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Associations ( Inglês )

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / pathogen
Entomophthora muscae infects dead adult of Scathophaga stercoraria

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Výkalnice hnojní ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Výkalnice hnojní (Scathophaga stercoraria) je štíhlá hnědožlutá moucha s poměrně dlouhýma nohama a jedním párem středně dlouhých, u kořene nažloutých křídel. Samci jsou pokryti žlutavými až zlatavými chloupky, samice nejsou tolik do žluta, jsou méně ochlupené a méně nápadné. Mimo zimy jsou aktivní po celý rok a nejsou ani tak závislé na prostředí, jako na čerstvém trusu kopytníků, do kterého stejně jako všichni ostatní příslušníci čeledi výkalnicovitých kladou vajíčka a ve kterém se vyvíjí jejich larvy.

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Výkalnice hnojní: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Výkalnice hnojní (Scathophaga stercoraria) je štíhlá hnědožlutá moucha s poměrně dlouhýma nohama a jedním párem středně dlouhých, u kořene nažloutých křídel. Samci jsou pokryti žlutavými až zlatavými chloupky, samice nejsou tolik do žluta, jsou méně ochlupené a méně nápadné. Mimo zimy jsou aktivní po celý rok a nejsou ani tak závislé na prostředí, jako na čerstvém trusu kopytníků, do kterého stejně jako všichni ostatní příslušníci čeledi výkalnicovitých kladou vajíčka a ve kterém se vyvíjí jejich larvy.

Logo Wikimedia Commons Galerie výkalnice hnojní ve Wikimedia Commons
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Gelbe Dungfliege ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
Eine Gelbe Dungfliege jagt und frisst eine Märzfliege (Video, 1m 44s)

Die Gelbe Dungfliege oder Gemeine Kotfliege (Scathophaga stercoraria) ist eine Fliege aus der Familie der Dungfliegen (Scathophagidae).

Merkmale

Die Fliegen erreichen eine Körperlänge von 5 bis 10 Millimetern. Ihr Körper ist braun gefärbt, lehmgelb bestäubt und dicht behaart. Darüber hinaus trägt das schwarz beborstete Mesonotum zwei feine dunkle Längslinien. Das Gesicht und die Palpen sind gelblich. Die Stirn ist weißgrau oder blassbraun, in der Mitte weist sie einen rotgelben, sich zum Thorax hin verengenden und dunkler werdenden Streifen auf. Der Rüssel und die Fühler sind schwarz, die Fühler tragen eine lange gefiederte Borste. Die Beine der Männchen weisen eine dichte gelblich wollige Behaarung auf. Auf den Tibien der hinteren Beinpaare befinden sich außen 11 bis 13 dunkle Borsten. Die bräunlichgrauen, transparenten Flügel sind am Vorderrand ebenso wie die Schwingkölbchen (Halteren) rotgelb. Das weibliche Abdomen ist graubraun mit schwarzer Behaarung, während das männliche wollig behaart gelblich erscheint.

Vorkommen und Lebensweise

Die in der Paläarktis und Nordamerika vorkommenden Tiere treten häufig auf, insbesondere nahe den Rinderweiden. Blüten werden besucht, jedoch auch kleinere Insekten mit ihrem spitzen Rüssel ausgesaugt. Zur Paarung treffen sich die Tiere auf frischem, noch warmem Dung (vor allem Kuhfladen), in den die einen Millimeter langen, mit „Seitenflügeln“ versehenen Eier gelegt werden. Daraus entwickeln sich etwa 10 Millimeter lange Larven, die im Dung andere Insektenlarven, insbesondere Zweiflüglerlarven, fressen.

Bilder

Quellen

Literatur

Weblinks

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Gelbe Dungfliege: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
Eine Gelbe Dungfliege jagt und frisst eine Märzfliege (Video, 1m 44s)

Die Gelbe Dungfliege oder Gemeine Kotfliege (Scathophaga stercoraria) ist eine Fliege aus der Familie der Dungfliegen (Scathophagidae).

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Moxhe di stron ( Valão )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Ene moxhe a stron

Li moxhe di stron (on dit eto : moxhe a stron u moxhe di flate), c’ est ene moxhe (inseke) ki vént voltî après les strons et les flates.

No e sincieus latén : Scatophaga stercoraria

Po des linwincieusès racsegnes sol mot "moxhe a stron", alez s' vey e splitchant motî.

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Njoksfleeg ( Frísio do Norte )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

At njoksfleeg (Scathophaga stercoraria) as en insekt an hiart tu a twiijügeten.

Beskriiwang

Ferwis efter bütjen

Commons Wikimedia Commons hää bilen of filmer tu:
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Njoksfleeg: Brief Summary ( Frísio do Norte )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

At njoksfleeg (Scathophaga stercoraria) as en insekt an hiart tu a twiijügeten.

