nomes no trilho de navegação
Burning can influence germination and seedling mortality. Seeds placed 0.4 inch
(1 cm) below the surface on a prescribed burn site with light oak litter
exhibited similar germination after 90 days (75%) as seeds placed on the soil
surface of an unburned prairie site (69%).
Despite having significantly (p<0.001) reduced germination (7%) compared to
unburned and buried seeds, seeds exposed to a moderate fire (340 °F (171 °C))
on a site with sweetfern and northern dewberry litter germinated significantly faster (15.29 days,
p<0.01) than unburned (36.44 days)
or buried (34.72 days) seeds. There was no germination of sundial lupine seeds
exposed to a hot fire (930 °F (500°C)) in clumps of little bluestem [22]. Although site histories led to
confounding of treatment and site effects in field experiments at 4 sites in Pinery
Provincial Park in southern Ontario, germination of seeds planted in plots after
burning was higher than control plots, significantly (p<0.05) so on 2 of the
sites. Germination was also generally higher on sites with a history of recent
burns. Mortality of the resulting seedlings was significantly lower
(39.1%) than in control plots (56.9) [3]. However, there were no significant
(p>0.1) differences in mortality of seedlings that emerged after fire on burned
and unburned areas on 2 oak savanna
sites in northwestern Ohio, and significantly (p<0.01) more postfire emergent
seedlings died in the burned area (60%) than in the unburned area (15%) of a 3rd site [22].
Time since last fire may influence sundial lupine's response. For example, the
differing responses of wild
lupine seedlings on the 3 sites in northwestern Ohio (see Discussion and Qualification of Plant Response)
may have been related to time since last burning. The site where significant differences were observed had not
been burned in 10 years, while the sites where no significant differences were
observed had been burned within the previous 2 years. The effect of time since
burning on fire severity on these sites and/or differences in other site
characteristics that may have influenced the response were not discussed [22].
Fire and site characteristics are likely to influence sundial lupine's response to
fire. However, information regarding the impact of these factors is limited.
Sundial lupine would likely experience greater detrimental effects when fires are
relatively severe and/or perennating buds are located close to the soil surface [65].
Season of burning may influence sundial lupine response. In west-central Wisconsin, cover of
sundial lupine differed significantly (p<0.05)
between spring and fall fires, with spring fires resulting in a "more favorable"
response. Frequency of sundial lupine did not differ significantly between sites
burned in fall and those burned in spring [47]. The response of associated
vegetation is also likely to influence sundial lupine's response.
Prescribed fires in west-central Wisconsin only reduced canopy cover in areas
with less than 50% tree canopy that were comprised primarily of pines (Pinus
spp.) and multi-stemmed oaks such as black oak and northern pin oak [47].
It has been suggested that sundial lupine's nitrogen-fixing ability may give it
an advantage over other species on burned sites due to nitrogen volatilization during
fire and nitrogen loss from thatch burn-off [39,47].
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g. [19,52,73,81]).
Sundial lupine is a long-lived, cool-season, nitrogen-fixing forb with a thick, deep taproot [8,25,64]. The fine roots only survive about 4 weeks [8]. According to reviews and a gardening guide, sundial lupine is rhizomatous [11,22,64]. In a comprehensive review of the information available on sundial lupine rhizomes, Girgore and others [22] note that the perennating buds of this native perennial can be found 0 to 4 inches (0-10 cm) below the soil surface. Sundial lupine grows 8 to 24 inches (20-60 cm) tall and has palmately compound leaves with 7 to 11 leaflets from 0.6 to 2.4 inches (1.5-6 cm) long. The perfect flowers are bilabiate. Petals up to 0.6 inch- (1.6 cm) long occur on erect racemes. After pollination, a 1.2- to 2-inch (3-5 cm) legume pod forms [19,52]. From information in the literature, Halpern [26] reports that pod may contain up to 7 seeds. Average seed mass is typically between 27 and 28 mg [23,83]. The seed mass of 5,839 seeds from 59 plants ranged from 8 to 41 mg [26].
