Comments
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Although Pinus clausa is too profusely branched to be important for saw timber, it is managed to produce a high volume of pulpwood in northern peninsular Florida.
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Trees to 21m; trunk to 0.5m diam., straight and erect to leaning and crooked, much branched; crown mostly rounded or irregular. Bark gray to gray-brown, furrowed, with narrow, flat, irregular ridges, resin pockets absent, on upper sections of the trunk reddish to red-brown, platy becoming smooth distally. Branches spreading to ascending, poorly self-pruning; twigs slender, violet- to red-brown, rarely glaucous, aging gray, smooth. Buds cylindric, purple-brown, to 1cm; scale margins white-fringed. Leaves 2 per fascicle, spreading-ascending, persisting 2--3 years, (3--)6--9(--10)cm ´ ca. 1mm, straight, slightly twisted, dark green, all surfaces with fine, inconspicuous stomatal lines, margins finely serrulate, apex short-conic; sheath 0.3--0.5(--0.7)cm, base persistent. Pollen cones ellipsoid, ca. 10mm, brownish yellow. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds soon thereafter or often long-serotinous, long-persistent, solitary or whorled, spreading, symmetric (rarely slightly asymmetric, reflexed), lanceoloid before opening, ovoid to broadly ovoid when open, 3--8cm, red-brown, sessile or on stalks to 1cm, scales with dark red-brown, purple, or purple-gray border distally on adaxial surface; apophyses thickened, shallowly and angulately raised, transversely rhombic, cross-keeled; umbo central, low-pyramidal, tapering to sharp tip or weak, often deciduous prickle. Seeds obovoid-oblique; body ca. 4mm, dark brown to nearly black; wing to 17mm. 2 n =24.
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por eFloras
Fire successional in sand dunes and white sandhills; 0--60m; Ala., Fla.
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
(
Inglês
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fornecido por eFloras
Pinus inops Aiton var. clausa Chapman ex Engelmann, Bot. Gaz. 2: 125. 1877; P. clausa var. immuginata D.B. Ward
- licença
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
sand pine
scrub pine
spruce pine
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sand pine is a small, narrow, evergreen conifer with a dense, pointed
crown of highly divided branches. Sand pines grown on productive sites
attain heights of 66 feet (20 m) and diameters of 18 to 20 inches (45-50
cm), but smaller trees are more common [
1,
16]. Sand pine rarely reaches
100 years in age. Individuals can be gnarled, leaning, or stunted. The
thin gray bark is fibrous and brittle, and cones have short, stout
spines [
10]. Seedlings grown in sand have a fine root system with
numerous laterals.
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
shrubThe Ocala variety grows in the Florida Peninsula, and the Choctawhatchee
variety grows in the Florida Panhandle and southern Alabama. On the
peninsula, sand pine occurs from Tampa to Naples on the Gulf Coast and
from St. Augustine to Fort Lauderdale on the Atlantic Coast. A few
stands also occur on off-shore islands. The largest stand of sand pine
is in the Big Shrub Complex of the Ocala National Forest in
north-central Florida [
1,
2,
16].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
allelopathy,
fire regime,
fuel,
ground fire,
litter,
serotinousSand pine is classified as fire-resistant because it regenerates
profusely through seeds after fire. Mature trees have a low tolerance
to fire because of thin bark [
14].
Sand pine is maintained by infrequent, high-severity fires [
1,
16,
17].
The dense crown canopy of sand pine reduces understory vegetation and
fuel build-up on the ground. Most understory vegetation is evergreen
which does not produce a thick litter of dry leaves, and there is little
or no grass. Fire usually stalls out at the outside edge of a sand pine
stand, but if the stand is ignited, a severe fire will occur. This
delayed pyrogenic strategy results in instant site recapture [
10].
Large numbers of seeds are released from serotinous cones and germinate
on the exposed ground.
Sand pine stands usually only burn in the spring when high winds carry
fire into the crowns [
5]. In addition, needle water content is at its
lowest and ether content at its highest in the spring [
22]. Sustained
hot weather will also make the stand more susceptible to ignition [
16].
Highly flammable Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) accumulates on
older sand pine and can be ignited by lightning or can elevate a ground
fire to the crown [
9].
Fire intervals of 20 to 60 years maintains even-aged sand pine stands
[
16,
20]. If more frequent, trees may not be old enough to reproduce.
If less frequent, sand pine becomes senescent and is replaced by oak.
Sand pine communities are often intermixed with longleaf pine
communities which burn every 3 to 8 years. Adjacent low-severity ground
fires rarely ignite young sand pine stands. Richardson [
20] reported
that scrub allelopathy prevents grass and pine regeneration in sand pine
communities and along the borders. Grasses and pine seedlings would
otherwise provide fuel for surface fires.
Choctawhatchee sand pine usually grows in areas free of fire.
Open-coned forms of the Ocala variety also invade and establish in areas
with no fire. Open-coned stand reestablishment after fire is dependent
on trees located near the periphery of the burn. The degree of serotiny
in Ocala and Choctawhatchee stands is probably a function of fire
history [
16]. Open-coned stands may have a history of no fire or
frequent low-severity ground fires, whereas close-coned stands may have
a history of infrequent but high-severity crown fires [
12].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire suppression,
forest,
fuel,
prescribed fireWildfire in sand pine stands usually exhibits extreme and uncontrollable
behavior. For instance, a fire in Ocala National Forest in 1935 burned
5,670 acres (2,295 ha) in 4 hours [
16]. Because of fire suppression,
many sand pine stands are aging and will be replaced by oak. Prescribed
fire in sand pine stands has been restricted because of air quality
concerns and because they are considered dangerous. Doren and others
[
3] tested a sand pine fuel model and found prescribed burning in sand
pine scrub can be accomplished effectively and safely. Methods used
included blacklining and reducing standing biomass along the stand
perimeter.
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte (mesophanerophyte)
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
Pleistocene,
cover,
herbaceous,
shrubs,
xericSand pine grows on xeric sand ridges that are thought to be former
Pleistocene dunes and shorelines. The terrain is hilly to gently
rolling. Ocala sand pine ranges in elevation from 20 feet (6 m) to 200
feet (61 m), and Choctawhatchee sand pine from near sea level to 295
feet (90 m) [
1]. Sand pine grows in well-drained to excessively
drained, acidic sandy soils of marine origin. These soils are primarily
Entisols derived from quartz sand [
1].
The understory associated shrubs of the Ocala variety include myrtle oak
(Quercus myrtifolia), Chapman's oak (Q. chapmanii), sand live oak (Q.
virginiana var. germinata), scrub oak (Q. inopina), rusty lyonia (Lyonia
ferruginea), Florida rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides), scrub palmetto
(Sabal etonia), saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens), silk bay (Persea borbonia
var. humilis), ground blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites), gopher-apple
(Chrysobalanus oblongifolius), beakrush (Rhynchospora megalocarpa), and
palafoxia (palafoxia feayi). Many of these shrubs are evergreen or
nearly evergreen. There is little or no herbaceous ground cover [
1,
16].
(Also see SAF Cover Types).
The understory of Choctawhatchee sand pine stands is sparse and includes
turkey oak (Q. laevis), bluejack oak (Q. incana), sand post oak (Q.
stellata var. margaretta), pineland threeawn (Aristida stricta), and
prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) [
1].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
84 Slash pine
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK112 Southern mixed forest
K115 Sand pine scrub
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sand pine is killed by moderate- to high-severity fires [
16].
Low-severity ground fires will not kill mature trees, but this type of
fire is rare in sand pine communities.
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sand pine seeds are eaten by birds and small mammals. The sand pine
canopy creates habitat for numerous woodpeckers, songbirds, and birds
of prey, as well as grey and flying squirrels [
1,
16]. The federally
endangered Florida scrub jay will occasionally nest in young sand pine
[
12,
16].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
forestSand pine is dominant in the Florida Scrub community type. A published
classification listing sand pine as dominant in community types (cts) is
presented below:
Area Classification Authority
FL gen. forest cts Waggoner 1975
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
forest,
natural,
seed,
treeTimber: Sand pine in the Ocala National Forest in central Florida is
managed for pulp. On productive sites, sand pine grows to a
merchantable size [
2]. Blocks of 20 to 40 acres (8-16 ha) are clearcut,
scrub is removed, the ground is scarified, and either seeds are planted
or branches with cones are scattered on the ground [
2,
16]. In the
direct seeding method, five seeds per spot maximizes seedling
establishment. Seed predation is not severe enough to warrant pesticide
treatment [
18]. In the cone method, the closed cones will open on the
ground from solar heat. Stands can be supplemented with nursery stock
[
2]. The Choctawhatchee variety grows more slowly than the Ocala
variety but has a good survival rate and can be cut after the open cones
release seeds. Choctawhatchee sand pine may be most suited for
large-scale reforestation [
21]. Mature sand pine is subject to windfall
[
1,
16].
