en áreas suburbanas que es allí donde encuentran alimentos y refugio, para poder sobrevivir

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Dacelo novaeguineae ( Basque )

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Dacelo novaeguineae Dacelo generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Alcedinidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

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Dacelo novaeguineae: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Dacelo novaeguineae Dacelo generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Alcedinidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Isonauraja ( Finnish )

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Isonauraja (Dacelo novaeguineae) on Oseaniassa esiintyvä kuningaskalastajien heimoon kuuluva lintu. Isonaurajaryhmä kuuluttaa kovalla äänellään reviirinsä, ja lintujen hillitön käkätys sai Euroopasta saapuneet uudisasukkaat pois tolaltaan. He antoivatkin isonaurajalle oitis nimen "laughing jackass" ("naurava pölvästi").

Koko ja ulkonäkö

  • Pituus: 39-42 cm
  • Paino: 190-465 g

Levinneisyys

Isonauraja elää Australiassa koko itärannikolla aina Cape Yorkin niemimaalta Cape Otwayhin saakka sekä paikoin Lounais-Australiassa. Sitä tavataan myös Tasmaniassa länsisaarineen, sekä Uuden-Seelannin pohjoissaarella.

Elinympäristö

Eukalyptusmetsät ja asutut alueet.

Lisääntyminen

Sukukypsä 1-vuotiaana, mutta ensipesintä vasta vuosien kuluttua. Emo munii 1-5 munaa, joita haudotaan 24-29 vrk.

Ravinto

Hyönteiset kastemadot, hämähäkit, äyriäiset, kalat, sammakot, liskot ja käärmeet.

Uskomuksia

Isonaurajalla on merkittävä osa Australian aboriginaalien myyteissä. Erään tarun mukaan jumalat antoivat yön ja päivän luotuaan lajille aamun valvojan roolin. Isonaurajan tehtävänä oli herättää ihmiset ja eläimet kuuluvalla rämeällä äänellään.

Lähteet

  1. BirdLife International: Dacelo novaeguineae IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.6.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS): Dacelo novaeguineae (TSN 554574) itis.gov. Viitattu 22.12.2016. (englanniksi)
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Isonauraja: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Isonauraja (Dacelo novaeguineae) on Oseaniassa esiintyvä kuningaskalastajien heimoon kuuluva lintu. Isonaurajaryhmä kuuluttaa kovalla äänellään reviirinsä, ja lintujen hillitön käkätys sai Euroopasta saapuneet uudisasukkaat pois tolaltaan. He antoivatkin isonaurajalle oitis nimen "laughing jackass" ("naurava pölvästi").

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Martin-chasseur géant ( French )

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Dacelo novaeguineae

Le Martin-chasseur géant (Dacelo novaeguineae), aussi appelé kookaburra, est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des alcédinidés présents en Australie.

Oiseau mythique dans la culture aborigène, son chant ressemble à un rire rauque. Son nom en anglais (de la langue morte wiradjuri) est d'ailleurs laughing kookaburra (littéralement « kookaburra rieur »).

Dénomination

L'appellation kookaburra provient du terme aborigène wiradjuri gugubarra[1].

Description

C'est un oiseau trapu de 45 cm de long, d'environ 500 g, avec une grosse tête, un œil marron saillant et un très grand bec pointu.

Le mâle se distingue facilement de la femelle par le bleu des ailes et le bleu foncé de la queue.

La femelle a un peu de bleu clair sur les ailes mais n'a pas de bleu sur la queue[2].

Distribution et habitat

Kookaburra1.jpg
Dacelo novaeguineae - head.jpg

On le trouve dans toute la partie est de l'Australie et il a été introduit à l'heure actuelle dans le sud-ouest de l'Australie-Occidentale, en Tasmanie, dans les îles Flinders et Kangourou.

Un certain nombre d'entre eux ont été introduits en Nouvelle-Zélande entre 1866 et 1880 mais seuls ceux qui ont été libérés dans l'île Kawau par sir George Grey ont survécu. On en trouve encore des descendants à l'heure actuelle.

Il habite dans toutes les zones boisées où il peut trouver à proximité des zones dégagées pour pouvoir chasser. Il ne craint pas la proximité de l'homme.

Alimentation

Comme tous les martins-chasseurs, il se nourrit en attendant patiemment installé sur une branche qu'une proie passe à proximité pour se précipiter dessus : carnivore, il mange ainsi souris et autres petits mammifères analogues, gros insectes, lézards, petits oiseaux et oisillons, et, surtout serpents. Il s'attaque de préférence à des proies plus petites que lui mais il n'est pas rare qu'il s'attaque par surprise à des animaux nettement plus gros que lui, en particulier des serpents venimeux. Les proies les plus petites sont avalées vivantes, les proies plus grosses sont d'abord tuées en les frappant vivement sur le sol.