In Canada, sundial lupine occurs in Ontario and Newfoundland [20,32]. In the United States it extends from Minnesota and Iowa eastward through the Lake States and New England south through Kentucky, West Virginia, and the Atlantic coast states to northern Florida. From northern Florida its range extends westward to eastern Texas [11,25,32,70].
Lupinus perennis subsp. gracilis occurs in the southern portion of the species's range from Texas east through the Gulf states and north through Atlantic states to Virginia [32]. Lupinus p. subsp. perennis occurs in Ontario, Newfoundland, and the northeastern United States from Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois east to the Atlantic coast and south as far as Georgia. Since infrataxa are not usually distinguished in the literature, they will not be discussed further in this review. Plants Database provides a distributional map of sundial lupine and its subspecies.
The following lists are based on sundial lupine distribution information and the habitat characteristics and plant species composition of vegetation communities sundial lupine is known to occupy. There is not conclusive evidence that wild lupine occurs in all the habitat types listed, and some community types may have been omitted.
Fire adaptations: Germination of seeds in the seed bank and sprouting established plants are the most likely sources of sundial lupine in the initial postfire community. Sundial lupine seedling emergence after prescribed burns was documented by Grigore and Tramer [22], although possible sources of seed (seed bank or off-site) are not discussed. Given the lack of impact of prescribed burns on seeds buried to 0.4 inch (1 cm), sundial lupine's short dispersal distances (see Seed dispersal), and the germination, albeit limited, of seeds exposed to moderate fires [22], the seed bank is the most likely source of postfire emergent seedlings. In addition, soil probably provides enough insulation to protect sundial lupine rhizomes from fires. According to a review of sundial lupine's life history, rhizomes are located from 0 to 4 inches (0-10 cm) below the soil surface [22]. It is likely that plants with relatively deep rhizomes survive more severe fires than plants with shallow rhizomes [65]. However, there have been no investigations of fire-related mortality of established lupine or the importance of rhizome depth on sundial lupine survival.
Surviving sundial lupine, emerging seedlings, and wild lupine adjacent to a burn may provide sources for secondary colonization of a burned area. However, given sundial lupine's short dispersal distances, colonization from nearby areas would likely take a considerable amount of time, especially in large burned areas.
FIRE REGIMES: According to reviews, sundial lupine typically occurs in habitats subject to fairly frequent fires [11,55,71]. Fire season in areas with sundial lupine varies from dormant-season to early and late-growing season fires. FIRE REGIMES where sundial lupine occurs are influenced by several factors including habitat, historical period, and weather conditions [15,79]. Information regarding FIRE REGIMES in sundial lupine habitats such as savannas [7,44,79] and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) barrens [15,42,45,48] is available.
The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where sundial lupine may occur. Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) bluestem prairie Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium <10 [35,50] jack pine Pinus banksiana <35 to 200 [6,13] shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 2-15 shortleaf pine-oak Pinus echinata-Quercus spp. <10 sand pine Pinus elliottii var. elliottii 25-45 longleaf pine-scrub oak Pinus palustris-Quercus spp. 6-10 [74] red pine (Great Lakes region) Pinus resinosa 3-18 (x=3-10) [5,17] red-white pine* (Great Lakes region) Pinus resinosa-P. strobus 3-200 [6,28,43] pitch pine Pinus rigida 6-25 [4,29] eastern white pine Pinus strobus 35-200 eastern white pine-northern red oak-red maple Pinus strobus-Quercus rubra-Acer rubrum 35-200 loblolly pine Pinus taeda 3-8 loblolly-shortleaf pine Pinus taeda-P. echinata 10 to <35 Virginia pine Pinus virginiana 10 to <35 Virginia pine-oak Pinus virginiana-Quercus spp. 10 to <35 oak-hickory Quercus-Carya spp. <35 northeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. 10 to <35 southeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. <10 white oak-black oak-northern red oak Quercus alba-Q. velutina-Q. rubra <35 northern pin oak Quercus ellipsoidalis <35 bear oak Quercus ilicifolia <35 bur oak Quercus macrocarpa <10 [74] oak savanna Quercus macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 2-14 [50,74] chestnut oak Quercus prinus 3-8 post oak-blackjack oak Quercus stellata-Q. marilandica <10 black oak Quercus velutina <35 [74] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species reviewSundial lupine is commonly found in dry, sandy openings such as those found in savannas, woodland clearings, or disturbed areas [19,39,52,64,68,81].
