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There is some confusion over the classification of painted terrapins. They are often classified as both Callagur borneoensis and Batagur borneoensis. Some argue that, because painted terrapins live naturally in Asia, they should be classified under the family Geoemydidae. This family is composed of a sister group of land tortoises that are found in Asia, North Africa, and Europe. It has also been suggested that, based on DNA sequencing, Callagur borneoensis should be reclassified under a new clade also containing species in the genera Batagur and Kachuga. These species would constitute one entire new genus. Under this new classification, painted terrapins would be called Batagur borneoensis and would therefore also reside in the family Geoemydidae.
Painted terrapins cannot reside in excess of 50% sea water for an extended period of time due to its seeming lack of salt-excreting gland. Because painted terrapins can not excrete salt out of their system, remaining in high percentages of salt water can cause a net loss of water from their body and blood. When experimentally placed in 100% sea water, members of this species also lost 1% of their body weight per day. Because they cannot properly osmoregulate the fluids in their body while in sea water, it is likely that high exposure to salt water for an extended period of time can cause problems in system functioning.
Hatchlings can survive for at least two weeks in 100% sea water directly after birth. This adaptation allows hatchlings to migrate away from the nesting site as they follow the declining salinity gradient to fresh water streams. Although at this time hatchlings have sufficient tolerances to salt water, they must eventually settle in water that is comprised of at least 50% fresh water in order to survive.
Natural predators of painted terrapins are unknown. However, they are hunted by humans for their meat and eggs.
Aquatic turtles generally avoid predators by swimming under logs or vegetation or beneath the bank to stay hidden. A turtle's shell also provides protection from predators. Their brown, green, and black coloration outside of the mating season may help them blend into the environment. The silt-filled rivers of Southeast Asia may also help these turtles stay hidden.
Known Predators:
Painted terrapins are medium- to large-sized chelonians (superorder Chelonia). Females may reach lengths of over 60 cm, whereas males are much smaller, reaching only 30 to 40 cm. The carapace is usually under 60 cm in length, though they may measure as long as 76 cm.
As painted terrapins are part of the sub-order Cryptodira, they exhibit many characteristics unique to this grouping. They do not contain free nasal bones, and the descending process of the prefrontals are also connected with the vomer. The stapes is found in an open groove and is entirely covered by the quadrate behind. The pterygoid processes do not contain wing-like lateral expansions and the dentary bones are also united. The sacral ribs are well developed, and the pelvis is also free from both the carapace and plastron.
The plastron is well developed but smaller than the shell opening, and it contains a slight anal notch. The bridges are wide and thick with the plastron well sutured to the carapace. The color of the plastron is a uniform light yellow or cream/grey. On the bridge, the inguinal scutes are larger than the axillary scutes, and the anterior/posterior lobes are shorter than the bridges. There is no plastral hinge present, but the plastral buttresses are quite large and extend almost to the neurals. The head is small to moderate in size with a pointed snout containing prominent, round nostrils at the tip. They also lack a salt excreting gland. The edges of the jaw are finely serrated, and there is a shallow medial notch on the upper jaw. The back of the head is covered in small scales but the limbs have large scales present on their anterior side. Each forelimb contains five claws, and all toes are webbed. In both sexes, the limbs are usually olive or grey in color.
The shell is oval, relatively flattened and very smooth in adults. Vertebrals 1, 2, 3 and 5 are wider than they are long. The 4th vertebral is as wide as it is long and is smaller than the 3rd vertebral. A projection that stems from the 4th vertebral's anterior border fits into the concave portion on the posterior side of the 3rd. Vertebral shapes vary among species of turtle, and the projection on the 4th vertebral is unique to this species.
Painted terrapins are colorful turtles that exhibit both sexual and seasonal dichromatism. Shell color varies with sex and season. In males, the shell is either green or brown/grey. Three bold, black longitudinal stripes run down the shell along the vertebrals and costal areas. These stripes may be continuous or broken up slightly. Males also have black markings on the marginals of the shell. The head of male painted terrapins is black or grey with a broad, mid-saggital dull orange stripe running between the eyes to the snout. Males also have longer, thicker tails than the females. In females, the shell is typically a drab brown color, and is slightly more domed than the shells of males. Females also have black longitudinal stripes on their shells, which may become obscured with age. The head of the female is brown and becomes more grey in color on the neck and limbs. Females are very similar in color to females of the species Batagur baska. However, the species are easily distinguished, as, unlike Batagur baska, Callagur borneoensis has five claws on their forefoot.
During the mating season, both sexes exhibit a change in color. The head of females changes to a reddish color. In males, the change in coloration is more drastic. The shell of males changes to a light gray or a creamy white color. Their black stripes are thus much more visible during the mating season. The head of males turns stark white, and the stripe on their head becomes bright red, edged in black. The coloration of males give them a "painted" appearance, giving the species its common name.
Range mass: 25 (high) kg.
Range length: 76 (high) cm.
Average length: 50 to 60 cm cm.
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
The lifespan of painted terrapins is currently unknown. The estimated lifespan for turtles in general ranges from 40 to 80 years.