Insects: Bark beetles (Ips spp.) and sand pine sawfly (Neodiprion
pratti) are the main insects that damage sand pine. Bark beetle attacks
are associated with stresses such as drought or crowded stand
conditions. The saw fly can defoliate entire stands. Tip moths
(Rhyacionia spp.), aphids, and scales can cause some undesirable
deformity and discoloration in Christmas tree plantations [
1].
Disease: Mushroom root rot caused by Clitocybe tabescens occurs in
plantations sites where the soil is not well-drained [
1].
Natural stands of sand pine are disappearing from Florida. Many former
stands have been converted to citrus groves, subdivisions, or
recreational vehicle parks. Twenty-one federally endangered or
threatened plant and animal species live in sand pine forests [
17].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL FL
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The Choctawhatchee sand pine is grown for Christmas trees because of its
short, heavily foliated branches and dark green needles [
1].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Flower buds form in early summer and become visible by early autumn.
The Ocala variety usually begins shedding pollen in mid-November but can
begin shedding a month later. The Choctawhatchee variety usually begins
shedding pollen in late January but can begin anytime from late December
to mid-March. Cones mature by the end of the second year [
1,
7,
10].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
After a fire, the numerous closed cones stored in the crown release
their seeds. A severe fire prepares a good seedbed and removes scrub
vegetation. Seeds germinate and the stand replaces itself [
1,
16].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedcrown-stored residual colonizer; short-viability seed in on-site cones
crown-stored residual colonizer; long-viability seed in on-site cones
off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years one and two
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
epigeal,
monoecious,
seed,
serotinousSeed production and dissemination: Sand pine is monoecious. Trees can
begin producing cones at 5 years of age [
1] and can form two or three
whorls of cones per year [
7,
12]. The Ocala variety produces an abundant
cone crop almost every year. Ocala cones are predominantly serotinous,
although 20 percent or more of the individuals in Ocala stands may have
at least some open cones [
16]. The closed cones persist in the crown
for 10 or more years [
10]. The Choctawhatchee variety has mostly
nonserotinous cones that open when mature. A good cone crop occurs
every 4 to 6 years. The winged seeds of both varieties are dispersed
short distances by wind [
1,
10].
Seedling development: Seed viability in closed cones decreases with
cone age and is only 10 to 20 percent in 5-year-old cones. Epigeal
germination occurs at any time of year but is rare in the heat of the
summer [
1]. Seedlings are killed by ground temperatures of 125 degrees
Fahrenheit (52 deg C) [
9]. They are also destroyed by ants and birds.
Ocala sand pine grows 15 to 18 inches (38-46 cm) in the first year while
Choctawhatchee sand pine grows only 10 to 15 inches (25-38 cm) [
1,
21].
Sand pine growth is more influenced by nutrient deficiency of the soil
than by water deficiency [
16]. Ocala sand pine grows in dense even-aged
stands while Choctawhatchee sand pine grows in more open, uneven-aged
stands with scattered seedlings and saplings in openings [
12].
Vegetative reproduction: Choctawhatchee sand pine seedlings have basal
branches which may replace the main stem if it is top-killed [
1].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
competition,
forest,
hardwood,
xericSand pine is moderately intolerant of competition and intermediate in
shade tolerance [
1,
16]. It will establish in and eventually dominate
scrub oak communities. Sand pine will invade longleaf pine (Pinus
palustris) forests in the absence of fire. Sand pine scrub vegetation,
in which sand pine grows in very dense, even-aged stands of 8,000 to
10,000 trees per acre (20,000-25,000/ha), is considered a fire-climax
community [
9]. If fire occurs once every 20 to 60 years in sand pine
stands, the vegetation community will not change. In the absence of
fire, a xeric hardwood forest of oak and hickory will succeed sand pine.
If there is frequent fire, oak scrub or slash pine (P. ellottii) will
replace sand pine [
1,
5,
9,
15,
16].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
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)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coneThe currently accepted scientific name of sand pine is Pinus clausa
(Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg. [
1,
11]. The species is divided into
two geographic varieties which differ in cone serotiny [
1,
11,
12,
16]:
Pinus clausa var. clausa = Ocala sand pine (serotinous cones)
Pinus clausa var. immuginata = Choctawhatchee sand pine (nonserotinous cones)
Aside from serotiny, no consistent morphological differences have been
found between the two varieties. Myers [
16] suggests that there is no
compelling reason to distinguish them. Both varieties will be discussed
in this report, with emphasis on Pinus clausa var. clausa.
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fuelSand pine is used for fuel and pulpwood. The species' small size has
prevented its use for structural lumber, but this use may become more
important in the future [
1].
- citação bibliográfica
- Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Pinus clausa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
(
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)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
The sand pine scrub of north-central Florida is one of the most
distinctive plant communities of the State. Of particular interest is the
sharpness of the boundaries with the adjacent sandhill vegetation which is
dominated by longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), turkey oak (Quercus
laevis), and pineland threeawn (Aristida stricta). Even-aged
Ocala sand pine dominates the overstory, while the understory is composed
almost entirely of evergreen shrubs 1.8 to 3.0 m (6 to 10 ft) tall. There
is little or no herbaceous ground cover. Shrubs found in this understory
include sand live oak Quercus virginiana var. geminata), myrtle
oak (Q. myrtifolia), Chapman oak (Q. chapmanii), rosemary
(Ceratiola ericoides), tree lyonia (Lyonia ferruginea), scrub
palmetto (Sabal etonia), saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens), silk
bay (Persea borbonia var. humilis), gopher-apple (Chrysobalanus
oblongifolius), and ground blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites). Mats
of lichens (Cladonia spp.) are often plentiful on the ground
beneath the trees and shrubs (14).
The west Florida sand pine scrub is a distinct contrast to that of the
north-central area. Here Choctawhatchee sand pine generally grows in
uneven-aged stands and invades adjacent forested sites if protected from
uncontrolled fire. The understory in these stands is quite sparse. Turkey
oak, bluejack oak (Q. incana), sand post oak (Q. stellata var.
margaretta), pineland threeawn, and prickly pear (Opuntia spp.)
are the most common species of this understory.
Sand pine is the principal component of the forest cover type Sand Pine
(Society of American Foresters Type 69) (12). It may also be found in
several additional cover types such as Longleaf Pine (Type 70), Longleaf
Pine-Scrub Oak (Type 71), and Slash Pine (Type 84).
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- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
The climate of north-central Florida is characterized by hot summers
with abundant precipitation and mild, rather dry winters. Precipitation
varies from 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in) per month from October until April to
as much as 200 to 230 mm (8 to 9 in) per month in June, July, and August.
About 55 percent of the average rainfall of 1350 mm (53 in) occurs in the
4 months from June through September. Temperature extremes of -11°
and 41° C (12° and 105° F) have been recorded. A frost-free
period of 290 days is normal.
Choctawhatchee sand pine thrives in western Florida under climatic
conditions that are somewhat different from those of north-central
Florida. Rainfall from December through May averages 100 to 110 mm (4 to
4.5 in) per month. It is hot and humid from June through September but
slightly less so than in the north-central area. About 43 percent of the
average annual rainfall of 1520 mm (60 in) occurs during this period of
the year. October and November are the driest months, with rainfall
averaging about 75 mm (3 in) per month. Temperature extremes of -17°
and 42° C (2° and 107° F) have been recorded. Average
temperature for January is 11° C (52° F) and 27° C (81°
F) for July. A frost-free period of 265 days is normal (23).
- licença
- cc-by-nc
- direitos autorais
- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
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Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Insects, disease, and fire play a significant
role in the development of sand pine stands. Several species of insects
attack and kill, deform, or cause growth losses of sand pine. Most of
these pests, the majority of which also attack the other species of pine
growing in Florida, are found throughout the range of sand pine.
Bark beetles, primarily Ips (Ips calligraphus and I.
grandicollis), probably cause the greatest volume loss in sand pine,
especially the Choctawhatchee variety. Generally, stress factors such as
severe drought, lightning, fire, mechanical damage, or crowded stand
conditions are associated with Ips beetle attacks.