Sundial lupine typically occurs in well-drained, sandy soils with slightly acidic pH. Sundial lupine's occurrence in sandy soil has been widely reported [9,26,64,68]. In southern Wisconsin, sites with sundial lupine typically had more than 80% sand [41]. Sundial lupine has also been reported on neutral to strongly acidic soils [33,82]. In the Albany Pine Bush of New York, soils where lupine was growing had an average pH of 5.3. This was a higher pH than found at sites throughout the Albany Pine Bush (x pH=4.8) [82]. At the Allegan State Game Area in Michigan sundial lupine was found in soils with pH ranging from 4.2 to 5.6 [21]. A review states that sundial lupine grows in basic conditions in the Finger Lakes region of New York [11].
Sundial lupine may occur at higher frequencies on sites with disturbed soil [37,39,47]. In west-central Wisconsin, a flush of seedlings was documented after vehicular traffic disturbed the soil in a closed stand. In the same study area, experimental seeded sites prepared by grubbing trees, tilling, and herbicide application had significantly (p<0.0001) higher frequency of flowering and nonflowering lupine combined (65%) than undisturbed quadrats (40%). The author calls for more research into the importance of soil disturbance to sundial lupine [47]. In Minnesota, sites associated with steep sand banks that experience sloughing were the only areas of dense wild lupine [37]. According to a review, reductions in soil disturbance may be a cause of sundial lupine decline [11]. However, another review lists "excessive" soil disturbance as a possible cause for sundial lupine decline [55].
Little information is available regarding other characteristics of wild lupine sites, such as elevation or precipitation. Sundial lupine is included in a commercially available seed mixture meant for planting above 7,000 feet (2,000 m) [57]. Forrester and others [16] investigated sundial lupine in eastern New York on sites from 200 to 400 feet (60-120 m) elevation that received average annual precipitation of 37 inches (930 mm). A site with sundial lupine in southern Wisconsin receives average annual precipitation of 34 inches (858 mm), of which a 3rd typically falls during the peak of sundial lupine's growing season [26]. A seed catalog recommends 12 inches (300 mm) of precipitation for sundial lupine [53].
Sundial lupine is toxic to some livestock, but is an important food source for a variety of wildlife species.
Palatability/nutritional value: Mature plants can be toxic to domestic sheep and horses [69,80].
Insects such as beetles, butterflies, and moths feed on sundial lupine [77,82]. According to reviews, sundial lupine is an important larval food source for several butterflies, including the frosted elfin and the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly [2,58].
Mammals have also been reported to feed on sundial lupine. Reviews report deer [22,56,75,82] and several small mammals such as rabbits, woodchucks, and chipmunks [22,82] feeding on sundial lupine foliage. However, meadow voles consistently rejected sundial lupine seeds in a feeding trial [30].
Herbivory can have negative impacts on sundial lupine. A review implicates white-tailed deer grazing as a factor in sundial lupine decline in the Albany Pine Bush [75], and excessive spring grazing may cause sundial lupine mortality [56]. Increased grazing pressure by white-tailed deer was considered a concern for sundial lupine in 2 sites in Pinery Provincial Park, Ontario [3]. In northwestern Ohio, "extensive" insect feeding damage was observed in sundial lupine seedlings that initially survived prescribed fires but died by the end of the growing season [22]. In southern Ontario, the majority of sundial lupine seedling mortality on 4 sites was due to predation. Slugs were likely responsible for the significantly (p<0.05) higher seedling mortality found on 1 of these sites [3]. Transplanted and drought-stressed sundial lupine may be more susceptible to damage from herbivory [82].
It has been suggested that grazing by megafauna such as bison and elk before European contact may have prevented succession of savannas to woodland habitats and thus provided open sites for sundial lupine [47,67].
Cover value: No information is available on this topic.