One zoo obtained a number of painted terrapins in 1985. At this time, the turtles were approximately 2 to 4 years of age. However, it is not known if these specimens are still living today.
Painted terrapins inhabit estuaries and the tidal portions of medium to large rivers as well as mangrove swamps and creeks. They may also inhabit other areas that are influenced by tides. Painted terrapins migrate during the mating season. Females nest on sea beaches similar to those used by sea turtles.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water
Wetlands: swamp
Other Habitat Features: riparian ; estuarine ; intertidal or littoral
Painted terrapins, Callagur borneoensis, are found in Southeast Asia on the Sundaland Archipelago. Their range extends from southern Thailand, through Malaysia and Borneo, and also includes the island of Sumatra of Indonesia. Painted terrapins migrate up to 3 km. Due to live trade, painted terrapins may now be found globally.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced ); palearctic (Introduced ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Introduced ); neotropical (Introduced ); australian (Introduced )
Painted terrapins are primarily herbivorous and feed mainly on mangrove fruits, fallen vegetation, shoots and greenery from riverside plants. River grass is a major food source on the Duncan River. They also occasionally feed on village refuse, especially fruit scraps, when discarded into the water. Certain mollusks and shellfish are also consumed, although the consumption of sea creatures may be accidental.
In captivity, painted terrapins feed on kale, spinach, bok choy, dandelion, romaine, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Additionally, they may feed on Mazuri Turtle Diet, mangoes, bananas, cantaloupe, Purina turtle chow, earthworms, and warm water stunned fish. They also eat many leaves that fall into the water. They do not, however, show interest in strawberries or apples, which most herbivorous turtles and tortoises seem to prefer.
Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; terrestrial worms; aquatic crustaceans
Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; fruit; flowers
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore )
The role of painted terrapins in their ecosystem is greatly unknown. Non-marine turtles on the island of Borneo collectively play an important role in the dynamics of freshwater ecosystems, though they are not specifically described. Painted terrapins eat a variety of plant materials in their habitat.
The painted terrapin is hunted for its eggs and meat, which are both widely consumed. The eggs are highly prized, as they are worth over five times as much as chicken eggs and can be sold for human consumption in many parts of Asia. The physical beauty of this turtle also makes it extremely appealing to hobbyists, and they are prized among the international live animal trade as a pet. They are also bred in captivity and raised in zoos.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food
There are no known adverse effects of painted terrapins on humans.
Little is known regarding the communication and perception of painted terrapins. It is presumed that they can feel vibrations in the water, which can be associated with the arrival of food in captivity or objects falling into the water in the wild. Vision is also presumed to be a key factor to the survival of painted terrapins. The bright read streak located on the head of males may make it easier for a female to recognize her mate in the shade of the mangrove zone.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile
Perception Channels: visual ; vibrations
The embryological development of turtles, including painted terrapins, occurs within the egg where embryos receive nutrients from the yolk. Embryos develop in the oviduct and enter diapause until after oviposition. This period between ovulation and oviposition typically lasts about 14 days for freshwater turtles. While embryos develop during this period, albumininization and shell production also occur in order to produce the final egg. The head, somites, pharyngeal clefts, eye-spots and limb buds soon form. As development continues, species-specific formation occurs, such as the type of foot, the scale pattern, coloration, etc. Embryos hatch after a few months. As a turtle struggles to emerge from its shell, circulation in the extra-embryonic membranes shut down.
It is unknown what factors contribute to sex determination in this species. One possibility is temperature sex determination (TSD), which may have been exhibited in a zoo in the United States that obtained various juveniles from Malaysia, 90% of which were male. The eggs from which these turtles hatched were incubated in captivity, and it has been speculated low incubation temperatures led to a strongly unequal male-to-female hatching ratio. This suggests more males are produced at cooler temperatures. Other environmental factors can influence TSD. Because nests of Callagur borneoensis are made upon sea beaches, exposure to different degrees of sunlight, and differing nest depth could affect sex determination. Position of eggs in a nest could also contribute to this phenomenon; eggs laid at the bottom of the nest experience cooler temperatures than those laid at the top, which could affect sex ratio of hatchlings. however, no direct studies have confirmed or refuted the presence of TSD in this species.
In juvenile painted terrapins, the carapace is almost circular with a light grey, brown, or grey-brown coloration and is marked with dark spots on the costals. The head is brown to yellow-brown on the dorsal part and becomes grayish on the neck and limbs. Females retain this juvenile coloration throughout their life, whereas males develop an adult coloration. Juveniles also have a well-developed continuous median keel and an interrupted lateral keep on the pleural scutes on either side. A light line runs along this keel and along serrations on the posterior marginals. These keels become lower and eventually disappear with growth.
Turtles grow very slowly, especially relative to mammals and birds. As with most vertebrates, juveniles grow rapidly, and growth rates decrease considerably as they reach maturity. Although it is unknown if painted terrapins experience indeterminate growth, some other species of turtles do. Painted terrapins may display this trait under certain environmental conditions.
