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Description

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus, the Smoky Jungle Frog, is a large frog. Adult males can reach 177 mm while the larger females can measure up to 185 mm (Savage 2002). This frog can be distinguished from other frogs by the presence of paired dorsolateral folds, paired lumbar glands, and a spotted or barred upper lip, as well as its large size (Savage 2002). This species has a smooth dorsum, definite inguinal glands, and large eyes and tympana (Savage 2002). The snout is rounded, almost semicircular when viewed from above (Savage 2002). Adult males have paired elongated vocal slits and a single internal subgular vocal sac (Savage 2002). In addition, adult males have extremely muscular forelimbs and a pair of black spines on the chest, plus a black spine on each thumb (Guyer and Donnelly 2005). Dorsolateral folds extend from each eye to the groin (Hero and Galatti 1990). The adult coloration has been described as either uniform gray to reddish brown, or with darker spots or bars on the ground color (Savage 2002), It has also been described as a dark purple and light brown reticulum (Guyer and Donnelly 2005). The underside is dark gray with white to yellow mottling or tiny white speckles (Savage 2002). The posterior thigh has small white spots on a black background. A dark interorbital bar is present (Guyer and Donnelly 2005). Young frogs are more brightly colored than adults and have toe ridges (Savage 2002). Tadpoles of this species are giant and elongate, growing up to 83 mm at stage 40 (Savage 2002; Hero and Galatti 1990). Dorsally, the tadpole is brown, with a lighter ventral surface (Savage 2002). The mouth is almost terminal, while the nostrils and eyes are on the dorsal side (Savage 2002). The spiracle is located laterally and sinistrally and the vent is medial (Savage 2002). This species has a long tail with low fins and a pointed tail tip (Savage 2002). The oral disk is complete and moderate, having two serrated beaks and 2/3 rows of denticles, with a broad gap in the row of denticles immediately above the mouth (Savage 2002). Labial papillae are lacking above the mouth, but are usually found in two rows lateral to the mouth and a single row ventral to the mouth (Savage 2002). The lateral line system is well-developed, particularly in comparison with larvae of other Leptodactylus species (Heyer et al. 1975).This species was featured as News of the Week on 12 February 2018:Heteromorphic sex chromosomes refers to sex chromosomes that differ in appearance and amount of genetic material. The traditional model of species exhibiting heteromorphic sex chromosomes is that they only have two pairs of sex chromosomes. While this is the common model in birds and mammals, amphibians are known to have a greater variation in sex determination from some species not exhibiting heteromorphic sex chromosomes at all to others with the traditional model of pairs. Gazoni et al. (2018) characterized the chromosomes of six female and seven male Leptodactylus pentadactylus, collected from the wild. They found that of the 11 pairs of chromosomes that the species has, more (six) pairs are sex chromosomes than autosomal. Among vertebrates, this is the largest number of sex chromosomes known in a species. Evidence also suggests that L. pentadactylus is part of a larger species complex and their findings may represent the effect of chromosomal rearrangements in the evolutionary process (Written by Ann T. Chang).

References

  • Bogart, J. P. (1974). ''A karyosystematic study of frogs in the genus Leptodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae).'' Copeia, (3), 728-737.
  • Breder, C. M. Jr. (1946). ''Amphibians and reptiles of the R�o Chucunaque drainage, Dari�n, Panama, with notes on their life histories and habits.'' Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 86, 375-436.
  • Galatti, U. (1992). ''Population biology of the frog Leptodactylus pentadactylus in a Central Amazonian rainforest.'' Journal of Herpetology, 26(1), 23-31.
  • Hero, J.-M., and Galatti, U. (1990). ''Characteristics distinguishing Leptodactylus pentadactylus and Leptodactylus knudseni in the Central Amazon rainforest.'' Journal of Herpetology, 24, 226-228.
  • Heyer, W. R. (1969). ''The adaptive ecology of the species groups of the genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae).'' Evolution, 23, 421-428.
  • Heyer, W. R., McDiarmid, R. W., and Weigmann, D. L. (1975). ''Tadpoles, predation, and pond habitats in the tropics.'' Biotropica, 7(2), 100-111.
  • Heyer, W. R., and Rand, A. S. (1977). ''Foam nest construction in the leptodactylid frogs Leptodactylus pentadactylus and Physalaemus pustulosus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae).'' Journal of Herpetology, 11(2), 225-228.
  • Jaeger, R. G., and Hailman, J. P. (1981). ''Activity of neotropical frogs in relation to ambient light.'' Biotropica, 13(1), 59-65.
  • Kicliter, E., and Goytia, E. J. (1995). ''A comparison of spectral response function of positive and negative phototaxis in two anuran amphibians, Rana pipiens and Leptodactylus pentadactylus.'' Neuroscience Letters, 185(2), 144-146.
  • Muedeking, M. H., and Heyer, W. R. (1976). ''Description of eggs and reproductive patterns of Leptodactytylus pentadactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae).'' Herpetologica, 32, 137-139.
  • Prado, C. P. de A., Uetanabaro, M., and Haddad, C F. B. (2002). ''Description of a new reproductive mode in Leptodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae), with a review of the reproductive specialization towards terrestriality in the genus.'' Copeia, 2002(4), 221-245.
  • Valerio, C.E. (1971). ''Ability of some tropical tadpoles to survive without water.'' Copeia, 1971(2), 364-365.
  • Villa, J. (1969). ''Comportamiento defensivo de la ''rana ternero,'' Leptodactylus pentadactylus.'' Revista de Biología Tropical, 15(2), 323-329.
  • Villa, J., McDiarmid, R. W., and Gallado, J. M. (1982). ''Arthropod predators of leptodactylid frog foam nests.'' Brenesia, 19/20, 578-589.
  • Vinton, K. W. (1951). ''Observations on the life history of Leptodactylus pentadactylus.'' Herpetologica, 7(2), 73-75.