Cet animal produit des pelotes de réjection.

Reproduction

 src=
Un kookaburra

La saison des amours est au début de l'été dans l'hémisphère sud (octobre, novembre). Les couples sont fidèles et couvent et s'occupent des petits à deux.

La femelle pond généralement un œuf tous les deux jours et la couvée est généralement de trois œufs. Les petits ont un crochet sur la partie supérieure du bec qui disparaîtra en vieillissant mais ce harpon peut être utilisé dans des combats entre oisillons si la nourriture n'est pas suffisante. Le plus fragile des oisillons peut ainsi être tué par ses frères et sœurs.

Par contre, on peut voir les oisillons des couvées précédentes aider leurs parents pour chasser et nourrir leurs plus jeunes frères et sœurs.

Kookaburra albinos

En 2010, un fermier australien a découvert, au pied d'un arbre, deux kookaburras de seulement quelques semaines, ayant la particularité d'être albinos (plumes blanches, yeux et bec roses). C'est la première fois que de tels spécimens sont observés[3].

Anecdote

Bande dessinée

Kookaburra est une série de bande dessinée de science-fiction réalisée par Crisse, aux éditions Soleil.

Notes et références

  1. (en) Kirsty Murray et National Library of Australia, Topsy-turvy World : How Australian Animals Puzzled Early Explorers, National Library Australia, 2012, 95 p. (ISBN 978-0-642-27749-7, lire en ligne).
  2. « Kookaburra », sur anigaido.com (consulté le 21 juillet 2021).
  3. Emmanuel Perrin, « Deux Kookaburras albinos ont été découverts en Australie », sur maxisciences.com, 12 décembre 2010 (consulté le 21 juillet 2021).
  4. B.Ch., « Un oiseau australien, le Kookaburra rieur, est une star de cinéma malgré lui » [vidéo], sur 20minutes.fr, juin 2020 (consulté le 12 mars 2022).

Voir aussi

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Martin-chasseur géant: Brief Summary ( French )

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Dacelo novaeguineae

Le Martin-chasseur géant (Dacelo novaeguineae), aussi appelé kookaburra, est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des alcédinidés présents en Australie.

Oiseau mythique dans la culture aborigène, son chant ressemble à un rire rauque. Son nom en anglais (de la langue morte wiradjuri) est d'ailleurs laughing kookaburra (littéralement « kookaburra rieur »).

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Dacelo novaeguineae ( Galician )

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O Dacelo novaeguineae é unha ave carnívora picapeixe da subfamilia Halcyoninae. Nativa do leste de Australia, foi introducido en partes de Nova Zelandia, Tasmania e Australia Occidental. O macho e a femia son semellantes na súa plumaxe, na que predominan os marróns e o branco. É un paxaro común e familiar, e esta especie de dacelo é ben coñecida pola súa chamada a xeito de risa.

Notas

Véxase tamén


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Dacelo novaeguineae: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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O Dacelo novaeguineae é unha ave carnívora picapeixe da subfamilia Halcyoninae. Nativa do leste de Australia, foi introducido en partes de Nova Zelandia, Tasmania e Australia Occidental. O macho e a femia son semellantes na súa plumaxe, na que predominan os marróns e o branco. É un paxaro común e familiar, e esta especie de dacelo é ben coñecida pola súa chamada a xeito de risa.

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Dacelo novaeguineae ( Italian )

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Il kookaburra sghignazzante (Dacelo novaeguineae Hermann, 1783) è un uccello appartenente alla famiglia Alcedinidae[2] diffuso esclusivamente in Australia.

Descrizione

Con i suoi 45 cm di lunghezza[3] il kookaburra sghignazzante è il più grande tra i membri della famiglia Alcedinidae. Presenta gola, petto e ventre bianchi, dorso bruno scuro con copritrici alari azzurre e coda marrone con barre più scure; le timoniere hanno la punta bianca. Il capo è bianco anch'esso, ma con la sommità bruna e una striscia oculare marrone. La specie presenta un leggero dimorfismo sessuale: i maschi hanno parte del groppone bianco, mentre nelle femmine esso è marrone con barre scure. Il becco è tozzo e robusto e le zampe sono corte.

Biologia

Le sue dimensioni gli consentono di cacciare una grande varietà di prede; si nutre infatti di insetti, lucertole, serpenti, piccoli uccelli e roditori, che cattura lanciandosi da un posatoio. Una volta adulta la prole resta con i genitori per anni e li aiuta nella gestione del nido, che consiste in una semplice cavità non foderata in un tronco. Per avvisare della presa di possesso di un territorio la coppia e i suoi aiutanti emettono dei caratteristici richiami che ricordano una risata (da cui deriva il nome comune della specie) e assumono una posizione particolare con testa alzata e coda sollevata.