The sand pine sawfly (Neodiprion pratti) is considered a
potential cause of growth loss in sand pine. Plantations of both varieties
of sand pine have been defoliated by this insect. Attacks are reported to
be most severe along stand edges and in plantations with fewer than 750
trees per hectare (300/acre) (27). Outbreaks of the blackheaded pine
sawfly (N. excitans) on sand pine, concurrent with localized
outbreaks of this sawfly on loblolly pine in northwest peninsular Florida,
have also been reported (26). The pitch-eating weevil (Pachylobius
picivorus) and the pales weevil (Hylobius pales) could become
important insect pests of sand pine, but future losses will depend on
management practices.
Tip moths (Rhyacionia spp.), aphids, and scales have all
been observed on sand pine but are not known to cause mortality or
appreciable growth loss. These insects do cause a certain amount of
deformity and discoloration of young trees and could cause significant
losses where the objective of management is Christmas tree production. The
southern pine coneworm (Dioryctria amatella) frequently damages
twigs and cones, and if uncontrolled may cause substantial losses in seed
orchards and seed production areas (9).
Sand pine varies in its susceptibility to disease. Mushroom root rot
caused by Clitocybe tabescens is found in natural stands of Ocala
sand pine in central Florida and also has developed in Ocala plantations
in northwest Florida and southern Georgia during the past 5 to 10 years
(18). As a result of this disease, a significant portion of many Ocala
plantations may not reach merchantable size. The Choctawhatchee variety is
considered resistant to this disease. Phytophthora cinnamomi is
reported to be a virulent pathogen on seedlings of both the Ocala and
Choctawhatchee varieties of sand pine, but there is no conclusive proof
that this fungus is a pathogen of sand pine under field conditions. Heavy
clay or poorly drained soils may support populations of P. cinnamomi.
The areas of Florida and Georgia where planted sand pines have been
killed by Clitocybe tabescens and where Phytophthora cinnamomi
was later recovered were either shallow soils underlain by clay or
were imperfectly drained sandy soils. Such soil conditions are not
characteristic of a sand pine site. Eastern gall rust (Cronartium
quercuum), which forms spherical galls mainly on twigs and branches of
both sand pine varieties, is common but seldom a serious problem. Heart
rot caused by Phellinus pini has been reported in sand pine but is
usually not a problem until the stands are more than 40 years old (19).
Fire is probably the principal enemy of sand pine, which is much less
fire resistant than longleaf or slash pine. Hot ground fires which produce
substantial needle scorch kill as readily as crown fires, yet sand pine
can be burned under controlled conditions. This is especially true of
Choctawhatchee variety, as its natural understory vegetation tends to be
less flammable than that generally found in natural stands of the Ocala
variety.
A unique combination of fuel and weather conditions appears to be
responsible for the occasional blowup fires that occur in Ocala sand pine
forests. The moisture content of sand pine needles is often lowest in
March, and their resin and energy contents reach a yearly high from
February through May. This condition is known as the "varnish stage"
by those familiar with fire in Ocala stands. These fuel properties take on
critical importance when they are combined with severe drought conditions
and blustery spring weather characterized by unstable air masses, low
relative humidity, and high winds.
The relation between Ocala sand pine and fire is somewhat of a paradox.
Many acres of Ocala sand pine forest owe their existence to fire which
releases seed from the serotinous cones. As a considerable volume of
timber may be lost to such fires, however, this method of regeneration
cannot be considered an acceptable form of management (11).
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Flowering and Fruiting
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Sand pine is monoecious. Flower buds are
formed early in the summer but do not become visible until early autumn.
The time when staminate flowers ripen, as shown by pollen release, is one
of the more reliable phenological events distinguishing the two varieties
of sand pine. Ocala sand pine grows throughout most of the peninsula of
Florida between latitude 26° and 30° N. At the southern end of
its range it may start shedding pollen as early as mid-November but could
start a month or more later in northern Florida. In plantations of Ocala
in northwest Florida, pollen generally is shed from the last weeks of
December through mid-January. By contrast, the Choctawhatchee variety of
sand pine grows naturally only in northwest Florida, essentially within 1
degree of latitude. Pollen dissemination by this variety may start as
early as the last week of December and end as late as mid-March but occurs
most frequently from late January through February. There is little
overlap in the periods when the two varieties shed pollen (6). Conelet
development is minimal during the first year but increases rapidly during
the second year. Cones attain mature size by late summer.
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Genetics
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
The two geographic races of sand pine have been identified earlier in
this paper.
Natural hybridization of sand pine has not been known to occur, but
several successful attempts at artificial hybridization have been
reported. The most encouraging of these efforts is a cross between
Virginia pine (P. virginiana) and the Choctawhatchee variety of
sand pine produced at the Institute of Forest Genetics at Placerville, CA,
in 1953. Seedlings from this cross were planted in Charles County, MD. At
age 10, 94 percent (47 trees) of the hybrid seedlings had survived, with
an average height of 5.4 m (17.6 ft). Survival of the Virginia pine
controls averaged 84 percent with an average height of 4.8 in (15.6 ft).
These results indicate the feasibility of moving sand pine germ plasma
into more northerly locations through hybridization with Virginia pine
(20).
Attempts to move sand pine north of its natural range without benefits
of hybridization are also encouraging. Identical studies in the Georgia
and South Carolina sandhills show that sand pines grow better than
loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine (P. elliottii) on these deep,
droughty, infertile sands. Heights at age 15 years averaged 10.8 m (35.4
ft) for Choctawhatchee sand pine, 10.0 m (32.8 ft) for Ocala sand pine,
and 7.32 m (24.0 ft), 7.25 m (23.8 ft), and 6.9 m (22.6 ft) for slash
pine, longleaf pine, and loblolly pine. Ice storms have caused the most
serious damage to the Ocala plantings, but damage to the Choctawhatchee
plantings from these same storms has been no greater than that done to
longleaf and slash pine. The growth rate of Choctawhatchee sand pine
included in these tests is comparable to that for plantations of this
variety growing in northwest Florida (13).
Several organizations have attempted a number of additional crosses with
sand pine and other species of pine (20). Slash pine x Ocala sand pine
crosses were generally unsuccessful. Reported crosses in which the sand
pine parent was not identified by variety included these:
P. taeda x P. clausa
P. clausa x P. taeda
P. banksiana x P. clausa
P. clausa x P. banksiana
P. rigida x P. clausa
P. clausa x P. rigida
P. pungens x P. clausa
P. pinaster x P. clausa
P. clausa x P. pinaster
P. echinata x P. clausa
P. clausa x P. echinata
P. virginiana x P. clausa
P. clausa x P. virginiana
P. thunbergii x P. clausa
P. clausa x P. clausa
With the exception of P. virginiana x P. clausa and P.
clausa x P. virginiana, these crosses produced few sound seeds
per cone. The P. virginiana x P. clausa cross produced an
average of 13.1 sound seeds per cone, a yield that compares favorably with
the results of many artificial intraspecific crosses. If such results are
generally obtainable, mass production of this hybrid may be possible (20).
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Growth and Yield
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Sand pine varies in size from the
unmerchantable scrub growing on the coastal sand dunes of Florida to trees
that attain saw-log size on the better sites. Trees ranging from 51 to 66
cm (20 to 26 in) in d.b.h. and 23 to 26 m (75 to 85 ft) in height are
found on the best sites but smaller sizes are more common. The largest
sand pine in Florida, for example, is 63 cm (24.8 in) in d.b.h. and 31.4
(103 ft) tall.
Most of the volume of sand pine is currently being harvested for
pulpwood, but the construction lumber market is a good potential outlet
for some of the volume of sand pine. Formerly, tree size may have been a
deterrent to its use for structural lumber, but improved sawmill equipment
can now handle large volumes of small logs 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) in
diameter inside bark to produce lumber suitable for construction purposes.
Both varieties have sufficient density for this use. Actually the density
of Choctawhatchee is somewhat higher than that of Ocala. It could be put
to structural uses similar to those of loblolly (Pinus taeda) and
shortleaf (P. echinata) pines because the specific gravity of all
three is in the same range (22).