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Distribution and Habitat

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The Smoky Jungle Frog can be found from Honduras southward into South America. L. pentadactylus is widespread in lowland rainforest on both Atlantic and Pacific slopes of Costa Rica from sea level to 1,200 m (Leenders 2001). It prefers forest habitat near swamps and slowly flowing streams (Guyer and Donnelly 2005). It may also be found inhabiting areas distant from bodies of water (Galatti 1992).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus is not endangered. This species is fairly common (Savage 2002).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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These frogs can be long-lived and have a potential life-span of at least 15 years (Leenders 2001). Adults are nocturnal and stay in hiding during the day, sheltering in subterranean burrows, beneath logs, in the spaces between tree roots, or under houses (Savage 2002). Juveniles, however, are active during the day and can be found on top of the leaf litter (Savage 2002). This species prefers dimly lit forest (Jaeger and Hailman 1981). At the first sign of dusk, males of this species give off a loud "wrooop" (Leenders 2001). The call lacks pulses (Hero and Galatti 1990). Males are territorial and call sporadically from burrows located underneath a log or rock, often in densely vegetated areas (Leenders 2001). Mating is believed to take place throughout the rainy season months of May to November (Savage 2002). However, Hero and Galatti (1990) observed that males in the central Amazon region of Brazil began calling immediately after the first substantial rains, in late September, and that calling ceased after two to four weeks. Both calling and breeding take place at the water's edge; it is not known whether the same burrows used for shelter are also used as nest sites (Savage 2002). Amplexus is axillary in this species (Savage 2002). As the male hugs the female under the armpits with his robust forearms, he creates a large foamy mass around the eggs by rapidly moving his back legs through the jelly surrounding the fertilized eggs (Heyer and Rand 1977). This foam nest consists of a frothy mix of sperm, skin secretions, water, and air (Heyer and Rand 1977). Females lay about 1,000 light gray eggs, and the foam nests are constructed in dry cavities or depressions (Savage 2002). These hollows may be natural or possibly excavated by the males (Muedeking and Heyer 1976). Foam nests may be constructed near puddles, temporary pools or in seasonally flooded spots, such that rain washes the larvae out of the nests and into nearby small rain pools (Breder 1946). Alternatively, foam nests have been observed in open depressions at some distance from water, so that tadpoles develop within the nest until metamorphosis (Muedeking and Heyer 1976; Hero and Galatti 1990). In the latter case, Muedeking and Heyer (1976) noted both larvae and eggs in the nests, and inferred that eggs were being consumed by larvae. Leptodactylus pentadactylus larvae are unusually resistant to desiccation for anuran tadpoles, and can survive almost seven days out of water (Valerio 1971). Foam nests also provide protection to larvae from desiccation (Heyer 1969). Galatti (1992) observed that the strong seasonality in Leptodactylus pentadactylus reproduction in Brazil coincided with arthropod prey availability. He observed two peaks in arthropod abundance, one in late September (when the adults arrived at breeding sites), and the second in January and February, when tadpoles completed metamorphosis into juvenile frogs (Galatti 1992). These peaks did not completely correspond to rainfall, as the first peak in arthropod prey abundance occurred during the late dry season and the second occurred during the wet season (Galatti 1992). Leptodactylus pentadactylus is able to secrete huge amounts of mucus as an antipredator defense (Savage 2002). In addition to making the frog slippery and difficult to hold, the skin secretions are toxic (Savage 2002). Savage (2002) points out that this toxicity is evident both from direct contact (resulting in human skin rashes and stinging) and indirect contact, from being in the same room when the frog is handled (which results in sneezing and swelling of human eyes and mucus membranes). The residue from these skin secretions is lethal to other frogs which come in contact with it (Savage 2002). Leptodactylus pentadactylus also exhibits defensive behavior, which consists of facing the predator, inflating and elevating the body with all four limbs (Villa 1969; Savage 2002). This has the effect of raising the posterior, glandular surfaces above the level of the head since the hind limbs are longer (Villa 1969; Savage 2002). Initial elevation is followed by repeated raising and lowering of the body (Villa 1969; Savage 2002). These frogs are opportunistic feeders. Adults consume anything that they can swallow, including bird chicks, snakes, other frogs (particularly dendrobatids, despite their toxicity), and scorpions (Leenders 2001). Tadpoles initially feed on the foam produced by the male, but later will either eat algae (Vinton 1951) or become carnivorous, preying on eggs and tadpoles of their own species or other species (Muedeking and Heyer 1976; Heyer et al. 1975). Predators on Leptodactylus pentadactylus eggs include the ephydrid fly Gastrops willistoni, which lays its own eggs on L. pentadactylus clutches in Costa Rica and Brazil (Villa et al. 1982). Predators on the adult frogs include coatimundis, snakes, and caimans. When discovered, these frogs often remains still and easily approached. If caught, however, they will emit an extremely loud, high-pitched scream to startle potential predators (Leenders 2001). Research has shown that these frogs have an accurate visual image of their surroundings, though it is not known exactly what cues they use for orientation (Leenders 2001). Frogs taken from their burrows and displaced over short distances have managed to return to their burrow in a straight line (Leenders 2001). Adult Leptodactylus pentadactylus are negatively phototactic (avoid light), unlike most anurans (Kicliter and Goytia 1995).
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Relation to Humans

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These frogs have been reported to be occasionally consumed by Amazonian people (Leenders, 2001)[3324]. The karyotype is 2N=22 (Bogart 1974).
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 18.8 years (captivity)
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Reproduction ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Se reproducen en charcos pequeños y someros producidos y mantenidos por las lluvias.

El apareamiento se realiza por la noche después de las lluvias. Los machos desarrollan fuertes espinas en los pulgares y en algunas áreas en el pecho durante la temporada de apareamiento. Al parecer, estas les ayudan a sostener a la hembra durante el amplexo.

Construyen nidos de espuma donde depositan los huevos. Estos nidos pueden contener de 2 a 7 litros de espuma; se encuentran colocados en hendiduras secas, sobre el lecho de los riachuelos o en otros sitios que se inundan estacionalmente, o bien a la par de pequeños charcos.

Las larvas son parcialmente carnívoras: se alimentan de los huevos y renacuajos de otras ranas.

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Habitat ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los adultos se encuentran en bosques húmedos y secos. Habitan en las grietas de las rocas o en madrigueras en el piso del bosque, frecuentemente en hábitats ribereños. Habitan en pilas hechas de rocas o en madrigueras en el suelo; muchas veces viven cerca de instalaciones humanas. No se alejan mucho de su madriguera y se refugian en ella en forma rápida si se presenta algún peligro.

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Behavior ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Son nocturnas, terrestres y muy agresivas.

En ranas recolectadas en Turrialba (Provincia de Cartago) se observó un comportamiento defensivo llamado "reacción a la lucha". Primero el cuerpo se infla por inhalación de aire hasta más del doble de su volumen normal; casi inmediatamente, el cuerpo se levanta sobre sus patas en posición decididamente cuadrúpeda. La rana puede permanecer así durante unos minutos o elevarse aún más y quedar sostenida posteriormente por las puntas de los dedos; en esta posición el cuerpo queda inclinado, en un ángulo de unos 60 grados con respecto al sustrato, y con el hocico muy cerca del suelo o tocándolo. Los ojos permanecen abiertos casi todo el tiempo y se cierran en la fase final de la defensa. Frecuentemente acompañan a estas poses resoplidos agudos o "silbidos", producidos por inhalación o exhalación de aire. El comportamiento defensivo se presenta en ambos sexos.

En algunas áreas las ranas adultas emiten chillidos altos cuando se les captura que fácilmente atraen a los "guajipales" (Caiman cocodrilus). Se estima que las ranas capturadas atraen a los grandes depredadores, que a su vez podrían atacar a sus captores.

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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Distribucion en Costa Rica: En las tierras bajas y medias de ambas vertientes, entre 5 y 1.200 m. de elevación (Savage 2002).
Distribucion General: Se encuentran desde Honduras hacia el sur hasta Colombia, y hacia el sur de la cuenca del Río Amazonas hasta Perú y el norte de Brasil.

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Trophic Strategy ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Forrajean alrededor de la entrada de su madriguera, la cual utilizan para escapar de sus enemigos.

Cerca de las viviendas humanas se alimentan de pollos. Son eficientes depredadores de otros renacuajos y de los huevos de otras ranas, así como de langostinos y cangrejos pequeños. También se alimentan de insectos, chilópodos, diplóplodos, arácnidos, gastrópodos y roedores como el "ratón casero" (Mus musculus).

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Associations ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los adultos segregan toxinas cutáneas bastante irritantes para las membranas mucosas y las cortaduras de la piel. Cuando un animal los ataca, se inflan y enderezan las patas traseras para levantar el cuerpo.

