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Torreya californica és una espècie de conífera endèmica de Califòrnia, es presenta a la serralada Pacific Coast Ranges i als peus de Sierra Nevada. Rep el nom de California nutmeg (nou moscada de Califòrnia)[1] malgrat no estar emparentat amb el gènere Myristica.
És un arbre de fulla persistent que fa 15–25 m d'alt. Les fulles són aciculars de 3–5 cm de llargada i 3 mm d'amplada; estan arranjades espiralment.
Els amerindis consumien les seves llavors com aliment.[2] Amb la fusta se'n feien arcs.
La fusta substitueix la més cara de Torreya nucifera japonesa.
Torreya californica és una espècie de conífera endèmica de Califòrnia, es presenta a la serralada Pacific Coast Ranges i als peus de Sierra Nevada. Rep el nom de California nutmeg (nou moscada de Califòrnia) malgrat no estar emparentat amb el gènere Myristica.
És un arbre de fulla persistent que fa 15–25 m d'alt. Les fulles són aciculars de 3–5 cm de llargada i 3 mm d'amplada; estan arranjades espiralment.
Californisk nøddetaks (Torreya californica) er et stedsegrønt, lidt buskagtigt, lille træ. Nålene er usædvanligt lange (op til 7 cm) med en lang, stikkende spids. De dufter skarpt og krydret, når de bliver knust. Frugterne er blommeagtige i form og størrelse, og de er grønne og plettet i violet, og frugtkødet er trævlet klistret og lugter af harpiks. Der ses dog kun på gamle planter i Danmark.
Planten hører hjemme i de fugtige skove på Coast Range i Californien. Det kan være vanskeligt at skaffe den de rette, fugtige og milde forhold i Danmark, men på et beskyttet og skyggefuldt sted vil den overleve og med tiden få værdi på grund af det eksotiske udseende.
Die Kalifornische Nusseibe (Torreya californica) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Nusseiben (Torreya) in der Familie der Eibengewächse (Taxaceae).[1]
Die Kalifornische Nusseibe ist ein immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 10 bis 30 Meter und einen Stammdurchmesser bis zu 1 Meter erreicht. Die Rinde ist graubraun mit feinen Rissen. Die Nadeln sind 3 bis 8 Zentimeter lang[1] und enden in einer scharfen Spitze.
Die Kalifornische Nusseibe ist zweihäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (diözisch). Der männliche Zapfen ist weißlich. Der Samenmantel (Arillus) ist pflaumenähnlich und grün mit purpurfarbenen Streifen. Der Arillus umschließt einen großen braunen Samen, beides zusammen ist 2,5 bis 3,5 Zentimeter lang.[1]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 16.[1]
Dieser seltene Endemit gedeiht an Fließgewässern im Gebirge, an geschützten Hängen, feuchten Canyons im Küstengebirge und der Sierra Nevada, in Höhenlagen von 0 bis 2000 Metern in Kalifornien.[1]
Die Erstbeschreibung von Torreya californica erfolgte 1852 durch John Torrey in der Zeitschrift New York Journal of Pharmacy, Band 3, Seite 49.[2] Synonyme für Torreya californica Torr. sind: Tumion californicum (Torr.) Greene, Torreya myristica Hook.[2] Das Artepitheton californica bezieht sich auf die Herkunft aus Kalifornien.[1]
Die Samen sind essbar wie jene der Großen Nusseibe. Auch kann ein Öl aus ihnen gewonnen werden.
Das duftende Holz kann für einige Anwendungen genutzt werden. Allerdings ist es nur wenig verfügbar.
Die Kalifornische Nusseibe (Torreya californica) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Nusseiben (Torreya) in der Familie der Eibengewächse (Taxaceae).
Torreya californica is a species of conifer endemic to California, occurring in the Pacific Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It is commonly known as California torreya or California nutmeg tree[2] (although not closely related to true nutmeg). It is one of only two species of genus Torreya that are native to North America. A slow-growing (but long-lived) subcanopy tree, it is listed as "vulnerable" in the IUCN Red List.[1]
Torreya is named for Dr. John Torrey (1796-1873), an American botanist who contributed to the Flora of North America.[3]
Californica means 'from California'.[3]
California torreya is an evergreen tree growing to 15–25 meters tall, with a trunk diameter of 0.5–1 meters (exceptionally 2 meters). A champion-scale tree, photographed in 2022 at Samuel Taylor State Park north of San Francisco, is shown in the photo above right (notice the human touching the tree). In full sun, the crown is conical in overall shape, with whorled branches. But in subcanopy shade, the tree may grow leaning and sometimes multi-stem.