On the best sites, site index 24.4 m or 80 ft (age 50 years), the
dominant trees in Ocala sand pine stands are expected to average 38 to 46
cm (15 to 18 in) in d.b.h. and 24 m (80 ft) in height. On average sites,
site index 18.3 m or 60 ft, the dominant trees should average 25 to 30 cm
(10 to 12 in) in d.b.h. and 18 m (60 ft) in height. The dominant stand on
the poor sites, site index 15.2 m or 50 ft, is expected to average 18 to
23 cm (7 to 9 in) in d.b.h. and 15 m (50 ft) in height when mature.
In well-stocked natural stands of Ocala sand pine, yields of 126, 94,
and 63 m³/ha (20, 15, and 10 cords/acre) are predicted for high,
average, and poor sites, respectively, at a rotation age of 40 to 45 years
(21). These stands tend to break up markedly when they are 50 to 60 years
old. Yield tables or site index curves have not been prepared for
Choctawhatchee sand pine but a limited amount of information is available.
Well-stocked natural stands are expected to produce 210 m³/ha (15,000
fbm/acre) of merchantable sawtimber plus 63 m³/ha (10 cords/acre) of
pulpwood (5). Yields of Choctawhatchee plantations are expected to exceed
the volumes reported above for Ocala sand pine. On the basis of data
obtained from a very limited number of 25-year-old plantations,
merchantable volumes for high, average, and poor sites, to a 7.6-cm (3-in)
diameter outside bark, are anticipated to be 252, 189, and 126 m³/ha
(40, 30, and 20 cords/acre) for 25- to 30-year rotations.
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Reaction to Competition
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Sand pine has been rated as being
moderately intolerant of shade and competition, but in its early
establishment it is quite tolerant. Overall, it probably is most
accurately classed as having intermediate tolerance to shade. Sand pine
expresses very little dominance in its usual growth pattern. Sand pine
grows and persists in very dense stands of approximately 20,000 to 25,000
trees per hectare (8,000 to 10,000/acre). Seedlings of both varieties can
be planted or will become established from seed in the scrub oak-wiregrass
rough common to the Florida sandhills and eventually dominate the site.
Natural pruning is very slow. Dead lateral branches may persist within a
few feet of the ground until the trees are 20 to 25 years old.
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Rooting Habit
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Sand pine seedlings grown on very sandy sites
develop a very fine root system with numerous laterals. The root system is
somewhat coarser when the seedlings are grown on heavier textured soils;
however, sand pine root systems are generally much finer and have greater
development of lateral roots than is typical of other southern pines.
Information is lacking on the rooting habit of sand pine older than
seedlings.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Sand pine bears cones at an
early age. It is not unusual to find mature cones on 5-year-old trees.
Occasionally flowers, usually pistillate strobili, are produced by 9- to
10-month-old seedlings growing under nursery conditions. The two varieties
of sand pine differ appreciably in cone production, cone size, seed size,
and several other characteristics. An abundant crop of cones is produced
by Ocala sand pine almost annually. Choctawhatchee cone crops of similar
size are produced at 4- to 6-year intervals, with light crops in
intervening years. Other differences of note are listed in table 1 (2).
Table 1-Cone and seed characteristics of sand pine (Pinus
clausa)
Characteristic
Choctawhatchee (var. immuginata)
Ocala
(var. clausa)
Cones
Most cones open
Most cones
remain closed
Number per liter
28
24
Number per bushel
1,000
830
Seed per cone
42
37
Sound seed
Number per kilogram
25, 447
21,410
Number per pound
56,100
47,200
Clean seed
Weight per 35 liters of cones
0.27 kg
0.27 kg
Weight per bushel of cones
0.6 lb
0.6 lb
Dormancy
Mildly dormant
Nondormant
Germination
No pretreatment
88%
94%
Stratified¹
93%
96%
Peak, unstratified
17 days
10 days
Peak, stratified
11 days
9 days
¹For
stratification, seeds were placed in germination dishes containing a 1
to 2 mixture of moist sand and peat moss and refigerated at 1° C
(34° F) for 14 days.
The majority of Ocala sand pine cones are serotinous: they remain closed
when mature and require heat to open. Consequently, seed dispersal is
minimal. The cones are very persistent and may accumulate in large numbers
on a single tree. Viability of the seeds in such cones decreases with age;
only 10 to 20 percent of the seeds in 5-year-old cones may be viable.
Seeds from cones 2 or more years old have also been shown to be relatively
dormant as compared to newer seeds (24).
Overly dense, unmanaged stands of the Ocala sand pines have developed
following wildfire, which causes the cones to open and release large
quantities of seeds (11). Regeneration methods based on cone serotiny have
had limited success. Stands to be regenerated are clearcut, the slash and
residual vegetation are chopped, and mineral soil is exposed with site
preparation equipment such as rolling drum choppers. Cones in close
proximity to the soil open and release their seeds when exposed to high
surface soil temperatures. Uniform distribution of seeds from treetops is
difficult to attain, and poorly regenerated stands often result. Direct
seeding at a rate of 0. 56 to 1. 12 kg/ha (0. 5 to 1. 0 lb/acre) after
site preparation has been the most practical and successful regeneration
method. This operation is most successful if the seeds are distributed
from October through January and covered with about 6 mm (0.25 in) of soil
shortly after being distributed (16).
Seed dissemination of Choctawhatchee sand pine differs from that of
Ocala sand pine. The majority of Choctawhatchee cones open when mature and
most of the seeds are disseminated during September, October, and
November. In western Florida the prevailing winds during the fall are from
the west and northwest, and consequently seeds are distributed more evenly
and to a greater distance on the eastern and southeastern sides of stands
of seed-bearing age. It has been reported that along the western edge of a
plantation, sand pine seedlings became established in the scrub
oak-wiregrass cover for a distance of only 23 m (75 ft), or approximately
1.5 times average tree height (16.5 m or 54 ft at age 28). East of this
plantation, reproduction was established in sufficient numbers to form a
well-stocked stand for a distance of 38 m (125 ft). Occasional
Choctawhatchee sand pine seedlings were noted beyond the bounds of the
sample area (105 m or 345 ft) in all but a northwesterly direction from
the seed source (7).
Regeneration of this variety of sand pine may be accomplished quite
simply. Cuttings can be timed to take advantage of its seed-dissemination
characteristics, and as the seedlings can become established in
competition with both understory and overstory vegetation, a natural
system such as the shelterwood is a comparatively reliable and inexpensive
regeneration method (5).
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Seedling Development
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Seedlings of the two varieties of sand
pine differ markedly in their development, but germination of both is
epigeal. Peak germination of Ocala seed occurs within 10 days after the
seed is sown in the nursery, while Choctawhatchee seed requires 17 to 21
days. The Ocala seedlings grow more rapidly than Choctawhatchee and are
often 38 to 46 cm (15 to 18 in) tall at the end of the growing season.
Choctawhatchee seedlings usually attain an average height of about 25 to
38 cm (10 to 15 in) in the same period of time. This difference in rate of
height growth may continue for 2 to 3 years after the seedlings have been
transplanted to the field; however, average annual height growth of both
varieties is essentially identical by the time the trees are 4 to 5 years
old.
Maximum germination of seed distributed naturally or by direct seeding
occurs from November through January for both varieties. Root development
is rapid, and, as a result, seedling mortality is especially low when
seedlings become established on bare areas during this period of the year.
Germination from natural seed dispersal or direct seeding may occur at any
time of the year, but few seeds disseminated during the summer months
produce seedlings. High soil temperature may be a limiting factor. Surface
soil temperatures as high as 72° C (162° F) have been observed
in June and July on sandhill sites in Florida (8,24).
Two flushes of growth are common during the first year of seedling
development. The first occurs early in spring and the second usually in
September and October. This growth characteristic is of special
significance to the nurseryman. Sand pine seedlings, especially the
Choctawhatchee variety, typically are only 10 to 13 cm (4 to 5 in) tall as
late in the growing season as mid-August. Nothing need be done to
stimulate such seedlings to attain plantable size as 1-0 seedlings. The
application of nitrogen at this time produces exceptionally large, often
succulent seedlings that are difficult to plant and not well suited to the
rigors of the sandhill environment (4). Once established in the field, 3-
to 4-year-old sand pines typically have three and occasionally four growth
flushes during a single growing season. The fourth elongation generally
occurs early in fall and is triggered by favorable soil moisture
conditions.
Birds, mammals, and insects cause the greatest losses of sand pine seeds
and damage to newly germinated seedlings. The primary predators change
with the season; losses attributed to migratory birds are greatest during
spring and fall, while losses to insects and small mammals increase during
the spring and summer as their numbers increase. Ants are more numerous
and probably more destructive than all other insects. Birds and ants may
be responsible for most seedling losses to predators (8).
