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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 22.8 years (captivity)
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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The Eastern Diamondback resides in the palmetto flatwoods and dry pinelands of the South. It generally avoids marshes and swamps, but on occasion will live near the borders of wetlands. Occasionally it may venture into salt water, swimming to the outlying Keys off the Florida coast. (Conant and Collins 1998, Ashton and Ashton 1985)

Terrestrial Biomes: chaparral ; forest

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
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James Harding, Michigan State University
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Sem título ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The Eastern Diamondback is a large, impressive, and potentially dangerous snake. It can strike up to 2/3 its body length; a 6-foot specimen may strike 4 feet. The venom of the diamondback is potent. When severely bitten, the mortality rate for humans is nearly 40 percent. The symptoms of diamondback venom include pain, swelling, weakness, breathing difficulty, weak pulse, heart failure, shock, and sometimes convulsion. This is a snake that should be left alone and not molested. (Ashton and Ashton 1985)

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
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James Harding, Michigan State University
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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Though not endangered, the Eastern Diamondback is clearly in trouble. The snake is rapidly disappearing from many areas in which it formerly occupied. Suburban housing and agricultural development destroys vast areas of habitat for the rattlesnake. Most snakes are killed on sight when found by humans. 'Rattlesnake roundups' held annually in several states of the U.S. further decrease their numbers. Crotalus adamanteus is regulated in North Carolina, a permit is required to

collect it, and in Florida a permit is needed to possess all vcenomous snakes. (King 1996, Georgia Wildlife Federation 1999, Levell 1997)

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
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James Harding, Michigan State University
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Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

none

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
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James Harding, Michigan State University
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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This snake is extremely beneficial to man. It preys on rats, mice, rabbits, and other small mammals, many of which are pests to humans. (Ashton and Ashton 1985)

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
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James Harding, Michigan State University
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The Eastern diamondback feeds primarily on small mammals, from mice to rabbits. It will also eat birds. Young diamondbacks feed primarily on rats and mice, while adults prefer larger prey like rabbits and squirrels. The snakes lie waiting for prey beside logs or near the roots of fallen trees. Diamondbacks locate their prey by odor, as well as by sensing the infrared waves (heat) given off by their warm-blooded prey. Once found, the prey is bitten. The prey is released after the strike, and is then allowed to crawl away and die. The snake will pursue the prey, eating it once it is dead. (Ashton and Ashton 1985, King 1996)

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
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James Harding, Michigan State University
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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The Eastern Diamondback lives in the coastal lowlands, ranging from southeast North Carolina to eastern Louisiana, and throughout Florida, including the Florida Keys. (Conant and Collins 1998)

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
editor
James Harding, Michigan State University
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Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
22.8 years.

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
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James Harding, Michigan State University
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Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The Eastern diamondback is one of the largest North American snakes, with a record length of 8 feet. However, they are usually 33 to 72 inches in length. The snake has a large head and a bulky body. It has a row of large dark diamonds with brown centers and cream borders down its back. The ground color of the body ranges from olive, to brown, to almost black. The tail is usually a different shade, brownish or gray, and banded with dark rings. At the end of the tail is a well-developed rattle. The head has a light bordered dark stripe running diagonally through the eye. The pupil is vertical (catlike). There is a large pit between the nostril and eye. The young are similar to the adults in color pattern. The tip of the tail of a newborn diamondback ends in a button, which is the first segment of the future rattle. Male and female rattlesnakes look alike. (Conant and Collins 1998, Ashton and Ashton 1985)

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
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James Harding, Michigan State University
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Eastern Diamondbacks mate in the late summer and fall. The size of the brood ranges from 6 to 21 young. The gestation period is six to seven months. Young are born live, in retreats such as gopher tortoise burrows or hollow logs. At the time of birth, the baby snakes are 15 inches long. The snakes can live 20 years or more. (Georgia Wildlife Federation 1999)

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Siebert, E. 2000. "Crotalus adamanteus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crotalus_adamanteus.html
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Erin Siebert, Michigan State University
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James Harding, Michigan State University
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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors

One of the largest of the snakes in North America, and the largest of the 32 known rattlesnake species, the eastern diamondback (Crotalus adamanteus) is endemic to the Southeastern United States.It inhabits coastal lowlands up to 500 meters (1500 feet) in elevation. The eastern diamondback currently occurs from southeast North Carolina to eastern Louisiana and throughout Florida. Historically its range was considerably larger and less patchy.

Eastern diamondbacks can reach lengths greater than 2.3 m (7 feet), though they usually range between 1-2 m (3-6 feet) long.A characteristic pattern of large, crisp, dark brown and cream-colored diamonds runs down its back.It has yellow stripes on either side of its head, running diagonally across the eye, and black and white bands adjacent to its rattle at the end of its tail.

Like most rattlesnakes, eastern diamondbacks live exclusively on the ground and rarely climb into vegetation. They inhabit upland forests, fields, scrub and hammocks, and less often swamps and marshes.Excellent swimmers, they have colonized the Keys and Atlantic and Gulf coast barrier islands. Eastern diamondbacks come out in mornings and afternoons, when they can frequently be found basking in the sun, and they hunt by night. These snakes sometimes actively forage but more often lie in ambush for small mammals including rabbits, rodents, squirrels and birds.They strike their prey with venomous fangs then wait until it is subdued before swallowing it, usually headfirst.In winter eastern diamondbacks hibernate in underground shelters, often using gopher tortoise or armadillo burrows.The same holes are reused multiple years.

Eastern diamondbacks mate in the late summer and fall, and females hold fertilized eggs internally while they develop, 6-7 months.The mother then gives birth to live-born young in gopher tortoise burrows or hollow logs. The brood usually numbers 16-21 babies. Newborn snakes are about 38 cm (15 inches) long. Just hours after birth they are self-sufficient. The young look very similar to adults, but instead of a rattle they have a “button” at the tip of their tail. This button is the first segment from which their rattle will develop. With each shedding of its skin, an eastern diamondback adds a subsequent segment to their rattle.

After birth, diamondback littermates aggregate together, piling on top of each other until their first molt, which occurs about 10 days later. This aggregation behavior may help newborns reduce water loss through their neonatal skin. Aggregation may also allow siblings to learn conspecific scents, which helps them follow trails to den localities later in life. Some evidence suggests that the mother stays with, or at least near, her litter for this time. After their first molt, young diamondbacks become independent.

Eastern diamondbacks can live more than 20 years.Young snakes, however, experience high mortality.Predators include birds of prey, owls, and other snakes such as the indigo snake (Drymarchon corais) and the eastern kingsnake (Lampropeltis getulus).

Humans are clearly the most significant enemy of the diamondback.These snakes are highly vulnerable to urban/suburban development, agriculture, tree farming and fire suppression, activities that have destroyed or altered the habitat and shelters upon which they are dependent. A history of hunting eastern diamondbacks for their skins and general persecution (e.g. “rattlesnake roundups” which include gassing of gopher tortoise holes) along with little legal protection has also decreased diamondback numbers considerably. Late maturity, low reproduction rate, and relative large ranges exacerbate their vulnerability to human activities.

Crotalus adamanteus is not usually an aggressive species, and defensively shakes its rattle tail to warn aggressors before it strikes.However, this snake is powerful and if provoked can deliver an extremely painful bite, potentially fatal to humans.Diamondbacks have long fangs that hold a large yield of venom.The venom includes the hemorrhagic protein crotolase, hemotoxins that cause tissue damage, and proteins that interrupts neurotransmission.Several effective antivenoms are available, including CroFab and Antivenin Crotalidae Polyvalent (ACP).

Eastern Diamondbacks are not listed as endangered, but their range and numbers have decreased sharply since the 1960s. This snake is rare or almost extirpated the edges of its range (especially North Carolina and Louisiana), although still locally common in suitable habitat in some areas of Georgia and South Carolina. Florida holds its largest population.

(Butler et al. 1995; Hammerson 2007; Hoss et al. 2010; National Geographic 1996-2016; Wikipedia 2016)

Referências

  • Butler, J.A., Hull, T.W. and Franz, R., 1995. Neonate aggregations and maternal attendance of young in the eastern diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus adamanteus. Copeia, 1995(1), pp.196-198.
  • Hammerson, G.A. 2007. Crotalus adamanteus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T64308A12762249. Retrieved February 24, 2016 from http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/64308/0.
  • Hoss, S.K., Guyer, C., Smith, L.L. and Schuett, G.W., 2010. Multiscale influences of landscape composition and configuration on the spatial ecology of eastern diamond-backed rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus). Journal of Herpetology, 44(1), pp.110-123.
  • National Geographic Animals, 1996-2016. Eastern Diamondback rattlesnake. Retrieved February 16, 2016 from http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/eastern-diamondback-rattlesnake/
  • Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 February 2016. Eastern Diamondback rattlesnake. Retrieved February 24, 2016 from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_diamondback_rattlesnake&oldid=705693572.

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Dana Campbell
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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por ReptileDB
Continent: North-America
Distribution: USA (SE North Carolina, E/S South Carolina, S Mississippi, S Alabama, S Georgia, Florida, SE Louisiana)
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Peter Uetz
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Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Snake Species of the World LifeDesk

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake

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Mohammadi, Shabnam
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Mohammadi, Shabnam

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Snake Species of the World LifeDesk

Southeastern USA: along the Gulf Coast from southeastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi eastward through peninsular Florida, including the Florida Keys, northward along the coastal plain to southeastern North Carolina (McDiarmid, et al. 1999)

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Mohammadi, Shabnam
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Mohammadi, Shabnam

Notes ( Inglês )

fornecido por Snake Species of the World LifeDesk

Types: None designated.

Type-locality: Not specifically stated in original description. Proposed by Schmidt, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., 6th ed., 280pp.[230] (McDiarmid et al., 1999).

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Mohammadi, Shabnam
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Mohammadi, Shabnam

Chřestýš diamantový ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Chřestýš diamantový neboli kostkovaný (Crotalus adamanteus) je jedovatý had z čeledi chřestýšovitých, největší druh chřestýše. Je to nejjedovatější a zároveň největší jedovatý had Severní Ameriky. Vyskytuje se na jihovýchodě Spojených států. Nejdelší nalezené exempláře měly délky 251 cm a 244 cm, hmotnost může dosáhnout až dvanácti kilogramů. Zbarvení je šedé nebo pískové, na hřbetě má světlou kresbu v podobě mřížky či několik řad kosočtverců, odtud název. Živí se zejména žábami, hlodavci a ptáky. Žije také v písčitých oblastech.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Chřestýš diamantový: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Chřestýš diamantový neboli kostkovaný (Crotalus adamanteus) je jedovatý had z čeledi chřestýšovitých, největší druh chřestýše. Je to nejjedovatější a zároveň největší jedovatý had Severní Ameriky. Vyskytuje se na jihovýchodě Spojených států. Nejdelší nalezené exempláře měly délky 251 cm a 244 cm, hmotnost může dosáhnout až dvanácti kilogramů. Zbarvení je šedé nebo pískové, na hřbetě má světlou kresbu v podobě mřížky či několik řad kosočtverců, odtud název. Živí se zejména žábami, hlodavci a ptáky. Žije také v písčitých oblastech.

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Diamant-Klapperschlange ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Diamant-Klapperschlange (Crotalus adamanteus) ist eine Art der Klapperschlangen, die im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten verbreitet ist. Sie ist mit einer Gesamtlänge von maximal 2,50 Meter die längste Klapperschlangenart überhaupt.