Distribuzione e habitat

La specie è endemica dell'Australia ed è diffusa nella parte sudoccidentale, orientale e sudorientale del paese, compresa la Tasmania. È stanziale e vive zone aride lontane dall'acqua, in boscaglie e foreste rade.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2016, Dacelo novaeguineae, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 18 dicembre 2016.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Alcedinidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 16 dicembre 2016.
  3. ^ Colin Harrison e Alan Greensmith, Uccelli del mondo, Dorling Kindersley.

Bibliografia

  • Colin Harrison e Alan Greensmith, Uccelli del mondo, Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 88-88666-80-X.

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Dacelo novaeguineae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il kookaburra sghignazzante (Dacelo novaeguineae Hermann, 1783) è un uccello appartenente alla famiglia Alcedinidae diffuso esclusivamente in Australia.

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Kookaburra ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Zie artikel Voor het gelijknamige album, zie Kookaburra (album)

Vogels

De kookaburra of gewone kookaburra of lachvogel (Dacelo novaeguineae) is de grootste ijsvogelsoort. De naam lachvogel slaat op de roep van deze vogel die erg op de menselijke lach lijkt.

Het geluid van een lachende kookaburra
Kookaburra die een worm vangt.

Beschrijving

De kookaburra heeft een lengte van ongeveer 42 centimeter[2] en een gewicht van 310 tot 480 gram. De kookaburra heeft een lange, forse snavel en is roomkleurig op de kop en de borst. De kruin is bruin en daaronder loopt weer een brede, bruine oogstreep. Op de bruine vleugel zitten wat blauw gekleurde dekveren en de staart is roodbruin met een donkere bandering. Mannetjes en vrouwtjes lijken sterk op elkaar. Het mannetje heeft soms wat blauwe vlekken op de stuit.[3]

Leefwijze

In tegenstelling tot veel andere, meestal kleine soorten ijsvogels is deze ijsvogel niet aan water gebonden maar jaagt hij op landdieren: insecten, slakken, kikkers, reptielen en soms kleine vogels.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De kookaburra is een standvogel die oorspronkelijk endemisch voorkomt in oostelijk, zuidoostelijk Australië. Het leefgebied bestaat uit loofbossen en graslanden maar ook in agrarisch gebied en nabij menselijke bebouwing, zoals in tuinen en stadsparken.

De soort telt 2 ondersoorten:

  • D. n. minor: Kaap York-schiereiland (noordoostelijk Australië).
  • D. n. novaeguineae: oostelijk en zuidoostelijk Australië, Tasmanië en zuidwestelijk Australië.

Status

De vogel is in de 19e eeuw ingevoerd in Nieuw-Zeeland en zuidwestelijk Australië en in 1905 op Tasmanië.[3] Het is een algemene vogel. Er is geen aanleiding te veronderstellen dat de soort in aantal achteruitgaat. Om deze redenen staat de kookaburra als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Kookaburra op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Charlotte Uhlenbroek (2008) - Animal Life, Tirion Uitgevers BV, Baarn. ISBN 978-90-5210-774-5
  3. a b (en) Pizzey, G & R. Doyle, 1980. A field guide to the birds of Australia. Collins, Sydney.
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Kookaburra: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De kookaburra of gewone kookaburra of lachvogel (Dacelo novaeguineae) is de grootste ijsvogelsoort. De naam lachvogel slaat op de roep van deze vogel die erg op de menselijke lach lijkt.

Het geluid van een lachende kookaburra Kookaburra die een worm vangt.
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Latterkokaburra ( Norwegian )

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Latterkokaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) er ein brun og kvit latterfugl i isfuglfamilien, Halcyonidae. Arten har naturleg utbreiing i austlege Australia, og har blitt introdusert til sørvestre Australia, Tasmania og nordlege Nordøya på New Zealand. Latterkokaburra er ein vanleg og kjend fugl i utbreiingsområdet, spesielt kjend for det latteraktige lætet.

Skildring

 src=
Bilete frå Hobart, Tasmania
Foto: JJ Harrison

Latterkokaburraen er ein tettvaksen fugl og ein svært stor medlem av isfuglfamilien, gjennomsnittleg på ca. 45 cm i lengd, og ca. 350 gram i kroppssvekt.[1] Han har stort hovud, brune auge, og eit svært stort, kraftig nebb. Kjønna er like, sjølv om hofuglar i gjennomsnitta er større. Kroppen og hovudet er generelt kvit til kremfarga, hovudet har ei mørk brun augestripe og er svakt brunleg på oversida. Vengene og ryggen er brune med mindre lysblå flekker på skuldrene. Undersida av vengene er lyse med ein klår, kvit flekk, ein «blink» ut mot vengetuppen. Halen er rustleg raudoransje med mørkebrune tverrstriper, kvit ut mot enden av undersida. Det tunge, litt flattrykte nebbet er mørkt på oversida og gult, beinfarga på undernebbet.