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Scathophaga stercoraria ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Scathophaga stercoraria, commonly known as the yellow dung fly or the golden dung fly, is one of the most familiar and abundant flies in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere. As its common name suggests, it is often found on the feces of large mammals, such as horses, cattle, sheep, deer, and wild boar, where it goes to breed.[1] The distribution of S. stercoraria is likely influenced by human agriculture, especially in northern Europe and North America.[2] The Scathophaga are integral in the animal kingdom due to their role in the natural decomposition of dung in fields. They are also very important in the scientific world due to their short life cycles and susceptibility to experimental manipulations; thus, they have contributed significant knowledge about animal behavior.[1]

Description

Scathophaga stercoraria is sexually dimorphic, with an average lifespan of one to two months. The adult males are bright golden-yellow with orange-yellow fur on the front legs. Females are a little duller in color, with pronounced green-brown tinges, and no brightly colored fur on the front legs. The adults range from 5 to 11 mm in length, and the males are generally larger than the females.[2] The physical features of separate S. stercoraria populations can vary greatly, due in part to the range of locations in which the species is found.[1] Generally, they are located in cooler temperate regions, including North America, Asia, and Europe. They may also favor higher altitudes, such as the Pyrenees and Swiss Alps.[2]

Feeding

Scathophaga stercoraria, hunting and eating

The adults mainly prey on smaller insects—mostly other Diptera. They can also consume nectar and dung as additional sources of energy. In a laboratory setting, adult S. stercoraria can live solely on Drosophila and water.[3] Females spend most of their time foraging in vegetation and only visit dung pats to mate and oviposit on the dung surface. Both males and females are attracted to dung by scent, and approach dung pats against the wind.[3] Males spend most of their time on the dung, waiting for females and feeding on other insects that visit the dung, such as blow flies. In the absence of other prey, the yellow dung fly may turn to cannibalism. The larvae are coprophagous, relying on dung for nutrition.[2]

Reproduction

Scathophaga stercoraria breeds on the dung of many large mammals, but generally prefers fresh cattle dung. The operational sex ratio on these pats is very male-biased and competition is high. Females are small and have limited precopulatory choice.[4] Copulation lasts 20–50 minutes, after which the male attempts to guard the female from other males. Both males and females often mate with multiple partners.[5] Reproductive success depends on a variety of factors, including sperm competition, nutrition, and environmental temperature.[2]

Anatomy

Females have paired accessory glands, which supply lubricants to the reproductive system and secrete protein-rich egg shells. Sperm is received in a large structure called the bursa copulatrix, and is stored in a structure called the spermatheca. Scathophaga species have three spermathecae, (one pair and one singlet), each with its own narrow duct that connects it to the bursa. Sperm can be stored in the spermathecae for days, weeks, or even years, and sperm from several males can be stored simultaneously.[6] Males have two projections, the paralobes, which are used to hold onto a female during copulation. Between the paralobes is the intromittent organ, the aedeagus, which transfers sperm into the female's bursa copulatrix.[7]

Behavior

During copulation, sperm is not directly deposited into sperm-storing organs. Ejaculation occurs in the bursa copulatrix, and then females actively move sperm into the spermathecae using their muscular spermathecal invagination to pump sperm into transit. This gives females a level of control over which and how much sperm enters her system, an example of cryptic female choice. Although current results are inconclusive regarding whether or not females are cryptically selecting for a better phenotypic match, a female may benefit from having variable sperm fertilizing her offspring. Such adaptations are advantageous because females benefit from being able to control which sperm are successful in fertilizing eggs. The females may not be aware of which sperm are better suited for her offspring, but simply that being able to control the proportion of sperm from multiple mates can maximize the possibility of an optimal phenotypic match. It is to her advantage to have multiple males’ sperm reach her eggs, rather than just one. After copulation, females prefer to lay their eggs on the small hills of the dung surface, avoiding depressions and pointed areas. This survival strategy aims to prevent desiccation and drowning so the eggs are placed where they have the greatest chance of surviving.[6]

Sexual conflict

Many studies have studied the many manifestations of sexual conflict, including post-mating sexual selection, in the yellow dung fly. Sperm competition occurs when a female mates with multiple males. Each male's sperm is then in direct competition to fertilize the eggs. Sperm mix quickly once they reach the female's stores. The goal of males is to displace the sperm of other males as much as possible. Larger males tend to have longer copulation times and greater rates of sperm displacement. The fertilization success of males that were secondary mates increased as their body size relative to the first male increased.[8]

Traits such as body size, testis size, and sperm length are variable, as well as heritable in S. stercoraria males. Larger sperm may be advantageous if they have greater propulsion along the female's spermathecal duct, resulting in higher fertilization success rates. When competition among males is high and females are mating with multiple males, those with the largest testes also have the most success in terms of proportion of sperm that fertilize a female's eggs. The resulting male offspring would then have a similar advantage.

A positive correlation was found between sperm length of males and spermathecal duct length of females. The size of male testis was also positively correlated with female spermathecae size. Additionally, females with larger spermathecae are better able to produce spermicidal secretion. This cryptic female choice betters their ability to influence paternity over their offspring. These covariances are an example of an “evolutionary arms race”. This suggests that each sex evolves certain traits to undermine the beneficial traits of the other, resulting in the coevolution of male and female reproductive systems of S. stercoraria.[9]

Life cycle

The eggs that the female lays on the dung hatch into larvae after 1–2 days, depending on temperature. The larvae quickly burrow into the dung for protection and feed on it. At 20 °C, larvae undergo three molts over five days, during which they grow exponentially.[3] After growth, larvae spend another five days emptying their stomachs before pupation, where no additional body mass is gained. After 10–20 days, the larvae burrow into the soil around and beneath the dung and pupate. The time needed for the juvenile flies to emerge can vary from 10 days at 25 °C to 80 days at 10 °C or less. The smaller females typically emerge a few days before the males. The fitness of the resulting juveniles is greatly dependent on the quality of the dung in which they were placed. Factors affecting dung quality include water content, nutritional quality, parasites, and drugs or other chemicals given to the animal.[2]