The leaves are needle-like, stiff, sharp-pointed, and persist for many years. They are arranged spirally, but twisted at the base to lie flat either side of the shoots. The bark is thin, from 0.8-1.3 cm on mature trees. The species has a taproot.[4]
As with all species of genus Torreya, the male (pollen) cones are 5–7 mm long, grouped in lines along the underside of a shoot. The female (seed) cones are single or grouped two to five together near the end of a short stem and require about 18 months to mature into a drupe-like structure with the single large nut-like seed 2.5–4 cm long. The seed is surrounded by a fleshy covering that becomes dark green to purple at full maturity in late autumn.[4]
On serpentine rock, California torreya becomes a stunted tree or shrub and occurs only on north-facing slopes in coastal chaparral.[1]
It is capable of resprouting following disturbance such as fire, although regrowth is slow.[1]
Species within the Torreya genus are all adapted to establish and grow slowly as subcanopy woody plants in forest habitats of moderate to dense shade. In this way, their leaf structure and growth habit resemble species of yew, genus Taxus, which is a close relative.[5]
Torreya species are found in late seral and climax communities. Owing to their ability to resprout from the root crown after logging or mild fire, the species will experience growth opportunities in the early stages of regrowth forest habitats.[4]
When a tree-fall opens the forest canopy (or if nearby roadbuilding occurs), then upward growth will be stimulated.[6]
Stems will lean in very shady conditions, in quest of patches of sunlight. Extremely leaning stems within a shady subcanopy gather moss as they age. An old leaning stem that fails to access sunlight will perish, but not before the long-lived root crown has given rise to one or more younger stems searching for sunlight in different directions.[6]
Seed production occurs on female branches (and trees) only in the presence of direct sunlight. Because the Torreya genus has very long-lived roots, it can continue slow growth, while replenishing basal stems, for many decades without seed production becoming crucial for the persistence of a local population.[7]
The altitudinal range of Torreya californica is from near sea level (but usually above 200 meters) in the Coast Ranges to 2,500 meters in the Sierra Nevada.[1] This shade-adapted, subcanopy tree is native to mountainous habitats in either the California Coast Ranges or the west slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges in California, which are distant from the coast. In the Coast Ranges, it is distributed from southwest Trinity County south to Monterey County. In the interior mountain ranges, it is distributed from Shasta County south to Tulare County.[4]
Mountainous terrain affords this narrowly dispersed ancient conifer opportunities to track suitable microclimates by shifting altitude and local topography, along with shifts between northerly (cool) and southerly (warm) slope aspects or deep ravines and canyons, while remaining on the same mountain. Short distance adjustments are crucial for this genus, as squirrels and humans seem to be the most active agents for seed dispersal.[8]
The patchiness of its geographic range is a form of disjunct distribution. The species is considered to be rare, but wherever it is found in the wild it may be locally abundant. This pattern of distribution is suggestive of a relict taxon that has had difficulties navigating episodes of climate change in which range shifts had to occur in topographically complex landscapes. A sister species in eastern North America, Florida torreya, was reduced to only a single population owing to episodes of climate change during the Quaternary glaciation. Its status as a glacial relict was recognized in its listing as an endangered species.[9]
Range shifts would have been difficult for all species of genus Torreya. Rodents are the only abundant and dependable seed dispersers — yet they gather and cache the large seeds only short distances.[8]
Champion trees are compared by a total of three measurements: trunk circumference, height, and crown spread. Hence, when the crown seriously deteriorates, a champion can lose its status even before death.[10]
The earliest recorded "champion" torreya grew near Fort Bragg in Mendocino County. It measured 43 meters in height and 4.5 meters in diameter, but it was cut by timber thieves. Ring counts of the remnants left by the thieves yielded an age of 236 years old. However, the center was rotted out, so an estimate had to be made. The likely age (reported by Frank Callahan) was thus between 275 and 286 years.[11]
As of 2005, the champion tree was along Scott Creek north of Santa Cruz (photos at right). Lee Klinger (shown for scale in the photo) measured that tree's circumference: 6.4 meters. It was already showing signs of decline, including moss indicative of very slow growth on the multiple stems of its crown and on its trunk.[12]
In 2014 a new champion was nominated and named, still in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Its trunk circumference was only 3.4 meters, but it was healthy and had a height of 32 meters and a crown spread of 18 meters.[10]
Commercial harvesting of California nutmeg is almost nonexistent due to scant availability. It was logged on a limited basis in the past, especially where growing in association with Coast Redwood, but was never an important timber species.[4]
The fine-grained, yellow-brown wood is highly durable. It is strong and elastic, smooth in texture, polishes well, and emits a fragrance similar to that of sandalwood.[4] The wood is sometimes used in making Go game boards, as a cheaper substitute for the prized kaya (Torreya nucifera) of Japan and Southeast Asia.[13] — which was probably the ultimate market for the champion torreya stolen from a private forest near Fort Bragg, California.