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Soils and Topography
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Sand pine grows on well-drained to excessively drained, infertile, acid
to strongly acid sandy soils of the order Entisols. This sand is of marine
origin, much of which was deposited in terraces developed during the
Pleistocene epoch.
Most Ocala sand pine grows in the division of Florida known as the
Central Highlands. Elevations range from less than 6 m (20 ft) above sea
level near Lake George to nearly 61 m (200 ft) in the highest areas of
this region. Numerous lakes dot this area and are indicative of the
presence of soluble limestone not far below the surface. Gentle rolling
hills characterize the terrain. The major soils on which Ocala sand pine
grows, in order of importance, are the Astatula, Paola, and St. Lucie
series (1).
In west Florida, scattered stands of Choctawhatchee sand pine grow on
the excessively drained soils of the Coastal Lowlands; however, the
majority of such stands are in the division of Florida known as the
Western Highlands (10). Elevations range from near sea level to nearly 90
m (295 ft) above sea level. The terrain of this area is typified by long,
gentle slopes and broad, nearly level ridgetops. Sloping to steep
hillsides border most of the streams and small lakes of the area. The
water level of the rivers, lakes, and intermittent ponds of the area
fluctuates considerably according to the amount of rainfall and seepage
from the surrounding deep, sandy soils. Soils common to this region
include the Kershaw and Lakeland series.
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Special Uses
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Using sand pine for fuelwood or biomass plantations is feasible.
Production levels comparable to those attained by other biomass species
can be produced in plantations established at spacings of 0.6 by 1 m (2 by
3 ft). Annual dry weight yields of 7.13 t/ha (3.18 tons/acre) have been
produced on 17-year-old Choctawhatchee sand pine plantations (17).
Some sand pines, especially the Choctawhatchee variety with its short,
heavily foliated branches and dark green needles, are being grown for
Christmas trees. Marketable trees 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft) tall can be
produced in 4 to 5 years.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Inglês
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
Sand pine does not reproduce
vegetatively. Seedlings of the Choctawhatchee variety do produce poorly
developed basal branches. When 1- to 2-year-old seedlings are injured or
decapitated, one or more of these basal branches may elongate and replace
the lost terminal.
Sand pine has been successfully grafted by several methods. Scion
material from both sand pine varieties obtained from 20- to 60-year-old
trees has been grafted successfully to potted slash, Ocala sand, and
Choctawhatchee sand pine root stock as well as to root stocks of these
same species growing in nursery beds. A wedge or cleft graft is commonly
used (3).
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Distribution
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Sand pine is one of the minor southern pines with a natural range
limited almost entirely to Florida. The largest sand pine concentration is
a block of the Ocala variety covering about 101 170 ha (250,000 acres) in
north-central Florida, an area often referred to as the "Big Scrub."
This variety of sand pine also grows in a narrow strip along the east
coast of Florida from St. Augustine southward to Fort Lauderdale. On the
Gulf Coast small tracts of Ocala sand pine can be found scattered from a
few kilometers north of Tampa southward to Naples. The less abundant
Choctawhatchee variety is found growing along the coast in western Florida
from Apalachicola to Pensacola and extending westward into Baldwin County,
AL. Natural stands of Choctawhatchee sand pine are most abundant in
Okaloosa and Walton Counties, FL, covering an area of about 40 470 ha
(100,000 acres). Scattered stands of this variety of sand pine can be
found 32 to 40 km (20 to 25 mi) inland from the coast in this section of
Florida. Sparse stands of sand pine are also found on many of Florida's
offshore islands (15,24).
- The native range of sand pine.
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Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
R. H. Brendemuehl
Sand pine (Pinus clausa) is also known as scrub pine and spruce
pine. The majority of trees in natural sand pine stands of western
Florida, especially between Panama City and Pensacola, bear cones that
open when mature. These stands tend to be uneven-aged, somewhat open, with
abundant reproduction developing in the openings. Sand pine stands in
eastern and central Florida are generally dense and even-aged with a
majority of the trees bearing serotinous cones. Two geographic races have
been distinguished on the basis of cone characteristics: Ocala (var. clausa)
from northeastern to south Florida and Choctawhatchee (var. immuginata
D. B. Ward) in northwest Florida and Baldwin County, AL (25).
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Physical Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves somewhat rounded, Needle-like leaves twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 2, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with missing or very weak prickle, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds black, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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Pinus clausa
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Pinus clausa (lat. Pinus clausa) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Mənbə
İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
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Pinus clausa: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijano
)
fornecido por wikipedia AZ
Pinus clausa (lat. Pinus clausa) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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Pinus clausa
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
L'article necessita millores de traducció.en.
Pinus clausa és sovint un petit arbre arbustiu de 5-10 m, que excepcionalment pot arribar als 21 m d'alçada. Es troba en dos zones separades, una al centre de la península de Florida, i l'altre a la península de la Florida occidental i la costa d'Alabama. Hi ha un buit d'aproximadament d'uns 200 km entre les dues poblacions (des d'Apalachicola fins a Cedar Key). Això limita en gran part a l'esterilitat, hàbitats excessivament ben drenats, sorrencs, on es minimitza la competència per les dures condicions de creixement per al cultiu de grans espècies com és el cas del matollar de Florida.
Les fulles són aciculars, per parelles, fan de 5 a 10 cm de llarg, i les seves pinyes fan de 4 a 8 cm de llarg. Aquestes pinyes estan adaptades al foc, ja que resten tancades durant molts anys (clausa = tancat), fins que un incendi forestal natural destrueix els arbres madurs i obren llurs pinyes. Aleshores deixen anar les llavors que contenen el seu interior i tornen a sembrar el terra cremat. Algunes poblacions difereixen, ja que quan maduren les seves pinyes s'obren i dispersen les seves llavors sense la necessitat que hi hagi cap incendi forestal.[1]
La fusta de Pinus clausa és un hàbitat important per a Neoseps reynoldsi, una espècie de sargantana que està amenaçada.
Aquest tipus de pi té una bifurcació densa que el fa inapropiat per a la producció de fusta, i s'utilitza principalment per fer-ne pasta de paper.
Referències
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew. National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling, 2008, p. 70. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7. (anglès)
![src=]()
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Pinus clausa 
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Pinus clausa: Brief Summary
(
Catalão; Valenciano
)
fornecido por wikipedia CA
Pinus clausa és sovint un petit arbre arbustiu de 5-10 m, que excepcionalment pot arribar als 21 m d'alçada. Es troba en dos zones separades, una al centre de la península de Florida, i l'altre a la península de la Florida occidental i la costa d'Alabama. Hi ha un buit d'aproximadament d'uns 200 km entre les dues poblacions (des d'Apalachicola fins a Cedar Key). Això limita en gran part a l'esterilitat, hàbitats excessivament ben drenats, sorrencs, on es minimitza la competència per les dures condicions de creixement per al cultiu de grans espècies com és el cas del matollar de Florida.
Les fulles són aciculars, per parelles, fan de 5 a 10 cm de llarg, i les seves pinyes fan de 4 a 8 cm de llarg. Aquestes pinyes estan adaptades al foc, ja que resten tancades durant molts anys (clausa = tancat), fins que un incendi forestal natural destrueix els arbres madurs i obren llurs pinyes. Aleshores deixen anar les llavors que contenen el seu interior i tornen a sembrar el terra cremat. Algunes poblacions difereixen, ja que quan maduren les seves pinyes s'obren i dispersen les seves llavors sense la necessitat que hi hagi cap incendi forestal.
La fusta de Pinus clausa és un hàbitat important per a Neoseps reynoldsi, una espècie de sargantana que està amenaçada.
Aquest tipus de pi té una bifurcació densa que el fa inapropiat per a la producció de fusta, i s'utilitza principalment per fer-ne pasta de paper.
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Sand-Kiefer
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Die Sand-Kiefer (Pinus clausa) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie kommt in den südlichen Vereinigten Staaten nur in Florida und einem angrenzenden Gebiet in Alabama vor.
Beschreibung
![src=]()
Zweig mit Nadeln und männlichen Blütenzapfen
Habitus
Die Sand-Kiefer wächst je nach Standort als Strauch oder als breitkroniger Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 23 bis 26 Metern, in seltenen Fällen bis zu 31,4 Meter. Der Brusthöhendurchmesser liegt zwischen 51 und 66 Zentimetern. Die Kronenspitze ist abgeflacht. Der Stamm kann je nach Standort gerade und aufrecht bis gekrümmt sein. Die Äste stehen waagerecht bis leicht aufrecht ab. Das Wurzelsystem der Sämlinge besteht aus zahlreichen, sehr kleinen Lateralwurzeln. Über das Wurzelsystem von Altbäumen liegt keine Beschreibung vor.