Life stages of "S. stercoraria"

Yellow dung flies are anautogenous. To become sexually mature and produce viable eggs or sperm, they must feed on prey to acquire sufficient proteins and lipids.[2] Females under nutritional stress will have higher rates of egg mortality and less survival of offspring to adult emergence.[10] S. stercoraria females can then produce four to 10 clutches in their lifetimes. The adults are active throughout much of the year in most moderate climates.[5]

Phenology

Yellow dung fly viability depends strongly on the environment. In warmer climates, a sharp population decline often occurs in the summer, when the temperatures increase above 25 °C.[3] Meanwhile, no population decline is seen in colder climates, such as Iceland, Finland, and northern England, and high elevations. Additionally, the number of generations per year varies with altitude and latitude, typically between two and four overlapping generations.[3] The end of winter synchronizes the first emergence in March, and the overwinter generations are produced in the fall. In northern Europe, where the mating season is shorter, only one or two generations can be expected.[3]

Phenotypic plasticity

Yellow dung flies have extremely variable phenotypes - body size and development rate in particular. Proximate causes of variation include juvenile nutrition, temperature, predation, and genetic variation.[3] Much phenotypic plasticity in yellow dung flies is a result of food (dung) availability in the larval stage, which is often mediated by conspecific competition. Less dung results in more competitors, and more drying results in decreased growth rate and adult body size.[3] Additionally, when exposed to constant temperatures in a laboratory setting, higher temperatures during growth yield smaller flies.[3] Egg volume, but not clutch size, also decreases with increasing temperature.[3] Giving merit to the hypothesis that constraints on physiological processes at the cellular level account for temperature-mediated body size, studies have also shown that S. stercoraria body size varies via gene-by-environment interactions. Different cell lines vary significantly in growth, development, and adult body size in response to food limitation.[3]

Geographic variation

Scathophaga stercoraria's phenotype has been shown to vary seasonally, latitudinally, and altitudinally as a result of an adaptive response to time constraints on development due to temperature changes. In the fall, as the temperature cools, the flies are able to increase development rate, so they can achieve the necessary, albeit smaller than average, size.[3] Furthermore, S. stercoraria development rate increases with increasing latitude.[3] This is likely an adaptive response to shorter mating seasons. Body size, but not development rate, vary with altitude. Dung flies are larger at higher altitudes as a result of colder temperatures.[3]

Reasons behind phenotypic plasticity

Larger yellow dung flies have a competitive advantage. Therefore, body size plasticity must be a survival mechanism. Offspring of large adults still survive under food limitations, despite needing more nutrients for a longer development.[3] Thus, the observed growth plasticity is a result of altering body chemistry and not differing survival rates of offspring from small and large parents.[3] Plastic development rate and body size are effective at avoiding premature death, meaning S. stercoraria adopts a strategy of being small and alive over large and dead. Smaller flies have an advantage in stressful environmental situations, due to larger dung flies needing more energy.[3] Additionally, low genetic differentiation exists between yellow dung fly populations, likely due to extensive gene flow, as S. stercoraria is able to travel great distances.[3] When species are unable to adapt through genetics, phenotypic plasticity is the most viable option to adjust to changing environments. Yellow dung flies develop in extremely variable environments, with pat drying, dung availability, and larval competition hindering survival. Therefore, phenotypic plasticity allows S. stercoraria to adjust development according to unpredictable ecological situations without genetic adaptation.[3]

Parasites and diseases

Since S. stercoraria is a synanthropic fly, it does carry the risk of passively contaminating human food with various pathogens, molds, or yeasts.[11]

Some sexually transmitted diseases of insects are known, particularly in Coleoptera. Similar diseases have also been studied in S. stercoraria. Many of these sexually transmitted diseases are from multicellular ectoparasites (mites), protists, or the fungus Entomophthora muscae. These are frequently responsible for either sterilizing or killing the host fly.[12]

Predators

As well as being an easy meal for a great many bird and bat species, these flies are also preyed upon by other insects. Much competition exists between larvae of different species within a dung pat. Other insect species may also use the pats as hunting grounds. These include robber flies and clown beetles.[13]

Use as a model organism

Like Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow dung fly is an ideal model organism due to its short lifespan and susceptibility to various experimental manipulations. Initial interest in yellow dung flies came from their potential as biocontrol agents against pest flies around livestock. In the past 40 years alone, many studies have used S. stercoraria to research topics such as sperm competition, mating behavior, sexual conflict, reproductive physiology, thermal biology, and genetics. In particular, research on yellow dung flies has contributed greatly to understanding of multiple mating systems and sperm competition.