Merkmale

Die Diamant-Klapperschlange wird im Regelfall etwa 1,20 bis 1,40 Meter lang, kann in Ausnahmefällen auch Maximallängen von 2,0 bis 2,50 Metern erreichen. Die Körperfarbe reicht von grau bis zu einem hellen olivgrün mit deutlichen rautenförmigen und dunkelbraunen Zeichnungselementen auf dem Rücken („Diamanten“). Die Rauten werden von einer Reihe cremeweißer Schuppen umrandet. Der Kopf ist ebenfalls meistens dunkelbraun gefärbt und weist beidseitig zwei helle Streifen, von denen einer ober- und einer unterhalb des Auges schräg nach unten verläuft. Der dazwischen liegende Augenstreifen ist sehr dunkel, häufig auch schwarz. An den Seiten der Schnauze hat die Schlange ebenfalls hellere Streifen. Wie alle Klapperschlangen hat sie eine auffällige Schwanzrassel.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet der Diamant-Klapperschlange

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Diamant-Klapperschlange beschränkt sich auf den Südosten der USA und beinhaltet Florida, den äußersten Südosten von Louisiana sowie die südlichen Küstenregionen von Alabama, Georgia, North und South Carolina.

Als Habitat bevorzugt die Schlange trotz der in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet vorherrschenden Flachland-Sumpfgebiete trockene Kiefern- und Eichenwälder, häufig durchsetzt mit dem Scrub Palmetto. Die Klapperschlange ist allerdings auch ein guter Schwimmer und wurde mehrfach mehrere Kilometer vor der Küste im offenen Meer gefunden. Entsprechend findet man sie auch auf sehr vielen vorgelagerten Inseln und den Florida Keys.

Lebensweise

Wie die meisten anderen Arten der Klapperschlangen ist auch diese Art vorwiegend nacht- und dämmerungsaktiv und lebt ausschließlich auf dem Boden. Sie ernährt sich vor allem von Kleinsäugern, seltener auch von Eidechsen oder Vögeln, die sie mit ihrem Biss tötet.

Bei einer potentiellen Bedrohung versucht die Schlange zu fliehen oder verhält sich ruhig und vertraut auf ihre Tarnung. Wird die Bedrohung intensiver, kann die Schlange ihre Rassel zur Warnung einsetzen und dabei ein laut rasselndes Geräusch erzeugen. Meistens erfolgt bereits danach ein Verteidigungsbiss, der fast immer mit einer Giftinjektion verbunden ist.

Die lebendgebärenden (ovoviviparen) Diamant-Klapperschlangen bringen je Wurf zwischen sieben und 21 Jungschlangen zur Welt, die bei der Geburt bereits eine Länge von 30 bis 36 Zentimetern haben. Bei einer im Terrarium gehaltenen Schlange wurde mit Hilfe genetischer Marker belegt, dass sie erst fünf Jahre nach dem letzten Kontakt zu einem Artgenossen 19 Jungtiere aus befruchteten Eizellen hervorbrachte.[1]

Schlangengift

 src=
Giftzahn der Diamant-Klapperschlange in Zahnscheide

Als größte Klapperschlange hat die Diamant-Klapperschlange auch eine größere Giftmenge als alle anderen Arten der Gattung. Das Gift greift die roten Blutkörperchen an und zerstört sie, außerdem führt es zu Gewebezerstörungen im Bereich der Bissstelle, die stark anschwillt. Wird der Biss nicht behandelt, kann er sehr schwere Folgen für den Patienten haben und sogar zum Tod führen.

Besonders für die Terrarienhaltung stehen Antivenine zur Verfügung, die unspezifisch bei Bissen von Klapperschlangen eingesetzt werden können. Ein bekanntes Präparat ist „CroFab (Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune [Ovine])“.

Gefährdungssituation

Die Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN führt die Diamant-Klapperschlange in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten. Sie wird allerdings auf Grund ihrer weiten Verbreitung und der vermutlich hohen Bestandszahl als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern)[2] beurteilt.

Literatur

  • Chris Mattison: Rattler! – A natural history of Rattlesnakes. Blandford, London 1996, ISBN 0-7137-2534-6
  • Dieter Schmidt: Schlangen. Biologie, Arten, Terraristik. bede-Verlag, Ruhmannsfelden 2006, ISBN 3-89860-115-3

Einzelnachweise

  1. Warren Booth, Gordon W. Schuett: Molecular genetic evidence for alternative reproductive strategies in North American pitvipers (Serpentes: Viperidae): long-term sperm storage and facultative parthenogenesis. In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Band 104, Nr. 4, 2011, S. 934–942, DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01782.x
  2. Crotalus adamanteus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2009. Eingestellt von: Hammerson, G.A., 2007. Abgerufen am 8. März 2010.
 src=
Dieser Artikel behandelt ein Gesundheitsthema. Er dient nicht der Selbstdiagnose und ersetzt nicht eine Diagnose durch einen Arzt. Bitte hierzu den Hinweis zu Gesundheitsthemen beachten!
 title=
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Diamant-Klapperschlange: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Diamant-Klapperschlange (Crotalus adamanteus) ist eine Art der Klapperschlangen, die im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten verbreitet ist. Sie ist mit einer Gesamtlänge von maximal 2,50 Meter die längste Klapperschlangenart überhaupt.

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wikipedia DE

Κροταλίας ο αδαμάντινος ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ο κροταλίας ο αδαμάντινος (Crotalus adamanteus) είναι είδος δηλητηριώδους φιδιού που ζει στις Νοτιοανατολικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Είναι το βαρύτερο αλλά όχι και το μακρύτερο δηλητηριώδες φίδι της αμερικανικής ηπείρου και το μεγαλύτερο είδος κροταλία. Το μεγαλύτερο γνωστό φίδι αυτού του είδους πιάστηκε το 1946 και είχε μήκος 2,5 μ και βάρος 15,4 κ. Σε αυτό το είδος, τα φίδια τα οποία είναι πάνω από δύο μέτρα είναι αρκετά σπάνια και μελετούνται από τους επιστήμονες. Πολλά τέτοια φίδια υπάρχουν στην πολιτεία της Φλόριντα. Το χρώμα τους είναι συνήθως καφετί, καφετί-κίτρινο, καφετί-γκρίζο ή και λαδί και πάνω στο βασικό αυτό χρώμα υπάρχουν σκούρα καφετιά η μαύρα διαμάντια όπου το κέντρο τους είναι λίγο πιο ανοιχτό σε χρώμα. Η κοιλιά του είναι κιτρινωπή. Το κεφάλι του έχει σκούρο χρώμα και είναι πλατύ.

Αυτός ο κροταλίας ζει σε ξηρά δάση πεύκων, σε αμμόλοφους, σε παραλιακά δάση οξιάς, σε έλη και γενικά σε μέρη όπου υπάρχει υγρασία.

Συμπεριφορά

Αυτά τα φίδια έχουν συχνά τη φωλιά τους σε περιοχές που ζουν θηλαστικά ή χελώνες ή άλλα μικρού μεγέθους ζώα και βγαίνουν για να βρουν τροφή είτε νωρίς το πρωί είτε το απόγευμα πριν νυχτώσει. Όπως και τα περισσότερα είδη κροταλία και ο adamanteus ζει στην ξηρά και δεν αναρριχάται σε δέντρα. Όμως τον έχουν παρατηρήσει να έχει ανέβει σε δέντρα που φτάνουν τα 10 μ εάν χρειαστεί. Όμως είναι και δεινός κολυμβητής αν χρειαστεί να κυνηγήσει τροφή γι' αυτό άλλωστε τον έχουν εντοπίσει οι επιστήμονες να κολυμπά κοντά σε νησιά στον κόλπο του Μεξικού και στις χερσονήσους της Φλόριντα αρκετά μίλια από την ακτή.

Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις όταν το φίδι νιώσει ότι απειλείται κροταλίζει σε απόσταση 6 μ – 9μ από τον εχθρό του. Υπάρχουν όμως φορές που αυτό το φίδι δεν κροταλίζει. Το κροτάλισμά του ακούγεται σε μεγάλη απόσταση. Συνήθως όταν απειλούνται οι κροταλίες αυτοί σηκώνονται όρθιοι μέχρι το μέσο του μήκους τους και ετοιμάζονται να δαγκώσουν τον εχθρό τους με ένα ή περισσότερα απανωτά τσιμπήματα. Στη συνέχεια παρακολουθούν την αντίδραση του εχθρού τους και ύστερα ή υποχωρούν ή τρώνε το θύμα. Ένας adamanteus τρώει μία φορά το μήνα. Γεράκια, αετοί και άλλα φίδια συνήθως κυνηγούν τους μικρούς αυτούς κροταλίες.

Τροφή

Οι κροταλίες επιτίθενται σε μικρά θηλαστικά, ειδικά στα κουνέλια και στα ποντίκια. Όμως τρώνε και μερικά είδη πουλιών. Τα θύματά τους πρώτα τα δηλητηριάζουν, μετά τα αφήνουν να αργοπεθαίνουν και ύστερα ακολουθώντας τη μυρωδιά του θύματος καταλαβαίνουν εάν είναι νεκρά και μόλις το επιβεβαιώσουν τα τρώνε.

Δηλητήριο

Το είδος αυτό έχει τη φήμη του πιο δηλητηριώδους φιδιού στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Παρότι δεν είναι συνήθως επιθετικά είναι μεγάλα και δυνατά. Το δηλητήριο περιέχει ένα ένζυμο το οποίο ονομάζεται κροταλάση. Αυτό επιδρά στα κύτταρα του σώματος και καταστρέφει ιδιαίτερα τα κύτταρα του αίματος προκαλώντας εσωτερική αιμορραγία. Επίσης επιδρά στο νευρομυϊκό σύστημα, παραλύει τα άκρα και μετά ακολουθεί η καρδιακή προσβολή, εάν δεν χορηγηθεί εγκαίρως αντιοφικός ορός. Το τσίμπημα συνοδεύεται από αφόρητους πόνους.

Παραπομπές

  1. G.A Hammerson (2007). "Crotalus adamanteus"). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Αανκτήθηκε την 18 Ιουνίου 2009.
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Κροταλίας ο αδαμάντινος: Brief Summary ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ο κροταλίας ο αδαμάντινος (Crotalus adamanteus) είναι είδος δηλητηριώδους φιδιού που ζει στις Νοτιοανατολικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Είναι το βαρύτερο αλλά όχι και το μακρύτερο δηλητηριώδες φίδι της αμερικανικής ηπείρου και το μεγαλύτερο είδος κροταλία. Το μεγαλύτερο γνωστό φίδι αυτού του είδους πιάστηκε το 1946 και είχε μήκος 2,5 μ και βάρος 15,4 κ. Σε αυτό το είδος, τα φίδια τα οποία είναι πάνω από δύο μέτρα είναι αρκετά σπάνια και μελετούνται από τους επιστήμονες. Πολλά τέτοια φίδια υπάρχουν στην πολιτεία της Φλόριντα. Το χρώμα τους είναι συνήθως καφετί, καφετί-κίτρινο, καφετί-γκρίζο ή και λαδί και πάνω στο βασικό αυτό χρώμα υπάρχουν σκούρα καφετιά η μαύρα διαμάντια όπου το κέντρο τους είναι λίγο πιο ανοιχτό σε χρώμα. Η κοιλιά του είναι κιτρινωπή. Το κεφάλι του έχει σκούρο χρώμα και είναι πλατύ.

Αυτός ο κροταλίας ζει σε ξηρά δάση πεύκων, σε αμμόλοφους, σε παραλιακά δάση οξιάς, σε έλη και γενικά σε μέρη όπου υπάρχει υγρασία.