The seeds were once mentioned in pharmacognostic literature under the Latin name nux moschata Californica.[14]
The seeds were reportedly a highly valued food of Indigenous peoples in California. As well, the roots were used for making baskets and the wood for making bows.[4][15]
The IUCN Red List bases its assessment of "vulnerable" in this way:
"Past logging has virtually eliminated Torreya californica from parts of its historic range and also removed most of the large trees across almost all of its range. Regrowth is reported to be very slow. On this basis a past decline of more than 50% of mature trees in the population has been inferred over the past 150 years (three generations), leading to an assessment of Vulnerable under the A1 criterion.... Logging in the late 19th and up to the mid 20th centuries virtually eliminated California Nutmeg from the Vaca Mountains of Napa and Solano counties, and considerably reduced populations in the Santa Cruz Mountains and lower Russian River area of Sonoma County (Howard 1992). Logging also eliminated many of the larger trees in the remainder of its range and resulted in a decline of mature trees in the total population, which is only now slowly being restored. As this species is dependent on forest cover, deforestation in parts of California has further contributed to a decline. On this basis it is reasonable to infer an historic decline in the number of mature trees of at least 50%. This decline has now ceased or virtually ceased."[1]
The "severe fragmentation" of the population was also listed as a risk element for the species. Wildfire, however, was not mentioned as one of the risks. Perhaps this is because the most recent IUCN assessment is listed as April 2011 — just before the extraordinary increase in the scale and intensity of California wildfires.
Torreya californica is a species of conifer endemic to California, occurring in the Pacific Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It is commonly known as California torreya or California nutmeg tree (although not closely related to true nutmeg). It is one of only two species of genus Torreya that are native to North America. A slow-growing (but long-lived) subcanopy tree, it is listed as "vulnerable" in the IUCN Red List.
Torreya californica, la torreya de California,[1] es una especie arbórea de la familia de las Cephalotaxaceae. Se trata de un endemismo propio de California, apareciendo en la Cadena costera del Pacífico y en el piedemonte de Sierra Nevada.
La torreya de California es un árbol siempreverde que crece hasta los 15-25 m de alto, con un diámetro de tronco de 0,5-1 m (excepcionalmente 2 m); la corona es cónica en la forma general, con racimos. Las hojas son aciculares, rígidas, apuntadas, 3-5 cm de largo y 3 mm de ancho; están dispuestas en espiral pero retorcidas en la base para estar luego aplanadas a ambos lados del brote.
Los estróbilos masculinos (de polen) tienen 5-7 mm de largo, agrupados en líneas a lo largo de la parte inferior de un brote. Los conos femeninos (de semillas) están solos o agrupados 2-5 juntos en un corto pedúnculo; diminutos al principio, maduran en alrededor de 18 meses en una estructura semejante a una drupa con una sola semilla tipo nuez de 2,5-4 cm de largo rodeados por una cubierta carnosa, verde oscuro a púrpura en plena madurez en el otoño.
Las semillas eran usadas por los nativos estadounidenses en el Norte de California como comida, y la madera para elaborar armas. La madera a veces se usó para hacer tableros de Go, un sustituto más barato de la apreciada madera de kaya (torreya japonesa), propia de Japón y el Sudeste de Asia.
La torreya de California se planta también como árbol ornamental en los jardines y bosquecillos en grandes plantas nativas y proyectos paisajísticos tradicionales.
Datos: Q1440975
Multimedia:
Especies: Torreya californica
Torreya californica, la torreya de California, es una especie arbórea de la familia de las Cephalotaxaceae. Se trata de un endemismo propio de California, apareciendo en la Cadena costera del Pacífico y en el piedemonte de Sierra Nevada.