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Latterkokaburraen er naturleg heimehørande i den austlege delen av fastlandsaustralia, og har blitt introdusert på Tasmania, Flinders Island og Kenguruøya. Nokre individ vart òg introdusert på New Zealand tidleg på 1860-talet. Etterkommarar av desse individa lever i dag i området Whangarei sørover til nordre Waitakere Ranges nord på Nordøya.[1] Streiffuglar kan treffast på Sørøya.[1]

Latterkokaburraer jaktar mykje som andre isfuglar gjer, sit på ei praktisk grein eller annan post med nebbet peikande ned og ventar tålmodig på at byttedyr skal passere. Dei kastar seg fort ned på bakken eller i grunt vatn. Vanlege byttedyr inkluderer mus og tilsvarande små pattedyr, ferskvasskrepsar, store insekt, øgler, småfuglar og fugleungar, og mest kjent, slangar. Dei føretrekk små byttedyr, men kokaburraer kan nokre gonger ta store dyr, inkludert giftslangar som er mykje lengjer enn eigen kroppslengd.

Para held seg på eit territorium gjennom året. Reiret er i ei hòle grave ut i ein roten trestamme. Dei legg vanlegvis tre egg i kullet. Klekkinga skjer etter ca. 23 dagar og ungane kan flyge etter 33-39 dagar. Det eldste kjende individet i Australia blei over 13 år.[1]

Arten har status som livskraftig (LC), storleiken av bestanden er ukjend, men er trudd å vere stabil.[2] Populasjonen på New Zealand er truleg under 500 fuglar.[1]

Kjelder

Referansar

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Heather og Robertson, 2005
  2. BirdLife International 2012

Bakgrunnsstoff

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Latterkokaburra
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Latterkokaburra: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Latterkokaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) er ein brun og kvit latterfugl i isfuglfamilien, Halcyonidae. Arten har naturleg utbreiing i austlege Australia, og har blitt introdusert til sørvestre Australia, Tasmania og nordlege Nordøya på New Zealand. Latterkokaburra er ein vanleg og kjend fugl i utbreiingsområdet, spesielt kjend for det latteraktige lætet.

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Kukabura chichotliwa ( Polish )

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Kukabura chichotliwa, kukabura (Dacelo novaeguineae) – gatunek średniego ptaka z rodziny zimorodkowatych (Alcedinidae), zamieszkujący wschodnią i południowo-wschodnią Australię. Introdukowany na Tasmanii i w południowo-zachodniej Australii.

Charakterystyka

Wygląd zewnętrzny
Największy przedstawiciel rodziny zimorodkowatych, z dużą głową i masywnym dziobem. Obie płcie wyglądają jednakowo, ale samica jest nieco większa. Upierzenie ciała beżowe, skrzydła brunatne z niebieskimi plamkami. Ogon dość długi, brązowy z ciemnymi prążkami. Za okiem ciemna plama.
Rozmiary
Dł. ciała: ok. 40–45 cm[4], rozpiętość skrzydeł: 64–66 cm[4].
Masa ciała
Ok. 340 g[4].
Głos
Charakterystyczny, głośny głos przypominający histeryczny, ludzki chichot. Odzywa się głównie o świcie i zmierzchu.
Zachowanie
W przeciwieństwie do innych zimorodków nie jest ściśle związany z wodą. Żyje w grupach rodzinnych do 8 osobników, składających się z rodziców oraz ich potomstwa z kilku lęgów (zwykle są to samce). Osiadłe, przez cały rok bronią swojego terytorium.

Środowisko

Luźne lasy, zadrzewienia, charakteryzujące się zwykle zimnym i wilgotnym klimatem[5].

Pożywienie

Zjada owady i inne bezkręgowce, małe ssaki, gady, ptaki i ich pisklęta. W przeciwieństwie do innych zimorodków nie łowi ryb (choć sporadycznie może to robić). Poluje w dzień, zazwyczaj siedząc na gałęzi drzewa i czatując na ofiarę. Gdy pojawi się odpowiednia zdobycz, rzuca się w dół i chwyta ją dziobem[5].

