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Coccus viridis (Green 1889)

Coccus viridis ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Coccus viridis és una espècie d'insecte hemípter de la família Coccidae. És una plaga que afecta a les fulles, fruits o brots d'espècies d'interès comercial en les fases de creixement, floració, producció de fruits o post-collita. Viuen en països tropicals i sub-tropicals.

Hostes primaris

Coccus viridis ataca Citrus, Artocarpus, Camellia sinensis, Coffea, Coffea arabica, Manihot esculenta, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Theobroma cacao.

Les fulles es tornen pringoses o com carbonitzades, atreuen formigues. La nimfa és oval i groga i només es coneixen femelles que se situen en la nervació central del revés i són verds amb taques negres.

Dipositen més de 500 ous que es desclouen en hores, les larves es queden sota la mare i després d'uns dies van al revés foliar, a brots o fruits. Tenen tres estats nimfals i el temps de generació depèn del mitjà. Les formigues que visiten la planta poden protegir-les de depredadors.

Control

Es pot recórrer al control químic, però és millor l'ús de depredadors o de vegades del fong Cephalosporium lecanii en l'estació humida.

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Coccus viridis: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Coccus viridis és una espècie d'insecte hemípter de la família Coccidae. És una plaga que afecta a les fulles, fruits o brots d'espècies d'interès comercial en les fases de creixement, floració, producció de fruits o post-collita. Viuen en països tropicals i sub-tropicals.

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original
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wikipedia CA

Coccus viridis ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Coccus viridis is a soft scale insect in the family Coccidae with a wide host range. It is commonly known as green scale or sometimes coffee green scale because it is a major pest of coffee crops throughout the world.

Description

The adult scale insect is a glossy pale green colour with black internal markings that are visible through the chitinous body wall. It has a flattish elongated oval dome shape and is about three millimetres in width. The front end is rounded while the rear end has a distinctive groove. Adults retain their legs and antennae but mostly remain sedentary. The nymphs are a flattish oval shape, yellowish green, with six short legs. The nymphs shed their skin three times and each instar is larger and more convex than the previous one.[2]

Biology

Males have not been recorded for this species so the populations are composed entirely of females. A mature female lays whitish oval eggs and keeps them underneath her body to protect them. She usually chooses the underside of a leaf and adult scales may often be seen in a line on both sides of the midrib and beside the lateral veins. Eggs hatch in anything between a few minutes and a few hours. The newly hatched crawlers wander off to find somewhere suitable to settle on a leaf or near the tip of a green shoot. Both nymphs and adults suck sap from the phloem of the host plant. When a large number of scale insects are present, their collective feeding causes a yellowing of the leaves which may later fall, a loss of plant vigour and a reduction in crop yield.[2] The scale insects excrete honeydew on which bees, wasps, ants and other insects feed. Sooty mould fungus often grows on the honeydew and this decreases the area of leaf available for photosynthesis, spoils the appearance of the plant and reduces the marketability of fruit.[3] It is especially damaging to young trees after transplanting.[4]

Hosts

This scale is believed to be of Brazilian[5] or African origin[6] but is now widely distributed throughout the tropics.[7] The host range includes vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops as well as many native plants.[7] Economically important crops include Anthurium, atemoya, avocado, cacao, celery, cherimoya, coffee, custard apple, flowering ginger, guava, lime, Macadamia, orange, orchid, Plumeria and sugar apple.[8] It is a serious pest of coffee in many countries causing so much damage that in some areas, coffee production ceased.[4]

Management

Green scale is transported to new areas on infected plants. There should be a thorough inspection of planting material for scale and other insects before it is introduced into a greenhouse.[9] Certain entomopathogenic fungi have been shown to affect green scale but attempts to infect healthy insects with these fungi have been unsuccessful.[2] Controlling ant colonies will assist in reducing levels of attack by green scale (see below).

This scale is susceptible to a number of pesticides including carbaryl, malathion, methomyl and volck oil. Consideration should be given to the harmful effects of these chemicals on beneficial insects.[8]

Research

This scale is often associated with ants which feed on the honeydew excreted and defend the insects from attack by predators such as lady beetles. The relationship between Pheidole ants and Coccus viridis in Hawaii is mutualistic.[10] In trials involving adding lady beetle larvae and carnivorous lepidopteran larvae to plants infested with green scale with or without ants being present, it was found that the ants actively removed both kinds of larvae, usually within an hour of introduction. The direct effect of this was an increase in scale reproductive success and the indirect effect was a decrease in scale mortality resulting from the removal of predators and a decrease in parasitism rates.