Las larvas son importantes depredadoras acuáticas y son muy resistentes a la desecación.

Los renacuajos son resistentes a la desecación.

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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Es el batracio de mayor tamaño en Costa Rica después del sapo grande (Bufo marinus).

Su parte dorsal es de color café o bronce, en ocasiones con manchas color café rojizo. Presentan manchas negras en los labios y con frecuencia una franja negra encima del tímpano. Pueden presentar colores rojizos en las partes posteriores de los muslos y en los flancos.

La superficie posterior del muslo es marmórea, sin una línea longitudinal clara y definida. Los machos cuentan con sacos vocales internos. Además poseen una o más espinas pulgares córneas. Los dedos de las patas carecen de rebordes prominentes, aunque en ocasiones presentan un reborde ligero. Los dientes vomerianos están ordenados en series arqueadas ubicadas entre las coanas, pero se extienden en forma posterior. Los machos presentan espinas córneas en el pecho, o pueden carecer de ellas.

La longitud estándar máxima de los adultos machos es de 142 mm.; las hembras miden 146 mm.
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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Localidad del tipo: Surinam
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
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Comprehensive Description

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti), 1768

Rana pentadactyla Laurenti, 1768:32. [Type-locality: “Indiis.” Type: based on pl. 75: fig. 1 in Seba, 1734.]

Rana gigas Spix, 1824:25. [Type-locality: Amazon River, Brazil. Type: lost.]

Rana coriacea Spix, 1824:29. [Type-locality: Amazon River, Brazil. Type: lost.]

Leptodactylus goliath Jiménez de la Espada, 1875:57. [Type-locality: Archidona and Chinitambo, Sierra de Guacamayos, Oriente, Ecuador. Lectotype: Museo Nacional, Madrid, 328, adult female.]

Leptodactylus macroblepharus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926:144. [Type-locality: Manaos, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 377, adult male.]

Leptodactylus pentadactylus dengleri Melin, 1941:51. [Type-locality: Roque, San Martin, Peru. Holotype: Naturhistoriska Muséet, Göteborg.]

Leptodactylus pentadactylus rubidoides Andersson, 1945:47. [Type-locality: Río Pastaza, Santiago-Zamora and Napo-Pastaza border, Ecuador. Holotype: Stockholm Royal Museum.]

DIAGNOSIS.—Individuals of L. pentadactylus have a distinctive pair of dorsolateral folds. Dorsolateral folds are also found in some or all individuals of fallax, flavopictus, labyrinthicus, kundseni, rhodomystax, rhodonotus, rugosus, and stenodema. Leptodactylus pentadactylus lack distinct light lip stripes; all flavopictus and rhodomystax individuals have distinct light upper lip stripes. Most rugosus lack dorsolateral folds; when present, the folds are interrupted, contrasting with the continuous folds found in pentadactylus. Leptodactylus pentadactylus is a large species (minimum adult SVL 106 mm) with a single thumb spine in males; rhodonotus is a moderate-sized species (maximum adult SVL 90 mm) with two thumb spines per hand in males; stenodema is a moderate-sized species (maximum adult SVL 100 mm) in which the males lack thumb spines. Leptodactylus pentadactylus most closely resembles fallax, labyrinthicus, and knudseni in the pentadactylus group. A fold from above the tympanum to the side of the body, usually dark outlined for the extent, is found in pentadactylus; this fold is absent in fallax, labyrinthicus, and knudseni.

ADULT CHARACTERISTICS (N=173).—Dorsum uniform, spotted, or barred (Figure 1, A–D, G, J); lip uniform or usually with dark triangular bars (Figure 2, A–C, E, J); posterior surface of thigh uniform or variously spotted and mottled (Figure 3, A–G, I-K, P, R, S); upper tibia distinctly or indistinctly broadly barred (Figure 4, A, C, E); 2 distinct, dark outlined dorsolateral folds from eye to sacrum; dark outlined fold from eye to over tympanum, dark outline continuing or not on continuation of fold to shoulder; dark outlined fold from above tympanum to side of body usually continuous, rarely interrupted in Middle American specimens; males with one thumb spine per hand, rarely a weakly developed second; upper tibia and distal tarsal surfaces smooth or with scattered to many white- or black-tipped tubercles; sole of foot smooth, rarely with scattered white tubercles; female SVL 148.1±14.7 mm, maximum 176.2 mm, male SVL 137.2±14.0 mm, 185.0 mm maximum; female interorbital distance/head length ratio 0.19±0.02, male 0.19±0.02; female eye-nostril distance/head length ratio 0.25±0.01, male 0.25±0.01; female head length/SVL ratio 0.37±0.01, male 0.38±0.01; female head width/SVL ratio 0.39±0.02, male 0.39±0.02; female femur/SVL ratio 0.42±0.03, male 0.42±0.02; female tibia/SVL ratio 0.45±0.02, male 0.44±0.02; female foot/SVL ratio 0.46±0.02, male 0.45±0.02.

DISTINCTIVE COLORS IN LIFE.—Posterior surfaces of thigh mottled black and white or black and gray, most distinctive in juveniles (Villa, 1972, from Nicaragua; R. W. McDiarmid color notes from Peruvian specimen).

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS.—Eye diameter 7–13 percent head-body length; oral disk position anterior; oral disk entire; oral disk width 15–22 percent head-body length; anterior oral papilla gap 50–74 percent oral disk width; anterior split tooth row about ⅓ length of entire anterior tooth row; 45–67 denticles in split tooth row anterior to beak; tooth row formula head body length 28–39 percent total length; maximum total length, stage 40, 83 mm.

MATING CALL.—Dominant frequency modulated between 250–500 Hz (Figure 12); no harmonic structure in call; call barely pulsed (Costa Rica), partially pulsed (Panama, Barro Colorado Island), or pulsed (Ecuador), (Figure 13); call duration 0.22–0.33 s (Figure 13).

KARYOTYPE.—Diploid number 22, 2 pair median, 6 pair submedian, 3 pair subterminal (Heyer and Diment, 1974).

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 14).—Middle America from Honduras south into South America; in South America, the species occurs in coastal Colombia and Ecuador and the Amazon Basin.

BRAZIL. AMAZONAS: Benjamin Constant (MNRio 1743, 1751(2), 2559); Ducke Reserve (KU 129945); Fonte Boa, Alto Solimões (MNRio 796); Igarapé Belém, Rio Solimões (MZUSP 24897); São José (Jacaré), Rio Solimões (MZUSP 40303). MARANHÃO: Rio Aurá (CAS-SU 11830). PARÁ: Canindé, Rio Gurupi (MZUSP 25010–11); Furo do Panaquera (MZUSP 35677); IPEAN (KU 127400, 128336); Marambaia (KU 140094); Monte Cristo, Rio Tapajóz (MZUSP 38956); Óbidos (MZUSP 22126); Rio Mapuera, at Equator (AMNH 49482); Sudam Floral Reserve, 74 km SE Santarem (KU 129944).