La torreya de California es un árbol siempreverde que crece hasta los 15-25 m de alto, con un diámetro de tronco de 0,5-1 m (excepcionalmente 2 m); la corona es cónica en la forma general, con racimos. Las hojas son aciculares, rígidas, apuntadas, 3-5 cm de largo y 3 mm de ancho; están dispuestas en espiral pero retorcidas en la base para estar luego aplanadas a ambos lados del brote.
Los estróbilos masculinos (de polen) tienen 5-7 mm de largo, agrupados en líneas a lo largo de la parte inferior de un brote. Los conos femeninos (de semillas) están solos o agrupados 2-5 juntos en un corto pedúnculo; diminutos al principio, maduran en alrededor de 18 meses en una estructura semejante a una drupa con una sola semilla tipo nuez de 2,5-4 cm de largo rodeados por una cubierta carnosa, verde oscuro a púrpura en plena madurez en el otoño.
Torreya californica, ou Muscadier de Californie, est une espèce végétale de la famille des Taxaceae, appartenant au genre Torreya. Le nom Torreya doit son origine au botaniste américain John Torrey.
Torreya californica se trouve en Californie dont l'aire est restreinte sur les versants Ouest de la Sierra Nevada et à la région côtière centrale, jusqu'à 1.800 m d'altitude. Introduit en Europe en 1851 on le trouve dans certains jardins botaniques. Des exemplaires se trouvent dans le Jardin botanique de Metz, au parc Oberthür de Rennes et à l’arboretum de la Vallée aux loups à Châtenay-Malabry.
Cet arbre à feuillage persistant atteint plus de 20 m. L'espèce est dioïque. Les fleurs mâles, de 0,8 cm de long environ, virent au jaune et libèrent leur pollen en juin. Les fleurs femelles, sur des sujets séparés, sont minuscules et vertes à la base des nouvelles pousses. Le fruit, de 3,7 cm de long environ, est vert et luisant à rayures pourpres et contient une grosse graine brune.
Les feuilles sont vert-jaunâtre foncé dessus, à deux bandes blanchâtres dessous, se terminant par une forte épine.
Torreya californica, ou Muscadier de Californie, est une espèce végétale de la famille des Taxaceae, appartenant au genre Torreya. Le nom Torreya doit son origine au botaniste américain John Torrey.
De Californische torreya (Torreya californica) is een boom uit de knoptaxusfamilie (Cephalotaxaceae) en het geslacht Torreya. De boom werd voor het eerst gekweekt in 1851. Ze bloeien van maart tot mei en bereiken ene gemiddelde hoogte van 20 meter. Hij is algemeen verspreid in het westen van de Verenigde Staten en groeit aldaar aan oevers van rivieren en in dalen. Hij kan voorkomen tot hoogtes van 1500 meter.
De bladeren (naalden) van de Californische torreya blijven 3 à 4 jaar aan de boom en worden 20-60 mm groot. Ze groeien spiraalvormig gegroepeerd, op de zijscheuten staan ze echter in twee rechte lijnen. Ze zijn stug en puntig. Onder de bundel bevindt zich een harsbuis die een aromatische geur verspreidt wanneer je erop knijpt.
De mannelijke bloemen ontspruiten in de bladoksels, de vrouwelijke kegeltjes hebben een verschrompelde top. De zaadbessen zijn omgeven door een kapsel, dat er onder aan de vrucht één geheel mee vormt.
De eetbare vruchten hebben een laxerende en wormverdrijvende werking.
De Californische torreya (Torreya californica) is een boom uit de knoptaxusfamilie (Cephalotaxaceae) en het geslacht Torreya. De boom werd voor het eerst gekweekt in 1851. Ze bloeien van maart tot mei en bereiken ene gemiddelde hoogte van 20 meter. Hij is algemeen verspreid in het westen van de Verenigde Staten en groeit aldaar aan oevers van rivieren en in dalen. Hij kan voorkomen tot hoogtes van 1500 meter.
De bladeren (naalden) van de Californische torreya blijven 3 à 4 jaar aan de boom en worden 20-60 mm groot. Ze groeien spiraalvormig gegroepeerd, op de zijscheuten staan ze echter in twee rechte lijnen. Ze zijn stug en puntig. Onder de bundel bevindt zich een harsbuis die een aromatische geur verspreidt wanneer je erop knijpt.
De mannelijke bloemen ontspruiten in de bladoksels, de vrouwelijke kegeltjes hebben een verschrompelde top. De zaadbessen zijn omgeven door een kapsel, dat er onder aan de vrucht één geheel mee vormt.