Another research study conducted in the field found a positive correlation between the presence of ants on host plants and the success of green scale insects. On coffee trees from which ants had been excluded the number of scale insects had declined after fifty days and after seventy days, none remained, whereas scales had thrived on ant-infested trees.[11]

A study found that the entomopathogenic fungus, Cephalosporium lecanii, was highly effective in controlling coffee green scale.[12] A study examined the effect of the fungus on coffee green scale in combination with lower than normal applications of either of two insecticides, fenthion and phosphamidon. The use of fenthion resulted in the highest percentage mortality of the scales at the lowest dosages of insecticide. The results from the use of phosamidon were inconclusive, with the results differing in the laboratory and the field.[13]

References

  1. ^ Discover Life
  2. ^ a b c Fredrick, J. M. 1943. Some Preliminary Investigations of the Green Scale, Coccus viridis (Green), in South Florida. Florida Ent. 26(1): 12-15; 26(2): 25-29.
  3. ^ Elmer, H. S. and O. L. Brawner. 1975. Control of Brown Soft Scale in Central Valley. Citrograph. 60(11): 402-403.
  4. ^ a b LePelley, R. H. 1968. Coccus viridis (Green) - The Green Scale. pp. 353-355. In Pests of Coffee. Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd., London and Harlow. 590 pages.
  5. ^ Zimmerman EC (1948) Insects of Hawaii, Vol 5, H omoptera: Ster- norhyncha. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
  6. ^ Gill RJ, Nakahara S, Williams ML (1977) A review of the genus Coccus Linnaeus in America north of Panama (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Occas Pap Entomol 24:1-44
  7. ^ a b http://scalenet.info
  8. ^ a b "Coccus viridis". www.extento.hawaii.edu.
  9. ^ Copland, M. J. W. and A. G. Ibrahim. 1985. Chapter 2.10 Biology of Glasshouse Scale Insects and Their Parasitoids. pp. 87-90. In: Biological Pest Control The Glasshouse Experience. Eds. Hussey, N. W. and N. Scopes. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, New York.
  10. ^ Bach, Catherine E. (July 1, 1991). "Direct and indirect interactions between ants (Pheidole megacephala), scales (Coccus viridis) and plants (Pluchea indica)". Oecologia. 87 (2): 233–239. doi:10.1007/BF00325261. hdl:2027.42/47790. PMID 28313840. S2CID 31655686 – via Springer Link.
  11. ^ "Interference of Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Biological Control of Coccus viridis (Homoptera: Coccidae) in Coffee".
  12. ^ "Effectiveness of the white halo fungus, Cephalosporium lecanii, against field populations of coffee green bug, Coccus viridis".
  13. ^ "The effect of subnormal concentrations of insecticides in combination with the fungal pathogen, Cephalosporium lecanii in the control of coffee green scale, Coccus viridis". doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1978.tb01923.x. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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Coccus viridis: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Coccus viridis is a soft scale insect in the family Coccidae with a wide host range. It is commonly known as green scale or sometimes coffee green scale because it is a major pest of coffee crops throughout the world.

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direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia EN

Coccus viridis ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Coccus viridis es un insecto hemíptero de la familia Coccidae. Es una plaga que afecta a las hojas, frutos o brotes de especies de interés comercial en las fases de crecimiento, floración, producción de frutos o post-cosecha. Viven en países tropicales y subtropicales.[1]

Hospedadores primarios

Coccus viridis ataca Citrus, Artocarpus, Camellia sinensis, Coffea, Coffea arabica, Manihot esculenta, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Theobroma cacao.[2][3]

Las hojas se vuelven pringosas o como carbonizadas, atraen hormigas. La ninfa es oval y amarilla y sólo se conocen hembras que se sitúan en la nerviación central del envés y son verdes con manchas negras.

Depositan más de 500 huevos que eclosionan en horas, las larvas se quedan bajo la madre y tras unos días van al envés foliar, a brotes o frutos. Tienen tres estados ninfales y el tiempo de generación depende del medio. Las hormigas que visitan la planta pueden protegerlas de depredadores.

Control

Se puede recurrir al control químico, pero es mejor el uso de depredadores o a veces del hongo Cephalosporium lecanii en la estación húmeda.[4]

Enemigos naturales

Parasitoides:

Depredadores: atacan ninfas y adultos

Patógenos

Referencias

  1. Fredrick, J. M. 1943. Some Preliminary Investigations of the Green Scale, Coccus viridis (Green), in South Florida. Florida Ent. 26(1): 12-15; 26(2): 25-29.
  2. Zimmerman EC (1948) Insects of Hawaii, Vol 5, H omoptera: Ster- norhyncha. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
  3. Kessing and Mau, 2007
  4. Copland, M. J. W. and A. G. Ibrahim. 1985. Chapter 2.10 Biology of Glasshouse Scale Insects and Their Parasitoids. pp. 87-90. In: Biological Pest Control The Glasshouse Experience. Eds. Hussey, N. W. and N. Scopes. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, New York.
  5. Effectiveness of the white halo fungus, Cephalosporium lecanii, against field populations of coffee green bug, Coccus viridis
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Coccus viridis: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Coccus viridis es un insecto hemíptero de la familia Coccidae. Es una plaga que afecta a las hojas, frutos o brotes de especies de interés comercial en las fases de crecimiento, floración, producción de frutos o post-cosecha. Viven en países tropicales y subtropicales.​

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cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Coccus viridis ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Coccus viridis (la cochenille verte ou cochenille verte du caféier) est une espèce d'insectes hémiptères de la famille des Coccidae, à répartition pantropicale.