Borke
Die Borke ist im unteren Stammbereich grau bis graubraun, im oberen Teil des Baumes eher rötlich bis rotbraun und bricht in Platten auf. Sie wird bis zu 1,5 Zentimeter dick. Bei dünnen Stämmen ist sie glatt und grau. Die Rinde der schlanken Zweige ist violett bis rotbraun gefärbt.
Holz
Das gelbliche Kernholz wird von einem breiten und hellen Splint umgeben. Das leichte Holz ist weich und spröde. Die Jahresringe sind gut erkennbar und der Übergang zwischen Früh- und Spätholz findet abrupt statt. Harzkanäle sind hauptsächlich im Frühholz zu finden. Die Darrdichte beträgt rund 0,38 g/cm³.
Belaubung
Je Kurztrieb stehen zwei tiefgrüne und etwas um die Längsachse gedrehte Nadeln. Sie verbleiben zwischen drei und vier Jahre am Baum. Die biegsamen Nadeln sind 5 bis 9 Zentimeter lang und etwa 1 Millimeter breit.
Blüten, Zapfen und Samen
Die Sand-Kiefer wird mit rund 5 Jahren mannbar. Die dunkelorangen männlichen Blütenzapfen stehen dicht gedrängt. Die seitlich inserierten weiblichen Blütenzapfen sind kräftig gestielt. Die annähernd symmetrischen und kurz gestielten Zapfen sind bei einer Länge von 5 bis 9 Zentimetern, stumpf eiförmig. Zur Reifezeit sind sie dunkel gelbbraun gefärbt. Sie stehen häufig zu mehreren in Quirlen angeordnet. Die Samenreife dauert rund zwei Jahre. Bei var. immuginata werden sie im September des zweiten Jahres entlassen während sich bei var. clausa die Zapfen erst bei großer Hitzeeinwirkung, zum Beispiel bei einem Waldbrand, öffnen. Nach den Entlassen der Samen sind die Zapfen fast rund. Die fast dreieckigen und geflügelten Samen werden mit Samenflügel rund 6 Millimeter lang. Die durchschnittliche Samenanzahl pro Zapfen beträgt bei Pinus clausa var. clausa 37 und bei Pinus clausa var. immuginata 42. Das Tausendkorngewicht beträgt etwa 6 Gramm.
Verbreitung und Standort
Das Verbreitungsgebiet ist in zwei Teilareale aufgeteilt. Das größere Teilareal liegt im mittleren und östlichen Florida zwischen 26 und 30° nördlicher Breite. Es umfasst rund 100.000 Hektar, wovon ein Großteil im Ocala National Forest bei der Stadt Ocala liegt. Die restlichen Populationen in Florida wachsen an einem schmalen Streifen entlang der Ostküste von St. Augustine südwärts bis Fort Lauderdale. Das zweite und kleinere Teilareal umfasst rund 40.000 Hektar und erstreckt sich von der Küste Nordwestfloridas und des südlichen Alabamas von Apalachicola bis Pensacola. Diese Bestände erstrecken sich bis zu 40 Kilometer weit ins Landesinnere.[1][2]
Die Sand-Kiefer ist eine Lichtbaumart und wächst in einem Klima das durch heiße, niederschlagsreiche Sommer und milde, relativ trockene Winter gekennzeichnet ist. Die Jahresniederschläge liegen zwischen 1.350 und 1.520 mm. Im Verbreitungsgebiet von Pinus clausa var. clausa fallen von April bis Oktober durchschnittlich 50 bis 75 mm Niederschlag. Die Extremtemperaturen liegen zwischen −17 °C und +42 °C. Als Standort werden tiefgründige, gut drainierte und nährstoffarme Sande bevorzugt. Günstige Boden-pH-Werte liegen im sauren bis stark sauren Bereich. Pinus clausa var. clausa bildet aufgrund der von Waldbränden abhängenden Öffnung der Zapfen meist gleichaltrige Mischbestände mit der Virginia-Eiche (Quercus virginiana), der Myrtenblättrigen Eiche (Quercus myrtifolia), mit Quercus chapmanii, der Sägepalme (Serenoa repens) und mit Persea borbonia. Da meist eine krautige Bodenflora fehlt, bedecken Flechten der Gattung Cladonia den Waldboden. Die var. immuginata bildet ungleichaltrige und locker aufgebaute Mischbestände mit der Gabel-Eiche (Quercus laevis), Quercus incana und verschiedenen Opuntien-Arten.
Krankheiten und Schädlinge
Als wichtigster abiotischer Schadfaktor erweisen sich Waldbrände, vor allem im Frühjahr, wenn der Wassergehalt der Nadeln gering und der Harzgehalt sehr hoch ist. Der Pilz Phytophthora cinnamomi befällt die Wurzeln der Sand-Kiefer und führt bei Sämlingen zu starken Ausfällen. Der Kiefernfeuerschwamm (Phellinus pini) und Cronartium quercuum befallen diese Art, stellen allerdings keine Bedrohung dar. Die beiden Borkenkäfer-Arten Ips calligraphus und Ips grandicollis befallen vor allem durch Dürre oder mechanische Schäden geschwächte Altbäume der var. immuginata. Nadelfraß durch Buschhornblattwespen der Gattung Neodriprion tritt bei beiden Varietäten vor allem in lückigen Beständen auf. Die Zünsler-Art Dioryctria amatella verursacht Fraßschäden an Zapfen und Zweigen.
Nutzung
Das Holz der Sand-Kiefer wird hauptsächlich zur Papierherstellung verwendet. Es eignet sich aber auch gut als Brennholz. Ein Kilogramm Stammholz hat einen Heizwert von rund 19.900 kJ. Die var. immuginata wird aufgrund ihrer kurzen und dicht benadelten Zweige als Christbaum angebaut.
Systematik
Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1877 als Varietät Pinus inops var. clausa Chapm. ex Engelm. durch Alvan Wentworth Chapman in George Engelmann: Botanical Gazette, Volume 2, 10, Seite 125. Den Rang einer Art Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg. hat sie 1884 durch George Vasey in Charles Sprague Sargent: Report on the Forests of North America, Volume 9, Seite 199 erhalten.[3][1]
Die Pflanzenart Pinus clausa gehört zur Subsektion Contortae aus der Sektion Trifoliae innerhalb der Gattung Pinus. Sie ist eng mit Pinus virginiana verwandt.
Varietäten
Von Pinus clausa werden von manchen Autoren wegen der zwei geographisch getrennten Verbreitungsgebiete zwei Varietäten unterschieden:
-
Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg. var. clausa, auch Ocala-Rasse genannt, kommt in Mittel- und Ostflorida in meist gleich alten Reinbeständen vor. Altbäume tragen viele geschlossene Zapfen unterschiedlichen Alters die sich erst nach einem Waldbrand öffnen. Daher rührt auch der Artname clausa was „geschlossen“ bedeutet.
-
Pinus clausa var. immuginata D.B.Ward, auch Chocta-whatchee-Rasse genannt, kommt an der Küste Nordwestfloridas und Alabamas in meist lückigen und ungleichaltrigen Beständen vor. Die Zapfen besitzen ein normales Öffnungsverhalten.
Quellen
Literatur
- C. Frank Brockman: Trees of North America. St. Martin's Press, New York 2001, ISBN 1-58238-092-9 (englisch).
- Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 357–362.
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b Pinus clausa im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 19. April 2019.
-
↑ Pinus clausa in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2019-1. Eingestellt von: A. Farjon, 2011. Abgerufen am 19. April 2019.
-
↑ Pinus clausa bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, abgerufen am 19. April 2019
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Sand-Kiefer: Brief Summary
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Die Sand-Kiefer (Pinus clausa) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie kommt in den südlichen Vereinigten Staaten nur in Florida und einem angrenzenden Gebiet in Alabama vor.
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Pinus clausa
(
Cômi
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Луоё пужым
(
Udmurt
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Pinus clausa
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Pinus clausa is a species of pine endemic to the Southeastern United States. Its common names include sand pine, Florida spruce pine,[1] Alabama pine, and scrub pine.[2]
Distribution
The tree is found in two separate locations, one across central peninsular Florida, and the other along the western Florida panhandle coast into the Alabama coast. There is a range gap of about 200 km (120 mi) between the populations (from Apalachicola to Cedar Key).