Lęgi

 src=
Kukabura w locie
Gniazdo
W dziupli drzewa lub innym otworze, np. drzewnej termitierze, budce lęgowej, pęknięciu w murze, sporadycznie w norze wydrążonej w skarpie.
Jaja
Samica składa 2–4 czysto białe jaja w odstępach jednodniowych, rzadko większych[5].
Wysiadywanie
Trwa ok. 24–26 dni. Jaja są wysiadywane przez wszystkich członków grupy rodzinnej, na zmianę[5].
Pisklęta
Pisklęta klują się nagie i ślepe, są podobnej wielkości, co dorosłe, mają jednak mniejsze dzioby (czarne, jaśnieją z wiekiem). Dojrzałość płciową ptak osiąga w wieku jednego roku[5].

Podgatunki

Wyróżnia się 2 podgatunki:

  • Dacelo novaeguineae novaeguineae – wschodnia część Australii,
  • Dacelo novaeguineae minorPółwysep Jork. Ptaki z tego podgatunku są nieco mniejsze od D. n. novaeguineae.

Przypisy

  1. Dacelo novaeguineae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 26 czerwca 2011].
  3. Dacelo novaeguineae. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. a b c Na ścieżkach wiedzy Encyklopedia 100 Ptaków. Bellona SA, 2008, s. 59. ISBN 978-83-11111-78-3.
  5. a b c d e Laura Scholtis: Dacelo novaeguineae. Laughing kookaburra. Animal Diversity Web. [dostęp 11 maja 2014].
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Kukabura chichotliwa: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Kukabura chichotliwa, kukabura (Dacelo novaeguineae) – gatunek średniego ptaka z rodziny zimorodkowatych (Alcedinidae), zamieszkujący wschodnią i południowo-wschodnią Australię. Introdukowany na Tasmanii i w południowo-zachodniej Australii.

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Dacelo novaeguineae ( Portuguese )

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A cucaburra-grande ou cucaburra-risonha (Dacelo novaeguineae)[2] é uma ave Coraciiforme da família Alcedinidae, mede aproximadamente 40 cm de comprimento, com uma cabeça grande, olhos proeminentes cor de café e um bico muito grande.[1] Pode ser encontrado na parte oriental da Austrália.

Ave mítica na cultura aborígene, o seu canto assemelha-se a um riso.

Referências

  1. a b BirdLife International (2016). Dacelo novaeguineae (em inglês). IUCN 2016. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2016 Versão e.T22683189A92977835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683189A92977835.en Página visitada em 28 de outubro de 2021.
  2. Paixão, P. (2021). Os Nomes Portugueses deas Aves de Todo o Mundo: Projeto de Nomenclatura (PDF) 2.ª ed. [S.l.]: a separata, n.º 1, suplemento d’«a folha» n.º 66. p. 167. ISBN 978-989-33-2134-8. ISSN 1830-7809

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Dacelo novaeguineae: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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A cucaburra-grande ou cucaburra-risonha (Dacelo novaeguineae) é uma ave Coraciiforme da família Alcedinidae, mede aproximadamente 40 cm de comprimento, com uma cabeça grande, olhos proeminentes cor de café e um bico muito grande. Pode ser encontrado na parte oriental da Austrália.

Ave mítica na cultura aborígene, o seu canto assemelha-se a um riso.

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Skrattkokaburra ( Swedish )

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Skrattkokaburra[2] (Dacelo novaeguineae) är en stor kungsfiskare i Australien, känd för sitt skrattande läte.

Utbredning och systematik

Skrattkokaburran delas in i två underarter med fökjande utbredning:[3]

  • Dacelo novaeguineae minor – förekommer i nordöstra Australien, från Cape York-halvön och söderut till Cooktown
  • Dacelo novaeguineae novaeguineae – förekommer ursprungligen i östra och sydöstra Australien men har även introducerats till Tasmanien och sydvästra Australien

Levnadssätt

Skrattkokaburran är välkänd för sitt högljudda läte som påminner om ett hjärtligt om än hysteriskt skratt. Den lever vid sötvatten och äter fisk och olika smådjur som ödlor, ormar och andra fåglars ungar. Den häckar i september till november och lägger oftast mellan två och fyra ägg.

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling och tros inte vara utsatt för något substantiellt hot.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Namn

Artens trivialnamn är ett lånord från Wiradjuri-språkets guuguubarra, vilket är ett onomatopoetiskt ord som härmar dess läte. Skrattkokaburra finns avbildad på australienska mynt.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2012 Dacelo novaeguineae Från: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2014-08-19.
  2. ^ BirdLife Sverige (2019) Officiella listan över svenska namn på alla världens fågelarter
  3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11

Externa länkar

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Skrattkokaburra: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Skrattkokaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) är en stor kungsfiskare i Australien, känd för sitt skrattande läte.