Development - Life Cycle: neotenic/paedomorphic; temperature sex determination
Painted terrapins are considered critically endangered by the IUCN and are listed under Appendix II by CITIES. Because of their rapid disappearance throughout their entire range, there has been some push to move this species to Appendix I. They are now rare throughout much of their former range, with one or two rivers housing more than 100 nesting females. They are almost extinct in Thailand, and painted terrapins are one of the most seriously threatened river turtles in Southeast Asia.
Hunting for eggs and meat has stressed populations of this species. Painted terrapin eggs are worth five times as much as chicken eggs, making this species vulnerable to over-exploitation. The predictable feeding and nesting patterns of painted terrapins allows hunters to collect nearly all of a female's eggs at one time. Low egg productivity also puts this species at risk. Populations are also threatened by hobbyists wishing to collect individuals. Members of this species however, do not survive well in captivity and are difficult to raise.
Habitat destruction has also contributed to reduced numbers of painted terrapins. Their mangrove habitat is heavily impacted by the creation of shrimp ponds. Pollution and the creation of channels also can negatively effect the rivers in which they live. Sand mining, beach protection, and beachfront development can disrupt the breeding habits of painted terrapins. The construction of dams, sea walls and jetties as well as the removal of sand and vegetation also threaten the survival of the species. This can prevent replacement sand from entering nesting beaches, limiting nesting sites. On occasion, painted terrapins are accidently caught in fish nets and drown.
International trade of painted terrapins has been banned by its listing in CITES as well as protective legislation put into place by most of Peninsular Malaysia. Export quotas were limited for this species in 2002 to prevent excess loss of individuals. Egg harvesting can only be carried out by licensed collectors, who must sell 70% of their collection to the Malaysian Fisheries Department to be incubated. However, these prices are not comparable to those on the black market. Only a very small percentage of eggs sold on the black market can be recovered.
In 2006, a hatchery opened in Kedah, Malaysia with the objective to help conserve this species. Painted terrapins are also listed as endangered by the Turtle Conservation Fund. Additionally, a Wildlife Protection Ordinance in the state of Sarawak on northern Borneo lists this species as "Totally Protected."
CITES: appendix ii
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered
Painted terrapins are polygynangrous with both males and females having multiple mates during the mating season. Males compete for the opportunity to reproduce with a female. This results in combative interactions. Male-female courtship is similar to these male-male interactions, though males do not attempt to drive off the female.
Although it is assumed that all species of turtles have a ritualized courtship process, this behavior has been observed in very few species in the wild. In captivity, some courtship processes have been recorded for painted terrapins such as head swaying and throat pumping. In Emydids, courtship behavior includes the male titillating the female cheeks with his front claws. Copulation by most turtles occurs when the tail mounts the carapace of the female. He curls his tail under hers until both cloacas are touching then inserts his penis. In Emydids, the male also clasps onto the female carapace with two of his feet.
It is not known whether painted terrapins copulate on land or in water. Among some species of turtles which mate in water, males have longer tails than females. This characteristic occasionally apparent in painted terrapins.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
The breeding season of painted terrapins is seasonal and is thought to be associated with the wet and dry seasons. Reproduction occurs from June to August on the East coast of the Malay Peninsula and from October to January/February on the west coast. Painted terrapins express breeding colors during this time.
Females migrate as much as 3 km from the mouth of their home river in order to lay their eggs. In extreme southwest Thailand, females migrate up rivers to exposed sand bars to nest. This also occurs in mangrove swaps where no beaches are present. In peninsular Malaysia, nesting occurs on sea beaches that are shared with sea turtles such as Dermochelys coriacea and Chelonia mydas.
Females nest up to 2 or 3 times per season and produce 10 to 25 large eggs at a time. Average clutch size is usually between 10 and 12 eggs. These eggs have pliable shells and are ellipsoidal in shape, measuring 68 to 76 mm by 36 to 44 mm in size. Nesting occurs at night at low tide. Females emerge from the sea, select a location and dig a 30 cm deep hole in the sand. She then lays her eggs, covers them, and returns to the sea.
Incubation generally lasts 70 to 90 days. The process of hatching is similar in all chelonians (superorder Chelonia). Once embryos receive an unknown stimulus to hatch, they struggle to crack open their shell by using a caruncle found on their snout. They also use their legs, which creates other cracks in the egg. Once free of the egg, a newly hatched turtle proceeds to dig itself out of the nest chamber by struggling against the upper surface. This causes sand to trickle down from the top of the nest and settle at the bottom. Once free of the nest, hatchlings proceed to migrate from their beach nest to the mouth of the parent river containing fresh water.This journey may be as much as 3 km for the newborns, the same distance migrated by the mother.
In captivity, painted terrapins reach sexual maturity around 6 to 8 years of age.
Breeding interval: Painted terrapins breed once or twice yearly.
Breeding season: Painted terrapins breed seasonally from June to August and from October to January/February.
Range number of offspring: 10 to 25.