COLOMBIA. AMAZONAS: Leticia (USNM 147053). ANTIOQUIA: Chigorodó, near Turbo (USNM 153914); Finca Chibiquí, 5 km W, Río Arquia (LACM 51211). CHOCÓ: Boca de Raspadura (AMNH 39792); Condoto (UMMZ 121418); Playa de Oro, 2 km above, upper Río San Juan (FMNH 54707). MAGDALENA: Parque Nacional Tayruna, trail between Canaveral and El Pueblito (USNM 200376). META: Río Guayabero, Angostura (USNM 150490); San Juan de Arama, Los Micos (FMNH 81329); about 30 mi WNW Vista Hermosa Caño Sardinata (UTA 5233–34). PUTUMAYO: About 15 km airline SW Mocoa, 1180 m (AMNH 84865). VALLE: Río Anchicaya, 8 km W Danubio, 300 m (KU 169090); Río Calima (USNM 150756); lower Río Calima (USNM 145094); Río Raposo, Virology Field Sta, (USNM 151460–61). VAUPÉS: Río Ariari and Río Guaviari (UTA 2719, 5232).

COSTA RICA. CARTAGO: La Suiza (KU 25713–14, 28188); Moravia de Turrialba (KU 30407, 65709, UTA 1395); 2.7 mi NE Río Reventazon Bridge, Peralta Rd, 3100’ (UMMZ 117274–76); Tunnel Camp, near Peralta (KU 33165, 33167); Turrialba (AMNH 54485, 62251, FMNH 57532, 101800, 101802, KU 30408–11, 65707–08, USNM 29953–54); 10 mi S Turrialba (USNM 192577). HEREDIA: Puerto Viejo and vicinity (KU 33135–39, 33144–52, 65710–12). LIMÓN: Guapiles (MCZ 7981–84); La Lola (KU 34967, UMMZ 117277); Los Diamantes (FMNH 101797, 101799, KU 25716–18, 30405–06(3), 65706); Puerto Viejo (KU 35924); Suretka (KU 35927, UMMZ 124019, 135387, 135392); Tortuguero (AMNH 75098–5100, MCZ 29134). PUNTARENAS: Agua Buena (KU 34965, 35928–29); Esterillos Oeste, 15 km SE Jacó (KU 33153, 34968–69, 65715–17, TCWC 19305–06); Gromaco (UMMZ 123320); Rincón de Osa and vicinity (LACM 116317, USNM field 1628, 1630–31, 1634, 1641, 1663, 1666–68, 1682); Villa Neily and vicinity, 75 m (KU 65713–14, 100338–39, 100354). SAN JOSÉ: El General (KU 25715); San Isidro del General 2½ mi E (FMNH 101801); 13 mi WSW San Isidro del General on Dominical Rd, 710 m (KU 34966, 35925–26, LACM 114334).

ECUADOR. COTOPAXI: Region of Sigchos (USNM 196743). ESMERALDAS: Hacienda Equinox, 30 km NNW Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 1000’; (USNM 196739). MORONA-SANTIAGO: Cusuime, 320 m (AMNH 93705–06). NAPO: Dureno, 320 m (KU 104714); Lago Agrio, 340 m (KU 126258–59, UMMZ 129062); Limoncocha (KU 99040, LACM 92128–31); Puerto Libre, Río Aguarico, 570 m (KU 122579); Santa Cecilia (KU 104713, 104715, 104717–18, 109152–53, 111405, 111408–09, 122574–75, 122577, 122580, 126257, 146176–80, 149354–58; MCZ 57944–46, 57948–52, 57954–56, 57959–60, UMMZ 129280–81). PASTAZA: Andoas (AMNH 71025); Canelos (USNM 196742); 2 km E Puyo (USNM 196741(2)); headwaters of Río Arajuno, tributary of Río Napo (USNM 196744); Río Pindo (USNM 196747); Río Rutuno, tributary of Río Bobonaza (USNM 196746). PICHINCHA: Espinosa, 9 km W Santo Domingo de los Colorados, road to Chone (CAS-SU 10453–54); 18 km W Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ramsey Farm, km 19 Chone Rd. (USNM 196740(2), 196745).

FRENCH GUIANA. Sophie (MCZ 44562).

GUYANA. Rupununi, N of Acarahy Mts (KU 69685); Shudi-kar-wau (AMNH 70118–20).

HONDURAS. COLON: Belfate (AMNH 45704, 45722).

NICARAGUA. BLUEFIELDS: 6 mi W Rama, 50’ (TCWC 19307). GRANADA: N Granada (LACM 37870). MATAGALPA: 10.5 km N Finca Tepeyac, 9 km E Matagalpa, 960 m (KU 85146). RÍO SAN JUAN: San Juan del Norte (Greytown) (USNM 19765). ZELAYA: Bonanza (KU 85147–48, 101168); Camp Corozo, Río Huahuashan (AMNH 54980–81); Camp Santa Ana, Río Huahuashan (AMNH 54999); Cara de Mono, 50 m (KU 112673–75); Masawas, Waspuk R (AMNH 58435); El Recreo, 25 km W Rama (KU 112666–72, LACM 13945, 20475); 10 mi above Recreo, Río Mico (UMMZ 79751–52).

PANAMA. BOCAS DEL TORO: Almirante (KU 79992, USNM 142334); Boca del Drago (USNM 142318); Punta de Peña (USNM 38714). CANAL ZONE: Barro Colorado Island (AMNH 52878–79, 69728, FMNH 175986, KU 76568, MCZ 15266, UMMZ 64594, 124019, 135387, 135392, USNM 161151); Candelaria and Peluca Stas, near Boqueron (AMNH 53747); Cave A, Chili Brillo (AMNH 62338); Frijoles (USNM 196303); Las Cruces trail near Corozal (AMNH 38977); near Madden Dam (AMNH 87143, KU 155306, UMMZ 78481). CHIRIQUÍ: Progreso (UMMZ 58221). COCLÉ: El Valle, 560 m (AMNH 59590, KU 76575, 107229, 116825.) DARIÉN: Camp Creek, Camp Townsend (AMNH 40785–88, 40793, 41061, 41765); Casita (USNM 141783); Jaqué (USNM 161215); Laguna, 820 m (KU 76570–72); along Río Canglón, near mouth (UMMZ 123160–61); across from mouth of Río Canglón, along Río Chucunaque (UMMZ 123158–59); Río Chucunaque, about 7 km above Río Mortí, 150 m (KU 107230); Río Silugandí (UMMZ 124018); Río Tuira at Río Mono (KU 115308); Río Ucurgantí, about 7 km above mouth, 30 m (KU 97014–17), 107231–32); Tacarcuna, 550 m (KU 76573–74). LOS SANTOS: Guánico Arriba, 60 m (KU 107228). PANAMÁ: Altos de Maje (AMNH 88743); Cerro Campana (KU 76569); Ciricito (CAS 71514–16); Juan Mina, Chagres R (USNM 129908); Tapia (AMNH 18920, 18922–23). SAN BLAS: Armila (USNM 150090); Camp Sasardí, 12 m (KU 108688–89); Quebrada Venado (USNM 150089). VERAGUAS: Mojara (UMMZ 123320); mouth of Río Concepción, 1 m (KU 11537).