It is largely confined to very infertile, excessively well-drained, sandy habitats where competition from larger-growing species is minimized by the harsh growing conditions of hot sun, fast-draining white sands, and frequent severe seasonal droughts. It is often the only canopy tree in the Florida scrub ecosystem.
Description
Pinus clausa is a small, often shrubby tree from 5–10 m (16–33 ft), exceptionally to 21 m (69 ft) tall.
The leaves are needle-like, in pairs, 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long, and its cones are 3–8 cm (1.2–3.1 in) long.[3]
Over much of its range, it is fire-adapted to stand-replacing wildfires, with the cones remaining closed for many years (clausa = closed), until a natural forest fire kills the mature trees and opens the cones. These then reseed the burnt ground. Some populations differ in having cones that open at maturity, with seed dispersal not relying on fires.[4]
Uses
Pinus clausa woodlands are an important part of the Florida scrub ecosystem, and provide habitat for the endangered Florida sand skink, among other species. It is one of the few canopy trees able to grow in arid, sandy, and hot locations with minimal care.
While the dense branching makes this tree unsuitable for wood production, it is often used for wood pulp.
References
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Pinus clausa: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Pinus clausa is a species of pine endemic to the Southeastern United States. Its common names include sand pine, Florida spruce pine, Alabama pine, and scrub pine.
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Sablopino
(
Esperanto
)
fornecido por wikipedia EO
La sablopino (Pinus clausa) estas malgranda arbo, ofte arbedo kiu atingas altecon de 5-10 m, escepte 21 m, trovebla en du apartaj lokoj : unu tra centra duoninsula Florido, kaj la alia en la okcidenta florida patotenilo kaj la alabama marbordo; ekzistas arealointerspaco de proksimume 200 km inter la populacioj (ekde Apalachicola ĝis Cedar Key). Tiu specio estas plejparte limigita al tre malfekundaj, tro bone drenitaj, sablaj vivejoj kie konkurado de pli altkreskantaj specioj estas minimumigita kaŭze de la severaj vivokondiĉoj, kiel en la floridaj sablopinaroj.
Priskribo
La folioj estas pinglo-similaj, en paroj, 5-10 cm longaj, kaj la strobiloj longas 4-8 cm. Tra multe de sia arealo, la sablopino estas adaptita al arbarero-anstataŭigado per arbarofajroj, kun la konusoj kiuj restas fermitaj dum multaj jaroj (clausa = fermita), ĝis naturaj incendioj mortigas la maturajn arbojn kaj malfermas la konusojn. Tiuj tiam prisemas la bruligitan grundon. Kelkaj populacioj malsamas rilate al konusoj kiuj malfermiĝas ĉe matureco, kun disvastiĝo kiu ne dependas de fajroj [1].
La sablopinaroj estas grava vivejo por la endanĝerigita Neoseps reynoldsi (skinkedoj).
Uzado
La densa disbranĉiĝo igas ke tiu arbo estas neapta por lignoproduktado, kaj se uzate entute, ĝi plejparte estas uzataj por lignopulpo. Tiu nearktisa pino ankaŭ estas foje konata kiel arbeda pino (angle : scrub pine), sed tiu nomo pli komune indikas la parencan Pinus virginiana
Referencoj
-
↑ angle Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew. (2008) National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
Vidu ankaŭ
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Sablopino: Brief Summary
(
Esperanto
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fornecido por wikipedia EO
La sablopino (Pinus clausa) estas malgranda arbo, ofte arbedo kiu atingas altecon de 5-10 m, escepte 21 m, trovebla en du apartaj lokoj : unu tra centra duoninsula Florido, kaj la alia en la okcidenta florida patotenilo kaj la alabama marbordo; ekzistas arealointerspaco de proksimume 200 km inter la populacioj (ekde Apalachicola ĝis Cedar Key). Tiu specio estas plejparte limigita al tre malfekundaj, tro bone drenitaj, sablaj vivejoj kie konkurado de pli altkreskantaj specioj estas minimumigita kaŭze de la severaj vivokondiĉoj, kiel en la floridaj sablopinaroj.
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Pinus clausa
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
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fornecido por wikipedia ES
Pinus clausa (pino de la arena) es un arbusto o pequeño árbol perteneciente a la familia Pinaceae.
Distribución y hábitat
Alcanza un tamaño de 5 a 10 m de altura, excepcionalmente hasta 21 m de altura, se encuentra en dos lugares separados, uno por todo el centro peninsular de Florida, y otro en la península de la Florida y el oeste de la costa de Alabama, hay una amplia brecha de cerca de 200 kilómetros entre las poblaciones (de Apalachicola a Cedar Key). Se limita en gran medida a lugares muy fértiles, bien drenados, y hábitats arenosos donde se minimiza la competencia de las grandes especies de por las duras condiciones de crecimiento, como es el matorral de Florida.
Descripción
Las hojas son aciculares, de dos en dos, de 5-10 cm de largo, y sus conos son de 4-8 cm de largo. En gran parte de su área de distribución, está adaptada al fuego al modo de espera para reemplazarse después de los incendios forestales, con los conos que quedan cerrados por muchos años ( clausa = cerrado), hasta que un incendio forestal natural mata a los árboles maduros y abre los conos. Estos luego replantan la tierra quemada. Algunas poblaciones difieren en que tienen conos que se abren en la madurez, con la dispersión de semillas que no depende de los incendios.[2]
Ecología
Los bosques de pino de arena son un importante hábitat para las especies en peligro como Neoseps reynoldsi.
La densa ramificación hace este árbol inadecuado para la producción de madera, y cuando se usa, principalmente se utiliza para la pulpa de madera.
Taxonomía
Pinus clausa fue descrita por (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Sarg. A.Gray y publicado en A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 273. 1848.[3]
- Etimología
Pinus: nombre genérico dado en el antiguo latín al pino.
clausa: epíteto latino que significa "cerrado".[4]
- Sinonimia
-
Pinus clausa subsp. immuginata (D.B.Ward) A.E.Murray
-
Pinus clausa var. immuginata D.B.Ward
-
Pinus inops var. clausa Chapm. ex Engelm.
-
Pinus inops subsp. clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Engelm.[5]
Referencias
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Pinus clausa: Brief Summary
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
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fornecido por wikipedia ES
Pinus clausa (pino de la arena) es un arbusto o pequeño árbol perteneciente a la familia Pinaceae.
![src=]()
Follaje y conos
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Pinus clausa
(
Francês
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fornecido por wikipedia FR
Pinus clausa une espèce de conifères de la famille des Pinaceae.
Répartition
![src=]()
Carte de répartition de
Pinus clausa.
Pinus clausa se trouve en Floride.
Liste des variétés
Selon Tropicos (8 août 2014)[1] :
- variété Pinus clausa var. immuginata D.B. Ward
Notes et références
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Pinus clausa: Brief Summary
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Francês
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Pinus clausa une espèce de conifères de la famille des Pinaceae.
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Pinus clausa
(
Islandês
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fornecido por wikipedia IS
Pinus clausa er tegund af furu einlend í suðvestur Bandaríkjunum.[1][2]
Útbreiðsla
Tegundin finnst á tvemur aðskildum svæðum, annað er þvert yfir Flórídaskaga, og hitt er í vestur Flórída að strönd Alabama. Það eru 200 km á milli svæðanna (frá Apalachicola til Cedar Key).
Hún er að mestu einangruð við ófrjóan jarðveg, verulega gegndræpum og sendnum, þar sem samkeppni frá hávaxnari tegundum takmarkast vegna erfiðra skilyrða; heit sólin, mjög þurrir hvítir sandar, og algengir árstíðabundnir þurrkar.
Lýsing
Pinus clausa er lágvaxið, oft runnkennt tré, frá 5 til 10 m hátt, einstaka sinnum að 21 m.
Barrnálarnar eru tvær saman, 5 til 10 sm langar, og könglarnir eru 3 til 8 sm langir.[3]
Yfir mestan hluta svæðis hennar, er hún aðlöguð villieldum, haldast könglarnir lokaðir í mörg ár (clausa = lokað), þangað til skógareldar drepa fullvaxin tré og opna könglana. Þeir sá þá í nýsviðinn jarðveginn. Sumir stofnar tegundarinnar opna könglana við þroska svo dreifing er ekki háð skógarbruna.[4]
Nytjar
Pinus clausa skógar eru mikilvægur hluti Flórída-runnabúsvæða. Þetta er ein af fáum tegundum skjóltrjáa sem getur vaxið í þurrum, sendnum og heitum svæðum án aðstoðar.