Torreya californica eller «California Torreya», «California Nutmeg», er en art av nøttebarlindslekten som vokser i Sierra Nevada og kystfjellene i California.
Treet blir 15-25 meter høyt, og likner i mangt på barlind. Kronen er konisk. Bladene blir inntil 5 cm lange.
Slekten grupperes i druetaksfamilien (Pseudotaxaceae), men som i daglig bruk like godt kan henføres til barlindfamilien (Taxaceae) i bred forstand.
Torreya californica eller «California Torreya», «California Nutmeg», er en art av nøttebarlindslekten som vokser i Sierra Nevada og kystfjellene i California.
Treet blir 15-25 meter høyt, og likner i mangt på barlind. Kronen er konisk. Bladene blir inntil 5 cm lange.
Slekten grupperes i druetaksfamilien (Pseudotaxaceae), men som i daglig bruk like godt kan henføres til barlindfamilien (Taxaceae) i bred forstand.
Torreja kalifornijska (Torreya californica Torr.) – gatunek drzew z rodziny cisowatych pochodzący z zachodniego wybrzeża Stanów Zjednoczonych, głównie stanu Kalifornia[1].
Torreja kalifornijska bywa nieco częściej sadzona w parkach i ogrodach niż jej wschodnioazjatycka krewniaczka torreja orzechowa[5].
Torreja kalifornijska (Torreya californica Torr.) – gatunek drzew z rodziny cisowatych pochodzący z zachodniego wybrzeża Stanów Zjednoczonych, głównie stanu Kalifornia.
Kalifornijska toreja (znanstveno ime Torreya californica) je veliko vednozeleno drevo, ki je domorodno v Kaliforniji in ne prenese hladnejšega podnebja.
Ime je drevo dobilo po ameriškem botaniku Johnu Torreyu, zraste pa več kot 20 metrov visoko in ima sivo rjavo lubje. Ravne, do 8 cm dolge iglice so po visečih vejicah razporejene spiralno. Temno zelene iglice so po zgornji strani svetleče, po spodnji pa svetlejše z dvema rumenima črtama. Njihov vonj ni prijeten.
Cvetovi so enospolni, moški združeni v majhne storže, ženski pa so iz ene same semenske zasnove z luskasto bazo. Sadeži drevesa so sestavljeni iz semena s trdo lupino, ki ga obdaja mesnata ovojnica živo zelene barve z rdeče vijoličnimi progami.
Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: Kalifornijska toreja Wikivrste vsebujejo še več podatkov o temi: Kalifornijska torejaКраїни проживання: США (Каліфорнія). Росте в сирих і тінистих місцях в горбистій гірській місцевості, де панують високі хвойні, особливо Sequoia sempervirens, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii. У західних долинах Сьєрра-Невада вид пов'язаний з покритонасінними, в основному Acer, Cornus nuttallii, Platanus occidentalis, Alnus rubra. Діапазон висот від близько рівня моря (але, як правило, вище 200 м) на берегових хребтах до 2500 м над рівнем моря в Сьєрра-Неваді.
Дерева до 20 (25) м; Стовбур 90 (120) см діаметром; крона конічна або, у віці, з круглим верхом. Гілки розлогі злегка опущені; 2-річний гілки червонувато-коричневі. Листки 3-8 см, виділяючи їдкий запах при розтиранні. Пилкові шишки білуваті. Насіння (включаючи шкірки) 2,5-3,5 см; аріли світло-зелені з фіолетовими прожилками. 2n = 16.
З причини рідкості більше не використовується. Каліфорнійські індіанці використовували цей тис для виготовлення луків, насіння смажили для їжі і деякі племені (наприклад, допо) використовується коріння для плетіння кошиків. T. californica є найбільш широко культивований вид роду і може рости у вигляді величезного, з широкою кроною дерева з вражаючим листям і великих, підвісними, сливоподібними зеленим або сірувато-зеленим насінням. Використовується майже виключно як декоративна рослина у великих садах або дендраріях.
Вирубка в кінці 19 і до середини 20-го століть помітно зменшили площі рослини. Є підстави вважати, що історичне зниження числа зрілих дерев становить не менше 50%. Цей спад зараз зупинився або майже зупинився. Цей вид відомий з кількох охоронюваних територій в межах свого ареалу.
Torreya californica là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Taxaceae. Loài này được Torr. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1852.[1]
Torreya californica là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Taxaceae. Loài này được Torr. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1852.