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Eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus)[3][4] is a species of pit viper in the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to the Southeastern United States. It is one of the heaviest venomous snakes in the Americas and the largest rattlesnake. No subspecies are recognized.[5]

Description

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake at the Saint Louis Zoo
Detail of rattle

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the largest rattlesnake species and is one of the heaviest known species of venomous snake, with one specimen shot in 1946 measuring 2.4 m (7.8 ft) in length and weighing 15.4 kg (34 lb). However, other venomous snakes may rival this species in weight such as the much longer but more slender king cobra and the shorter but even bulkier Gaboon viper.[6][7][8] Maximum reported lengths for the eastern diamondback rattlesnake are 2.4 m (8 ft)[9] and 2.5 m (8.25 ft).[10][11] However, the stated maximum sizes have been called into question due to a lack of voucher specimens.[12][13] Males are typically larger than females, which is rare among snakes (females are usually larger than males).

Specimens over 2.1 m (7 ft) are rare, but well documented. Klauber (1998) included a letter he received from E. Ross Allen in 1953, in which Allen explains how for years he offered a reward of $100, and later $200, for an 2.4 m (8 ft) specimen, dead or alive. The reward was never claimed. He did receive a number of 2.1 m (7 ft) range specimens and some 2.4 m (8 ft) skins, but said such skins can be taken from specimens as short as 1.8 m (6 ft).[3] A 2.2 m (7.3 ft) specimen was caught and killed outside a neighborhood in St. Augustine, Florida in September 2009.[14]

The average size is much less. Specimens are rarely found over 6 feet in length. Lengths of 1.1 to 1.7 m (3.5 to 5.5 ft),[15] and 0.8 to 1.8 m (2.75 to 6 ft) are given.[16] One study found an average length of 1.7 m (5.6 ft) based on 31 males and 43 females.[17] The average body mass is roughly 2.3 kg (5.1 lb).[18] The average weight of 9 laboratory-kept specimens was 2.55 kg (5.6 lb), with a range of 0.8 to 4.9 kg (1.8 to 10.8 lb).[19][20] Few specimens can exceed 5.12 kg (11.3 lb), although exceptional specimens can weigh 6.7 kg (15 lb) or more.[21][22]

The scalation includes 25–31 (usually 29) rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 165–176/170–187 ventral scales in males/females and 27–33/20–26 subcaudal scales in males/females, respectively. On the head, the rostral scale is higher than it is wide and contacts two internasal scales. There are 10–21 scales in the internasal-prefrontal region and 5–11 (usually 7–8) intersupraocular scales. Usually, there are two loreal scales between preoculars and the postnasal. There are 12–17 (usually 14–15) supralabial scales, the first of which is in broad contact with the prenasal, and 15–21 (usually 17–18) sublabial scales.[13]

The color pattern consists of a brownish, brownish-yellow, brownish-gray or olive ground color, overlaid with a series of 24–35 dark brown to black diamonds with slightly lighter centers. Each of these diamond-shaped blotches is outlined with a row of cream or yellowish scales. Posteriorly, the diamond shapes become more like crossbands and are followed by 5–10 bands around the tail. The belly is a yellowish or cream-colored, with diffused, dark mottling along the sides. The head has a dark postocular stripe that extends from behind the eye backwards and downwards to the lip; the back of the stripe touches the angle of the mouth. Anteriorly and posteriorly, the postocular stripe is bordered by distinct white or yellow stripes.[13] The rattle at the end of their tail is made of hard, loosely attached, hollow segments which break off frequently and are completely replaced when the snake sheds.[23]

Common names

Other common names for this snake species include eastern diamond-backed rattlesnake,[5] eastern diamondback,[4] diamond rattlesnake, diamond-back rattlesnake, common rattlesnake, diamond-back, diamond(-patch) rattler, eastern diamond-back (rattlesnake), eastern diamond rattlesnake, Florida diamond-back (rattlesnake), Florida rattlesnake, lozenge-spotted rattlesnake, rattler, rattlesnake, southeastern diamond-backed rattlesnake, southeastern diamond-backed rattler, southern woodland rattler, timber rattler, water rattle, water rattlesnake,[17] and diamondback rattlesnake.[3]

Geographic range

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is found in the Southeastern United States from southeastern North Carolina, south along the coastal plain through peninsular Florida to the Florida Keys, and west along the Gulf Coast through southern Alabama and Mississippi to southeastern Louisiana. The original description for the species does not include a type locality, although Schmidt (1953) proposed it be restricted to "Charleston, South Carolina" (USA).[2]

Conservation status

This snake species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List (v3.1, 2001).[1] Species are listed as such owing to their wide distribution or presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend was down when assessed in 2007.[24]

In North Carolina, the eastern diamondback rattlesnake is protected by state law and considered endangered within the state.[25] It is likely extirpated in Louisiana, having last been observed there in 1995. In fact some scientists and conservationists believe it may even be extirpated in North Carolina, having last been observed there in the early 1990s.[26][27]

This species is currently under review for being added to the Endangered Species List by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service owing to its recent decline,[28] and the current population represents only 3% of the historical population.[29]

Threats to eastern diamondback rattlesnake include habitat loss, killing by humans, and highway mortality. Rattlesnake roundups are another threat to this species, as they are removed from the wild and killed for exhibition and entertainment. One common method of capture at these events involves pouring gasoline down a rattlesnakes supposed burrow, a practice which is harmful to both the snake and its environment. [30]

Habitat

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake inhabits upland dry pine forest, pine and palmetto flatwoods, sandhills and coastal maritime hammocks, longleaf pine/turkey oak habitats, grass-sedge marshes and swamp forest, cypress swamps, mesic hammocks, sandy mixed woodlands, xeric hammocks, and salt marshes, as well as wet prairies during dry periods. In many areas, it seems to use burrows made by gophers and gopher tortoises during the summer and winter.[13]

Behavior

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake frequently shelters by tunneling in gopher and tortoise burrows, emerging in the early morning or afternoon to bask.[31] Some research shows that these snakes spend less time underground during their active seasons.[32]

Like most rattlesnakes, this species is terrestrial and not adept at climbing. However, it has on occasion been reported in bushes and trees, apparently in search of prey. Even large specimens have been spotted as high as 10 m (33 ft) above the ground.[3]

It is also known to be an excellent swimmer. Specimens have often been spotted crossing stretches of water between barrier islands and the mainland off the Georgia coast, in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Florida Keys, sometimes miles from land.[3]

Individual disposition varies, with some allowing close approach while remaining silent, and others starting to rattle at a distance of 6–9 m (20–30 ft).[16] The rattle is well developed and can be heard from relatively far away. When threatened, it raises the anterior half of the body off the ground in an S-shaped coil, and can strike to a distance of at least a third of its body length.[33] Many will stand their ground and may strike repeatedly, but if given the opportunity, they will usually retreat while facing the intruder and moving backwards towards shelter, after which they disappear.[3][31][33]

One popular myth is that the eastern diamondback rattlesnake must rattle before striking. To the contrary, it is quite capable of striking while remaining completely silent.[34]

Hawks, eagles, and other snakes have been known to prey upon young and adolescent specimens of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake.

Feeding

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake forages actively or lies in ambush for small mammals, especially rabbits and rice rats (Oryzomys). The diet also includes birds. Prey is struck and released, after which the snake follows the scent trail left by the dying prey.[31]

Because of their large size, adults have no problem eating prey as large as fully grown cottontail rabbits. As the juveniles are capable of swallowing adult mice, they do not often resort to eating slimmer prey, such as lizards. In fact, eastern cottontails and marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus) form the bulk of the diet in most parts of Florida. Squirrels, rats, and mice are also eaten, along with birds such as towhees and bobwhite quail. Other prey that have been reported include a king rail, a young wild turkey, and a mother woodpecker along with four of her eggs.[3] It also eats large insects.

Reproduction

Rattlesnakes, including the eastern diamondback, are ovoviviparous. Gestation lasts six or seven months and broods average about a dozen young. However, the young only stay with the mother 10–20 days before they set off on their own to hunt and find cover.

Females give birth to between 7 and 21 young at a time, usually between July and early October. Neonates are 30–36 cm (12–14 in) in length[35] and are similar in appearance to the adults, except for having only a small button instead of a rattle on the tip of their tails.[33]

Captivity

The eastern diamondback can live beyond 20 years, but life expectancy in the wild is now typically shorter because of hunting and human expansion.

In the Universeum science center, Gothenburg, Sweden

Adult wild-caught specimens are often difficult to maintain in captivity, but captive-born individuals do quite well and feed readily on killed laboratory rodents. The eastern diamondback requires a dry and well-ventilated cage with a hide-box, maintained at a temperature of 23–27 °C (73–80 °F) for normal activity.[31]

Venom

An eastern diamondback rattlesnake showing one of its venomous fangs, Louisville Zoo, Louisville, KY

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake has the reputation of being the most dangerous venomous snake in North America.[35] While not usually aggressive, it is large and powerful. Wright and Wright mentioned a mortality rate of 30%, but other studies show a mortality rate of 10–20% (untreated).[17][36]

In proportion to its length, it has the longest fangs of any rattlesnake species, with calculations leading one to expect an 2.4-meter (8 ft) specimen would have fangs with a total length of over 25 mm (1 in). For comparison, a 1.5-meter (5 ft) specimen had fangs measuring 17 mm (23 in) in length.[3] It has a very high venom yield, an average of 400–450 mg, with a maximum of 858–1,000 mg.[37] Brown gives an average venom yield of 410 mg (dried venom), along with LD50 values of 1.3–2.4 mg/kg IV, 1.7–3.0 mg/kg IP and 14.5–10 mg/kg SC for toxicity.[38] The estimated human lethal dose is 100–150 mg.[37]

The venom contains a thrombin-like enzyme, "crotalase", capable of clotting fibrinogen, leading to the secondary activation of plasminogen from endothelial cells. Although the venom does not activate platelets, the production of fibrin strands can result in a reduced platelet count, as well as the hemolysis of red blood cells (see article on MAHA). Even with this defibrination, however, clinically significant bleeding is uncommon.[39] Nevertheless, the venom does exhibit high hemorrhagic activity.[40] It also contains a low-molecular-weight basic peptide that impedes neuromuscular transmission[41] and can in theory lead to cardiac failure. This peptide is similar to crotamine from C. durrisus terrificus, and makes up 2–8% of the protein found in the venom. In general, the venom can be described as highly necrotizing, mildly proteolytic and containing a large phosphodiesterase fraction. It stimulates the release of bradykinin that can result in severe pain, as well as profound, transient hypotension.[37]

Klauber described one case in which the symptoms included instant pain "like two hot hypodermic needles", spontaneous bleeding from the bite site, intense internal pain, bleeding from the mouth, hypotension, a weak pulse, swelling and discoloration of the affected limb, and associated severe pain. The symptoms were further described as strongly hemolytic and hemorrhagic.[3]

CroFab, ANAVIP, and Wyeth's ACP are effective antivenins against bites from this species, although massive doses may be needed to manage severe cases of envenomation. Generally, ACP is very effective at countering the defibrination syndrome that is often seen, but may do little for low platelet counts. Wyeth's ACP is no longer being manufactured.[37]

References

  1. ^ a b Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Crotalus adamanteus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T64308A12762249. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64308A12762249.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Klauber LM (1997) [First published 1956]. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind (Second ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.
  4. ^ a b Fichter GS (1982). Poisonous Snakes: A First Book. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-531-04349-5.
  5. ^ a b "Crotalus adamanteus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  6. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  7. ^ Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  8. ^ "Gaboon Viper | Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  9. ^ Klauber LM (1972). Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  10. ^ Ditmars RL (1936). The Reptiles of North America: A review of the crocodilians, lizards, snakes, turtles and tortoises inhabiting the United States and northern Mexico. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co.
  11. ^ Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Crotalus adamanteus, p. 439, Figure 199 + Plate 46).
  12. ^ Jones, A (1997). "Big reptiles, big lies". Reptile and Amphibian Magazine. 51: 22–27.
  13. ^ a b c d Campbell JA, Lamar WW (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  14. ^ "Huge Rattlesnake Found in St. Augustine". WOFL Fox 35 News. 2 October 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  15. ^ United States Navy (1991). Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: US Government / Dover Publications Inc. 204 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  16. ^ a b Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. First published in 1958. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + 48 plates. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hc), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (pb).
  17. ^ a b c Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. ISBN 0-8014-0463-0.
  18. ^ "ANIMAL BYTES - Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake". Archived from the original on 2013-06-23. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
  19. ^ Rice AN, Roberts TL, Dorcas ME (2006). "Heating and cooling rates of eastern diamondback rattlesnakes, Crotalus adamanteus". Journal of Thermal Biology. 31 (6): 501–505. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.05.003.
  20. ^ Dorcas ME, Hopkins WA, Roe JH (2004). "Effects of body mass and temperature on standard metabolic rate in the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus)". Copeia 2004 (1): 145-151.
  21. ^ D. BRUCE MEANS (10 February 2009). "EFFECTS OF RATTLESNAKE ROUNDUPS ON THE EASTERN DIAMONDBACK RATTLESNAKE (CROTALUS ADAMANTEUS)" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 4 (2): 132–141. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  22. ^ "Crotalus atrox (Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake)". Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu.
  23. ^ Mausteller, Emily R. “Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake ... - Marshall University.” Marshall Digital Scholar, MD Scholar, 2020, https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2320&context=etd.
  24. ^ 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 13 September 2007.
  25. ^ Hubbs, Brian; O'Connor, Brendan (2012). A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 129 pp. ISBN 978-0-9754641-3-7. (Crotalus adamanteus, pp. 66-67, 115-116).
  26. ^ "404". Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-03-19. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  27. ^ "Species Profile: Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) | SREL Herpetology". Srelherp.uga.edu. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  28. ^ Docket No. FWS–R4–ES–2012–0006
  29. ^ Means DB (2011). Diamonds in the Rough. (unpublished manuscript).
  30. ^ “Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus Adamanteus) - Venomous.” Species Profile: Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus Adamanteus) | SREL Herpetology, https://srelherp.uga.edu/snakes/croada.htm.
  31. ^ a b c d Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  32. ^ "Peer Review #2 of "The genetics of venom ontogeny in the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) (v0.1)"". 2017-04-27. doi:10.7287/peerj.3249v0.1/reviews/2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ a b c Ashton RE Jr, Sawyer-Ashton P (1981). Handbooks of Reptiles and Amphibians of Florida, Part 1, The Snakes. Miami, Florida: Windward Publishing Inc. 176 pp. LCCCN 81-51066. ISBN 0-89317-033-X.
  34. ^ Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake at Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed 2 July 2008.
  35. ^ a b Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. LCCCN 79-2217. ISBN 0-394-50824-6.
  36. ^ "WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources". Toxinology.com. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  37. ^ a b c d Norris R (2004). "Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles". In: Campbell JA, Lamar WW (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp. 1,500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  38. ^ Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
  39. ^ Hasiba et al., 1975.
  40. ^ Minton, 1974.
  41. ^ Lee, 1972.
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Eastern diamondback rattlesnake: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) is a species of pit viper in the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to the Southeastern United States. It is one of the heaviest venomous snakes in the Americas and the largest rattlesnake. No subspecies are recognized.

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Crotalus adamanteus ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El crótalo adamantino[3]​ (Crotalus adamanteus), también conocido como cascabel diamantino del este, es una especie de serpiente venenosa que pertenece a la subfamilia de las víboras de foseta.[4]​ Con una longitud máxima de 240 cm, es una de las serpientes venenosas más largas del continente americano[5]​ y la especie más larga de las serpientes de cascabel. Su área de distribución se limita al sureste de los Estados Unidos.[6]

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C. adamanteus,.

Descripción

Entre las serpientes de cascabel es la especie más larga. El ejemplar más largo conocido fue registrado en 1946 y es de 240 cm de longitud con un peso de 15,4 kilogramos[7]​ Sin embargo, las longitudes máximas reportadas — siendo de 240 cm[8]​ y 250 cm[9]​ — han sido puestos en duda debido a la falta de corroboración.[10][6]

Los especímenes de más de 210 cm son raros, pero suficientemente documentados. Klauber (1998) incluye una carta que recibió de E. Ross Allen en 1953, en la que Allen explica cómo durante años ofreció una recompensa de US$ 100, y luego US$ 200, por un ejemplar de 240 cm, vivo o muerto. La recompensa nunca fue reivindicada. Recibió una serie de muestras 210 cm, y algunas pieles de 240 cm, pero dijo que estas pieles pueden tomarse de una serpiente de 180 cm.[3]​ En septiembre de 2009, una serpiente de 220 cm fue capturada fuera de un barrio en St. Augustine, Florida.[11]

El tamaño promedio de esta especie es mucho menor y las longitudes más comunes mencionadas oscilan entre 110 y 170 cm,[12]​ o bien entre 80 y 180 cm[13]​ Otro estudio menciona un promedio de 170 cm sobre la base de mediciones de 31 machos y 43 hembras.[14]

El patrón de escamas incluye 25-31 (generalmente 29) filas de escamas dorsales en el cuerpo medio, 165-176/170-187 escamas ventrales en los machos/hembras y 27-33/20-26 escamas subcaudales en los machos/hembras. En la cabeza, la escama rostral es más alta que es ancha y se conecta con dos escamas internasales. Hay 10-21 escamas en la región prefrontal-internasal y 05-11 (generalmente 7-8) escamas intersupraocular. Por lo general, hay dos escamas loreales entre los preoculares y el postnasal. Hay 12-17 (usualmente 14-15) escamas supralabiales, el primero de las cuales está en contacto amplio con la prenasal, y 15-21 (usualmente 17-18) escamas sublabiales.[6]

 src=
Patrón de escamas.

El patrón de color consiste de un color de fondo marrón, pardo-amarillento, gris o verde oliva, cubierta con una serie de 24-35 manchas dorsales en forma de diamante, de color marrón oscuro a negro con centros ligeramente más claros. Cada una de estas manchas se detalla con un perímetro formado por una hilera de escamas de color crema o amarillento. En la parte trasera, las formas de los diamantes son más parecidas a bandas cruzadas y son seguidas de 5-10 bandas alrededor de la cola. El vientre es de color amarillento o crema, con manchas oscuras a lo largo de los lados. La cabeza tiene una raya postocular oscura que se extiende desde detrás del ojo hacia atrás y abajo hacia el labio. La parte trasera de la raya llega hasta el ángulo de la boca.[6]

Distribución geográfica y hábitat

 src=
En bosques de pino.
 src=
En una pradera, moviendo el cascabel.

C. adamanteus es nativo del sureste de los Estados Unidos. Su área de distribución se extiende desde el sureste de Carolina del Norte, hacia el sur a lo largo de la llanura costera, a través de la península de Florida incluyendo los Cayos de la Florida, y al oeste a lo largo de la costa del Golfo de México por el sur de Misisipi y sureste de Luisiana. La descripción original de la especie no incluye una descripción de la localidad tipo, aunque Schmidt (1953) propone que ella se limite a "Charleston, Carolina del Sur" (EE. UU.).[2]

Esta especie habita los bosques secos de pino, flatwoods de pino y palmito salvaje, dunas, "hamacas" costeras marítimas, bosques de pino de hoja larga/roble de Turquía, juncia de hierba pantanos y bosques pantanosos, pantanos de cipreses, hamacas Mesicas, bosques mixtos de arena, hamacas xéricos, y marismas, así como praderas húmedas durante los períodos secos. En muchas áreas, parece utilizar madrigueras de roedores grandes durante el verano y el invierno.[6]

Referencias

  1. Hammerson, G.A. (2007). «Crotalus adamanteus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2019.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 4 de agosto de 2019.
  2. a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. a b Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. First published in 1956, 1972. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-21056-5.
  4. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «'Crotalus adamanteus' (TSN 174309)» (en inglés).
  5. Su longitud máxima es superada por Bothrops asper (250 cm)
  6. a b c d e Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  7. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  8. Klauber, LM (1972). Rattlesnakes: Their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. (2nd edición). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  9. Ditmars, RL (1936). The reptiles of North America: A review of the crocodilians, lizards, snakes, turtles and tortoises inhabiting the United States and northern Mexico. Garden City, New York: Doubelday, Doran & Co.
  10. Jones, A (1997). «Big reptiles, big lies.». Reptile and Amphibian Magazine 51: 22-27.
  11. «Huge Rattlesnake Found in St. Augustine». WOFL Fox 35 News. 2 de octubre de 2009. Consultado el 2 de julio de 2011.
  12. U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 204 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  13. Conant R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second Edition. First published in 1958. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston. 429 pp. 48 plates. ISBN 0-395-19979-4. ISBN 0-395-19979-8 (pbk.).
  14. Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes. Comstock Publishing Associates. (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp. ISBN 0-8014-0463-0.

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Crotalus adamanteus: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El crótalo adamantino​ (Crotalus adamanteus), también conocido como cascabel diamantino del este, es una especie de serpiente venenosa que pertenece a la subfamilia de las víboras de foseta.​ Con una longitud máxima de 240 cm, es una de las serpientes venenosas más largas del continente americano​ y la especie más larga de las serpientes de cascabel. Su área de distribución se limita al sureste de los Estados Unidos.​

 src= C. adamanteus,.
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Crotalus adamanteus ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Crotalus adamanteus Crotalus generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Viperidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. 2012ko urriaren 20an eskuratua.
  2. The Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Crotalus adamanteus: Brief Summary ( Basco )

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Crotalus adamanteus Crotalus generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Viperidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Floridankalkkarokäärme ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Floridankalkkarokäärme (Crotalus adamanteus) on Yhdysvaltain lämpimissä eteläosissa elävä kyykäärme. Sen hoitamaton purema on ihmiselle tappava. Ravintonaan laji käyttää melko pieniä lämminverisiä eläimiä ja on myös hyödyksi hävittämällä ihmisen tuhoeläiminä pitämiä lajeja kuten hiiriä ja rottia.[3] Floridankalkkarokäärme on sukunsa kookkain laji. Laji ei ole vielä uhanalainen, mutta se on taantumassa ja sen arvioidaan harvinaistuvan kaikkialla levinneisyysalueellaan.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Floridankalkkarokäärme on Pohjois-Amerikan suurimpia käärmeitä.[3] Aikuinen yksilö on keskimäärin 91–183 senttimetrin pituinen, mutta lajin pituusennätys on 244 senttimetriä.[4] Ne voivat painaa yli 4 kilogrammaa. Urokset ovat naaraita suurempia,[5] mutta muuten samannäköisiä. Floridankalkkarokäärmeellä on paksu ruumis ja suuri ja paksu pää. Sen selkäpuolen suomut ovat ruskeita tai kellertäviä.[5] Pään sivuilla on silmien kohdalla musta, viistosti kulkeva tumma juova, jota reunustavat vaaleat suomut. Silmien pupillit ovat pystysuorat. Sierainten ja silmien välissä ovat kuoppakyille tyypilliset kuopat.[3] Selässä kulkee tummia timantin muotoisia kuvioita, joiden keskus on ruskea ja kehys kermanvärinen. Vatsapuolen väritys vaihtelee lähes mustasta ruskean ja oliivin sävyyn.[6] Häntä on yleensä ruskea tai harmaa, ja siinä on tummat renkaat. Hännänpäässä on pitkälle kehittynyt kalistin.[3]

 src=
Floridankalkkarokäärmeen pää.

Myrkky

Floridankalkkarokäärme on Pohjois-Amerikan myrkyllisin käärme.[7] Sen myrkky on voimakasta verimyrkkyä, joka aiheuttaa kudosvaurioita.[8] Käärme voi purressaan nostaa jopa 2/3 ruumiistaan ylös. Kunnollisen pureman saaneista ihmisistä 40 % kuolee. Myrkytysoireita ovat kipu, turvotus, hengitysvaikeudet, heikko syke, sydänvaivat, šokki ja joskus kouristukset.[3] Lajin elinalueella on kuitenkin yleisesti saatavilla vastamyrkkyä. Floridankalkkarokäärmeiden puremien syinä ovat yleensä härnääminen ja yritys tappaa tai vangita käärme.[8]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

 src=
Floridankalkkarokäärmeen elinympäristöä Evergladesissa Floridassa.

Floridankalkkarokäärmettä tavataan vain Yhdysvalloissa, jossa sen asuinalue rajoittuu kaakkoisosien rannikkotasangoille 500 metrin korkeuteen saakka. Sitä tavataan itäisessä Louisianassa, eteläisessä Mississippissä, Georgiassa ja Alabamassa. Etelässä levinneisyys kattaa Floridan mukaan lukien itä- ja länsiosien hiekkasaaret ja Keys-saaret. Lajia tavataan myös Etelä-Carolinassa ja Pohjois-Carolinassa.[1][5] Floridankalkkarokäärme on käytännössä hävinnyt Pohjois-Carolinasta ja Louisianasta levinneisyysalueen pohjoisimmassa ja läntisimmässä osassa.[1] Levinneisyyden painopiste on Floridassa ja Georgian eteläosissa.[5] Laji on vielä paikoin yleinen Georgiassa, Etelä-Carolinassa ja Floridassa siellä, missä sopivaa elinympäristöä on yhä jäljellä. Levinneisyys onkin pirstaloitunut, ja alkuperäisistä pitkäneulasmäntymetsistä on jäljellä enää runsaat kaksi prosenttia.[1] Hitaasti lisääntyvää ja liikkuvaa lajia rasittavat myös mielivaltainen tappaminen ja liikenteen aiheuttama kuolema.[5]

Floridankalkkarokäärmeen elinympäristöä ovat sahapalmua (Serenoa repens), pitkäneulasmäntyä (Pinus palustris), turkintammea (Quercus cerris) ja Pinus clausa -mäntyä kasvavat kuivat alankometsät. Se välttelee yleensä soita ja marskimaita mutta on hyvä uimari. Se voi elää lähellä vettä ja matkata jopa Floridan Keys-saarille.[4][3]

Elintavat

 src=
Floridankalkkarokäärme mäntymetsässä.

Floridankalkkarokäärme on yksineläjä. Se viettää pääosan ajastaan kerällä tiheikössä väijymässä saalista. Se on aktiivisin hämärän aikaan illalla ja varhain aamulla.[5] Laji pysyy yleensä maanpinnalla, mutta voi joskus harvoin kiivetä muutaman metrin pensaisiin tavoittelemaan saalista. Floridankalkkarokäärmeet talvehtivat kylmillä alueilla erityisesti gofferikilpikonnien koloissa, mutta myös nisäkkäiden koloissa, ontoissa puunrungoissa tai kannoissa sekä puiden juurten suojissa. Lämpiminä talvipäivinä ne voivat tulla maanpinnalle paistattelemaan[5]. Kolot ja muut piilopaikat ovat lajille elintärkeitä suojia tulipaloja ja lämpötilan vaihteluja vastaan. Asetuttuaan jollekin alueelle floridankalkkarokäärmeet voivat pysyä samalla alueella useita vuosia, eivätkä ne tee yleensä merkittäviä vaelluksia.[9] Jotkut yksilöt päästävät hyvin lähelle päästämättä ääniä, mutta toiset kalistelevat jo 6–9 metrin etäisyydeltä. Monesti ne pysyvät paikallaan, mutta ahtaalle ajettuna yrittävät poistua paikalta. Vakavasti ärsytettynä käärme alkaa kiemurrella, kalistella ja kohottaa päänsä puremisasentoon, ja ahdistelun jatkuessa se saattaa purra. Aikuisella floridankalkkarokäärmeella ei ole luontaisia vihollisia, mutta nuorilla niitä on paljon. Niitä uhkaavat esimerkiksi siat, petonisäkkäät, kuten harmaakettu, petolinnut, kuten amerikanhiirihaukka, ja muista käärmeistä erityisesti kuningaskäärmeet (Lampropeltis). Elinikä voi olla yli 20 vuotta.[3]

Ravinto

Floridankalkkarokäärme syö pääasiassa pieniä nisäkkäitä. Nuoret saalistavat etupäässä hiiriä ja rottia, aikuiset suosivat jäniksiä ja oravia. Ne syövät myös lintuja. Saalistuspaikka on tiheikössä, puunjuuressa tai kaatuneen puun juurten luona. Ne pyrkivät yllättämään saaliin ja paikantavat ruokansa hajun ja infrapunan avulla, joka auttaa lämminveristen eläinten eli nisäkkäiden ja lintujen saalistuksessa. Kun käärme on purrut uhriaan se päästää sen pakoon ja lähtee seuraamaan sitä. Se syö saaliinsa vasta uhrin kuoltua.[3][5]

Lisääntyminen

Floridankalkkarokäärmekoiraat ovat pariutumisaikaan naaraiden yläpuolella. Kilpaillessaan naaraista, ne selvittävät paremmuutensa nostamalla eturuumiinsa pystyyn ja kietoutumalla yhteen yrittäen kaataa vastustajansa maahan ruumiillaan. Parittelu tapahtuu loppukesällä tai syksyllä. Naaras synnyttää 6–7 kuukauden kantoajan jälkeen 6–21 aikuisen näköistä poikasta.[3] Poikaset ovat jo syntyessään erittäin myrkyllisiä. Ne kasvavat hitaasti ja tulevat sukukypsiksi vasta usean vuoden kuluttua. Aikuiset naaraat synnyttävät vain 2–3 vuoden välein.[5]

Lähteet

  1. a b c d Hammerson, G.A.: Crotalus adamanteus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2007. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 23.6.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS): Crotalus adamanteus (TSN 174309) itis.gov. Viitattu 29.10.2010. (englanniksi)
  3. a b c d e f g h i Erin Siebert: ADW Crotalus adamanteus Information 2000. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Viitattu 6.6.2009. (englanniksi)
  4. a b Florida Museum of Natural History: Crotalus adamanteus 2000. Florida Museum of Natural History. Viitattu 22.6.2009. (englanniksi)
  5. a b c d e f g h i Matthew King: Snakes of Georgia and South Carolina, Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake University of Georgia. Viitattu 6.6.2009. (englanniksi)
  6. North American Wildlife: Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus Reptile 2008. Wildlife North America. Viitattu 22.6.2009. (englanniksi)
  7. Scott J. Silver: Cites II Rattlesnake Proposal 2003. Serpentoxin.com. Viitattu 17.6.2009. (englanniksi)
  8. a b National Geographic: Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Profile 2009. National Geographic Society. Viitattu 22.6.2009. (englanniksi)
  9. David A. Steen & Jean C. Brock: Upland Snake Species Profile 2005. Gopher Tortoise Council. Viitattu 22.6.2009. (englanniksi)
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Floridankalkkarokäärme: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Floridankalkkarokäärme (Crotalus adamanteus) on Yhdysvaltain lämpimissä eteläosissa elävä kyykäärme. Sen hoitamaton purema on ihmiselle tappava. Ravintonaan laji käyttää melko pieniä lämminverisiä eläimiä ja on myös hyödyksi hävittämällä ihmisen tuhoeläiminä pitämiä lajeja kuten hiiriä ja rottia. Floridankalkkarokäärme on sukunsa kookkain laji. Laji ei ole vielä uhanalainen, mutta se on taantumassa ja sen arvioidaan harvinaistuvan kaikkialla levinneisyysalueellaan.

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Crotale diamantin ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Crotalus adamanteus

Le Crotale diamantin de l'Est, Crotalus adamanteus, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Viperidae[1]. Ce reptile se rencontre dans le sud-est des États-Unis, du Mississippi à la Caroline du Nord, et il vit dans des milieux variés comme les forêts de pins ou de palmiers, les dunes, les marais divers (y compris salants), les prairies humides. C'est un serpent de grande taille, mesurant environ 1,7 m de long pour une masse de 2,3 kg, mais qui peut atteindre 2,4 m et une masse de 15,4 kg.

Sa tête, bien distincte du corps, est triangulaire avec un museau plutôt arrondi et des larges écailles au-dessus des yeux, dont la pupille est fendue verticalement. Ses écailles sont carénées et ovoïdes à triangulaires. Sa couleur de fond varie selon les individus du brun, brun-jaune, olive au gris-brunâtre, avec de 24 à 35 motifs foncés bordés de blanc en forme de diamant. Il chasse principalement de petits mammifères, surtout des rongeurs, mais aussi des oiseaux et parfois des lézards, en tout cas pour les plus jeunes individus. Ovovivipares, les femelles donnent naissance en moyenne à une douzaine de petits vivants, qui se dispersent quelques heures après leur naissance.

Le venin de ce crotale a des effets variés incluant des nécroses, de fortes douleurs, de l'hypotension ainsi que des risques hémorragiques et d'insuffisance cardiaque. Bien que non classée comme menacée par l'UICN cette espèce est considérée comme en danger en Caroline du Nord et semble avoir disparu de la Louisiane.

Description

Le Crotale diamantin est la plus grande et la plus massive espèce de Crotalus, avec un record de 2,4 m de longueur pour un poids de 15,4 kg. Il fait partie des plus lourds serpents venimeux, avec d'autres comme la Vipère du Gabon ou le Cobra royal[2],[3]. Toutefois la longueur moyenne est plutôt d'environ 1,7 m[4] pour un poids d'environ 2,3 kg[5]. Les mâles sont plus grands que les femelles.

Sa couleur de fond est le brun, brun-jaune, olive ou gris-brunâtre, avec une série de 24 à 35 motifs en forme de diamant, brun foncé à noirs et un peu plus clairs au centre. Ces motifs sont entourés d'une rangée d'écailles blanches à crèmes, et tendent à devenir des bandes transversales vers l'arrière du corps, pour finir en 5 à 10 bandes franches au niveau de la queue. La tête, nettement séparée du corps, présente une bande sombre partant de l'œil et rejoignant la gueule un peu plus en arrière, et elle est également entourée d'une bande blanche[6].

Les écailles sont carénées voire nervurées, assez grandes et de forme ovoïde ou triangulaire arrondie. Elles sont plus petites sur la tête sauf pour quelques écailles comme les larges supra-oculaires. La pupille de l'œil est fendue verticalement.

Diagnose

 src=
Nomenclature des écailles (ici chez un autre Vipéridé) : 1=pariétale 2=frontale 3=supraoculaire 4=internasale 5=rostrale 6=supralabiale 7=nasale 8=mentale 9=prénasale

Le dos présente de 25 à 31 (généralement 29) rangées d'écailles à mi-corps, 165 à 176 écailles ventrales pour les mâles et 170 à 187 pour les femelles, 27 à 33 écailles sous-caudales pour les mâles et 20 à 26 pour les femelles. Sur la tête l'écaille rostrale est plus haute que large et en contact avec 2 écailles internasales. Il y a de 10 à 21 écailles dans la région internasale-préfrontale et de 5 à 11 (généralement 7 ou 8) écailles supraoculaires. Il y a 12 à 17 (la plupart du temps 14 ou 15) écailles supralabiales, la première étant en contact avec l'écaille prénasale, et enfin 15 à 21 (généralement 17 ou 18) écailles sublabiales[6].

Répartition

 src=
Répartition de Crotalus adamanteus

Cette espèce est endémique du sud-est des États-Unis. Elle se rencontre à l'est depuis la Caroline du Nord et le long de la péninsule de Floride jusqu'aux Keys au sud, en passant par la Floride, Caroline du Sud et la Géorgie, et jusqu'en Louisiane en passant par l'Alabama et le Mississippi à l'ouest[7],[8].

Biologie et mœurs

C'est un serpent principalement terrestre et diurne, peu à l'aise dans les branchages, mais il peut à l'occasion grimper dans les arbres et broussailles, sans doute à la recherche de proies. Des spécimens adultes ont même été trouvés à près de 10 m de haut. C'est également un bon nageur qu'on peut rencontrer à plusieurs kilomètres des côtes[9].

Il fréquente de nombreux milieux comme les forêts de pins ou de palmiers, les dunes, les marais divers (y compris salants), les prairies humides… Il semble souvent utiliser des terriers de Geomyidae pour y passer la nuit, que ce soit en été ou en hiver[9].

Face à un intrus, leur comportement varie en fonction des individus. Certains se laissent approcher sans faire de bruit et d'autres adoptent une posture de défense rapidement, en remuant leur « sonnette », qui peut être très bruyante, et ce dès une distance de 6 à 9 mètres[10]. Lorsqu'il se sent menacé il soulève la moitié antérieure de son corps en prenant une forme de « S » afin de pouvoir se détendre et frapper rapidement, jusqu'à un tiers de distance de leur taille totale[11]. La plupart vont rester sur place et éventuellement mordre à plusieurs reprises mais s'ils en ont la possibilité ils préfèrent généralement reculer jusqu'à un abri et s'enfuir[9],[12],[11].

Un mythe répandu prétend que ce serpent ne mord jamais sans faire du bruit avec sa sonnette au préalable. Ils sont en réalité tout à fait capables de frapper en restant totalement silencieux[13].

Nourriture

Ce serpent chasse activement de petits mammifères, en particulier des lapins et des Oryzomys. Il peut aussi manger des oiseaux. En général, il mord sa proie puis la relâche et la suit à la trace par l'odorat jusqu'à ce qu'elle meure sous l'effet du venin[12].

Ce serpent de grande taille est capable de capturer de grosses proies y compris des Sylvilagus adultes (qui constituent la plus grande part de leur alimentation au moins pour les populations de Floride). Les plus jeunes ciblent plutôt des souris, ou parfois des lézards pour les plus petits. Il peut aussi à l'occasion manger de grands insectes.

Reproduction

Ce reptile est ovovivipare. La gestation dure de 6 à 7 mois et la femelle donne naissance à 7 à 21 nouveau-nés − en moyenne 12 − entre juillet et début octobre. Les petits mesurent de 36 cm et restent quelques heures avec leur mère avant de se disperser, ce qui fait qu'il y a un fort taux de mortalité chez les jeunes[14]. Les petits sont semblables aux adultes, si ce n'est qu'ils n'ont pas encore leur « sonnette », qui se forme au fur et à mesure des mues[11].

Venin

 src=
Crotalus adamanteus montrant un de ses crochets à venin

Cette espèce est réputée être la plus dangereuse d'Amérique du Nord[14]. Bien que relativement peu agressive c'est une espèce de grande taille et puissante. Des études ont montré que le taux de mortalité des morsures atteint de 20 à 30 %[4],[15].

C'est l'espèce ayant les plus longs crochets à venin par rapport à sa longueur, avec une taille dépassant 25 mm. Elle produit une grande quantité de venin, en moyenne 450 mg et jusqu'à 1 000 mg[16]. La dose létale médiane (DL50) est estimée de 2,4 injection intraveineuse et environ 12 mg/kg en injection sous-cutanée. Pour un humain cette dose est estimée à 150 mg[16].

Ce venin contient une enzyme appelée « crotalase », similaire à la thrombine, qui a une action sur la coagulation sanguine. Malgré tout, les hémorragies importantes sont rares[17]. Il contient également un peptide qui empêche la transmission neuromusculaire ce qui peut potentiellement conduire à une insuffisance cardiaque[18]. C'est un venin qui a une action principalement nécrosante, et qui provoque de fortes douleurs ainsi qu'une forte hypotension transitoire[16].

Plusieurs antivenins sont efficaces contre les morsures de ce serpent, même s'il faut généralement des doses assez importantes pour lutter contre les divers effets[16].

Menaces et protection

Cette espèce est classée en « Préoccupation mineure » (LC) sur la liste rouge de l'UICN[19], ceci en raison de sa répartition large, de sa population supposée nombreuse et parce qu'il n'y a pas de menaces connues pouvant amener cette population à diminuer.

Toutefois en Caroline du Nord Crotalus adamanteus est protégé car considéré comme espèce en danger[20] et il est presque certainement éteint en Louisiane où il n'a plus été observé depuis 1995[21].

Le United States Fish and Wildlife Service envisage de placer cette espèce sur sa liste des espèces en danger à cause du déclin récent de sa population[22], celle-ci représentant actuellement environ 3 % seulement de sa population passée[23].

Dans la nature, ils sont par ailleurs la proie des faucons, des aigles et d'autres serpents, en tout cas pour les individus n'ayant pas atteint leur pleine taille.

Voir aussi

Publication originale

  • Palisot de Beauvois, « Memoir on Amphibia », Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 4,‎ 1799, p. 362-381 (lire en ligne) texte intégral.

Notes et références
(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. (en) Référence Reptarium Reptile Database : Crotalus adamanteus
  2. G. Wood : The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. 1983. p. 256. (ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9)
  3. D. Mallow, D. Ludwig & G. Nilson, 2003 : True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. p. 359. (ISBN 0-89464-877-2)
  4. a et b A.H. Wright & A.A. Wright, 1957 : Handbook of Snakes. Comstock Publishing Associates. (7e édition, 1985). p. 1105. (ISBN 0-8014-0463-0)
  5. Eastern diamondback rattlesnake
  6. a et b J.A. Campbell & W.W. Lamar : The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London, 2004. (ISBN 0-8014-4141-2)
  7. Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  8. R.W. McDiarmid, J.A. Campbell & T. Touré, 1999 : Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, volume 1. Herpetologists' League. p. 511. (ISBN 1-893777-00-6) (séries), (ISBN 1-893777-01-4) (volume)
  9. a b et c L.M. Klauber : Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1997 (première publication : 1956). (ISBN 0-520-21056-5)
  10. R. Conant : A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second Edition. (première publication en 1958). Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1975. p. 429. (ISBN 0-395-19979-4), (ISBN 0-395-19977-8)
  11. a b et c R.E. Ashton Jr & P. Sawyer-Ashton, 1981 : Handbooks of Reptiles and Amphibians of Florida, Part 1, The Snakes. Windward Publishing Inc. p. 176. (ISBN 0-89317-033-X)
  12. a et b J.M. Mehrtens : Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers, 1987. p. 480. (ISBN 0-8069-6460-X)
  13. Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake sur le site du Florida Museum of Natural History
  14. a et b J.L. Behler & F.W. King, 1979 : The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 743. (ISBN 0-394-50824-6)
  15. Clinical Resource Center (Crotalus adamanteus)
  16. a b c et d R. Norris, 2004 : Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles. In J.A. Campbell & W.W. Lamar, 2004 : The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. p. 870. (ISBN 0-8014-4141-2)
  17. Hasiba et al., 1975
  18. Lee, 1972
  19. UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  20. B. Hubbs & B. O'Connor, 2012 : A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States. Tricolor Books. Tempe, Arizona. p. 129. (ISBN 978-0-9754641-3-7)
  21. Louisiana Department of Fisheries and Wild life, 2010 : Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (consulté le 9 mars 2011)
  22. Docket No. FWS–R4–ES–2012–0006
  23. D.B. Means, 2011. Diamonds in the Rough

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wikipedia FR

Crotale diamantin: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Crotalus adamanteus

Le Crotale diamantin de l'Est, Crotalus adamanteus, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Viperidae. Ce reptile se rencontre dans le sud-est des États-Unis, du Mississippi à la Caroline du Nord, et il vit dans des milieux variés comme les forêts de pins ou de palmiers, les dunes, les marais divers (y compris salants), les prairies humides. C'est un serpent de grande taille, mesurant environ 1,7 m de long pour une masse de 2,3 kg, mais qui peut atteindre 2,4 m et une masse de 15,4 kg.

Sa tête, bien distincte du corps, est triangulaire avec un museau plutôt arrondi et des larges écailles au-dessus des yeux, dont la pupille est fendue verticalement. Ses écailles sont carénées et ovoïdes à triangulaires. Sa couleur de fond varie selon les individus du brun, brun-jaune, olive au gris-brunâtre, avec de 24 à 35 motifs foncés bordés de blanc en forme de diamant. Il chasse principalement de petits mammifères, surtout des rongeurs, mais aussi des oiseaux et parfois des lézards, en tout cas pour les plus jeunes individus. Ovovivipares, les femelles donnent naissance en moyenne à une douzaine de petits vivants, qui se dispersent quelques heures après leur naissance.

Le venin de ce crotale a des effets variés incluant des nécroses, de fortes douleurs, de l'hypotension ainsi que des risques hémorragiques et d'insuffisance cardiaque. Bien que non classée comme menacée par l'UICN cette espèce est considérée comme en danger en Caroline du Nord et semble avoir disparu de la Louisiane.

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Crotalus adamanteus ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il crotalo diamantino orientale (Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois, 1799) è una specie di crotalo velenoso che vive negli Stati Uniti sud-orientali. È il più pesante (sebbene non il più lungo) dei serpenti velenosi delle Americhe ed il più grosso dei serpenti a sonagli. Al 2009 non erano note sue eventuali sottospecie.[1]

Il Crotalus adamanteus è inoltre conosciuto con numerosi altri nomi, fra i quali: serpente a sonagli orientale dal posteriore di diamante[2], diamante posteriore orientale[3][4], serpente a sonagli d'acqua.[5][6]

Descrizione

È la specie di serpente a sonagli più grossa. Le misurazioni maggiori sono di 244 cm (Klauber, 1972) e 251,5 cm (Ditmars, 1936). In cattività, alcuni esemplari sono arrivati a pesare 12 kg. Comunque, la misurazione massima è stata messa in discussione a causa della mancanza di campioni positivi.[7]

Esemplari di Crotalo adamantino che superino i 210 cm sono rari, ma piuttosto documentati. Nel 1997, Klauber menziona una lettera ricevuta nel 1953 da E. Ross Allen, nella quale egli racconta di come, per anni, avesse offerto una ricompensa di 200 dollari per un esemplare di 240 cm, vivo o morto; la ricompensa non fu mai ottenuta da nessuno. Tuttavia, Allen ricevette un certo numero di esemplari lunghi 210 cm e alcune pelli di esemplari di 240 cm; si ritiene però che le pelli siano state ottenute da esemplari di taglia ridotta (180 cm).[2]

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C.adamanteus

In media il Crotalo adamantino orientale misura fra i 110 e i 170 cm,[8] gli 84 e i 183 cm.[9] Uno studio ha riscontrato tuttavia una media lunghezza di 170 cm basandosi su un campione di trentuno maschi e quarantatré femmine[5]

Generalmente, possiede fra i 25 ed i 31 (talvolta anche ventinove) filari di scaglie dorsali, 165-176/179-187 scaglie ventrali e 27-33/20-26 scaglie subcaudali sia nei maschi che nelle femmine. Sul capo, le scaglie sono più alte di quanto siano larghe e sono a contatto con due serie di scaglie internasali. Ci sono fra le 10 e le 21 scaglie nella zona internasale-prefrontale e 5-11 (a volte 7-8) in quella intersopraoculare. Generalmente, ci sono due scaglie loreali fra le parti preoculari e quelle postnasali. 12-17 sono le scaglie sopralabiali, 15-21 le sublabiali.[7]

La scala cromatica del Crotalo adamantino varia fra il marroncino, il marroncino giallo ed un marrone tendente al grigio, od una base cromatica tendenzialmente olivastra; su questa colorazione, si sviluppa una serie di 24-35 macchie che vanno dal marrone scuro al nero, leggermente più chiare a mano a mano che ci si avvicina al centro. Ciascuna di queste macchie più scure ha i bordi circondati da una fila di scaglie color crema o giallastre. Successivamente le scaglie più scure assumono una forma simile a bande incrociate e sono seguite da 5-10 striature attorno alla coda. L'addome dell'animale è giallastro o color crema con diffuse screziature nere lungo i fianchi. Sulla testa presenta una banda nera postoculare che si estende dalla parte posteriore dell'occhio all'indietro ed in basso verso la bocca, tanto da toccarne gli angoli con la parte più scura della striscia. I bordi di questa banda nera sono evidenziati da strisce di scaglie bianche o gialle.[7]

Proporzionalmente alla sua lunghezza, il C. adamanteus ha le zanne più lunghe di qualunque altra specie di serpente a sonagli; si calcola che un esemplare lungo 240 cm abbia zanne lunghe 27 mm, mentre un esemplare di 160 cm le abbia lunghe 17 mm.[2]

Collocazione geografica

Fu trovato nella parte sud-orientale degli Stati Uniti, a sud-est della Carolina del Nord, a sud lungo la pianura peninsulare della Florida fino alle Florida Keys, e ad ovest lungo la costa del golfo, dal Mississippi meridionale al sud-est della Louisiana. La descrizione delle specie non include una zona tipica, benché Schmidt (1953), propose di limitarla a "Charleston, Carolina del Sud".[10]

Stato di conservazione

Questa specie non è classificata a rischio di estinzione.

Habitat

 src=
C.adamanteus

Abita asciutte pinete montane, sottoboschi di pini e palme, dune di sabbia, paludi (anche salmastri), così come praterie umide durante i periodi più caldi. In diverse aree sembra che il C.adamanteus usi in estate ed inverno tane fatte dalle tartarughe gopher.[7]

Comportamento

Come molti serpenti a sonagli, questa specie è terricola e non adatta ad arrampicarsi. Comunque, sono stati occasionalmente avvistati su cespugli od alberi, apparentemente in cerca d'una preda. Anche gli esemplari più grandi sono stati individuati al massimo a dieci metri dal suolo.[2]

Il C. adamanteus è un ottimo nuotatore; esemplari sono stati visti talvolta attraversare tratti d'acqua fra cordoni litorali e la zona continentale della costa della Georgia, nel Golfo del Messico e nelle Florida Keys, a volte distanti miglia dalla terra.[2]

L'indole del C. adamanteus è spesso differente a seconda dell'individuo; alcuni tentano un approccio ravvicinato restando in silenzio, altri iniziano a suonare il sonaglio ad una distanza di circa 6-9 metri.[9] Il sonaglio è molto sviluppato ed infatti può essere udito anche da relativamente non molto vicino. Se minacciato, solleva da terra la metà anteriore del proprio corpo arrotolandosi a forma di S ed attacca ad una distanza di almeno un terzo della propria lunghezza.[11] Molti sono in grado di attaccare ripetutamente, ma se gli riesce solitamente si ritirano mentre affrontano l'intruso e tornano indietro al proprio rifugio.[2][11][12]

È credenza comune che questi serpenti debbano necessariamente far suonare il proprio sonaglio prima d'attaccare. Essi sono, in realtà, capacissimi di restare in silenzio prima di attaccare. Infatti, stando ad una certa ipotesi, gli individui che restano silenziosi hanno meno probabilità d'essere sentiti, visti e uccisi, e quindi potrebbero essere maggiormente in grado di trasmettere i propri geni di generazione in generazione, andando a costituire via via un tipo di serpente a sonagli che non adopera il proprio sonaglio.[13]

Alimentazione

 src=
C.adamanteus

Il C. adamanteus si nutre essenzialmente di piccoli mammiferi, specialmente conigli e topi. La sua dieta include altresì volatili. Prima colpiscono la preda, poi seguono la scia d'odore lasciata dall'animale morente.[12]

A causa delle sue grandi dimensioni, gli adulti non fanno fatica a mangiare prede grosse come conigli adulti. Gli esemplari più giovani sono capaci d'inghiottire topi adulti, anche se non disprezzano talvolta anche prede più piccole, come le lucertole.

Riproduzione

I serpenti a sonagli, incluso il C. adamanteus, sono ovovivipari. Il tempo di gestazione oscilla fra i sei od i sette mesi e le covate in media sono di circa una dozzina di esemplari. Comunque, i piccoli restano con la madre solo per poche ore (talvolta giorni) prima di allontanarsi da soli per andare a caccia, sicché la mortalità fra i neonati è piuttosto alta.

Le femmine riescono a dare alla luce fra i sette e i ventuno piccolo per volta, di solito nel periodo fra luglio e l'inizio d'ottobre. I neonati sono lunghi 30–36 cm[14] e somigliano in apparenza agli adulti, tranne che per l'avere solo un piccolo bottoncino sulla punta della coda.[11]

Cattività

In cattività il C.adamanteus può vivere anche vent'anni, una lasso di tempo considerevolmente lungo, soprattutto se si considera che allo stato brado la durata della vita si riduce considerevolmente, sia per la caccia sia per l'espansione dell'uomo.

Gli esemplari adulti catturati in natura sono difficili da mantenere in cattività; viceversa, quelli nati in cattività resistono meglio e mangiano volentieri prede già uccise, come i topi da laboratorio. Per ospitare un C.adamanteus occorre una gabbia asciutta e ben ventilata con un ambiente nascosto; la temperatura dev'essere mantenuta attorno ai 23-27 °C.[12]

Veleno

Questa specie è considerata la più velenosa del nord America.[14] Wright e Wright (1957) parlano di un tasso di mortalità pari al 30% e raccontano di vittime morte entro poche ore.[5]

Il C. adamanteus ha una grande produzione di veleno: circa 400–450 mg, fino ad un massimo di 858-1.000 mg.[15] La dose stimata mortale per un uomo si attesta attorno ai 100–150 mg.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) ITIS report: C.adamanteus, su noside.com. URL consultato il 4 ottobre 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 28 agosto 2011).
  2. ^ a b c d e f Klauber LM. 1997. Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. Second Edition. First published in 1956, 1972. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-21056-5
  3. ^ Fichter GS. 1982. Poisonous Snakes. A First Book. Franklin Watts. 66 pp. ISBN 0-531-04349-5.
  4. ^ Entrambe le due denominazioni sono libere traduzioni dei nomi in lingua inglese (eastern diamondback rattlesnake, eastern diamondback).
  5. ^ a b c Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes. Comstock Publishing Associates. (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp. ISBN 0-8014-0463-0.
  6. ^ L'elenco di nomi citati non è esaustivo per esprimere i numerosi appellativi non propriamente scientifici con cui il C.adamanteus è conosciuto. Qui di seguito riportiamo il resto dei nomi in lingua inglese:
    diamond rattlesnake, diamond-back rattlesnake, common rattlesnake, diamond-back, diamond(-patch) rattler, eastern diamond-back (rattlesnake), eastern diamond rattlesnake, Florida diamond-back (rattlesnake), Florida rattlesnake, lozenge-spotted rattlesnake, rattler, rattlesnake, southeastern diamond-backed rattlesnake, southeastern diamond-backed rattler, southern woodland rattler, timber rattlesnake, water rattle.
  7. ^ a b c d Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
  8. ^ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  9. ^ a b Conant R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second Edition. First published in 1958. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston. 429 pp. 48 plates. ISBN 0-395-19979-4.
  10. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  11. ^ a b c Ashton RE Jr, Sawyer-Ashton P. 1981. Handbooks of Reptiles and Amphibians of Florida, Part 1, The Snakes. Windward Publishing Inc. 176 pp. LCCCN 81-51066. ISBN 0-89317-033-X.
  12. ^ a b c Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  13. ^ (EN) C.adamanteus (museo di storia naturale della Florida), su flmnh.ufl.edu. URL consultato il 4 ottobre 2009.
  14. ^ a b Behler JL, King FW. 1979. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. LCCCN 79-2217. ISBN 0-394-50824-6
  15. ^ Norris R. 2004. Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles. In Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.

Bibliografia

 title=
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Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia IT

Crotalus adamanteus: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il crotalo diamantino orientale (Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois, 1799) è una specie di crotalo velenoso che vive negli Stati Uniti sud-orientali. È il più pesante (sebbene non il più lungo) dei serpenti velenosi delle Americhe ed il più grosso dei serpenti a sonagli. Al 2009 non erano note sue eventuali sottospecie.

Il Crotalus adamanteus è inoltre conosciuto con numerosi altri nomi, fra i quali: serpente a sonagli orientale dal posteriore di diamante, diamante posteriore orientale, serpente a sonagli d'acqua.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Rombinė barškuolė ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Binomas Crotalus adamanteus

Rombinė barškuolė (lot. Crotalus adamanteus, angl. Eastern diamondback rattlesnake) – barškuolių (Crotalus) genties gyvatė, priklausanti angių (Viperidae) šeimai, duobagalvių angių (Crotalinae) pošeimiui.

Aprašymas

Tai pati stambiausia barškuolių genties gyvatė. Kūnas 1,8-2,4 m ilgio. Išilgai nugaros eina tamsiai rudų rombo pavidalo raštas su švesiai geltonu apvadu.

Paplitimas

Paplitusi Floridoje ir į vakarus iki Naujojo Orleano. Gyvena miškuose, krūmynuose, vandens telkinių pakrantėse.

Mityba

Maitinasi graužikais, paukščiais ir jų kiaušiniais.

Rugpjūčiorugsėjo mėn. patelė atveda 10-20 jauniklių, kurie yra iki 35 cm ilgio.

Šios gyvatės išskiria didžiausią nuodų kiekį – net iki 660 mg sausos masės.

 src=
Rombinė barškuolė


Vikiteka

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Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia LT

Rombinė barškuolė: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Rombinė barškuolė (lot. Crotalus adamanteus, angl. Eastern diamondback rattlesnake) – barškuolių (Crotalus) genties gyvatė, priklausanti angių (Viperidae) šeimai, duobagalvių angių (Crotalinae) pošeimiui.

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visite a fonte
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wikipedia LT

Ular Orok-Orok berlian timur ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS

Ular orok-orok berlian timur ialah ular beracun yang terbesar dan terberat di benua Amerika. Ia juga merupakan Ular Orok-Orok yang terbesar di dalam dunia. Ada yang boleh mencapai berat sehingga 15 kg. Panjang ular ini pula boleh mencapai 8 kaki (2.4 m).

Rupa

Ular ini ialah ular kapak yang sangat berbisa. Ia mampu mencapai panjang 8 kaki (2.4 m), namun panjang biasa ialah di antara 3.5 - 6 kaki (110 - 183 cm).[2][3]

Ia mempunyai satu orok-orok di ekornya. Pola warna badannya agak kecoklat-coklatan, kuning kecoklat-coklatan, kelabu kecoklat-coklatan atau warna tanah kehijauan zaitun, dilapisi dengan satu siri 24-35 berlian perang gelap ke hitam dengan tengah yang lebih cerah.

Bisa

Ular ini memiliki taring yang terpanjang dalam keluarga orok-orok dan sangat berbisa. Walaupun tidak ganas, ia besar dan sangat berbisa. Taring ular 8 kaki boleh melebihi 1 inci (27 mm). Gigitannya sangat sakit dan boleh membunuh 6 orang dewasa yang sihat.[perlu rujukan] Bisanya jenis hemotoksin. Biasanya dalam satu gigitan ia mengeluarkan bisa racun 400-450 mg.

Makanan

Ular ini memakan tikus, tupai, burung, anak burung dan juga arnab.

Rujukan

  1. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, jilid 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 m/s. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (siri). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (jilid).
  2. ^ Tentera Laut A.S. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. Kerajaan AS. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 m/s. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  3. ^ Conant R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Edisi Kedua. Pertama kali diterbitkan 1958. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston. 429 m/s. 48 plat. ISBN 0-395-19979-4. ISBN 0-395-19979-8 (pbk.).
licença
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direitos autorais
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia MS

Ular Orok-Orok berlian timur: Brief Summary ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS

Ular orok-orok berlian timur ialah ular beracun yang terbesar dan terberat di benua Amerika. Ia juga merupakan Ular Orok-Orok yang terbesar di dalam dunia. Ada yang boleh mencapai berat sehingga 15 kg. Panjang ular ini pula boleh mencapai 8 kaki (2.4 m).

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia MS

Grzechotnik diamentowy ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Grzechotnik diamentowy (Crotalus adamanteus) – gatunek jadowitego węża z podrodziny grzechotnikowatych w rodzinie żmijowatych. Rośnie do długości 260 cm[3] (największy z grzechotników w północnej Ameryce). Występuje w południowo-wschodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych, zwłaszcza na Florydzie. Lubi tereny wilgotne, często przebywa w pobliżu wody. Bardzo dobrze pływa[4]. Jego jad jest bardzo silny i wydzielany w dużych ilościach – ugryzienie może być śmiertelne dla człowieka. Żywi się drobnymi kręgowcami. Z powodu szybkości i zwinności uważany jest za groźnego.

Przypisy

  1. Crotalus adamanteus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Crotalus adamanteus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. W. Juszczyk: Gady i płazy. s. 63-64.
  4. Steven Foster, Roger A. Caras: A field guide to venomous animals and poisonous plants, North America, north of Mexico. s. 14.

Bibliografia

  1. Steven Foster, Roger A. Caras: A field guide to venomous animals and poisonous plants, North America, north of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. ISBN 0-395-93608-X.
  2. Włodzimierz Juszczyk: Gady i płazy. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1986. ISBN 83-214-0464-2.
p d e
Węże (Serpentes) Scolecophidia Kingbrownsnake.jpgAlethinophidia
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Grzechotnik diamentowy: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Grzechotnik diamentowy (Crotalus adamanteus) – gatunek jadowitego węża z podrodziny grzechotnikowatych w rodzinie żmijowatych. Rośnie do długości 260 cm (największy z grzechotników w północnej Ameryce). Występuje w południowo-wschodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych, zwłaszcza na Florydzie. Lubi tereny wilgotne, często przebywa w pobliżu wody. Bardzo dobrze pływa. Jego jad jest bardzo silny i wydzielany w dużych ilościach – ugryzienie może być śmiertelne dla człowieka. Żywi się drobnymi kręgowcami. Z powodu szybkości i zwinności uważany jest za groźnego.

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Crotalus adamanteus ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Crotalus adamanteus[2] este o specie de șerpi din genul Crotalus, familia Viperidae, descrisă de Palisot De Beauvois 1799.[3][4] A fost clasificată de IUCN ca specie cu risc scăzut.[1] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Crotalus adamanteus nu are subspecii cunoscute.[3]

Referințe

  1. ^ a b Crotalus adamanteus. Lista roșie a speciilor periclitate IUCN. Versiunea 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2007. Accesat în 24 octombrie 2012.
  2. ^ Palisot de Beauvois (1799) , Trans American Philos. Soc. 4: 362-381
  3. ^ a b Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
  4. ^ TIGR Reptile Database . Uetz P. , 2007-10-02


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Crotalus adamanteus: Brief Summary ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Crotalus adamanteus este o specie de șerpi din genul Crotalus, familia Viperidae, descrisă de Palisot De Beauvois 1799. A fost clasificată de IUCN ca specie cu risc scăzut. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Crotalus adamanteus nu are subspecii cunoscute.

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Doğu elmas sırtlı çıngıraklı yılanı ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Doğu elmas sırtlı çıngıraklı yılanı (Crotalus adamanteus) ABD'nin güneydoğusunda bulunan zehirli bir çukur engerek türüdür. Amerika kıtasında bulunan en ağır ve en büyük zehirli yılandır. Tanınmış herhangi bir alt türü bulunmamaktadır.[3]

Özellikleri

En büyük çıngıraklı yılan türüdür. Rapor edilen maksimum uzunluklar 244 cm (8.0 ft) (Klauber, 1972) ve 251.5 cm'dir (8.25 ft) (Ditmars, 1936). Esaret altındaki bir türün ağırlığı ise 26 pounds (12 kg) ölçülmüştür. Ancak belirtilen maksimum uzunluk için yeterli kanıt olmadığından doğruluğu sorgulanmaktadır (Jones, 1997).[4]

210 cm'yi (7 ft) aşan birey azdır ancak bunlar detaylı olarak belgelendirilmiştir. Klauber (1997) 1953'te E. Ross Allen'dan 240 cm'yi aşan ölü ya da canlı bir örnek bulunması halinde önce 100 dolar sonra 200 dolar ödül teklif ettiğini belirten mektup aldığından bahseder.

Notlar

  1. ^ Şablon:IUCN2009
  2. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ Crotalus adamanteus. ITIS - Integrated Taxonomic Information System. (Erişim: 28 Kasım 2006)
  4. ^ Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.
Stub icon Yılan ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Doğu elmas sırtlı çıngıraklı yılanı: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Doğu elmas sırtlı çıngıraklı yılanı (Crotalus adamanteus) ABD'nin güneydoğusunda bulunan zehirli bir çukur engerek türüdür. Amerika kıtasında bulunan en ağır ve en büyük zehirli yılandır. Tanınmış herhangi bir alt türü bulunmamaktadır.

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wikipedia TR

Rắn chuông lưng đốm thoi miền đông ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Crotalus adamanteus là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn lục. Loài này được Palisot De Beauvois mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1799.[3]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ G.A Hammerson (2007) Crotalus adamanteus Trong: IUCN 2009. Sách đỏ IUCN về các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2009.1. www.iucnredlist.org Tra cứu ngày 2009-06-18.
  2. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ Crotalus adamanteus. The Reptile Database. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về họ Rắn lục này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Rắn chuông lưng đốm thoi miền đông: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Crotalus adamanteus là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn lục. Loài này được Palisot De Beauvois mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1799.

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東部菱背響尾蛇 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Crotalus adamanteus
C. adamanteus map.jpg

東部菱背響尾蛇(学名Crotalus adamanteus,eastern diamondback rattlesnake)為美洲最重的毒蛇,除了是世界上最大的響尾蛇,也是北美洲最大的毒蛇,最常可達7英呎(84英吋=2.14公尺)。東部菱背響尾蛇的名稱來自於背上明顯的菱形背斑,能使牠們融入落葉林的地層。東部菱背響尾蛇有時會游泳穿梭於外海的各個島嶼,最遠能游離岸邊20000碼的島嶼。遊客有時會在登山步道上遇見牠們,有時會不經意的踩到使牠們來不及搖動響環警告而激起牠們的自衛本能,使東部菱背響尾蛇在該地聲名狼藉。

 title=
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東部菱背響尾蛇: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

東部菱背響尾蛇(学名Crotalus adamanteus,eastern diamondback rattlesnake)為美洲最重的毒蛇,除了是世界上最大的響尾蛇,也是北美洲最大的毒蛇,最常可達7英呎(84英吋=2.14公尺)。東部菱背響尾蛇的名稱來自於背上明顯的菱形背斑,能使牠們融入落葉林的地層。東部菱背響尾蛇有時會游泳穿梭於外海的各個島嶼,最遠能游離岸邊20000碼的島嶼。遊客有時會在登山步道上遇見牠們,有時會不經意的踩到使牠們來不及搖動響環警告而激起牠們的自衛本能,使東部菱背響尾蛇在該地聲名狼藉。

 title= 取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=東部菱背響尾蛇&oldid=52403703分类IUCN数据缺乏物种蝰蛇科美國爬行動物隐藏分类:TaxoboxLatinName本地相关图片与维基数据不同
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ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビ ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビ
ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビ
Crotalus adamanteus
保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : 有鱗目 Squamata 亜目 : ヘビ亜目 Serpentes : クサリヘビ科 Viperidae 亜科 : マムシ亜科 Crotalinae : ガラガラヘビ属 Crotalus : ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビ
C. adamanteus 学名 Crotalus adamanteus
Beauvois, 1799 和名 ヒガシダイヤガラガラ
ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビ 英名 Eastern diamondback rattlesnake

ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビ学名Crotalus adamanteus)は、クサリヘビ科ガラガラヘビ属に分類されるヘビ特定動物

分布[編集]

アメリカ合衆国アラバマ州サウスカロライナ州ジョージア州ノースカロライナ州フロリダ州ミシシッピ州ルイジアナ州固有種

形態[編集]

最大全長240cmとガラガラヘビ属および北アメリカ大陸に分布するクサリヘビ科では最大種で、さらにクサリヘビ科最重量種。体色は黄色や褐色。背面には中央部が明色の黒い菱形(ダイヤモンド形)の斑紋が並び、和名や英名(diamondback=ダイヤモンドの背中)の由来になっている。

出産直後の幼蛇の全長は30-36cm。

[編集]

毒性は出血毒。

生態[編集]

乾燥した森林等に生息する。夜行性で、昼間は木の根元や他の動物が掘った巣穴等で休む。

食性は動物食で、哺乳類ウサギ目ネズミ目)、鳥類等を食べる。

繁殖形態は卵胎生で、1回に7-21頭の幼蛇を産む。

人間との関係[編集]

開発による生息地の破壊、毒蛇としての駆除等により生息数は減少している。

大型種のため毒の量が多く、人間が噛まれると激しく痛み最悪の場合は死に至る。しかし血清が普及しているため、現在は生息地において本種に咬まれて命を落とすことは非常に稀。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビに関連するメディアがあります。

参考文献[編集]

  • クリス・マティソン 『ヘビ大図鑑』、緑書房、2000年、186頁。
  • 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、139頁。
  • 山田和久 『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド ヘビ』、誠文堂新光社2005年、111頁。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
 title=
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ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

ヒガシダイヤガラガラヘビ(学名:Crotalus adamanteus)は、クサリヘビ科ガラガラヘビ属に分類されるヘビ特定動物

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wikipedia 日本語