Pink Velvet Worm

Velvet worms are voracious and active carnivores, feasting on other small invertebrates such as termites, woodlice, small spiders and small molluscs (3) (7). These animals are largely nocturnal and have an interesting and unusual hunting technique (5). To capture their prey, these worms squirt a sticky white liquid from their oral tubes, which entangles their quarry (3) (7). Digestive juices are then secreted into the prey's body, and partially-digested tissue is sucked up (5). The sticky slime is also squirted at potential predators in self-defence, giving the velvet worm more time to escape (3) (7). Female pink velvet worms give birth to live young, which are known to be carried and develop in a uterus for several months (2). Indeed, for other members of the family in South Africa, gestation is approximately 12 to 13 months (1). About 30 young are thought to be produced each year, which resemble adults (2). Although little is known of the life history of the pink velvet worm, other Peripatopsidae reach sexual maturity at 9 to 11 months and the life span is about six to seven years (1).

Although a permit is required to collect any animals from the province and some degree of habitat protection has been given by the State, access to the area where this species occurs remains relatively uncontrolled (1). Future conservation measures advocated include a publicity campaign to raise awareness of the species, and further research on population numbers, range and biology of the species (1). Fortunately, five specimens are currently thriving in captivity in Hamburg, providing the opportunity to study their life cycle, reproduction and feeding behaviour (6). Although this captive population safeguards the survival of the species for the time being, more needs to be done to protect the pink velvet worm's diminishing, restricted habitat if this ancient, unusual and elusive species has any chance of surviving in the wild.

Velvet worms belong to a phylum of their own, the Onychophora, meaning 'claw-bearers' (3), and are a fascinating group of ancient, caterpillar-like animals that have changed little over the last 400 million years (4). These small, delicate-looking animals have long fascinated scientists, being described as a 'missing link' between arthropods (a group that includes insects and spiders) and annelids (segmented worms) due to their unusual combination of features (3). Ringed antennae are positioned on top of the head, with eyes near the base (5), and there are 18 pairs of stumpy, un-jointed, clawed legs down the whole length of the body (3). Once thought to be extinct (6), the pink velvet worm is distinguished from other Onychophorans by its deep, dusky, rose-pink colouration (1) (2). The surface of velvet worms is covered with numerous papillae, comprised of delicate rows of overlapping scales that make it water repellent, which is useful in their moist habitats (3). Tiny hairs at the tip of the papillae are sensitive to touch and smell, and it is these scales and hairs that give these worms the velvety appearance that has earned their common name (3) (5).

Inhabits the forest floor of indigenous Afromontane forest, in rotting logs and amongst moist leaf litter (1) (2).

Recorded only from the Ngele Forest in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (1).

Classified as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(i,iii)) on the IUCN Red List 2006 (1).

The Ngele Forest in which the pink velvet worm lives was heavily logged in the early 1900s, after a private sawmill was built nearby in 1891 (1). The remaining forest is patchy and continues to be destroyed as exotic plantations are planted around and right up to the edges of the indigenous forest, the harvesting of which is greatly disruptive to the forest (1). Timber plantations are also associated with a high level of invasion by alien plants. The construction of a national road through Ngele Forest has fragmented habitat and potentially populations of the pink velvet worm.

Opisthopatus roseus is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family. As traditionally defined, this species is rose pink with 18 pairs of legs. Known as the pink velvet worm, it is found only in the Weza Forest, a Mistbelt Forest in South Africa. Specimens have been found on the forest floor amongst leaf litter, beneath, and within fallen logs.

Phylogenetic analysis, however, casts doubt on the traditional species delimitation based on morphology and militates in favor of a broader species definition based on a genetic clade instead. Phylogenetic results indicate that O. herbertorum, described as uniformly white with 17 leg pairs, is a junior synonym of O. roseus. This genetic clade also includes some velvet worms with 16 leg pairs that would traditionally be considered specimens of O. cinctipes. This broader understanding of O. roseus features intraspecific variation in leg number, ranging from 16 to 18 pairs, includes a range of colors from blood red or indigo to pearl white, and entails a broader geographic distribution in the southern part of the Drakensberg Mountains in Kwa-Zulu Natal province of South Africa.