PERU. AYACUCHO: La Mar, Candalosa (FMNH 39720). HUANUCO: Ganzo Azul (FMNH 45145); Río Llullapichis, 4–5 km upstream from Río Pachitea (KU 171901). LORETO: Cashiboya (AMNM 42404); Iquitos (AMNH 42002, 42560); Peru-Brazil border, upper Utoquinea (AMNH 42751, 43371); 61 mi SE Pucallpa, 500’ (TCWC 4967); Río Pisqui (AMNH 43539); Río Ucayali, Yarinacocha (FMNH 56293, 56300). SAN MARTÍN: Upper Biabo Valley (AMNH 42656); Pachisa (AMNH 42001); Tocache Nuevo, Río Huallaga (AMNH 42562).

SURINAM. Godo Drai (TCWC 23561–63); King Frederick William IV Falls (FMNH 30912–13).
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Heyer, W. Ronald. 1979. "Systematics of the pentadactylus species group of the frog genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-43. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.301

Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti)

MATERIALS.—USNM uncatalogued (single specimen dissected, stage 34, SVL 18.4 mm). Collected from 6 km west of Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica. Specimen subsequently destroyed in SEM preparation.

REFERENCES.—External descriptions are in Heyer (1970, 1979). Discussions of ecology, habitat occurrence, and facultative carnivory are found in Heyer, McDiarmid, and Weigmann (1975) and Muedeking and Heyer (1976).

GENERAL
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Wassersug, Richard J. and Heyer, W. Ronald. 1988. "A survey of internal oral features of Leptodactyloid larvae (Amphibia: Anura)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-99. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.457

Leptodactylus pentadactylus ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus (coneguda popularment com a granota gegant) és una espècie de granota que viu a Bolívia, Brasil, Colòmbia, Costa Rica, Equador, Guaiana Francesa, Guyana, Hondures, Nicaragua, Panamà, Perú, Surinam i Veneçuela.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Leptodactylus pentadactylus Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Leptodactylus pentadactylus: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus (coneguda popularment com a granota gegant) és una espècie de granota que viu a Bolívia, Brasil, Colòmbia, Costa Rica, Equador, Guaiana Francesa, Guyana, Hondures, Nicaragua, Panamà, Perú, Surinam i Veneçuela.

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Walaq ( Quechua )

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Walaq (Walak)[1] icha Win[2] (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) nisqaqa huk hatun k'ayram, Urin Awya Yalapi Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyupi kawsaq.

Pukyukuna

  1. Juan Carlos Romero H.: Investigación sobre la importancia del desarrollo del turismo y ecoturismo en la ciudad Puerto Francisco de Orellana, p. 44: Gualag (Leptodactylus pentadactylus).
  2. Resultados de Evaluación Forestal de Bosque de Colinas Bajas. Anexo 3L-2, p. 5: Lepthodactylus pentadactylus: "hualo", "uin".

Hawa t'inkikuna

  • Commons nisqapi ruray Commons nisqaqa multimidya kapuyninkunayuqmi kay hawa: Walaq.
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Walaq: Brief Summary ( Quechua )

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Walaq (Walak) icha Win (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) nisqaqa huk hatun k'ayram, Urin Awya Yalapi Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyupi kawsaq.

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Smoky jungle frog

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The smoky jungle frog (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Panama, French Guiana, and Peru.[2] Its natural habitats are tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, and aquaculture ponds.

Names

It is called huwa in the Kwaza language of Rondônia, Brazil.[3]

Physical characteristics

Males of this large, robust frog are slightly larger than females; they attain a maximum snout-vent length of 18.0 cm (7.1 in), whereas the maximum length in females is 17.6 cm (6.9 in). The body is robust; the head is large with an acutely rounded snout and prominent tympanum. The skin on the dorsum and venter is smooth, and a prominent dorsolateral dermal fold extends from the orbit to the groin. The fingers and toes are long with slender tips and lack webbing. Breeding males have greatly swollen forelimbs and one large, pointed, black spine on the inner surface of the thumb and two black spines on each side of the chest. The dorsum is tan to reddish brown with broad, reddish brown marks on the body between the yellowish tan dorsolateral folds. The dorsal surfaces of the limbs are tan to reddish brown with narrow transverse brown bars. The upper lip is tan with a brown margin and dark brown triangular spots. The venter is cream with bold dark brown to black mottling, especially on the belly and hind limbs. The iris is bronze.

Distribution

This frog ranges in lowlands below 1,200 m (3,900 ft) from Costa Rica to the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador and throughout the Guianas and northern two-thirds of the Amazon Basin in South America.

(Cited in: Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica, by Twan Leenders, Zona Tropical, Miami, FL. 2001.)

Habitat

In leaf litter at night, Amazon rainforest, near Nauta, Peru, 2011

Principally a denizen of tropical rainforest, this species also invades dry forest and lower montane forests.

Behavior

This nocturnal species spends its days in burrows, under logs, or hidden in leaf litter. Defensive mechanisms include noxious skin secretions and posturing by inflating the lungs and elevating the body on all four limbs. When grasped, these frogs usually emit a high-pitched scream.

Feeding ecology and diet

Juveniles feed on small arthropods, but large adults feed on large arthropods, frogs, lizards, snakes, and small birds and mammals such as bats.[4] Tadpoles are omnivorous, feeding on vegetation, tadpoles, and eggs, even of their own species.

Reproductive biology

Males call solitarily from margins of ponds and backwaters of streams; the call is a loud "whoorup" repeated at intervals of five to 10 seconds. An attracted female is grasped by the male by axillary amplexus and held firmly by the muscular forearms and nuptial spines on the thumbs and chest. About 1,000 eggs are deposited in a large foam nest by backward and forward motions of the male's hind limbs that mix air, water, eggs, and secretions into the nest, which usually is deposited in a depression adjacent to water. The eggs hatch in two to three days; subsequent rains flood the nest site, and the tadpoles move into the pond or slow-moving stream. Development is rapid, and metamorphosis occurs about four weeks after hatching. Tadpoles attain a maximum total length of about 3.3 in (83 mm). The body is ovoid with a rounded snout with large eyes directed dorsolaterally. The oral disc is nearly terminal and bears finely serrate jaw sheaths and two anterior and three posterior rows of labial teeth. The body and caudal musculature are brown.

Toxicity

The skin of the smoky jungle frog contains leptoxin, a lethal protein toxin. As of 2008, the toxin's role is unknown.[5]

References

  1. ^ Heyer, R.; Azevedo-Ramos, C.; Coloma, L.A.; Ron, S.R. (2008). "Leptodactylus pentadactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T57154A11593184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T57154A11593184.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ^ Leptodactylus pentadactylus, AmphibiaWeb
  3. ^ Manso, Laura Vicuña Pereira. 2013. Dicionário da língua Kwazá. M.A. dissertation. Guajará-Mirim: Federal University of Rondônia.
  4. ^ Mikula, P. (2015). "Fish and amphibians as bat predators". European Journal of Ecology. 1 (1): 71–80. doi:10.1515/eje-2015-0010.
  5. ^ Limaverde, Patrícia T.; Nascimento, Nilberto Robson F.; Evangelista, Janaína Serra Azul M.; Tomé, Adriana R.; Fonteles, Manassés C.; Santos, Cláudia F.; Cardi, Bruno A.; Carvalho, Krishnamurti M. (2009-09-15). "Isolation and pharmacological effects of leptoxin, a novel proteic toxin from Leptodactylus pentadactylus skin secretion". Toxicon. 54 (4): 531–538. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.029. ISSN 1879-3150. PMID 19505492.