Þrátt fyrir að þéttar greinarnar geri tegundina óhæfa í timburframleiðslu, þá er hún oft nýtt í viðarmassa.
Tilvísanir
-
↑ 1,0 1,1 Farjon, A. 2013. Pinus clausa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. Downloaded on 02 September 2015.
-
↑ "Pinus clausa". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
-
↑ Flora of North America
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. bls. 70. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
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Pinus clausa: Brief Summary
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Pinus clausa er tegund af furu einlend í suðvestur Bandaríkjunum.
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)
fornecido por wikipedia LT
Alabaminė pušis (lot. Pinus clausa, angl. Alabama pine, vok. Sand-Kiefer) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos augalų rūšis, paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikoje, Floridos pusiasalio centrinėje dalyje ir vakarinėje Alabamos ir Floridos pakrantėje.
Alabaminės pušys užauga iki 5-10 m, kartais iki 21 m aukščio. Lapai spygliški, poromis, 5-10 cm ilgio, kankorėžis 4-8 cm ilgio.
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Spygliai
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Sėklos
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Kankorėžis
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Pinus clausa
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sargent – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodzaju sosna należącego do rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Sosna ta występuje w stanie dzikim w Ameryce Północnej na dwóch osobnych obszarach USA: jeden w centralnej Florydzie, drugi w zachodniej Florydzie i Alabamie. Populacje oddalone są od siebie o 200 km. Drzewa tego gatunku rzadko osiągają wiek 100 lat.
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Drzewo o owalnej, rozłożystej koronie. Tworzy także formy krzewiaste.
- Pień
- Przeważnie osiąga wysokość 5–10 m, wyjątkowo 21 m. Średnica pnia 45–50 cm. Kora cienka, brązowa do szarobrązowej, z wiekiem łuszczy się.
- Liście
- Igły zebrane po 2 na krótkopędach, długości 5–10 cm. Elastyczne, delikatnie skręcone, silnie zgięte łamią się.
- Szyszki
- Szyszki męskie cylindryczne, żółte, wyrastają blisko szczytu gałązki. Szyszki żeńskie początkowo żółte do fioletowych. Dojrzałe długości 4–8 cm, brązowe do szaro-brązowych, często w skupiskach. Łuski z niewielkim ostrym kolcem.
Biologia i ekologia
Drzewo jednopienne. Szyszki pozostają zamknięte przez wiele lat. Otwierają się pod wpływem wysokiej temperatury towarzyszącej pożarom lasu. Z uwolnionych nasion wyrasta nowe pokolenie drzew.
Rośnie na piaszczystym podłożu, na terenach niesprzyjających wzrostowi dużych drzew innych gatunków, dzięki czemu może z nimi z sukcesem współzawodniczyć o dostęp do światła. Preferuje miejsca nasłonecznione.
Stanowiska P. clausa pełnią istotną rolę jako siedlisko zagrożonego gatunku jaszczurki Plestiodon reynoldsi należącego do rodziny scynków.
Systematyka
Synonimy: Pinus inops Aiton var. clausa Chapman ex Engelmann, P. clausa var. immuginata D.B. Ward.
Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[2]:
Zagrożenia
Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody (IUCN) początkowo przyznała temu gatunkowi kategorię zagrożenia LR/nt (lower risk/near threatend) w skali całego świata, uznając za bliski zagrożeniu[3]. Ponieważ liczebność populacji nie wykazuje spadku i gatunek nie jest eksploatowany na dużą skalę, klasyfikacja ta została zmieniona w 2013 r. na LC (least concern)[4].
Zastosowanie
Ze względu na liczne i gęste gałęzie drewno P. clausa zazwyczaj nie nadaje się do wykorzystania. Jeżeli już jest wykorzystywane, to najczęściej stanowi źródło miazgi drzewnej.
Przypisy
Bibliografia
-
R. Kral. Pinus. „Flora of North America North of Mexico”. Vol. 2, 1993. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (red.). Oxford University Press (ang.). [dostęp 2010-02-03].
- Christopher J. Earle: Pinus clausa (ang.). W: Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2010-02-03].
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- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Pinus clausa: Brief Summary
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sargent – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodzaju sosna należącego do rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Sosna ta występuje w stanie dzikim w Ameryce Północnej na dwóch osobnych obszarach USA: jeden w centralnej Florydzie, drugi w zachodniej Florydzie i Alabamie. Populacje oddalone są od siebie o 200 km. Drzewa tego gatunku rzadko osiągają wiek 100 lat.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Pinus clausa
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
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- Autores e editores de Wikipedia
Pinus clausa: Brief Summary
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
Pinus clausa é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).
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Pinus clausa
(
Ucraniano
)
fornecido por wikipedia UK
Поширення
Поширення: США (Алабама, Флорида). Це низовинна (від 5 до 60 м над рівнем моря або до 90 м на західному узбережжі) сосна, що зростає на сильно кислих піщаних ґрунтах морського походження. Кількість опадів та безморозний період великі, причому з жовтня по квітень опадів значно менше ніж у червні, липні і серпні. Зареєстрована температура варіюється в діапазоні від -17 °C до 42°.
Опис
Щільність деревини: 0,46 гр/см3 Це невелике, часто чагарникове дерево 5-10 м, у виняткових випадках до 21 м у висоту. Діаметр на висоті грудей 51-66 сантиметрів. Стовбур може бути прямим чи вигнутим залежно від місця розташування. Гілки розташовані горизонтально або злегка у вертикальному положенні. Кора в нижній частині стовбура від сірого до сіро-коричневого кольору, у верхній частині дерева, від червонуватого до червонувато-коричневого так як і перерви між пластинами на корі. Голки зібрані парами, їх довжина 5-10 см, шишки довжиною 4-8 см. Вони залишаються від трьох до чотирьох років на дереві.
Використання
Щільне розгалуження дерева робить його непридатним для виробництва деревини, рослину в основному використовують як деревну масу.
Загрози та охорона
Серйозних загроз нема. Цей вид присутній на кількох охоронних територіях.
Посилання
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Pinus clausa
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Pinus clausa là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1884.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Pinus clausa: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Pinus clausa là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1884.
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Сосна песчаная
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Сосна песчаная
Международное научное название
Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg., 1884
Ареал на карте юго-востока США
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 183324NCBI 261911EOL 990961GRIN t:316678IPNI 262863-1TPL kew-2561996 Сосна песчаная (лат. Pinus clausa) — североамериканский вид растений рода Сосна (Pinus) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).
Ботаническое описание
Сосна песчаная — дерево до 21 м в высоту, ствол которого достигает 0,5 м в диаметре, с округлой или неправильной кроной. Кора тёмно-серая или серо-коричневая, чешуйчато-бороздчатая. Молодые ветки фиолетово-бурые или красно-коричневые, затем темнеющие до тёмно-серых.
Почки фиолетово-коричневые, цилиндрические, до 1 см.
Хвоя сохраняющаяся на протяжении 2—3 лет. Хвоинки собранные в пучки по 2, до 10 см длиной, различных оттенков тёмно-зелёного цвета; края хвоинок слабо зазубренные.
Мужские стробилы эллипсоидной формы, около 1 см длиной, жёлто-бурого цвета. Женские стробилы созревающие через два года, остающиеся на дереве ещё несколько лет, обычно симметричные, незрелые — ланцетовидные, затем раскрывающиеся и становящиеся широкояйцевидными, красно-коричневого цвета, 3—8 см длиной. Чешуйки жёсткие, с заострённой верхушкой.
Семена обратнояйцевидной формы, около 0,4 см, тёмно-коричневые, с крылом до 2 см.
Число хромосом — 2n = 24.
Ареал
Сосна песчаная произрастает на территории двух изолированных участков — одного в центральной Флориде, другого — прибрежного, на северо-западе Флориды и юго-востоке Алабамы.
Таксономия
Синонимы
-
Pinus inops subsp. clausa (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Engelm., 1880
-
Pinus inops var. clausa Chapm. ex Engelm., 1877basionym
Примечания
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Сосна песчаная: Brief Summary
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Сосна песчаная (лат. Pinus clausa) — североамериканский вид растений рода Сосна (Pinus) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).
- licença
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Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
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