Average number of offspring: 12.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 to 8 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6 to 8 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; oviparous ; sperm-storing
Female turtles, including painted terrapins, store large quantities of fat before ovulation so embryos will have sufficient nutrients inside the egg. These stored energy reserves help to provision and protect offspring for several weeks or months. Females also build a nest, which partially protects eggs from predators and environmental conditions. Like all turtles, painted terrapins do not care for their young throughout the incubation period.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
The painted terrapin, painted batagur, or saw-jawed turtle (Batagur borneoensis) is a species of turtles in the family Geoemydidae. It was formerly in its own genus, Callagur, but has been reclassified to the genus, Batagur.[3]
It is distributed in the rainforest of Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra and Kalimantan), Malaysia, and Thailand.
The painted terrapin is critically endangered species according to IUCN, listed in The World's Most 25 Endangered Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises 2011.[5] It is listed in Appendix II, with a zero quota for commercial trade of wild-captured specimens according to the CITES meeting in Thailand, March 2013.
Batagur borneoensis is a priority species to be conserved in Indonesia according to Minister of Forestry Decree No. 57 Year 2008 about Strategic Direction of National Species Conservation 2008–18. In Malaysia, this species is protected by the World Wide Fund for Nature.
Harvesting by fishermen to eat, poaching to meet pet and food demand, habitat loss due to land conversion to palm oil, and fish and shrimp farming are major threats.
Conservation efforts in Sumatra, Indonesia, are ongoing to increase wild populations by carrying out nesting patrols to secure and hatch the eggs, for later release into original habitats.[6]
In Malaysia, the painted terrapin is protected through the WWF's hawksbill turtle and painted terrapin conservation project. The project aims establish the protection and effective management of critical nesting habitats of painted terrapins and their key habitats, through measures that are scientifically based and socially acceptable, and that can be sustained in the long term by government, the local community and other stakeholders.[7]
The painted terrapin, painted batagur, or saw-jawed turtle (Batagur borneoensis) is a species of turtles in the family Geoemydidae. It was formerly in its own genus, Callagur, but has been reclassified to the genus, Batagur.
Batagur borneoensis Batagur generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Geoemydidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Batagur borneoensis Batagur generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Geoemydidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Batagur borneoensis, l'Émyde peinte de Bornéo, est une espèce de tortues de la famille des Geoemydidae[1].
Cette espèce se rencontre à Sumatra et au Kalimantan en Indonésie, au Brunei, en Malaisie occidentale et orientale et en Thaïlande[1].
Les femelles ont une tête brune alors que les mâles ont une tête colorée dont les couleurs changent quand vient la période des amours.
Son nom d'espèce, composé de borneo et du suffixe latin -ensis, « qui vit dans, qui habite », lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte.
Batagur borneoensis, l'Émyde peinte de Bornéo, est une espèce de tortues de la famille des Geoemydidae.
Tuntong laut[4] (Batagur borneoensis), atau juga disebut beluku[5] adalah sejenis kura-kura yang ditemukan hidup di Thailand, Malaysia, Kalimantan dan Sumatra.[6][4] Semula kura-kura ini dimasukkan ke dalam marga Callagur, namun kajian filogeni berdasarkan karakter DNA mitokondria yang dilakukan pada 2007 menunjukkan bahwa marga tersebut lebih tepat dilebur dalam genus Batagur[1].
Kura-kura bertubuh sedang hingga besar, panjang karapas dapat mencapai 1.000 mm, meski kebanyakan hanya sekitar 500 mm. Rahang atas bergerigi. Kaki depan dengan lima cakar, sedangkan kaki belakang empat cakar.[5]
Betina berukuran lebih besar dari jantan, dengan panjang tubuh mencapai 60 cm. Ukuran rata-rata hewan jantan berkisar antara 30 hingga 40 cm.[6]
Hewan muda dengan tiga lunas pada perisai punggungnya, setelah dewasa yang tersisa tinggal lunas vertebralnya. Keping nuchal (tengkuk) sangat kecil atau sering tak ada. Keping vertebral bertepi rata, hampir sama panjang dan lebarnya, kecuali keping terakhir yang melebar di bagian belakang; urutan panjang keping vertebral: 2> 3> 4> 1> 5. Keping kostal kurang lebih sama lebar dengan keping vertebral di tengah perisai (pada anakan: kostal kurang lebar dibandingkan vertebral). Urutan panjang hubungan di antara keping perisai perut: abdominal> femoral> pektoral> anal> < humeral> gular.[5]
Punggung berwarna gading atau cokelat muda kehijau-hijauan dengan bercak-bercak yang tersusun sebagai tiga garis hitam memanjang di tengah keping kostal dan vertebral. Kadang-kadang dijumpai individu yang hampir seluruh punggungnya berwarna kehitaman. Hewan jantan dengan garis lebar merah di atas kepala, dan pipi yang putih. Perisai perut biasanya krem, polos tidak bebercak atau bergaris.[5]