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Smoky jungle frog: Brief Summary

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The smoky jungle frog (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Panama, French Guiana, and Peru. Its natural habitats are tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, and aquaculture ponds.

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Leptodactylidae.[2]

Habita en los bosques tropicales de la cuenca amazónica en Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Venezuela y Guyana Francesa.

Referencias

  1. Ronald Heyer, Claudia Azevedo-Ramos, Luis A. Coloma & Santiago Ron (2004). «Leptodactylus pentadactylus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2013.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de noviembre de 2013.
  2. Frost, D.R. « Leptodactylus pentadactylus». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural.

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Leptodactylidae.​

Habita en los bosques tropicales de la cuenca amazónica en Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Venezuela y Guyana Francesa.

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus ( Basque )

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus Leptodactylus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Leptodactylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Leptodactylus pentadactylus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus Leptodactylus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Leptodactylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus ( French )

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Leptodactylidae[1].

Répartition et habitat

Cette espèce se rencontre dans le bassin de l'Amazone[1],[2] : au Brésil, en Bolivie, au Pérou, au Équateur, en Colombie, au Costa Rica et en Guyane.

Elle vit dans la forêt tropicale humide, près des cours d'eau à faible débit voire dans des habitats éloignés de toute étendue d'eau[3].

Galerie

Étymologie

Le nom spécifique pentadactylus vient du latin penta, cinq, et de dactylus, le doigt, en référence à l'illustration originale qui comportait cinq doigts[4].

Publication originale

  • Laurenti, 1768 : Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum Vienna Joan Thomae p. 1-217 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  3. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  4. de Sá, Grant, Camargo, Heyer, Ponssa & Stanley, 2014 : Systematics of the Neotropical genus Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae): Phylogeny, the relevance of non-molecular evidence, and species accounts. South American Journal of Herpetology, vol. 9, no 1, p. 1–128 (texte intégral)
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Leptodactylus pentadactylus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Leptodactylidae.

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Reuzenfluitkikker ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

De reuzenfluitkikker[2] (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) is een kikker uit de familie fluitkikkers (Leptodactylidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Rana pentadactyla gebruikt.[3]

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De reuzenfluitkikker behoort tot de grootste kikkersoorten; de lengte kan bijna 20 centimeter bedragen. De basiskleur is licht- tot donkerbruin met een lichtere tot wittige buik en een streep van het neusgat tot net achter het duidelijk zichtbare trommelvlies (tympanum). Donkere kleuren tot bijna zwart komen ook voor maar zijn minder algemeen. De mannetjes hebben gespierde voorpoten met een zwarte doorn aan de duim, die in een verharde grof op de borst past. Deze structuren dienen om een vrouwtje beter vast te kunnen houden tijdens de amplexus maar worden ook gebruikt voor de verdediging.

Levenswijze

Juveniele dieren eten insecten en andere kleine ongewervelden, maar volwassen dieren eten letterlijk alles wat beweegt en niet te groot is. Onder andere kikkers, kleine zoogdieren en zelfs bodembewonende vogels en kleine slangen kunnen worden verorberd en worden in één keer doorgeslikt. Ze zijn nachtactief en mijden licht, in tegenstelling tot veel andere kikkers. Bij droogte kruipen ze weg onder liggend hout of onder de grond.

Zoals alle fluitkikkers maakt ook deze soort geen kwakend maar een fluitend geluid. Als ze worden vastgepakt, schreeuwen ze luid om hun aanvaller te laten schrikken. De bedoeling is dat daardoor de greep van de aanvaller zou moeten verslappen. Vermoed wordt dat de waarschuwingskreten van de kikker kaaimannen aantrekken omdat deze de roep herkennen. Hierdoor kan een roofdier die de kikker aanvalt zelf ten prooi vallen aan een naderende kaaiman.[4]

Voortplanting

Mannetjes blijven kleiner dan de vrouwtjes en krijgen in de paartijd een rode buik. Ze hebben wat dikkere voorpoten om de vrouwtjes beter vast te kunnen klampen tijdens de paargreep amplexus. De eieren worden afgezet in een schuimnest, dat door het mannetje is gemaakt met de achterpoten.

Verspreiding en habitat

De reuzenfluitkikker komt voor in Midden- en Zuid-Amerika; in Bolivia, Brazilië, Colombia en Frans-Guyana.[5] Het is een echte bodembewoner die meestal in de buurt van het water vertoeft zodat hij er snel in kan springen bij bedreiging. Omdat deze soort graag tussen bladeren schuilt, leeft de kikker vooral in bossige gebieden bij vennen of moerassen.

Referenties
  1. (en) Reuzenfluitkikker op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 443. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Leptodactylus pentadactylus.
  4. Carrol L. Henderson, Field Guide to the Wildlife of Costa Rica, University of Texas Press, 2002, Pagina 94. ISBN 0 292 73459 X.
  5. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Leptodactylus pentadactylus.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Leptodactylus pentadactylus - Website Geconsulteerd 13 januari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Leptodactylus pentadactylus - Website
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Reuzenfluitkikker: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De reuzenfluitkikker (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) is een kikker uit de familie fluitkikkers (Leptodactylidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Rana pentadactyla gebruikt.

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Rã-defumada-da-selva ( Portuguese )

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A rã-defumada-da-selva[2] ou mãe-da-chuva[3] (nome científico: Leptodactylus pentadactylus) é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Leptodactylidae. Pode ser encontrada na Bolívia, Brasil, Peru, Equador, Colômbia e Guiana Francesa.[4] Os machos possuem em média 177 milímetros e as fêmeas 185. É diferenciada de outras espécies por possuírem dobras dorsolaterais e um par de glândulas lombares. Possuem os olhos e os tímpanos grandes. Sua cor varia entre o cinza e o vermelho amarronzado. Os girinos são grandes e alongados, atingindo os 83 mílimetros de comprimento.[5]

São encontrados próximos a pântanos e córregos de águas calmas, mas podem ser encontrados em áreas urbanas distantes de corpos d'água. Possuem hábitos noturnos, porém os mais jovens são diurnos, sendo encontrados sobre folhas. Durante o dia, os adultos se abrigam em tocas subterrâneas, no meio de raízes e em buracos no inferior das casas. Não há um consenso sobre qual é o seu período reprodutivo, se ele ocorre apenas em setembro, ou se decorre entre maio e novembro. Seu amplexo é axilar, com mil ovos sendo postos em um ninho de espuma, feita de esperma, secreções cutâneas, água e ar. Os girinos são extremamente resistentes a desidratação, podendo passar uma semana fora d'água. Sua dieta se baseia no consumo de artrópodes. É consumido por algumas pessoas na Amazônia.[5]

Dos onze pares de cromossomos presentes na espécie, seis deles são sexuais, sendo a espécie de vertebrado com o maior número desses cromossomos. Uma teoria para que haja tantos cromossomos é a de que a espécie faz parte de um grande complexo específico e de que houve vários rearranjos cromossômicos durante o seu processo evolutivo.[6][7]

Nomes vernáculos

Referências

  1. Heyer, R.; Azevedo-Ramos, C.; Coloma, L.A.; Ron, S.R. (2008). «Leptodactylus pentadactylus». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2008: e.T57154A11593184. doi:. Consultado em 16 de novembro de 2021
  2. Frost, D.R. (2014). «Leptodactylus pentadactylus». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Consultado em 14 de novembro de 2014
  3. a b Manso, Laura Vicuña Pereira. 2013. Dicionário da língua Kwazá. Dissertação de mestrado. Guajará-Mirim: Universidade Federal de Rondônia. (PDF).
  4. Heyer, R.; Azevedo-Ramos, C.; Coloma, L.A.; Ron, S. (2008). Leptodactylus pentadactylus (em inglês). IUCN 2014. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2014 . Página visitada em 14 de novembro de 2014..
  5. a b «Leptodactylus pentadactylus» (em inglês). Amphibiaweb. Consultado em 13 de fevereiro de 2018
  6. «Amphibian News!» (em inglês). Amphibiaweb. Consultado em 13 de fevereiro de 2018. Cópia arquivada em 13 de fevereiro de 2018
  7. Gazoni, T.; Haddad, C. F. B.; Narimatsu, H.; Cabral-de-Mello, D. C.; Lyra, M. L.; Parise-Maltempi, P. P. (26 de janeiro de 2018). «More sex chromosomes than autosomes in the Amazonian frog Leptodactylus pentadactylus» [Mais cromossomos sexuais que autossômicos no sapo amazonense Leptodactylus pentadactylus]. Chromosoma. ISSN 1432-0886. PMID 29372309. doi:10.1007/s00412-018-0663-z. Consultado em 4 de abril de 2018. Males exhibited an astonishing stable ring-shaped meiotic chain composed of six X and six Y chromosomes. The number of sex chromosomes is larger than the number of autosomes found, and these data represent the largest number of multiple sex chromosomes ever found among vertebrate species.
  8. a b Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo. Tese de Doutorado em Linguística, Universidade de Brasília.
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Rã-defumada-da-selva: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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A rã-defumada-da-selva ou mãe-da-chuva (nome científico: Leptodactylus pentadactylus) é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Leptodactylidae. Pode ser encontrada na Bolívia, Brasil, Peru, Equador, Colômbia e Guiana Francesa. Os machos possuem em média 177 milímetros e as fêmeas 185. É diferenciada de outras espécies por possuírem dobras dorsolaterais e um par de glândulas lombares. Possuem os olhos e os tímpanos grandes. Sua cor varia entre o cinza e o vermelho amarronzado. Os girinos são grandes e alongados, atingindo os 83 mílimetros de comprimento.

São encontrados próximos a pântanos e córregos de águas calmas, mas podem ser encontrados em áreas urbanas distantes de corpos d'água. Possuem hábitos noturnos, porém os mais jovens são diurnos, sendo encontrados sobre folhas. Durante o dia, os adultos se abrigam em tocas subterrâneas, no meio de raízes e em buracos no inferior das casas. Não há um consenso sobre qual é o seu período reprodutivo, se ele ocorre apenas em setembro, ou se decorre entre maio e novembro. Seu amplexo é axilar, com mil ovos sendo postos em um ninho de espuma, feita de esperma, secreções cutâneas, água e ar. Os girinos são extremamente resistentes a desidratação, podendo passar uma semana fora d'água. Sua dieta se baseia no consumo de artrópodes. É consumido por algumas pessoas na Amazônia.

Dos onze pares de cromossomos presentes na espécie, seis deles são sexuais, sendo a espécie de vertebrado com o maior número desses cromossomos. Uma teoria para que haja tantos cromossomos é a de que a espécie faz parte de um grande complexo específico e de que houve vários rearranjos cromossômicos durante o seu processo evolutivo.

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Свистун п'ятипалий ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 17—18,5 см. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самець більший за самицю. Голова велика. Морда дещо загострена. Барабанна перетинка має округлу форму. Тулуб масивний. Шкіра гладенька. Кінцівки протяжні з довгими пальцями. На відміну від інших представників роду їх 5. У самців вони більш опуклі. В останніх також на грудях є два шипи. Забарвлення спини коливається від коричневого до червонувато-коричневого кольору із жовтуватим відтінком. Верхня губа має коричневу облямівку. Черево темно-коричневого або навіть чорного кольору. Привертає увагу красивою червоним забарвленням задньої сторони стегон.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє тропічні та субтропічні ліси, низовини. Тримається біля боліт, річок, ставків. Зустрічається на висоті до 1200 м над рівнем моря. Вдень ховається у норах, під колодам, поміж коріння дерев. Лише молоді особини, що не досягти статевої зрілості, пересуваються протягом дня. Дорослий п'ятипалий свистун виходить зі своєї схованки лише вночі. Живиться членистоногими, жабами, особливо полюбляє дереволазів, зміями, ящірками, невеликими птахами, мишами.

З метою власного захисту цей свистун виділяє дуже багато отруйного слизу, який огортає усю амфібію. Внаслідок дотику у людини може з'явитися висип на шкірі, але навіть знаходження поруч з цим свистуном може викликати чхання та набряк очей.

Парування починається у сезон дощів. Самець спочатку видає сильні свистячі звуки. Приманивши самицю, схоплює її пахвовим амплексусом, після чого відбувається парування. Самиця до 1000 яєць відкладає у своєрідне гніздо схоже на збиті білки. Порожнина цього гнізда наскрізна, амфібія сидить у ньому глибоко у воді. Пуголовки з'являються через 2—3 дні.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає у басейні річки Амазонка (Бразилія, Французька Гвіана, Колумбія, Еквадор, Перу, Болівія).

Джерела

  • Galatti, U. (1992). Population biology of the frog Leptodactylus pentadactylus in a Central Amazonian rainforest. Journal of Herpetology, 26(1), 23-31.
  • Grzimek, Bernhard Het leven de dieren deel V:Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 443 ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
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Leptodactylus pentadactylus ( Vietnamese )

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus) là một loài ếch trong họ Leptodactylidae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ẩm ướt đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, subtropical or tropical swamps, các khu rừng vùng núi ẩm nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, sông, đầm lầy nước ngọt, các đầm lầy nước ngọt luân phiên và các hồ nuôi thủy sản.

Phân bố

Ếch này phân bố trong vùng đất thấp (dưới 3.800 ft hoặc 1200 m) từ Bắc Honduras để các vùng đất thấp Thái Bình Dương của Ecuador và khắp Bắc Guianas và domain hai phần ba lưu vực sông Amazon ở Nam Mỹ.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

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Leptodactylus pentadactylus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Leptodactylus pentadactylus) là một loài ếch trong họ Leptodactylidae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ẩm ướt đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, subtropical or tropical swamps, các khu rừng vùng núi ẩm nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, sông, đầm lầy nước ngọt, các đầm lầy nước ngọt luân phiên và các hồ nuôi thủy sản.

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Пятипалый свистун ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Инфракласс: Batrachia
Надотряд: Прыгающие
Отряд: Бесхвостые
Подотряд: Neobatrachia
Семейство: Свистуновые
Вид: Пятипалый свистун
Международное научное название

Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1768)

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ITIS 207772NCBI 47564EOL 1018889

Пятипалый свистун[1] (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) — вид лягушек из семейства свистуновых.