Recently, S. stercoraria was approved as a standard required test species for ecotoxicological testing. This includes evaluating the residues of veterinary drugs in livestock dung.[2] Yellow dung flies are a key part of decomposing waste in pastures, which is key to preventing the spread of endoparasites and returning nutrients to the soil. The species’ diet also serves to reduce the abundance of pest flies.[14] To test a chemical's toxicity, the chemical is mixed with bovine faeces, to which yellow dung fly eggs are added. Then, endpoints, such as sex and number of emerged adult flies, retardation of emergence, morphological change, and developmental rate, are measured and analyzed to determine toxicity.[15] A great deal of research has been done on the effects of avermectins on populations of S. stercoraria. Avermectins are used to control endoparasites in livestock. The resulting dung contains drug residues that can have unintentional adverse effects on yellow dung fly populations, such as increased mutations and decreased offspring viability. If the use of such drugs in agriculture is not carefully monitored, considerable economic losses could occur.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c Blanckenhorn, W.U. (1997). "Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea". Oecologia. 109 (3): 342–352. doi:10.1007/s004420050092. PMID 28307530.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Blanckenhorn, WU; Pemberton, AJ; Bussière, LF; Roembke, J; Floate, KD (2010). "A review of the natural history and laboratory culture methods for the yellow dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria". Journal of Insect Science. 10 (11): 1–17. doi:10.1673/031.010.1101. ISSN 1536-2442. PMC 3014657. PMID 20575742.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Blanckenhorn, W. (2009). "Causes and Consequences of Phenotypic Plasticity in Body Size". In Douglas W. Whitman; T. N. Ananthakrishnan (eds.). Phenotypic Plasticity of Insects. doi:10.1201/b10201-11. ISBN 978-1-57808-423-4.
  4. ^ Arthur, B. I.; Sbilordo, S. H.; Pemberton, A. J.; Ward, P. I. (2008). "The anatomy of fertilization in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria". Journal of Morphology. 269 (5): 630–637. doi:10.1002/jmor.10617. PMID 18196572.
  5. ^ a b Martin, O.Y.; Hosken, D.J.; Ward P.I. (2004). "Post-copulatory sexual selection and female fitness in Scathophaga stercoraria". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1537): 353–359 pp. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2588. PMC 1691601. PMID 15101693.
  6. ^ a b Ward, P. I.; Foglia, M.; Blanckenhorn, W. U. (1999). "Oviposition site choice in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria". Ethology. 105 (5): 423–430. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0310.1999.00419.x.
  7. ^ Parker, G. A.; Simmons, L. W. (2000). "Optimal copula duration in yellow dung flies: ejaculatory duct dimensions and size-dependent sperm displacement". Evolution. 54 (3): 924–935. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0924:ocdiyd]2.3.co;2. JSTOR 2640584.
  8. ^ Simmons, L. W.; Parker, G. A. (1992). "Individual variation in sperm competition success of yellow dung flies, Scatophaga stercoraria". Evolution. 46 (2): 366–375. doi:10.2307/2409857. JSTOR 2409857. PMID 28564038.
  9. ^ Minder, A. M.; Hosken, D. J.; Ward, P. I. (2005). "Co-evolution of male and female reproductive characters across the Scathophagidae (Diptera)". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1): 60–69. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00799.x. PMID 15669961.
  10. ^ Jann, P.; Ward, P. I. (1999). "Maternal effects and their consequences for offspring fitness in the yellow dung fly". Functional Ecology. 13 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00269.x. JSTOR 2656427.
  11. ^ Olson, Alan R. (1996). Fundamentals of Microanalytical Entomology: A Practical Guide to Detecting and Identifying Filth in Foods. Florida: CBC Press, Inc. p. 41. ISBN 978-0849389252.
  12. ^ Knell, R.K.; Webberley, K.M. (2004). "Sexually transmitted diseases of insects: distribution, evolution, ecology and host behaviour". Biological Reviews. 79 (3): 557–581. doi:10.1017/S1464793103006365.
  13. ^ Stubbs, A. & Drake, M. (2001). British Soldierflies and their Allies. pp. 512 pp. ISBN 978-1-899935-04-8.
  14. ^ a b Wall, R.; Beynon, S. (2012). "Area-wide impact of macrocyclic lactone parasiticides in cattle dung". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 26 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00984.x. PMID 22007907.
  15. ^ Oecd (2008). Test No. 228: Determination of Developmental Toxicity of a Test Chemical to Dipteran Dung Flies (Scathophaga stercoraria L. (Scathophagidae), Musca autumnalis De Geer (Muscidae)). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2: Effects on Biotic Systems. doi:10.1787/9789264067479-en. ISBN 9789264067479.

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wikipedia EN

Scathophaga stercoraria: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Scathophaga stercoraria, commonly known as the yellow dung fly or the golden dung fly, is one of the most familiar and abundant flies in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere. As its common name suggests, it is often found on the feces of large mammals, such as horses, cattle, sheep, deer, and wild boar, where it goes to breed. The distribution of S. stercoraria is likely influenced by human agriculture, especially in northern Europe and North America. The Scathophaga are integral in the animal kingdom due to their role in the natural decomposition of dung in fields. They are also very important in the scientific world due to their short life cycles and susceptibility to experimental manipulations; thus, they have contributed significant knowledge about animal behavior.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Scathophaga stercoraria ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Scathophaga stercoraria, la mosca del estiércol, es una de las especies más comunes de moscas en muchas partes del hemisferio norte y del resto del mundo. A menudo se las encuentra en las heces de mamíferos grandes, como caballos, vacas, ovejas, ciervos chanchos, donde se reproduce.[1]​ La distribución de S. stercoraria está muy influenciada por la ganadería, especialmente en América del Norte y en Europa.[2]​ Las especies del género Scathophaga son un componente importante de los ecosistemas, ya que juegan un papel en la descomposición de las heces. También son importantes para la investigación científica, ya que son fáciles de estudiar y han contribuido al conocimiento del comportamiento animal.[1]

Descripción

S. stercoraria presenta dimorfismo sexual. Tiene un ciclo de vida de aproximadamente uno a dos meses. Los machos adultos son amarillos dorados brillantes, con vello amarillo anaranjado en las patas anteriores. Las hembras no son tan brillantes, tienen tonos verde castaño y no tienen el colorido vello en las patas delanteras. Los adultos miden entre 5 y 11 mm de longitud; los machos son generalmente más grandes que las hembras.[2]​ Los rasgos físicos varían mucho entre poblaciones, en parte debido a la variedad de hábitats.[1]​ Generalmente se los encuentra en climas frescos, pero también se los puede encontrar a mayores altitudes como en los Pirineos y los Alpes suizos.[2]

Ciclo vital

La hembra deposita los huevos en el estiércol y las larvas emergen entre uno y dos días más tarde según la temperatura. La larva se entierra prontamente en la materia fecal buscando protección y alimentación. A una temperatura de 20 °C, pasa por tres mudas en cinco días de rápido crecimiento.[3]​ Después pasa cinco días vaciando su estómago antes de entrar en el estadio de pupa. Se entierra en el suelo, bajo la masa de estiércol y pasa al estadio de pupa. En total requiere entre 10 días (a 25 °C) a 80 días (a 10 °C o menos). Las hembras son más pequeñas y habitualmente emergen unos días antes que los machos. La aptitud de los inmaduros depende principalmente de la calidad del alimento en que se encuentran. Los factores que afectan la calidad son la cantidad de agua, el valor nutritivo, la presencia de parásitos y de drogas u otros productos químicos dados al animal.[2]

 src=
Estadios de S. stercoraria

La especie es anautógena, es decir que para alcanzar la madurez sexual y producir huevos o esperma el adulto necesita alimentarse de una buena cantidad de proteínas y lípidos.[2]​ Las hembras que no consiguen suficiente alimento ponen huevos con una mortalidad alta y larvas de baja supervivencia.[4]​ Las hembras de S. stercoraria de cuatro a diez tandas de huevos en su vida. Los adultos son activos todo el año en climas templados.[5]

Referencias

  1. a b c Blanckenhorn, W.U. (1997). «Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea». Oecologia 109 (3): 342-352. PMID 28307530. doi:10.1007/s004420050092.
  2. a b c d e Blanckenhorn, WU; Pemberton, AJ; Bussière, LF; Roembke, J; Floate, KD (2010). «A review of the natural history and laboratory culture methods for the yellow dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria». Journal of Insect Science 10 (11): 1-17. ISSN 1536-2442. PMC 3014657. PMID 20575742. doi:10.1673/031.010.1101.
  3. Blanckenhorn, W. (2009). «Causes and Consequences of Phenotypic Plasticity in Body Size». En Douglas W. Whitman; T. N. Ananthakrishnan, eds. Phenotypic Plasticity of Insects. ISBN 978-1-57808-423-4. doi:10.1201/b10201-11.
  4. Jann, P.; Ward, P. I. (1999). «Maternal effects and their consequences for offspring fitness in the yellow dung fly». Functional Ecology 13 (1): 51-58. JSTOR 2656427. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00269.x.
  5. Martin, O.Y.; Hosken, D.J.; Ward P.I. (2004). «Post-copulatory sexual selection and female fitness in Scathophaga stercoraria». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271 (1537): 353-359 pp. PMC 1691601. PMID 15101693. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2588.

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Scathophaga stercoraria: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Scathophaga stercoraria, la mosca del estiércol, es una de las especies más comunes de moscas en muchas partes del hemisferio norte y del resto del mundo. A menudo se las encuentra en las heces de mamíferos grandes, como caballos, vacas, ovejas, ciervos chanchos, donde se reproduce.​ La distribución de S. stercoraria está muy influenciada por la ganadería, especialmente en América del Norte y en Europa.​ Las especies del género Scathophaga son un componente importante de los ecosistemas, ya que juegan un papel en la descomposición de las heces. También son importantes para la investigación científica, ya que son fáciles de estudiar y han contribuido al conocimiento del comportamiento animal.​

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Harilik roojakärbes ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Harilik roojakärbes (Scathophaga stercoraria) on kahetiivaliste seltsi kuuluv putukaliik.

Putukat on ka Eestis.[1]

Viited

  1. Michael Chinery, 2005. Euroopa putukad. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Lk 216

Välislingid

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Harilik roojakärbes: Brief Summary ( Estônio )

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Harilik roojakärbes (Scathophaga stercoraria) on kahetiivaliste seltsi kuuluv putukaliik.

Putukat on ka Eestis.

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Scatophage du fumier ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Scathophaga stercoraria

La scatophage du fumier (Scathophaga stercoraria), populairement surnommée « mouche à merde », appartient à l'ordre des diptères et à la famille des Scathophagidae. C'est la mouche velue que l'on voit se poser sur les bouses de vache dans les pâtures. Elle mesure de 5 à 12 millimètres et possède des poils dorés (mâle) ou verdâtres (femelle). On la trouve en Europe, Asie et Amérique du Nord.

Cycle de vie

 src=
Un adulte sur bouse de vache.

Durant l'accouplement, les insectes se rencontrent sur les bouses de vache fraîchement émises et encore chaudes. Les œufs, d'un diamètre d'un millimètre environ, sont pondus sur cette matière. La larve, un asticot se développe alors pour atteindre environ 10 millimètres, en se nourrissant des larves d'autres insectes coprophages, qu'elle trouve dans la bouse.

La femelle a la capacité de sélectionner le sperme d'un seul mâle en rejetant celui des autres.

Insulte

Au Québec, on surnomme plutôt cet insecte mouche à marde (en utilisant la variante locale pour le mot merde). Cependant, l'expression sert également à désigner quelqu'un qui vous colle après et vous suit partout, un peu comme une mouche qui ne cesse de vous tourner autour et dont vous n'arrivez pas à vous défaire. Exemple: « Mon petit frère est une vraie mouche à marde. »

Dans sa lettre de suicide (avorté) du 1er mai 2019, publiée sur Facebook, Isabelle Balkany désigne les journalistes comme autant de Scathophaga stercoraria, en particulier ceux enquêtant sur les malversations et détournements de fonds dont elle et son époux sont suspectés par la justice.

Références taxinomiques

Autre lien externe

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Scatophage du fumier: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Scathophaga stercoraria

La scatophage du fumier (Scathophaga stercoraria), populairement surnommée « mouche à merde », appartient à l'ordre des diptères et à la famille des Scathophagidae. C'est la mouche velue que l'on voit se poser sur les bouses de vache dans les pâtures. Elle mesure de 5 à 12 millimètres et possède des poils dorés (mâle) ou verdâtres (femelle). On la trouve en Europe, Asie et Amérique du Nord.

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Cuil bhuí ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Is feithid í an chuil bhuí.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Mykjufluga ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Mykjufluga[1] (fræðiheiti: Scathophaga stercoraria) er ein af algengustu flugunum víða á norðurhveli.[2][3] Fullorðin dýr veiða minni flugur, en lirfurnar lifa í skít eða mykju.

Tilvísanir

  1. Mykjufluga Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands
  2. Blanckenhorn, W.U. (1997). „Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea“. Oecologia. 109 (3): 342–352. doi:10.1007/s004420050092. PMID 28307530.
  3. Blanckenhorn, WU; Pemberton, AJ; Bussière, LF; Roembke, J; Floate, KD (2010). „A review of the natural history and laboratory culture methods for the yellow dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria“. Journal of Insect Science. 10 (11): 1–17. doi:10.1673/031.010.1101. ISSN 1536-2442.

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Mykjufluga: Brief Summary ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Mykjufluga (fræðiheiti: Scathophaga stercoraria) er ein af algengustu flugunum víða á norðurhveli. Fullorðin dýr veiða minni flugur, en lirfurnar lifa í skít eða mykju.

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Scatophaga stercoraria ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La mosca gialla (Scatophaga stercoraria Linnaeus, 1758) è un insetto dell'ordine dei Ditteri.

Descrizione

Scatophaga.stercoraria.6983.jpg

È una muscomorpha che misura 7–9 mm. I maschi adulti hanno un colore giallo-dorato mentre le femmine sono di un colore tendente al grigio-verdastro. Entrambi i sessi sono ricoperti da una fitta peluria sia sul corpo che sulle zampe.

Biologia

Il nome del genere deriva dal greco skatos (=escremento) e phagein (=mangiare) mentre l'epiteto specifico viene dal latino stercus, in riferimento all'abitudine delle larve di nutrirsi di escrementi bovini. Gli esemplari adulti sono carnivori e si nutrono di altre specie di insetti.

Distribuzione

Europa, Asia e America del Nord.

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Scatophaga stercoraria: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La mosca gialla (Scatophaga stercoraria Linnaeus, 1758) è un insetto dell'ordine dei Ditteri.

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Strontvlieg ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Insecten

De strontvlieg[1] (Scathophaga stercoraria) is een insect uit de familie drekvliegen (Scathophagidae).[2]

Naam

Andere namen zijn ook wel drekvlieg of gele strontvlieg. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus. De geslachtsnaam Scathophaga betekent letterlijk 'poep-etend'.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

Deze 5 tot 10 millimeter lange vlieg is bruingeel tot oranje van kleur, de vrouwtjes zijn vaak meer grijs of groen. De vlieg heeft aan de onderzijde een gele, dichte en korte beharing, en op de bovenzijde en de poten een langere, zwarte beharing. De ogen zijn rood en kenmerkend zijn de tasters die erg kort zijn maar recht naar voren steken.

Algemeen

De strontvlieg leeft niet van mest maar van nectar, en af en toe wordt ook een ander insect gegrepen, meestal andere vliegen. Deze worden met de zuigsnuit leeggezogen. De vlieg komt vrijwel overal in Europa voor, en ook in Noord-Amerika en Azië. De soort vlieg is een bekende verschijning in graslanden en heidevelden, ook wel in tuinen maar vooral in de buurt van runderen die benodigd zijn voor de voortplanting, althans de mest ervan. De strontvlieg is van april tot oktober te zien en overwintert als imago.

Voortplanting

De paring vindt plaats in de buurt van een mestvlaai, waar het vrouwtje wordt opgepikt door het mannetje, vervolgens legt het vrouwtje haar eitjes op de mest. Opmerkelijk is dat de eitjes eruitzien als kleine vliegjes, omdat ze vleugelachtige uitsteeksels hebben. Deze dienen echter niet om de eitjes te laten vliegen, maar om ervoor te zorgen dat ze niet onmiddellijk in de verse mest wegzakken en verstikken. Ook de larve leeft niet van mest, maar van andere insectenlarven die wel van mest leven, vooral vliegenlarven. De made van de strontvlieg wordt ongeveer een centimeter lang.

Bronvermelding

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Soortenbank, Strontvlieg (Scatophaga stercoraria).
  2. Vockeroth, in Stone et al., 1965, Catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico, p. 839.
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Strontvlieg: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De strontvlieg (Scathophaga stercoraria) is een insect uit de familie drekvliegen (Scathophagidae).

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Cuchna nawozowa ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Cuchna nawozowa (Scathophaga stercoraria L.) – gatunek owada z rzędu muchówek.

Występowanie

Cuchna nawozowa występuje w całym państwie holarktycznym. Została również sztucznie wprowadzona do Afryki południowej[2].

Morfologia

Samce cuchny nawozowej mają rude owłosienie, natomiast samice oliwko-zielone. Różnią się one również wielkością – samce są większe. Mają one również silne nogi posiadające pazury, służące im do walki o samicę[3].

Ekologia

Cuchna nawozowa występuje na różnych siedliskach. Na pastwiskach, wysypiskach odpadów i gnojowiskach. Larwy owada należą do saprofagów. Odżywiają się odchodami ssaków[2]. Samce żywią się innymi owadami, głównie muchówkami. Rozmnażanie cuchny nawozowej odbywa się na odchodach bydła. Pierwsze przylatują samce, a następnie samice, których jest mniej. Gdy przylatuje płeć żeńska, jest szybko oblegana przez płeć przeciwną. Następuje walka między samcami o samice. Wygrywa ten, który jako pierwszy usadowi się na samicy i rozpocznie kopulację. Nie odstępuje on od samicy, aż do momentu złożenia jaj. Gdy inny samiec dotknie samicę następuje zacięta walka, podczas której mogą zostać zgniecione składane jaja, a także sama samica[3].

Postać dorosła odżywia się między innymi drobnymi owadami. Wysysa ich ciało za pomocą zaostrzonego ryjka. Larwy odżywiają się odchodami, głównie bydła.

Do kopulacji dochodzi na świeżych jeszcze odchodach bydła. Wkrótce po kopulacji samica składa do tych odchodów oskrzydełkowane jaja o długości ok. 1 mm. Rozwój larw o długości ok. 10 mm odbywa się w odchodach.

Populacje Scathophaga stercoraria występujące powyżej 1500 m n.p.m., wyraźnie różnią się od tych zamieszkujących 500 m n.p.m. Te występujące w wyższych partiach cechuje mniejsza wielkość i różnorodność płciowa. Samce są niewiele większe od samic. Ponadto składane jaja są większe od tych znajdujących w niższych partiach[4].

Znaczenie

Dzięki swemu krótkiemu cyklowi życiowemu i łatwości manipulacji eksperymentalnej cuchna nawozowa jest często wykorzystywana do badań nad działaniem genów, oraz jak warunki środowiska wpływają na enzymy i allele genów[5].

Przez to, że larwy owada są saprofagami odżywiającymi się bydlęcymi odchodami, przyczyniają się one do szybkiego niszczenia obornika[3].

Przypisy

  1. a b Scathophaga stercoraria, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b PrzybyłowiczP. Ł. PrzybyłowiczP., Atlas owadów, „Pascal”, 2008 .
  3. a b c Kozłowski M.K.M. W. Kozłowski M.K.M., Owady Polski Tom I, „Multico Oficyna wydawnicza”, 2008 .
  4. W.U.W.U. Blanckenhorn W.U.W.U., Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea, „Oecologia”, 3, 1997, s. 342–352, DOI: 10.1007/s004420050092, ISSN 0029-8549 [dostęp 2016-03-21] (ang.).
  5. Wolf U.W.U. Blanckenhorn Wolf U.W.U. i inni, Temperature-mediated microhabitat choice and development time based on the pgm locus in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria, „Biological Journal of the Linnean Society”, 3, 2012, s. 686–696, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01955.x, ISSN 1095-8312 [dostęp 2016-03-21] (ang.).

Bibliografia

  1. Heiko Bellmann, Henryk Garbarczyk: Owady. Warszawa: Multico, 2007. ISBN 978-83-7073-418-3.
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Cuchna nawozowa: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Cuchna nawozowa (Scathophaga stercoraria L.) – gatunek owada z rzędu muchówek.

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Scathophaga stercoraria ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Scathophaga stercoraria é uma das mais familiares e abundantes moscas em muitas partes do hemisfério norte. Encontra-se muitas vezes em fezes de mamíferos, mais notoriamente de cavalos e vacas.[1]

Referências

  1. «Species Scathophaga stercoraria - Golden Dung Fly - BugGuide.Net». bugguide.net. Consultado em 18 de junho de 2019
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Scathophaga stercoraria: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Scathophaga stercoraria é uma das mais familiares e abundantes moscas em muitas partes do hemisfério norte. Encontra-se muitas vezes em fezes de mamíferos, mais notoriamente de cavalos e vacas.

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Dyngfluga ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Dyngfluga (Scathophaga stercoraria) [1]är en art i insektsordningen tvåvingar och hör till underordningen flugor. Arten beskrevs först av Carl von Linné 1758. Scathophaga stercoraria ingår i släktet Scathophaga och familjen kolvflugor.[1][2][3] Arten är reproducerande i Sverige.[3] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[1]

Arten är vitt spridd på norra halvklotet och ses ofta omkring spilling från stora däggdjur, i vilken dess larver också utvecklas. Särskilt är den associerad med spillning från nötkreatur. Dyngflugan har som fullbildad insekt, imago, en kroppslängd på omkring 10 millimeter. En bland insekterna ovanlig egenskap för dyngflugan är att hanen är större än honan. Till utseendet är hanen gulaktig till gulorange och har kraftig behåring, medan honan är mindre hårig och mer grönaktig i färgen.