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Dacelo novaeguineae ( Turkish )

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Binominal adı Dacelo novaeguineae
Hermann, 1783

Dacelo novaeguineae, Halcyoninae alt familyasından etçil bir kuş türü. Doğu Avustralya'ya özgü olan kuş aynı zamanda Yeni Zelanda, Tazmanya ve Batı Avustralya'ya da yerleştirilmiştir. Erkek ve dişi erişkin kuşlar birbirine benzer ve tüyleri ana olarak kahverengi ile beyazdır. Bu türün sesi gülme sesine benzer.

Stub icon Kuşlar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Sả nhà trò ( Vietnamese )

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Sả nhà trò (danh pháp hai phần: Dacelo novaeguineae) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Sả. Loài này có nguồn gốc ở đông Úc, nó cũng đã được du nhập đến các bộ phận của New Zealand, Tasmania và Tây Úc. Con trống và con mái có bộ lông giống nhau, chủ yếu là màu nâu và trắng. Là một con chim phổ biến và quen thuộc, nó có tiếng kêu như tiếng cười.

Phân loài khoa học

Sả nhà trò lần đầu tiên được mô tả trong các hệ thống tri thức phương Tây bởi nhà tự nhiên học người Pháp Johann Hermann năm 1783, với danh pháp novaeguineae đề cập đến New Guinea. Trong nhiều năm, nó được gọi là Dacelo gigas.

 src=
Ghi âm gần Pemberton, Australia

Trục trặc khi nghe tập tin âm thanh này? Xem hướng dẫn.

Phân bố

Sả nhà trò có nguồn gốc phía đông lục địa Úc, và cũng đã được du nhập vào Tasmania, Flinders Island và đảo Kangaroo. Một số đã được giới thiệu với New Zealand giữa năm 1866 và 1880, nhưng chỉ những con được thả trên đảo Kawau Sir George Grey là còn sống sót. Con cháu của những cá thể này ngày nay được tìm thấy ở đó. Những cá thể đã được thả tại Perth, Tây Úc vào năm 1898 và ngày nay có thể được tìm thấy trên khắp một vùng rộng xung quanh thành phố.

Tham khảo

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2009). Dacelo novaeguineae. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2011.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 3 năm 2012.

Bản mẫu:Sơ khai Họ Sả

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Sả nhà trò: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Sả nhà trò (danh pháp hai phần: Dacelo novaeguineae) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Sả. Loài này có nguồn gốc ở đông Úc, nó cũng đã được du nhập đến các bộ phận của New Zealand, Tasmania và Tây Úc. Con trống và con mái có bộ lông giống nhau, chủ yếu là màu nâu và trắng. Là một con chim phổ biến và quen thuộc, nó có tiếng kêu như tiếng cười.

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Смеющаяся кукабара ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Семейство: Зимородковые
Подсемейство: Halcyoninae
Вид: Смеющаяся кукабара
Международное научное название

Dacelo novaeguineae Hermann, 1783

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ITIS 554574NCBI 8939EOL 2867236FW 373425

Смеющаяся кукабара[1], или смеющаяся кукабарра[2], или смеющийся зимородок[3][4], или кукабарра[3][4], или зимородок-великан[1] (лат. Dacelo novaeguineae) — вид птиц из семейства зимородков. Хищная птица среднего размера и плотного сложения, длина тела — 45—47 см, размах крыльев 65 см, масса около 500 г. Голова большая, с длинным клювом, в отличие от остальных видов кукабар преобладают грязно-белые, серые и бурые тона.[5] Внешность и голоса самцов, самок и птенцов старше трёх месяцев почти не отличаются. Птицы издают звуки, напоминающие человеческий смех.

Голос кукабарры

Родина вида — Восточная Австралия, откуда была интродуцирована на юго-запад материка, в Тасманию, на острова Флиндерс и Кенгуру и в Новую Зеландию. Она населяет лесистые районы или редколесья,[6] обычно со сравнительно прохладным и влажным климатом. Являясь территориальной птицей, сезонных перелётов не совершает.

Питаться кукабары предпочитают пресмыкающимися и насекомыми, а также пресноводными ракообразными. Ловит также мелких грызунов и молодых птиц. Добычу (особенно ядовитых змей) они убивают, сбрасывая с высоты вниз на землю.

Гнёзда кукабара устраивает в дуплах эвкалиптов. Время размножения приходится на августсентябрь. Самка откладывает от 2 до 4 жемчужно-белых яиц, обычно с промежутком в один день, которые высиживает 24—26 суток. Вылупившиеся птенцы голые и слепые, но размером лишь немногим меньше взрослой птицы. Половая зрелость наступает в год. Молодые птицы, родившиеся в прошлом году, часто остаются с родителями и помогают им высиживать яйца следующей кладки.[7]

Выделяют два подвида:

  • Dacelo novaeguineae novaeguineae — собственно смеющаяся кукабара (Восточная Австралия);
  • Dacelo novaeguineae minor — малая смеющаяся кукабара (Кейп-Йорк).

Фото

  • Dacelo novaeguineae -Brisbane, Australia-8 (1).jpg
  • Laughing kookaburra dec08.jpg
  •  src=

    Кукабарра в полёте

  • Dacelo novaeguineae - Knocklofty.jpg
  • Dacelo novaeguineae -Brisbane, Australia-8.jpg
  • Dacelo novaeguineae 10.jpg
  •  src=

    Кукабарра с добычей

  • Dacelo novaeguineae -Sydney, Australia -frog in beak-8.jpg
  • Dacelo novaeguineae PMR.jpg
  • Laughing Kookaburra2.jpg
  •  src=

    Голова кукабарры

  •  src=

    Крыло кукабарры

  •  src=

    Самка кукабарры у гнезда

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 176. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. Галушин В. М., Дроздов Н. Н., Ильичев В. Д. и др. Фауна Мира: Птицы: Справочник / под ред. В. Д. Ильичева. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1991. — С. 190. — 311 с. — ISBN 5-10-001229-3
  3. 1 2 Гладков Н. А., Дроздов Н. Н. Отряд Ракшеобразные (Coraciiformes) // Жизнь животных. Том 6. Птицы / под ред. В. Д. Ильичева, И. В. Михеева, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1986. — С. 327. — 527 с.
  4. 1 2 Коблик Е. А. Разнообразие птиц (по материалам экспозиции Зоологического музея МГУ). Часть 3. — М.: Издательство МГУ, 2001. — С. 104. — 360 с. — ISBN 5-211-04072-4
  5. Энциклопедия Брема. Смеющаяся кукабара (Dacelo novaeguineae)
  6. Kookaburra
  7. Наука и техника. Кукабара (недоступная ссылка)
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Смеющаяся кукабара: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Смеющаяся кукабара, или смеющаяся кукабарра, или смеющийся зимородок, или кукабарра, или зимородок-великан (лат. Dacelo novaeguineae) — вид птиц из семейства зимородков. Хищная птица среднего размера и плотного сложения, длина тела — 45—47 см, размах крыльев 65 см, масса около 500 г. Голова большая, с длинным клювом, в отличие от остальных видов кукабар преобладают грязно-белые, серые и бурые тона. Внешность и голоса самцов, самок и птенцов старше трёх месяцев почти не отличаются. Птицы издают звуки, напоминающие человеческий смех.

Голос кукабарры

Родина вида — Восточная Австралия, откуда была интродуцирована на юго-запад материка, в Тасманию, на острова Флиндерс и Кенгуру и в Новую Зеландию. Она населяет лесистые районы или редколесья, обычно со сравнительно прохладным и влажным климатом. Являясь территориальной птицей, сезонных перелётов не совершает.

Питаться кукабары предпочитают пресмыкающимися и насекомыми, а также пресноводными ракообразными. Ловит также мелких грызунов и молодых птиц. Добычу (особенно ядовитых змей) они убивают, сбрасывая с высоты вниз на землю.

Гнёзда кукабара устраивает в дуплах эвкалиптов. Время размножения приходится на августсентябрь. Самка откладывает от 2 до 4 жемчужно-белых яиц, обычно с промежутком в один день, которые высиживает 24—26 суток. Вылупившиеся птенцы голые и слепые, но размером лишь немногим меньше взрослой птицы. Половая зрелость наступает в год. Молодые птицы, родившиеся в прошлом году, часто остаются с родителями и помогают им высиживать яйца следующей кладки.

Выделяют два подвида:

Dacelo novaeguineae novaeguineae — собственно смеющаяся кукабара (Восточная Австралия); Dacelo novaeguineae minor — малая смеющаяся кукабара (Кейп-Йорк).
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笑翠鳥 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
注意:本页面含有Unihan扩展C区用字:「𫁡」。有关字符可能會错误显示,詳见Unicode扩展汉字
二名法 Dacelo novaeguineae
(Hermann, 1783)

笑翠鳥學名Dacelo novaeguineae)又稱為笑狗魚鴗,是澳大利亚的一种鸟類,鸣声很像人類狂笑的聲音而稱笑翠鸟。笑翠鳥是翠鳥科,腹部灰白交间,長尾,喙大而有力,喜欢吃老鼠以及类似大小的哺乳动物、大昆虫蜥蜴、小鸟和

参考资料

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笑翠鳥: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

笑翠鳥(學名:Dacelo novaeguineae)又稱為笑狗魚鴗,是澳大利亚的一种鸟類,鸣声很像人類狂笑的聲音而稱笑翠鸟。笑翠鳥是翠鳥科,腹部灰白交间,長尾,喙大而有力,喜欢吃老鼠以及类似大小的哺乳动物、大昆虫蜥蜴、小鸟和