Literature reviews discuss the threats to and management of sundial lupine
and its habitat [11,25,55,71,75].
In addition to prescribed burning, mowing, herbicide application, and/or
cutting may be used and, in some cases, are required to maintain or create sundial lupine habitat [16,23,47]. In
southwestern Michigan, a combination of mowing and application of herbicide in spring reduced
overall vegetative cover, contributing to an increase in sundial lupine recruitment
that was observed for 3 years [23]. In rights-of-way in eastern New York, wild
lupine populations were larger on herbicide, mowing, and/or
cutting treatment plots than in untreated areas [16].
Direct seedling has increased sundial lupine cover on
sites prepared by grubbing trees, tilling, and herbicide application [47].
Sundial lupine plant response to fire is generally positive. Sundial lupine typically increases flower and/or seed production after fire [3,22,47], and most likely sprouts from rhizomes after fire. However, presence/absence data for sundial lupine rhizome sprouts on burned sites were not available as of this writing (2006). Burned portions of wild lupine populations in northwestern Ohio had significantly higher seed production (p=0.01) and increased number of pods/m² (p=0.003) compared to unburned portions. In addition, sundial lupine on burned sites had significantly larger biomass (p=0.035), higher nitrogen content (p=0.04), lower potassium content (p=0.008), and allocated more biomass to leaves and stems (p=0.023) than sundial lupines in unburned areas [22]. On 2 burned sites in southern Ontario, the site with the most frequent burning history had the highest average percentage of flowering sundial lupine, while the site that had only been burned once in over 30 years had the lowest average percentage of flowering lupine [3]. In west-central Wisconsin, prescribed burns also increased flowering in sundial lupine. However, this did not translate into a noticeable increase in reproduction [47].
Sundial lupine abundance is typically unaffected by fire. In oak (Quercus spp.) savannas of central Wisconsin, sundial lupine percent cover did not exhibit a significant (p>0.1) response to prescribed fires conducted in July or November [34]. In upland vegetation in northwestern Wisconsin that was burned under prescription, sundial lupine frequency increased an average of 1.1% on burned sites, a "neutral" response [72]. On oak savanna burned under prescription in northwestern Ohio, sundial lupine exhibited an insignificant (p=0.16) increase in percent cover compared to unburned areas [22]. In west-central Wisconsin, prescribed fires in the fall of 1993 and spring of 1994 had little effect on wild lupine frequency, suggesting the fires did not reduce dormancy or increase seedling recruitment. In the year following prescribed burning, however, nonflowering (p<0.01) and flowering (p<0.05) sundial lupine on burned sites experienced significantly less decline than sundial lupine on unburned sites. Statistical analysis suggested increases in sundial lupine in later years were due to reasons other than burning. The following table shows the number of nonflowering and flowering lupine plants in burned and control plots from 1993 to1995 and 1997 [47].
Nonflowering sundial lupine Flowering sundial lupine Fire Year Burn Control Burn Control prefire 1226 1152 1614 1756 <1 postfire year 895 723 1485 1168 <2 postfire years 1079 1122 892 667 <4 postfire years 1318 1209 1950 1653REGENERATION PROCESSES:
According to reviews, sundial lupine reproduces by production of ramets from rhizomes and germination from seed [11,16,22,26,71].
Pollination: Reviews list honey bees, bumble bees, eastern carpenter bees, and butterflies including black swallowtails, clouded sulphurs, and Karner blues as pollinators of sundial lupine [11,26]. Beetles, ants, and thrips may also pollinate sundial lupine [26].
Breeding system: Sundial lupine is monoecious [19]. Although wild lupine can self-pollinate, most breeding occurs through cross-pollination. Self-pollinated flowers yield significantly (p≤0.0002) less fruit and seed per inflorescence and have more aborted seeds per fruit [59].