Общая длина достигает 17—18,5 см. Наблюдается половой диморфизм — самец крупнее самки. Голова большая. Морда немного заострённая. Барабанная перепонка имеет округлую форму. Туловище массивное. Кожа гладкая. Конечности длинные с длинными пальцами, которых в отличие от других представителей рода 5. У самцов они более выпуклые. У последних также на груди имеются два шипа. Окраска спины колеблется от коричневого до красновато-коричневого цвета с желтоватым оттенком. Верхняя губа имеет коричневую кайму. Брюхо тёмно-коричневого или даже чёрного цвета. Привлекает внимание красивой красной окраской задней стороны бёдер.

Любит тропические и субтропические леса, низменности. Держится около болот, рек, прудов. Встречается на высоте до 1200 метров над уровнем моря. Днём скрывается в норах, под брёвнам, между корней деревьев. Только молодые особи, не достигшие половой зрелости, передвигаются в течение дня. Взрослый пятипалый свистун выходит из своего укрытия только ночью. Питается членистоногими, лягушками, особенно любит древолазов, змей, ящериц, небольших птиц, мышей.

С целью собственной защиты этот свистун выделяет очень много ядовитой слизи, которая обволакивает всю амфибию. Вследствие соприкосновения у человека может появиться сыпь на коже, но даже нахождение рядом с этим свистуном может вызвать чиханье и отёк глаз.

Спаривание начинается в сезон дождей. Самец сначала издаёт сильные свистящие звуки. Приманив самку, схватывает её подмышечным амплексусом, после чего происходит спаривание. Самка откладывает до 1000 яиц в своеобразное гнездо похожее на взбитые белки. Полость этого гнезда сквозная, земноводное сидит в нём глубоко в воде. Головастики появляются через 2—3 дня.

Вид распространён в бассейне реки Амазонка (Бразилия, Французская Гвиана, Колумбия, Эквадор, Перу, Боливия).

Фото

  • Leptodactylus pentadactylus (1).jpg
  • Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1768).jpg
  • Leptodactylus pentadactylus01a.jpg
  • Smokey Jungle Frog.jpg

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 89. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
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Пятипалый свистун: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Пятипалый свистун (Leptodactylus pentadactylus) — вид лягушек из семейства свистуновых.

Общая длина достигает 17—18,5 см. Наблюдается половой диморфизм — самец крупнее самки. Голова большая. Морда немного заострённая. Барабанная перепонка имеет округлую форму. Туловище массивное. Кожа гладкая. Конечности длинные с длинными пальцами, которых в отличие от других представителей рода 5. У самцов они более выпуклые. У последних также на груди имеются два шипа. Окраска спины колеблется от коричневого до красновато-коричневого цвета с желтоватым оттенком. Верхняя губа имеет коричневую кайму. Брюхо тёмно-коричневого или даже чёрного цвета. Привлекает внимание красивой красной окраской задней стороны бёдер.

Любит тропические и субтропические леса, низменности. Держится около болот, рек, прудов. Встречается на высоте до 1200 метров над уровнем моря. Днём скрывается в норах, под брёвнам, между корней деревьев. Только молодые особи, не достигшие половой зрелости, передвигаются в течение дня. Взрослый пятипалый свистун выходит из своего укрытия только ночью. Питается членистоногими, лягушками, особенно любит древолазов, змей, ящериц, небольших птиц, мышей.

С целью собственной защиты этот свистун выделяет очень много ядовитой слизи, которая обволакивает всю амфибию. Вследствие соприкосновения у человека может появиться сыпь на коже, но даже нахождение рядом с этим свистуном может вызвать чиханье и отёк глаз.

Спаривание начинается в сезон дождей. Самец сначала издаёт сильные свистящие звуки. Приманив самку, схватывает её подмышечным амплексусом, после чего происходит спаривание. Самка откладывает до 1000 яиц в своеобразное гнездо похожее на взбитые белки. Полость этого гнезда сквозная, земноводное сидит в нём глубоко в воде. Головастики появляются через 2—3 дня.

Вид распространён в бассейне реки Амазонка (Бразилия, Французская Гвиана, Колумбия, Эквадор, Перу, Боливия).

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ナンベイウシガエル ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
Question book-4.svg
この記事の内容の信頼性について検証が求められています
確認のための文献や情報源をご存じの方はご提示ください。出典を明記し、記事の信頼性を高めるためにご協力をお願いします。議論はノートを参照してください。2017年4月
ナンベイウシガエル ナンベイウシガエル
ナンベイウシガエル
Leptodactylus pentadactylus
保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 両生綱 Amphibia : 無尾目 Anura 亜目 : カエル亜目 Neobatrachia : ユビナガガエル科 Leptodactylidae 亜科 : ユビナガガエル亜科 Leptodactylinae : ユビナガガエル属 Leptodactylus : ナンベイウシガエル
L. pentadactylus 学名 Leptodactylus pentadactylus
(Laurenti, 1768)[2] シノニム

Rana pentadactylus Laurenti, 1768[2]

和名 ナンベイウシガエル 英名 Smokey jungle frog[3]

ナンベイウシガエルLeptodactylus pentadactylus)は、無尾目ユビナガガエル科ユビナガガエル属に分類されるカエル。

分布[編集]

エクアドルコロンビアスリナムペルー仏領ギアナボリビア[1]

形態[編集]

体長12.5 - 18cm(オス14 - 16.9cm、メス12.5 - 18.1cm)。オスよりもメスの方が大型になる。体色は赤や褐色で、背面に暗色の横縞が入る。吻端から側頭部にかけて黒い斑紋が入る。

幼生は全長6cm。繁殖期になるとオスは前肢が太くなり第1指に黒い疣(婚姻瘤)、胸部に左右に1つずつ棘状の突起が現れる。

生態[編集]

熱帯雨林の林床に生息する。跳躍力は強い。

食性は動物食で、昆虫節足動物、両生類、小型爬虫類、小型哺乳類などを食べる

繁殖形態は卵生。水辺の地面に穴を掘り、1回に1000個ほどの卵を泡に包んで産む。

人間との関係[編集]

生息地では食用とされることもある。

ペットとしても飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されている。以前は高価で輸送環境の悪さから状態を崩した個体が多かったが、近年は輸送状態も改善され価格も落ち着いてきている。日本では鳥羽水族館が初めて本種の飼育下繁殖に成功した。

出典[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b Heyer, R., Azevedo-Ramos, C., Coloma, L.A. & Ron, S.R. 2008. Leptodactylus pentadactylus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T57154A11593184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T57154A11593184.en. Downloaded on 24 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b Leptodactylus pentadactylus. Frost, Darrel R. 2017. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: 04/24/2017)
  3. ^ Kellie Whittaker, Peera Chantasirivisal, AmphibiaWeb 2008 Leptodactylus pentadactylus: Smoky Jungle Frog <http://amphibiaweb.org/species/3353> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed Apr 24, 2017.
  • 池田純 「ナンベイウシガエル」『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』千石正一監修 長坂拓也編著、ピーシーズ、2002年、244頁。
  • 松井正文 「ナンベイウシガエル」『小学館の図鑑NEO 両生類・はちゅう類』、小学館2004年、17頁。
  • 海老沼剛 「ナンベイウシガエル」『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド カエル2 南北アメリカ大陸と周辺の島々のカエル』、誠文堂新光社2006年、104頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ナンベイウシガエルに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにナンベイウシガエルに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ナンベイウシガエル: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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ナンベイウシガエル(Leptodactylus pentadactylus)は、無尾目ユビナガガエル科ユビナガガエル属に分類されるカエル。

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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
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