La cochenille verte est un insecte piqueur suceur qui se nourrit de la sève des feuilles. Elle admet une gamme de plantes hôtes très diversifiée. Attaquant entre autres les cultures de caféier, d'agrumes et de cacaoyer, c'est un insecte ravageur de grande importance économique dans les vergers tropicaux. Ses dégâts directs sont aggravés par l'excrétion abondante de miellat qui entraîne la formation de fumagine.

Description

Les femelles adultes, de forme ovale à ovale allongé, aplatie ou légèrement convexe, sont de couleur vert pâle, légèrement transparente, laissant apparaître des marques noires internes formant un motif en forme de U. Les adultes mesurent de 2,5 à 3,25 mm de long.

Les nymphes sont ovales, aplaties, de couleur vert blanchâtre. Elles ont six pattes courtes. Le développement nymphal compte trois stades, la nymphe devenant à chaque stade un plus grande et un peu plus convexe.

Les œufs de forme ovale allongée, sont vert blanchâtre. Ils sont pondus individuellement et éclosent sous la femelle qui les protège. L'éclosion se produit quelques minutes à plusieurs heures après la ponte[1].

Biologie

Les populations de cochenilles vertes ne comprennent que des femelles qui se reproduisent parthogénétiquement.

Les adultes, comme les nymphes, se nourrissent de la sève qu'elles sucent dans le phloème des plantes hôtes. Quand la population de cochenilles atteint une densité importante, cela entraîne le jaunissement des feuilles, qui peuvent même tomber par la suite, une perte de vigueur de la plante et une diminution du rendement[2]. En outre les cochenilles excrètent du miellat dont se nourrissent des abeilles, des guêpes, des fourmis et d'autres insectes. Le miellat favorise aussi la croissance de champignons formant une fumagine noire qui occulte la lumière sur les feuilles, réduisant la photosynthèse, et qui dégrade l'aspect des plantes et leur valeur commerciale, qu'il s'agisse de plantes ornementales ou de fruits[3]. Cette cochenille est particulièrement dommageable pour les jeunes arbres qui viennent d'être transplantés[4].

Synonymes

Selon Catalogue of Life (6 octobre 2013)[5] :

  • Coccus viridis bisexualis Köhler, 1978
  • Coccus viridis viridis Köhler, 1978
  • Lecanium hesperidum africanum Newstead, 1906
  • Lecanium viride Green, 1889

Distribution

Coccus viridis est une espèce probablement d'origine brésilienne[6], mais son aire de répartition s'étend désormais à toutes les régions tropicales du monde. On rencontre cette cochenille notamment

Notes et références

  1. (en) Raymond J. Gill, Sueo Nakahara & Michael L. Williams, « A review of the genus Coccus Linnaeus in America north of Panama (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Coccidae) », California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1977 (consulté le 6 octobre 2013).
  2. (en) Fredrick, J. M. 1943. Some Preliminary Investigations of the Green Scale, Coccus viridis (Green), in South Florida. Florida Ent. 26(1): 12-15; 26(2): 25-29.
  3. (en) Elmer, H. S. and O. L. Brawner. 1975. Control of Brown Soft Scale in Central Valley. Citrograph. 60(11): 402-403.
  4. (en) R. H LePelley, « Coccus viridis (Green) - The Green Scale », dans Pests of Coffee, Londres, Longmans, Green & Co., 1968, 590 p., p. 353-355.
  5. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 6 octobre 2013
  6. (en) « Coccus viridis (Green) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae) », Featured Creatures (université de Floride) (consulté le 6 octobre 2013).
  7. (en) « Coccus viridis [Distribution map] », CAB International (consulté le 6 octobre 2013).

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Coccus viridis: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Coccus viridis (la cochenille verte ou cochenille verte du caféier) est une espèce d'insectes hémiptères de la famille des Coccidae, à répartition pantropicale.

La cochenille verte est un insecte piqueur suceur qui se nourrit de la sève des feuilles. Elle admet une gamme de plantes hôtes très diversifiée. Attaquant entre autres les cultures de caféier, d'agrumes et de cacaoyer, c'est un insecte ravageur de grande importance économique dans les vergers tropicaux. Ses dégâts directs sont aggravés par l'excrétion abondante de miellat qui entraîne la formation de fumagine.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR