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Lucilia cuprina, formerly named Phaenicia cuprina, the Australian sheep blowfly is a blow fly in the family Calliphoridae. It causes the condition known as "sheep strike"'. The female fly locates a sheep with ideal conditions, such as an open wound or a build-up of faeces or urine in the wool, in which she lays her eggs. The emerging larvae cause large lesions on the sheep, which may prove to be fatal.
L. cuprina is a species of blow fly characterized by a metallic outer appearance and reddish eyes. They usually have a shiny green or greenish/blue abdomen with bronze/coppery reflections. Because of this, Lucilia species are known as the bronze bottle flies.[1] Their body shape is round to oval and their length varies from 4.5–10 mm. They have two pairs of wings, the first pair being membranous wings and the second pair being reduced wings known as halteres, which are used for flight stabilization.[2] Adults are easy to distinguish due to bristles on the meron, in addition to the arista, the prominent hair on the terminal antennal segment being plumose, or feathery. L. cuprina is most easily identified by its strong dorsal setae and black thoracic spiracle. It is almost indistinguishable from its conspecific L. sericata, and the difference between the two can be determined only by microscopic analysis of the occipital setae.
Although known as the Australian sheep blowfly, L. cuprina can be found in other parts of the world, including Africa and North America. These blow flies like warmer weather with soil temperatures above 15°C, air temperatures above 17 and below 40°C. They like low wind conditions with wind speeds below 30 km/h. Adapted perfectly to the Southern United States, this fly is well known because of its importance in forensic entomology. L. cuprina can fly up to 10 miles looking for food, and can be found on foods ranging from carrion to decaying fruit. Larvae are often found in shaded regions of carrion, while the adults prefer bright, open areas.[3]
Adults of L. cuprina arrive early on carrion, appearing hours or even minutes after death. There, on the fresh body, they lay their eggs. The eggs then hatch into larvae that begin to feed and grow. After about five days, larvae enter the pupal stage. This is said to be an inactive stage, although many changes occur during this part of the flies’ lifecycle. The pupa does not feed, but rather uses the time inside the casing to change from a rice-like larva into an adult fly with wings and six legs. The whole process can take anywhere 11-21 days depending on environmental conditions, including temperature and food availability. In most cases, higher temperatures and a better plane of nutrition lead to a faster lifecycle. L. cuprina can have between four and eight generations per year depending mostly on temperature.
Blowfly strike, or flystrike, is a serious welfare problem in the animal industry.[4] This cutaneous myiasis or infestation not only causes severe discomfort or stress to the animal, but also causes death when left untreated.[5] Ewe lambs and female sheep are primarily affected and are struck predominately in the rear quadrant of the animal due to fecal staining. Due to the difficulty in controlling these flies, considerable losses in the sheep industry occur every year. Also, concern is increasing for insecticide use and the surgical procedures done to control L. cuprina, making this not only an animal welfare issue, but also an economical one. The maggots of L. cuprina rapidly grow while eating the living flesh of the sheep, and secrete ammonia, thus poisoning the sheep. Sheep show signs of skin irritation by rubbing and biting the affected areas during the first few days after the eggs have been laid. This causes an inflammatory response in the sheep, resulting in severe irritation and pyrexia. Once a flystrike has started, other flies are attracted to the site. Although treatment is available, the delayed response time due to symptoms allows wool breakage in the affected area and fleece to be tender overall. Many predispositions to the flystrike make a host more favorable, including an infection with dermatophilosis and footrot, both of which can be treated and prevented. In some animals, a weak resistance can develop, but this immune response is often associated with a decrease in productivity, which is an undesirable trait.
Many options are available to prevent infestation. Many of the precursors drawing the flies initially are sanitary problems, which is where control measures are directed. Drenching, shearing, or crutching are basic procedures that can reduce flystrike. Crutching is the trimming of excess wool from the breech area, and the timing of both shearing and crutching is critical in reducing the amount of flystrike.
Surgical procedures are also performed in the sheep industry to help prevention, one of which is controversial due to its invasive nature. Tail docking to the correct length reduces the amount of staining in the breech area due to urine and fecal matter. Pizzle dropping severs the connective tissue between the penis and the body. Not only does it reduce the incidence of relentless pizzle rot in sheep, but it also decreases the amount of urine staining on the belly of the sheep. This procedure can greatly reduce the occurrence of flystrike on the belly area. Mulesing is an animal husbandry procedure that has recently faced opposition. Large scissors are used to cut off the backs of the sheep's thigh region. This procedure is usually carried out by untrained farmers without the use of any analgesia. It flattens out the wrinkles around the breech of the sheep, reducing the places where moisture collects, affecting the skin of the sheep and resulting in liquid protein exudate, which is attractive to L. cuprina. Mulesing also increases the amount of bare skin around the vulva during the healing process, reducing urine staining and amount of flystrike. This procedure does cause pain, but since it is considered the most effective method to prevent breech strike, it is seemingly justifiable. Mulesing is as effective as breeding sheep for less wrinkle (score 2), which are resistant to flystrike. Mulesing is a good prevention until breeding can remove the need for the operation in flystrike prevention
Insecticides have also been used often in prevention, but with improper application and heavy reliance throughout the years, insecticide resistance and residues within the wool have caused much concern. The primary reason for failures in using insecticides is attributed to poor application. Jetting, dipping, and backlining are the three most commonly used methods for insecticide application, and most of the chemicals used belong to these types of chemicals: synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, insect growth regulators, and spinosins. Insect growth regulators can provide the long-term protection against flies, and when applied correctly, provide protection during the susceptible times of the year. Resistance to this group of insecticide has been identified. Spinosins are good for short-term control of flies and leave no residues in wool. Many government agencies mandate that the wool be free of insecticidal residues, forcing withholding periods by farmers before shearing. During this time, the flock can become extremely sensitive to flystrike.
Baited traps are a good monitoring tool, and provide for some suppression of fly populations. Traps are a good addition to an integrated fly management program. A simple-to-use, nonchemical fly trap called Lucitrap targets L. cuprina.[6] This trapping system is now sold under the name Lucilure.[7] Many attempts have been made to find an alternative.[8] Vaccinations are currently being developed to help, but none has yet proved effective in the prevention of flystrike.
Today, L. cuprina can be found throughout the world in various warm locations. Australia is one of the many places L. cuprina is found, and where it has been known to cause the most havoc. Its wide distribution is due to movement patterns and the traveling of humans and livestock within the last century. Although it can now be found worldwide, the species' origins are linked to afrotropical and oriental regions of the world.
L. c. cuprina is distributed in Neotropical, Oriental and southern Neartic regions, while L. c. dorsalis is found in Australasian, East, and sub-Saharan Afrotropical regions.[9]
L. cuprina is one of many species of the family Calliphoridae. Though many of its species have similar characteristics, L. cuprina’s closest relative is its conspecific, L. sericata. These flies are very similar in appearance and morphological characteristics, which can sometimes cause errors when trying to differentiate between them. They each exhibit specific genetic variations, which can be distinguished by using random amplified polymorphic DNA and/or mitochondrial DNA sequences, and are known to cause myiasis (flystrike) in sheep.[9] They are some of the first blow flies to arrive at a corpse and each has smooth larvae. Unlike L. cuprina, L. sericata does not usually infest live sheep. L. cuprina is a worldwide sheep pest, though it is usually found in dry climates. L. sericata has a coastal distribution.[10]
L. cuprina is often used as a helpful tool to aid medical and forensic professionals. Since it is one of the first flies to occupy a corpse upon its death, its lifecycle stage can helpdetermine time of death. Once it lands on a corpse, it lays its eggs, which hatch into larvae, followed by its pupal and finally the adult stages. Forensic professionals may then form a post mortem interval by the life stage found on the corpse. L. cuprina, although it is a worldwide pest, is very climate specific - dryer climates. A forensic investigator may conclude that a corpse has been relocated from its original location if it is found in a moist climate with L. cuprina on it.
The maggots of L. cuprina have been used by medical doctors for debridement therapy for patients who suffer from wounds that are healing slowly.[11] The maggots cleanse the wound by eating the dead and infectious skin and preventing gangrene and further infection.
Current research involving L. cuprina and other Lucilia species range from identifying genetic variation between the different species to the ultrastructure of flies' eggs. Egg ultrastructure has recently become important in the field of forensic science. It is used to distinguish L. cuprina eggs from other Lucilia species, such as Lucilia illustris and Lucilia sericata. This defining feature becomes relevant when determining the post mortem interval because it varies with each species.[12] Other ongoing research includes bacteria and fungi associated with the insect. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine if the fly is a mechanical vector of bacteria. So far, many have been found only to be carriers and cannot transmit disease.[13] There have also been studies on the taxonomic grouping of Lucilia based on geography. The use of RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis) and mitochondrial DNA sequencing has been used to investigate genetic variation within the species.[9]
Lucilia cuprina, formerly named Phaenicia cuprina, the Australian sheep blowfly is a blow fly in the family Calliphoridae. It causes the condition known as "sheep strike"'. The female fly locates a sheep with ideal conditions, such as an open wound or a build-up of faeces or urine in the wool, in which she lays her eggs. The emerging larvae cause large lesions on the sheep, which may prove to be fatal.
Lucilia cuprina est une espèce d'insectes diptères brachycères de la famille des Calliphoridae et du genre Lucilia. Au stade larvaire, cette mouche verte cosmopolite est saprophage et nécrophage. Dans certaines régions, elle est ectoparasite de mammifères et plus spécifiquement des ovins. Il s'agit d'une myiase dont l'impact agricole est particulièrement important au sein des élevages australiens. Beaucoup plus rarement, cette espèce peut également parasiter l'espèce humaine.
Lucilia cuprina arbore des yeux rougeâtre et un thorax, un scutellum et un abdomen vert brillant ou vert bleuâtre avec des reflets cuivrés métallisés. Son corps est de forme ronde à ovale et sa longueur varie de 4,5 à 10 mm. Les imagos se reconnaissent à leurs soies saillantes sur le sclérite mésothoracique ainsi que sur le segment antennaire terminal et présentent de fortes soies dorsales et un spiracle thoracique noir[1],[2].
La femelle est capable de voler sur une quinzaine de kilomètres afin de trouver des matières en décomposition pour sa larve. Cette dernière est particulièrement éclectique, allant du fruit en décomposition à une charogne quelconque ; les myiases étant un cas particulier et localisé.
La femelle L. cuprina parvient tôt sur la charogne, apparaissant quelques heures à plusieurs minutes après la mort. Là, sur le corps frais, elle pond ses œufs, d'où éclosent des larves qui se nourrissent immédiatement afin de poursuivre leur développement. Après environ cinq jours, les larves migrent au sol et se puposent, ressemblant alors à des grains de riz, d'où émergera un adulte. L'ensemble du processus se déroule sur onze à vingt et un jours selon les conditions environnementales dont la température et la disponibilité nutritionnelle. Dans la plupart des cas, des températures plus chaudes et une meilleure nutrition entraînent un cycle de vie plus rapide. L. cuprina peut avoir entre quatre et huit générations par an.
Dans le cas d'une myiase, ayant repéré une plaie ouverte ou une irritation de la peau, la femelle dépose ses œufs. Les asticots de L. cuprina se développent rapidement en mangeant la chair vivante des tout en sécrétant de l'ammoniac, empoisonnant ainsi les moutons[3].
Les moutons montrent des signes d'irritation cutanée se frottant et mordant les zones affectées pendant les premiers jours de l'infection. Cela provoque une réaction inflammatoire qui entraîne à son tour une irritation grave et une pyrexie. Une fois l'attaque commencée, d'autres mouches sont attirées et pondent à leur tour[3],[4].
Cette myiase ou infestation cutanée est un problème de santé sérieux dans l'élevage ovin australien; Elle cause non seulement un inconfort ou un stress grave à l'animal, mais elle peut aussi causer sa mort si elle n'est pas traitée. Les agneaux et les brebis sont principalement touchés et sont frappés principalement dans la partie arrière de l'animal à cause des taches fécales attractives. En raison de la difficulté de contrôler ces mouches, l'élevage ovin subit chaque année des pertes considérables[3],[4].
Bien que des traitements sanitaires soit disponible, le temps de réponse est retardé en raison des symptômes cachés par la laine. De plus, l'utilisation d'insecticides et les procédures chirurgicales de lutte contre L. cuprina suscitent de plus en plus d'inquiétudes, ce qui en fait non seulement une question de bien-être animal, mais aussi une question économique et écologique. Il existe de nombreuses prédispositions à l'attaque de la mouche qui rendent un hôte plus favorable, y compris une infection par la dermatophilose et la pourriture brune du pied, qui peuvent toutes deux être traitées et prévenues. Chez certains animaux, une résistance peut se développer, mais cette réponse immunitaire est souvent associée à une diminution de la productivité, ce qui est un trait indésirable pour l'éleveur[3],[4].
Lucilia cuprina est rarement observée chez l'humain et son infestation est accidentelle. Les cas de myiase humaines sont observés plus fréquemment dans les régions où l'élevage est pratiqué, surtout en période estivale. Les mauvaises conditions d'hygiène, le faible statut socio-économique, le contact étroit avec les animaux domestiques, la vieillesse, le retard mental, la localisation de la plaie, le diabète sucré et les maladies vasculaires sont des facteurs prédisposant à la myiase chez les humains[5].
Les mouches adultes causant la myiase pondent leurs œufs au sein de lésions nécrotiques, des saignements et des abcès. Il semble que l'infestation se produit davantage dans les plaies dont le contenu alcalin s'écoule. Les conditions dermatologiques telles que les ulcères neuropathiques, le psoriasis, la kératose séborrhéique, l'onychomycose, le lymphome cutané, le carcinome basocellulaire, le zona, la lèpre et l'impétigo pourraient établir une facilitation pour son installation. Chez les patients atteints, des douleurs, de la fièvre, des rougeurs, des démangeaisons et des infections bactériennes secondaires, une leucocytose et une hyperéosinophilie peuvent être observées. Il existe également une destruction tissulaire ; les effets mécaniques des larves ainsi que les collagénases qu'elles sécrètent jouant un rôle majeur dans cette destruction[5].
Le traitement de base est le nettoyage de tous les tissus infectés des larves, le débridement des tissus nécrotiques, l'irrigation avec des solutions antiseptiques et le changement quotidien des pansements. Les antibiotiques et les antiparasitaires peuvent être utilisés contre les complications infectieuses[5].
Lucilia cuprina est une espèce qui affectionne les climats chauds avec des températures du sol supérieures à 15 °C, des températures de l'air supérieures à 17 °C et inférieures à 40 °C. Elle apprécie les vents faibles inférieurs à 30 km/h. L'adulte est héliophile, préférant les endroits clairs et ouverts, quand la larve est lucifuge, recherchant les zones sombres de sa nourriture[6].
Lucilia cuprina est présente au sein des écozones indomalaise, australasienne, afrotropique, néotropique et au sud du néarctique. Au sein de l'écozone paléarctique, elle se rencontre uniquement dans sa partie Sud, à l'Est, au Moyen-Orient ainsi qu'en Afrique du Nord. En Europe, elle est uniquement présente en Espagne[7]. En France, elle ne se trouve qu'en Polynésie française[8].
Lucilia cuprina est l'une des nombreuses mouches vertes de la famille des Calliphoridae. Bien que plusieurs de ces espèces aient des caractéristiques similaires, Lucilia sericata lui est particulièrement ressemblante ; seule une analyse microscopique des soies occipitales est véritablement discriminante. Cependant, contrairement à L. cuprina, L. sericata n'infeste généralement pas les moutons vivants et uniquement les charognes. De plus, L. cuprina est une espèce de climat sec alors que L. sericata a une répartition côtière[1],[9].
Deux sous-espèces de Lucilia cuprina sont reconnues :
La large répartition de cette espèce est due aux migration humaines et des animaux domestiques au cours du siècle dernier. Deux circuits se dessinent. Lucilia cuprina cuprina se rencontre dans les régions néotropicale, orientale et méridionales du néarctique, tandis que L. cuprina dorsalis est présente dans les régions afrotropicale, australasienne, indomalaise et paléarctique. Les myiases ne sont dues qu'à la sous-espèce dorsalis et sont principalement présentes en Afrique du Sud et en Australie[10].
L. cuprina est une espèce utilisée dans le cadre de l'entomologie forensique. Connaître ses capacités de détection des cadavres, ses temps de développement en fonction des températures, ses préférences climatiques et savoir la déterminer à tous les stades de développement y compris les œufs est tout l'objet de cette science qui permet de dater les cadavres lors d'enquêtes policières[11].
Les larves de L. cuprina peuvent être utilisées dans le cadre de l'asticothérapie. Elles nettoient la plaie en se nourrissant des peau morte ou infectieuse tout en prévenant de la gangrène et des infections ultérieures[12].
Lucilia cuprina est une espèce d'insectes diptères brachycères de la famille des Calliphoridae et du genre Lucilia. Au stade larvaire, cette mouche verte cosmopolite est saprophage et nécrophage. Dans certaines régions, elle est ectoparasite de mammifères et plus spécifiquement des ovins. Il s'agit d'une myiase dont l'impact agricole est particulièrement important au sein des élevages australiens. Beaucoup plus rarement, cette espèce peut également parasiter l'espèce humaine.
Lucilia cuprina is een vliegensoort uit de familie van de bromvliegen (Calliphoridae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1830 door Wiedemann.
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Lucilia cuprina[1] este o specie de muște din genul Lucilia, familia Calliphoridae. A fost descrisă pentru prima dată de Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann în anul 1830.[1][2] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Lucilia cuprina nu are subspecii cunoscute.[1]
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|access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
Acest articol referitor la insecte din ordinul Diptera este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa. Lucilia cuprina este o specie de muște din genul Lucilia, familia Calliphoridae. A fost descrisă pentru prima dată de Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann în anul 1830. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Lucilia cuprina nu are subspecii cunoscute.
Ruồi lằn (Danh pháp khoa học: Lucilia cuprina, trước đây là Phaenicia cuprina) hay còn gọi là ruồi nhặng cừu Úc (Australian sheep blowfly) hay ruồi lằn là “ruồi tử thần” là một loài ruồi trong họ Calliphoridae, chúng là loài ruồi thích ăn xác chết, đặc biệt là tinh dịch của người đã chết.
Chúng xuất hiện trên xác động vật rất nhanh, ngay sau khi phát hiện máu hay mùi thối từ tử thi, Ruồi lằn luôn là loại côn trùng đến sớm nhất sau khi động vật chết. Trong nhiều trường hợp người ta có cảm giác ruồi lằn ẩn náu sẵn trong cơ thể động vật trước khi chúng chết.
Ruồi lằn là một trong những loại côn trùng xuất hiện ở hiện trường các vụ án mạng. Ruồi lằn cũng có thể trở thành trợ thủ đắc lực của cảnh sát trong quá trình phá án. nhiều vụ án mạng trong nhà, hung thủ xóa sạch mọi dấu vết ở hiện trường. Nhưng nhờ chất thải của ruồi lằn ở vị trí khác trong nhà, cảnh sát vẫn lấy được DNA và những manh mối khác.
Chúng bay loạn xạ và để lại chất thải trên xác chết. Vì thế chúng có thể làm xáo trộn hiện trường án mạng. Ruồi lằn có thể khiến cảnh sát xác định nhầm kẻ giết người. khả năng một con ruồi lằn ăn tinh dịch của một nam giới vô tội rồi bay tới hiện trường vụ án mạng và để lại chất thải. Sau đó cảnh sát sẽ phân tích chất thải của con ruồi vì nó rất giống máu và phát hiện DNA của nam giới vô tội kia.
Tinh dịch là thứ mà ruồi lằn thích ăn nhất. Tinh dịch giống như ma túy đối với ruồi lằn. Ruồi lằn thích tinh dịch bởi loại hợp chất này có hàm lượng protein cao. Trên thực tế, tinh dịch chứa hơn 200 loại protein, cao hơn nhiều so với máu, ruồi lằn thích những thứ có mùi vị đa dạng và tinh dịch đáp ứng tiêu chí đó. Ruồi lằn thích máu và tinh dịch khô hơn so với máu và tinh dịch ướt.
Sau khi ăn tinh dịch, chúng có biểu hiện giống như say rượu. Chúng bay loạn xạ và liệt một phần cơ thể. Rất nhiều ruồi lằn chết vì ăn tinh dịch, Nếu ruồi lằn ăn tinh dịch của một người vô tội rồi bay tới hiện trường vụ án mạng, cảnh sát có thể xác định nhầm kẻ gây án. Nước bọt là thứ ruồi lằn không bao giờ ăn. Chúng cũng ăn máu, nhưng chỉ khi chúng chẳng còn gì để ăn.
Chất thải của ruồi lằn có hình dạng khá giống vết máu, có thể lấy mẫu DNA của một con người từ chất thải của ruồi lằn, Nếu ruồi lằn ăn tinh dịch hay một hỗn hợp chứa tinh dịch, có thể lấy được mẫu DNA hoàn chỉnh từ chất thải của chúng. Trong trường hợp chúng ăn máu, cũng có thể lấy mẫu DNA. Nhưng bạn không thể lấy mẫu DNA nếu chúng ăn nước bọt. Ruồi lằn có thể gây nên các vấn đề tại hiện trường án mạng sau khi các chất dịch trên tử thi đã khô.
Ruồi lằn (Danh pháp khoa học: Lucilia cuprina, trước đây là Phaenicia cuprina) hay còn gọi là ruồi nhặng cừu Úc (Australian sheep blowfly) hay ruồi lằn là “ruồi tử thần” là một loài ruồi trong họ Calliphoridae, chúng là loài ruồi thích ăn xác chết, đặc biệt là tinh dịch của người đã chết.