Levnadssätt

Dyngflugans larv lever i djurspillning och honorna lägger äggen direkt på färsk spillning. Hanarna konkurrerar om de parningsvilliga honor som dras till en färsk spillningshög och vaktar efter parningen honan mot parningsförsök av andra hanar tills honan lagt ägg för att öka chansen att föra vidare sin egen avkomma. Konkurrensen mellan hanarna om honorna är ofta hård, en spillningshög är bara intressant för honorna under en begränsad tid, och redan ungefär två timmar efter att den lagts kommer inte många honor att dras dit längre.

En hona kan lägga mellan 30 och 90 ägg i en spillningshög. Dessa kläcks efter 1–2 dagar och larverna förpuppa sig efter 10 dagar. Tillväxten sker snabbt under de första fem dagarna, de resterande dagarna förbereder larven sig för förpuppningen. Förpuppningen tar ytterligare 10 dagar, om temperaturen i spillningshögen är omkring 20 grader. Om den är lägre tar det längre tid. De fullbildade flugorna livnär sig huvudsakligen som predatorer på andra små insekter, ofta andra flugor som också besöker spillningshögar. De kan också ses på blommor, vilka arten kan besöka som en källa till näring, men också för att hitta byten.

Bildgalleri

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/scathophaga+stercoraria/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  2. ^ Systema Dipterorum. Pape T. & Thompson F.C. (eds), 2011-01-06
  3. ^ [a b] Dyntaxa Scathophaga stercoraria

Externa länkar

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Dyngfluga: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Dyngfluga (Scathophaga stercoraria) är en art i insektsordningen tvåvingar och hör till underordningen flugor. Arten beskrevs först av Carl von Linné 1758. Scathophaga stercoraria ingår i släktet Scathophaga och familjen kolvflugor. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Arten är vitt spridd på norra halvklotet och ses ofta omkring spilling från stora däggdjur, i vilken dess larver också utvecklas. Särskilt är den associerad med spillning från nötkreatur. Dyngflugan har som fullbildad insekt, imago, en kroppslängd på omkring 10 millimeter. En bland insekterna ovanlig egenskap för dyngflugan är att hanen är större än honan. Till utseendet är hanen gulaktig till gulorange och har kraftig behåring, medan honan är mindre hårig och mer grönaktig i färgen.

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黄粪蝇 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Scathophaga stercoraria
(Linnaeus, 1758)

黃糞蠅学名Scathophaga stercoraria)是廣泛分布於北半球雙翅目糞蠅科昆蟲。尤如其名,牠們經常出沒於哺乳動物大便中,尤其是

特徵

黃糞蠅長5-11毫米。雄蠅呈鮮艷的金黃色,前腳上有橙黃色的毛。雌蠅顏色較暗,呈綠褐色,前腳上沒有鮮艷顏色的毛。牠們是適應性很高的物種,能按氣候而作出改變。[1]

生態

成蟲主要吃細小的昆蟲,如其他蒼蠅,且也會吃花粉,但很多時在花朵上的黃糞蠅都是在掠食其他昆蟲。雄蠅及雌蠅都會在糞便上出沒,雄蠅在糞便上出現只是在掠食如麗蠅等昆蟲,而雌蠅除了覓食外,也會在糞便上產卵

雌蠅會在糞丘上產卵,以增加生存率。若在尖端上產卵,幼蟲的出生會因糞便表面很易乾涸而受到影響;若在下陷處產卵,則可能會被浸死。雌蠅能夠自行判斷在何處產卵。[2]出生的幼蟲是吃糞便中其他昆蟲幼蟲為生。經過21日後,幼蟲會鑽進附近的土壤結蛹。

黃糞蠅一季就可以生產4-5代。成蟲在溫和的氣候中全年大部份時間也很活躍。雄蠅與雌蠅會多次交配

寄生蟲及疾病

黃糞蠅會染上性傳播疾病,主要是來自多細胞的體外寄生蟲原生生物擬寄真菌(如蠅蟲霉)。[3]

天敵

黃糞蠅的天敵包括鳥類及其他昆蟲,如白齒鋏食蟲虻[4]

參考

  1. ^ Blanckenhorn, W.U. Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea. Oecologia. 1997, 109: 342–352.
  2. ^ Ward, P. I.; Foglia, M.; Blanckenhorn, W. U. Oviposition site choice in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria. Ethology. 1999, 105: 423–430 pp.
  3. ^ Knell, R.K. Webberley, K.M. Sexually transmitted diseases of insects: distribution, evolution, ecology and host behaviour. Biological Reviews, Cambridge University Press. 2004, 79: 557–581 pp.
  4. ^ Stubbs, A. and Drake, M. British Soldierflies and their Allies. 2001: 512 pp. ISBN 1-899935-04-5.

外部連結

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黄粪蝇: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

黃糞蠅(学名:Scathophaga stercoraria)是廣泛分布於北半球雙翅目糞蠅科昆蟲。尤如其名,牠們經常出沒於哺乳動物大便中,尤其是

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direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科