B. borneoensis dapat ditemukan di Asia Tenggara bagian selatan.[6] Jangkauannya meliputi Thailand bagian selatan, Malaysia, dan Kalimantan.[6] Kura-kura ini juga dapat ditemukan di Pulau Sumatra.[6] B. borneoensis dapat bermigrasi hingga 3 km.[6] Karena perdagangan hewan, kini B. borneoensis dapat ditemukan di berbagai penjuru dunia.[6]
B. borneoensis mendiami muara dan bagian sungai yang terpengaruh oleh pasang surut.[6] Mereka juga mendiami daerah rawa-rawa dan sungai kecil.[6] Ketika musim kawin, B. borneoensis melakukan migrasi.[6] Seperti halnya penyu laut, B. borneoensis betina bertelur di pasir pantai.[6]
B. borneoensis umumnya hidup sebagai herbivora.[6] Makanan utama mereka terdiri dari buah pohon bakau, tumbuhan yang jatuh ke sungai, tunas, dan tumbuhan liar yang tumbuh di sisi sungai.[6] Rumput sungai merupakan salah satu sumber makanan terpenting bagi B. borneoensis.[6] Terkadang, mereka juga mau memakan sampah dapur yang dibuang oleh penduduk desa ke sungai.[6]
Di dalam penangkaran, B. borneoensis dapat diberi makan dengan berbagai jenis sayuran seperti bayam, kale, bok choy, sawi, selada, dan enceng gondok.[6] Terlebih lagi, mereka juga dapat memakan pisang, mangga, belewar, cacing tanah, dan makanan kura-kura olahan.[6] Namun, tidak seperti spesies kura-kura lainnya, beluku tidak menunjukkan minat untuk memakan stroberi dan apel.[6]
Terdapat beberapa hal yang mengancam populasi B. borneoensis di alam liar.[4] Salah satu faktor utama adalah penangkapan dan perburuan liar.[4] Penduduk lokal banyak menangkap B. borneoensis dan mengambil telurnya untuk dijual di pasar lokal.[4]
Faktor kedua adalah rusaknya hutan bakau yang merupakan habitat tempat tinggal B. borneoensis.[4] Buah yang jatuh dari pohon berembang (Sonneratia caseolaris) merupakan salah satu sumber makanan utama B. borneoensis.[4] Kerusakan hutan bakau dapat mempengaruhi sumber makanan mereka.[4] Selain itu, kerusakan hutan bakau dapat merusak rantai makanan dan ekologi lingkungan, hal ini karena B. borneoensis berperan sebagai penyebar biji pohon berembang.[4]
Ancaman lain yang dapat menggangu adalah kecelakaan saat kontak dengan manusia.[4] Beluku dapat terperangkap dalam jaring nelayan, terluka oleh kail pancingan, atau terbunuh oleh baling-baling kapal.[4]
Oleh International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), populasi B. borneoensis dimasukkan ke dalam kategori Kritis (CR, Critically Endangered).[4][7] Menyikapi hal ini, Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengkategorikan B. borneoensis sebagai spesies dengan prioritas konservasi yang tinggi.[4] Lebih jauh lagi, B. borneoensis telah dicantumkan dalam lampiran "Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 tahun 1999" tentang perlindungan hewan dan tumbuhan.[4][8]
Terdapat anggapan di kalangan ilmuwan bahwa kerusakan alam sebagian besar disebabkan oleh perilaku manusia, dibandingkan dengan faktor alami.[4] Menyikapi hal ini, Guntoro (2010) mengemukakan bahwa perubahan tingkah laku manusia adalah penting untuk menyelamatkan B. borneoensis di alam liar.[4] Untuk mengubah tingkah laku, penetapan regulasi yang ketat, serta peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat dinilai penting.[4]
Konservasi spesies B. borneoensis dapat didukung dengan pengamatan berkelanjutan dan tindakan penyelamatan yang aktif, seperti dengan mengawasi tempat B. borneoensis bertelur dan menginkubasi telur di tempat yang aman.[4] Melindungi hutan bakau sebagai habitat B. borneoensis juga terbilang penting, melihat besarnya kontribusi hutan bakau terhadap kelangsungan hidup B. borneoensis.[4]
|title= pada posisi 14 (bantuan)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link) |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan) |accessdate= (bantuan) Tuntong laut (Batagur borneoensis), atau juga disebut beluku adalah sejenis kura-kura yang ditemukan hidup di Thailand, Malaysia, Kalimantan dan Sumatra. Semula kura-kura ini dimasukkan ke dalam marga Callagur, namun kajian filogeni berdasarkan karakter DNA mitokondria yang dilakukan pada 2007 menunjukkan bahwa marga tersebut lebih tepat dilebur dalam genus Batagur.
La terrapin dipinta (Batagur borneoensis Schlegel & Müller, 1844) è una rarissima specie di tartaruga della famiglia dei Geoemididi[2].
Tartaruga di medio-grandi dimensioni, con il carapace delle femmine che può superare i 550 mm di lunghezza; maschi normalmente fino a 300-400 mm. Carapace relativamente appiattito, con margini lisci negli adulti, seghettati negli immaturi. Verde o bruno-grigio nei maschi (ma si schiarisce nettamente durante la stagione riproduttiva), bordato con macchie nere e attraversato longitudinalmente da tre ampie strisce ugualmente nere (continue o tratteggiate); il capo è grigio o nerastro (ma diventa lattescente durante la stagione riproduttiva) con una vistosa banda rosso-arancio che decorre tra gli occhi e prosegue fino alle narici. Il carapace delle femmine è maggiormente convesso, di colore bruno-grigio, talvolta con tre strisce nere scarsamente evidenti. Piastrone uniformemente giallo, crema o grigio. Arti anteriori con 5 unghie e tutte le dita sono palmate[3].