Seed production: Sundial lupine may begin flowering in its 2nd year, but likely starts later in mediocre conditions [40,66,82]. It may not sprout every year. Sundial lupines produced as many as 52 pods on 7 flowering stalks [82]. In west-central Wisconsin, Maxwell [47] observed increased flowering in cooler years. Number of seeds per inflorescence in self pollinated sundial lupine was 40% to 60% (p<0.0001) less than outcrossed seeds [59]. The 3 highest seed yields of 4-year-old sundial lupine on planted sites in Wisconsin were [66]:
Clean seeds/acre (lbs) Seeds/lb (#) Soil texture on the site 898 20,600 Fertile loam 189 22,100 Moderately fertile loam 159 23,900 Moderately fertile loamy sandSeed dispersal: According to reviews, seed dispersal only occurs by dehiscence of the seed pod [11,22,26]. Seeds can be thrown from 3 feet (1 m) [11] to 16.4 feet (5 m) from the plant [22].
Seed banking: Based on the literature, Halpern [26] reports sundial lupine seeds may germinate the summer they mature or remain dormant in the seed bank for at least 3 years.
Germination: Sundial lupine seeds germinate in varying conditions. In the laboratory Mackay and others [46] found similar germination after 72 hours in seeds germinated in light and dark conditions. Zaremba and Pickering [82] observed germination throughout the year in the Albany Pine Bush of New York. However, higher germination was observed in sundial lupine seeds planted in spring (59%) compared to those planted in fall (39%) [82].
Some scarification methods improve sundial lupine seed germination compared to unscarified seeds, while others do not [12,22,46]. In an experiment to determine the effects various scarification treatments, 72% of seeds in the untreated group germinated over an unspecified time period. Seeds scarified with hot water exhibited an insignificant (p>0.05) decline in percent germination (57%), while those tumble scarified with pea gravel for 2 to 3 hours showed an insignificant increase (89%). Mechanical scarification using a commercial scarifier that threw seed against an abrasive drum resulted in significant (p<0.05) declines in percent germination (52%) [12]. After 1 week Mackay and others [46] reported less than 15% germination of unscarified wild lupine seeds, while percent germination of seeds scarified in sulfuric acid was about 90% for seeds soaked 15 minutes and approached 100% for seeds soaked ≥30 minutes. Seeds nicked using a razor blade exhibited 100% germination. Soaking sundial lupine seeds in water of varying temperatures (72-212 °F (22-100 °C)) did not promote germination [46]. Exposure to fire may result in large decreases in percent germination. After 90 days, Grigore and Tremer [22] found significantly (p<0.001) lower percent germination in seeds on the surface of prescribed burned sites compared to buried and unburned seeds (see Discussion and Qualification of Plant Response).
Water availability affects percent germination. For instance, seeds that received 11 inches (28 cm, ambient) or 14 inches (35 cm, wet) of water over 3 months exhibited 92% germination, while only 62% of seeds limited to 2 inches (6 cm, dry) of water germinated. In addition, the effect of seed mass on germination varied with water availability. The probability of germination increased 3-fold with a 10-mg increase in seed mass in seeds exposed to ambient or wet conditions, while seeds in dry conditions did not show increased germination with increased seed size. In addition, the decrease in time to germination due to increased seed mass was larger in the ambient and wet treatments than in the dry treatment [26].
Temperature can also influence germination. Seeds collected in southern Ontario and stored in a freezer for 6 weeks exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher germination after 4.5 months (99%) than those stored at room temperature (62%) [3]. In addition, at least 2 studies have cold-stratified sundial lupine seeds before experimentation [26,83]. However, percent germination of both cold-treated (near freezing for 71 days) and control seeds collected in southern New England was 41% [49]. Zaremba and Pickering [82] also report germination without a cold treatment. Sundial lupine seeds scarified in sulfuric acid exhibited decreased percent germination at high temperatures. From 70 to 85 °F (21-29°C), more than 80% of scarified seeds germinated within 54 hours. Percent germination was about 60% in scarified seeds in the 90 °F (32 °C) treatment and less than 4% in the ≥95 °F (35 °C) treatments [46].
Partial predation of seeds may reduce germination. In a laboratory study where predation was simulated by removing 30% or 60% of seed reserves, control seeds exhibited 80% emergence rates, while ≤50% of treated seeds emerged [83].