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ワライカワセミ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ワライカワセミ Dacelo novaeguineae waterworks - edit.jpg 保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : ブッポウソウ目 Coraciiformes : カワセミ科 Alcedinidae : ワライカワセミ属 Dacelo : ワライカワセミ D.novaeguineae 学名 Dacelo novaeguineae
(Hermann, 1783) 和名 ワライカワセミ 英名 Laughing Kookaburra

ワライカワセミ(笑い翡翠・学名Dacelo novaeguineae )は、ブッポウソウ目カワセミ科に分類される鳥。オーストラリアに分布する大型のカワセミの仲間。人が大笑いしているような独特の(「ワハハハ……」と笑っているように聞こえる)大声でさえずることからこの名がある。

形態[編集]

全長は40-47cm。ハトカラスの中間くらいの大きさがあり、カワセミ科の中では最大の種類である。

くちばしが短くて太く、くちばし上部は黒色で、下部は肌色。頭部と腹は白いが、黒褐色の過眼線があり、冠羽は黒褐色の斑が混じる。翼を含む背面は濃褐色で、翼の中ほどの小雨覆および中雨覆と腰に水色が混じる。尾羽は茶褐色で、黒色の帯が7本前後はいる。尾羽の先端部は白色。

分布[編集]

オーストラリア北東部のヨーク岬半島から南オーストラリア州アデレード付近にかけて。また、西オーストラリア州南西部やタスマニア島カンガルー島ニュージーランドにも移入され、分布を広げている[1]

亜種[編集]

  • D.n.novaeguineae:基亜種。
  • D.n.minor:ヨーク半島亜種。基亜種よりも小型。

生態[編集]

 src=
採録地はオーストラリア、ペンバートン近郊。ウィキメディア・コモンズから呼出

この音声や映像がうまく視聴できない場合は、Help:音声・動画の再生をご覧ください。

森林地帯から、木がまばらに生える草原まで様々な環境に生息するが、都市部にも進出している。大声でさえずって縄張りを誇示するが、このさえずりが人間の笑い声に似ている。特徴的な鳴き声から、動物園などでも飼育される。

繁殖期は夏で、は木のうろに作る。通常、2~4つの白い卵を産む。繁殖に参加しない個体が、抱卵や給餌を手伝う。巣立ち後も、繁殖に参加しなかった個体が、天敵から若鳥を守ることが知られている。非繁殖期も家族で生活し、通常、一生涯をその土地で過ごす。寿命は20年前後。

木の枝などに止まって獲物を探し、獲物を見つけると飛びかかり、大きなくちばしで獲物を捕える。日本のカワセミのように水に飛び込んでを捕食することは稀で、通常は地上で獲物を捕える。昆虫類からネズミヘビに至るまで様々な小動物を捕食し、小鳥の巣を襲うこともある。

近縁種[編集]

ワライカワセミ属(Dacelo 属)は、他にも3種類が知られる。

アオバネワライカワセミはオーストラリア、アルーワライカワセミとチャバネワライカワセミはニューギニアに分布している。

保全状態[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ワライカワセミに関連するメディアがあります。

LEAST CONCERN (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))

Status iucn3.1 LC.svg

関連項目[編集]

  • シドニーオリンピックの大会マスコットの一つ「オリー」はワライカワセミがモチーフとなっている。
  • NHKの「みんなのうた」に、「わらいかわせみに話すなよ」(1962年12月 - 1963年1月放送)という歌がある。

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ Egerton, L. ed. 2005. Encyclopedia of Australian wildlife. Reader's Digest ISBN 9780864491183
  • Field Guide to Australian Birds, Michael Morcombe, Steve Panish Publishing, 2004, ISBN 9781740215596
  • Egerton, L. ed. 2005. Encyclopedia of Australian wildlife. Reader's Digest ISBN 9780864491183
執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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ワライカワセミ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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ワライカワセミ(笑い翡翠・学名Dacelo novaeguineae )は、ブッポウソウ目カワセミ科に分類される鳥。オーストラリアに分布する大型のカワセミの仲間。人が大笑いしているような独特の(「ワハハハ……」と笑っているように聞こえる)大声でさえずることからこの名がある。

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웃음물총새 ( Korean )

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웃음물총새(Laughing Kookaburra, 학명: Dacelo novaeguineae) 또는 웃음호반새호반새과에 속하는 육식성 새다. 오스트레일리아 동부 원산으로 주로 유칼립투스 숲이나 시야가 트인 숲에서 서식한다. 사람의 웃음소리와 비슷한 큰 웃음소리를 내는 것으로 유명하다.

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