La specie è distribuita nel Sud-est asiatico, dalla Thailandia meridionale alla Malesia peninsulare, fino al Borneo e a Sumatra. Popola le acque salmastre delle foci di grandi fiumi e le paludi di mangrovia[3].
Le femmine scavano fino a tre nidi per stagione, deponendo 10-25 uova ogni volta. La dieta è prevalentemente erbivora (foglie, frutti, piante acquatiche)[3].
Fortemente minacciata dalla caccia, dal prelievo delle uova e dal commercio terraristico. L'alterazione e il degrado dell'habitat (in particolare l'ecosistema delle mangrovie) pongono seriamente a rischio la sopravvivenza di questa rara specie[3].
La terrapin dipinta (Batagur borneoensis Schlegel & Müller, 1844) è una rarissima specie di tartaruga della famiglia dei Geoemididi.
Tuntung Laut atau nama saintifiknya Callagur Borneoensis merupakan sejenis haiwan afimbia yang bercengkerang keras.
Tuntung Laut biasanya bertelur di pantai berpasir berdekatan muara sungai. Tuntung laut jantan dewasa akan bertukar warna di sepanjang musim membiak. Bahagian atas kepalanya bertukar menjadi keputih-putihan dan tanda jalur merah menyala menjadi semakin jelas di antara mata.
Permukaan karapasnya pula pula akan mempunyai banyak tompok-tompok hitam besar.
Saiz tuntung betina dewasa adalah lebih besar daripada tuntung jantan. Ia mempunyai lima kuku pencakar di kaki renang hadapan. Panjang karapas tuntung betina boleh mencapai 50sm manakala panjang karapas tuntung jantan biasanya tidak mencapai lebih daripada 40sm.
Tuntung Laut merupakan haiwan terpelihara di Malaysia dan pusat pemuliharaan Tutung ditubuhkan di tempat yang dikenal pasti terdapat Tutong bertelor seperti di sungai Perak.[3]
Tuntung Laut atau nama saintifiknya Callagur Borneoensis merupakan sejenis haiwan afimbia yang bercengkerang keras.
De callagurschildpad[2], ook wel Maleise rivierschildpad of bonte rivierschildpad (Batagur borneoensis) is een schildpad uit de familie Geoemydidae. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Hermann Schlegel en Johannes Peter Müller in 1929. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Emys borneoensis gebruikt.
De schildpad was lange tijd de enige soort uit het geslacht Callagur. De soort wordt tegenwoordig echter door onderzoek van Le et al. tot het geslacht Batagur gerekend.[3]
De callagurschildpad is één van de 25 sterkst bedreigde schildpadden ter wereld.
De schildlengte van de meeste exemplaren is niet langer dan 60 centimeter, uitschieters kunnen meer dan 70 cm bereiken en dat zijn meestal vrouwtjes. Grotere exemplaren hebben een dito bek en kunnen zeer gemeen bijten. Het schild is ovaal en aan de voorzijde wat hoger, aan de achterzijde wat steiler, de schildrand is wat afgeplat. Opmerkelijk is de grote kop met varkens-achtige verlengde neusgaten, een aanpassing op een leven in dieper water. Buiten de paartijd zien mannetjes er hetzelfde uit als vrouwtjes, al blijven ze kleiner en is staart dikker en langer.
Tijdens de paartijd echter krijgen de mannetjes een bizar uiterlijk met zeer ongebruikelijke kleuren en patronen, zo wordt de huid van de kop zeer licht tot spierwit, en ontstaat er een zwartomrande, knalrode vlek op de snuit tussen de ogen, de bek is zwart gekleurd. Ook het schild is zeer lichtgeel tot bijna wit, en heeft op het midden een vlekkerige zwarte streep, met aan iedere zijde een kortere, vaak nog vlekkerige streep. De hoornplaten aan de schildrand hebben ieder een grote zwarte vlek, die soms versmolten zijn tot streep, vooral naar achteren toe. Door deze bizarre kleuren en tekeningen ziet de schildpad eruit alsof hij is 'geschminkt'. Er zijn wel meer soorten schildpadden die een dergelijk uiterlijk hebben, zoals de roodwang- en de geelwangschildpad, echter niet alleen in de paartijd, maar permanent. Ingrijpende kleurveranderingen in de paartijd is bij de reptielen alleen gebruikelijk bij de hagedissen, en juist zeer ongebruikelijk bij de schildpadden.
De callagurschildpad komt voor in zuidelijk Thailand, westelijk Maleisië en in Indonesië is de soort te vinden op Sumatra en Borneo. De habitat bestaat uit wat diepere wateren als meren, grote rivieren en zelfs in zee kan de soort worden aangetroffen, al is het geen zeeschildpad. Er zijn wel meer soorten schildpadden die niet tot de zeeschildpadden of lederschildpadden behoren maar het toch in brak water of zelfs enige tijd in zee uithouden, maar deze soort zet zelfs de eieren af op dezelfde stranden als zeeschildpadden en is kilometers van zoetwater te vinden. De natuurlijke habitat bestaat uit lagunes en moerassen die in verbinding staan met de zee, de soort heeft een hoge zouttolerantie. Van de juvenielen is bekend dat ze enkele weken in zeewater kunnen overleven en dat is uitzonderlijk voor zoetwaterschildpadden. Omdat de meeste juvenielen op het strand uit het ei kruipen, moeten ze langs de kust op zoek naar rivieren waar ze meer stroomopwaarts trekken en opgroeien. Het voedsel van volwassen exemplaren bestaat volledig uit planten, er worden soms wel dieren gegeten maar waarschijnlijk is dit onbedoelde 'bijvangst' en de schildpad jaagt niet actief op prooien. Juvenielen eten wel vlees, soms fruit en planten.
De callagurschildpad, ook wel Maleise rivierschildpad of bonte rivierschildpad (Batagur borneoensis) is een schildpad uit de familie Geoemydidae. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Hermann Schlegel en Johannes Peter Müller in 1929. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Emys borneoensis gebruikt.
De schildpad was lange tijd de enige soort uit het geslacht Callagur. De soort wordt tegenwoordig echter door onderzoek van Le et al. tot het geslacht Batagur gerekend.
De callagurschildpad is één van de 25 sterkst bedreigde schildpadden ter wereld.
Batagur borneoensis[5] är en sköldpaddsart som beskrevs av Hermann Schlegel och Salomon Müller 1844. Arten ingår i släktet Batagur och familjen Geoemydidae.[6][7] Inga underarter finns listade.[6]
Batagur borneoensis lever i södra Thailand, västra Malaysia och på de indonesiska öarna Sumatra och Borneo.[6][7]
Ungdjuren lever i sötvattensområden i anslutning till floder. De vuxna djuren lever i flodmynningar. Äggen läggs ofta på stränder.[1]
Wikispecies har information om Callagur borneoensis.
Denna artikel om sköldpaddor saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
Batagur borneoensis är en sköldpaddsart som beskrevs av Hermann Schlegel och Salomon Müller 1844. Arten ingår i släktet Batagur och familjen Geoemydidae. Inga underarter finns listade.
Загальна довжина карапаксу досягає 50 см. Черепахи наділені сезонним статевим диморфізмом: самці мають білу голову з широкою сагітальною смугою червоного кольору і синьою плямою на морді. Карапакс при цьому забарвлено у світло—сірий до кремового кольору. Самиці в цей час мають темно—сіру голову з розмитою помаранчевою смугою і карапакс коричнево—сірого кольору.
Полюбляє припливно—відпливні зони річок та естуарії, великі відкриті водойми. Харчується фруктами, зеленими частинами прибережних рослин, іноді тваринною їжею, зокрема ракоподібними, молюсками, кільчастими хробаками.
Час парування коливається в залежності від географічного поширення: на сході Малайзії у липні—серпні, на заході — у жовтні—січні. Початок сезону знаменується масовими міграціями самиць униз за течією, щоб гніздитися на океанічному узбережжі поряд з гирлом рідної річки. Самиці роблять 2 кладки на рік по 12—20 овальних яєць довжиною близько 70 мм. Кубло влаштовується на поверхні і слабко приховано. Відкладання яєць зазвичай відбувається вночі при низькому припливі у гирл річок і здійснюється за 30 хв.
Місцеві мешканці вживають у їжу яйця черепах.
Мешкає на півдні Малайського півострова (Малайзія та Таїланд), островах Суматра (Індонезія) та Калімантан.
Batagur borneoensis là một loài rùa trong họ Emydidae. Loài này được Schlegel & Müller mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1844.[1]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Batagur borneoensis tại Wikimedia Commons
Batagur borneoensis là một loài rùa trong họ Emydidae. Loài này được Schlegel & Müller mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1844.
西瓜龜（Batagur borneoensis），又名三線潮龜、鹽水龜或鹹水龜，曾是鹹水龜屬（Callagur）下唯一的物種，但後來被重新劃分到潮龜屬下。[3]牠們分佈在汶萊、印尼、馬來西亞及泰國。幼龜棲息於淡水中，而成龜會在河口棲息。現西瓜龜是瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約附錄二物種。
幼體的西瓜龜背甲呈棕、灰色，四肢、頭及頸部的皮膚也為灰色，底甲則為淺黃色；而成體的西瓜龜背甲會變為淺綠及深綠色，即類似西瓜外皮的顏色，而每塊邊緣背甲都會有一塊黑斑，而繁殖期中的雄性西瓜龜，頭部近眼及鼻孔的位置質會變為紅色。成體龜最長可生長至76cm。
西瓜龜主要分佈在汶萊、印尼、馬來西亞及泰國等東南亞地區，而蘇門答臘及婆羅洲亦有分佈。
西瓜龜為雜食性動物，喜歡吃魚、螺、海藻、水中植物等，而成體龜則喜歡吃紅樹葉、芒果等植物。幼龜多居住在淡水水域，而成體則會棲息在鹹淡水交界的紅樹林。
近年，西瓜龜被引進亞洲地區寵物龜。由於西瓜龜在野外的棲息地為鹹淡水交界，因此在飼養時需注意水質。另外，由於成龜的體型較大，因而應預備足夠活動空間。
西瓜龜（Batagur borneoensis），又名三線潮龜、鹽水龜或鹹水龜，曾是鹹水龜屬（Callagur）下唯一的物種，但後來被重新劃分到潮龜屬下。牠們分佈在汶萊、印尼、馬來西亞及泰國。幼龜棲息於淡水中，而成龜會在河口棲息。現西瓜龜是瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約附錄二物種。
ワシントン条約附属書II 分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 爬虫綱 Reptilia 目 : カメ目 Testudines 亜目 : 潜頸亜目 Cryptodira 上科 : リクガメ上科 Testudinoidea 科 : イシガメ科 Geoemydidae 属 : アジアカワガメ属 Batagur 種 : カラグールガメ B. borneoensis 学名 Batagur borneoensisEmys borneoensis
Schlegel & Müller, 1844
カラグールガメ（Batagur borneoensis）は、爬虫綱カメ目イシガメ科アジアカワガメ属に分類されるカメ。
インドネシア（スマトラ島北部、ボルネオ島西部）、タイ南部、マレーシア[1][2][3][4]
模式標本の産地（模式産地）はボルネオ島で、種小名borneoensisは「ボルネオ産の」の意[4]。
最大甲長76センチメートル[1][3][4]。オスよりもメスの方が大型になり、オスは最大甲長39センチメートル[4]。背甲はやや扁平で[2]、上から見ると細長い卵形[1][4]。背甲の色彩は暗褐色一色か、淡褐色や暗黄色で椎甲板や肋甲板に暗褐色の縦縞（破線状になることもあり）が入る[2][4]。第1縁甲板を除いた縁甲板には甲板ごとに暗色斑が入る[4]。背甲と腹甲の継ぎ目（橋）は発達する[4]。腹甲は大型で細長い[4]。左右の肛甲板の間には浅い切れこみが入る[4]。橋や腹甲の色彩は黄色や淡黄色[4]。
頭部はやや小型で、吻端はやや突出する[4]。嘴の外縁は鋸状に尖る[4]。顎の咬合面は幅広く、1本の稜が発達する[4]。指趾は長く、指趾の間には水掻きが発達する[4]。前肢の爪がある指は5本[1][2][3][4]。頭部や四肢の色彩は灰色や暗黄色[2][4]。
卵は長径6.8-7.6センチメートル、短径3.6-4.4センチメートルと細長く、殻は白く弾力性がある[4]。幼体の背甲は扁平かつ円形[4]。椎甲板に明瞭、肋甲板に不鮮明な破線状の筋状の隆起（キール）があり、縁甲板の外縁が鋸状に弱く尖る[4]。また椎甲板の孵化直後からある甲板（初生甲板）や縁甲板後部に暗褐色の斑紋が入る[4]。成長に伴い肋甲板のキールや鋸状の突起、暗色斑は消失する[2][4]。
オスはメスに比べて背甲が細長く甲高が低い[4]。尾が太いうえに長く、尾を後ろへ伸ばした状態で総排出口全体が背甲よりも外側にある[4]。オスの成体は吻端から後頭部にかけて淡赤褐色の斑紋が入り、繁殖期になると背甲や頭部が白くなり赤色斑の色味が強くなる[1][2][3][4]。
河川の下流域の汽水域、河口周辺などに生息する[2][4]。幼体は淡水域に生息すると考えられている[1][2][4]。
食性はほぼ植物食で、植物の葉、茎、果実を食べるが、甲殻類、貝類、環形動物なども食べる[4]。満潮時に岸辺周辺で採食を行う[4]。成長に伴い植物食傾向が強くなる[1]。
繁殖形態は卵生。砂浜などに30センチメートルの穴を掘り、1回に12個の卵を数回に分けて産むと考えられている[4]。マレー半島やインドネシアの一部では集団で産卵し、タイの個体群は河川の上流域まで遡上して砂州や川中島で産卵していたとされる[4]。海岸で孵化した幼体は海や汽水域伝いに淡水域に侵入する[2][4]。
生息地では卵も含め食用とされることもある[4]。英名terrapinはキスイガメを指すアルゴンキン語族の言語に由来するが、転じて「食用ガメ」を指す[4]。
開発による生息地の破壊、水質汚染、食用やペット用の乱獲などにより生息数は激減している[2][4]。特にタイでは野生絶滅寸前で[2]、現在は自然繁殖していない[4]。生息地では保護の対象とされている場所もあり、タイでは飼育下繁殖させる試みが進められている[2][4]。1997年にワシントン条約附属書IIに掲載された[2][4]。
ペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されている。大型種のため、特大サイズのケージが用意できない限り一般家庭での飼育には向かない[4]。
上陸した個体