Seedling establishment/growth: Seedling survival of sundial lupine is typically low. In New York, only 327 seedlings out of 1,235 germinated seeds survived their 1st winter [82]. In northwestern Ohio the highest mortality on unburned oak savanna sites was 40% [22]. In southern Ontario, only 20% of seeds planted and germinated in 1990 sprouted in 1991. In addition to predation, mortality of these and other seedlings in the area was due to desiccation, frost, and possibly shading. Increased amounts of litter and species competing for light and other resources may also reduce sundial lupine establishment [3].
Mortality of lupine seedlings subjected to fire is high. Within 2 months of prescription burning in oak (Quercus spp.) savanna of northwestern Ohio, 95% of lupine seedlings on 1 site and 100% on another site died. The effect of these burns on seedlings that emerged after the fire is less clear. On 1 of 3 sites, lupine seedling survival was significantly (p<0.01) lower in burned areas than in unburned areas. The site had not been burned for 10 years before the experimental fire, while the 2 sites where sundial lupine seedling survival on burned and unburned areas did not differ (p>0.1) had been burned ≤2 years prior to the experimental fires [22].
Sundial lupine seedlings germinated from large seeds may have a better chance of surviving, at least in the short term, than seedlings from small seeds. Survival of seedlings to July was doubled with a 10-mg increase in seed mass, and larger seeds were related to greater plant size in years 1 and 2 [26].
In a simulated herbivory experiment, sundial lupine seedlings subjected to 60% removal of seed reserves were significantly (p<0.05) shorter, had smaller leaf areas, and had lower dry weight than control seeds or those subject to 30% removal of seed reserves [83].
Asexual regeneration: According to reviews, a sundial lupine rhizome can produce several shoots that form clumps. Ramets may be over 3 feet (1 m) from the genet, which can make identification of individual plants difficult [22,26,71].
According to reviews, sundial lupine is an early successional species [55,71] that prefers open and partially shaded conditions. At Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, increases in canopy cover resulted in significant (p<0.001) declines in lupine abundance [24]. Areas of the Allegan State Game Area with low stand densities were more likely to support sundial lupine than areas with high stand density, and wild lupines grown in full sun in a greenhouse were significantly (p≤0.05) larger than those grown in 35% or 65% full sunlight [21]. In rights-of-way in east-central New York, light intensity in lupine populations was significantly (p≤0.0001) greater than in adjacent areas. To favor sundial lupine, investigators recommended increasing photosynthetically active radiation to at least 65% of the maximum light intensity by reducing cover [62]. Sites with sundial lupine in southern Wisconsin had an average photon flux density of about 70%, with values typically ranging from 50% to 95% [41]. In southwestern Michigan, sundial lupine recruitment was positively affected for 3 years after reducing cover of associated vegetation by mowing and herbicide application [23]. At a military training base in west-central Wisconsin, the median strips between tracked-vehicle ruts had significantly (p<0.05) less shrub and forest canopy and significantly (p<0.05) more wild lupine than areas 16 feet (5 m) outside the ruts [63]. In the same area, sundial lupine cover was highest from 22% to 32% total daily photo flux density. Sundial lupine frequency was greater near tree boles, although the shaded plants were smaller and less likely to flower [47]. In southern Wisconsin, sundial lupine was most abundant in semishade and on sites in full sun with little cover of other species [40]. Observations at 4 sites in southern Ontario suggest that both very high and low light intensities may be detrimental to sundial lupine [3]. In the Allegan State Game Area in Michigan, sundial lupine "quality" was highest in partial sun. This was probably due to open sites being drier, which senesced sundial lupine foliage [21,38]. Similar observations were made in August of 1992 at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, where sundial lupine in open areas were desiccated and those in shade looked healthy [39]. Reviews note sundial lupine's intolerance of complete shade [22,25,71].
For information on the effects of canopy cover on the quality of sundial lupine as a Karner blue butterfly resource see Preferred Habitat in the FEIS review of Karner blue butterfly.
Lupinus perennis (lat. Lupinus perennis) - paxlakimilər fəsiləsinin acıpaxla cinsinə aid bitki növü.
İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
Lupinus perennis (lat. Lupinus perennis) - paxlakimilər fəsiləsinin acıpaxla cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Lupinus perennis (also wild perennial lupine, wild lupine, sundial lupine, blue lupine, Indian beet, or old maid's bonnets) is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae.[2][3]
The leaves are palmately compound with 7–11 leaflets arranged radially. Their stalks are numerous, erect, striated, and slightly pubescent. The leaflets are obovate, with a blunted apex or pointed spear, and sparsely pubescent.[3] Petioles are longer than leaflets; stipules are very small.
The inflorescence is long, sparsely flowered, sometimes almost verticillate. Flowers color can be white, blue, purple, or pink, but are most often blue or bluish purple. The calyx is silky, without bractlets; its upper labium with a protuberant basis, is integral or weakly emarginate, the lower one is integral, almost twice longer than upper. Floral bracts are styliform, shorter than the calyx, early falling. The corolla is three times longer than the calyx. The vexillum is shorter than the wings. The carina is weakly ciliate. Pods are yellow-grayish-brown, with straight lines, necklace-shaped, short and closely hirsute, easy shattered, with 5–6 seeds. Seed is oval with a light hilum.
Lupinus perennis is commonly mistaken for the Western species Lupinus polyphyllus (large-leaved lupine), which is commonly planted along roadsides.[4][5] L. polyphyllus is not native to eastern North America, but has naturalized in areas in the upper Midwest and New England.[4][6] L. polyphyllus has 11–17 leaflets that can reach 13 cm (5 in) in length, while L. perennis has 7–11 leaflets which only reach around 5 cm (2 in) in length.[4]
It is widespread in the eastern part of the USA (from Texas and Florida to Maine) and Minnesota, Canada (southern Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador), and on the coasts of the Arctic Ocean, where it grows in sandy areas such as dunes and savannas.[7][8]
Lupinus perennis is used as foodplants by the caterpillars of several Lepidoptera. Among these are the clouded sulphur, eastern tailed blue, gray hairstreak, silvery blue, wild indigo duskywing, frosted elfin (Callophrys irus), the eastern Persius duskywing (Erynnis persius persius),[9] and the rare and endangered Karner blue (Plebejus samuelis), whose caterpillars feed only on the lupine leaves.[10] Leaves that have been fed on by Karner blues have distinctive transparent areas where the larvae have selectively eaten only the green, fleshy parts.
The lupine has been declining in number and range since the Industrial Revolution. It is estimated that it has declined in number by about 90% since 1900. This decline has in turn been deemed one of the primary causes of the decline of the Karner blue butterfly. The main threats to Lupinus perennis are thought to be habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and poor management. Currently it is considered "rare" in Pennsylvania, a species of special concern in Rhode Island, threatened in Iowa, Maryland, and New Hampshire;[2] it is endangered in Vermont, and is extirpated from Maine.[2][8][11]
Human development has eliminated a large portion of its viable habitat. Remaining habitat is often fragmented, which is problematic for the lupine because it limits the range over which it can reproduce. Viable lupine habitat is often difficult to maintain because it flourishes after fires and other forms of disturbance.[12] One reason this occurs is that lupine seed coats are so tough that only pressure changes due to rapid heating or abrasion are strong enough to allow water to penetrate and start germination. Moreover, fires, feeding by large ungulates, and mowing can improve habitat quality for established lupines by changing soil quality, vegetative structure, and leaf litter depth.
Lupinus perennis (also wild perennial lupine, wild lupine, sundial lupine, blue lupine, Indian beet, or old maid's bonnets) is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae.
Il Lupino perenne (Lupinus perennis L.) è una pianta della famiglia delle Fabacee. Comune soprattutto nei climi sub-artici, è considerata ottimale per il recupero e l'azotazione di terreni infertili e sabbiosi.
Jærlupin (Lupinus perennis) er en flerårig urt (staude) som danner klynger med korte, krypende jordstengler. Den formerer seg bare med frø. Jærlupin blir omkring 50-70 cm høy. Arten er oppført på norsk svarteliste 2012 (SE).
Jærlupinen stammer fra det østlige Nord-Amerika, hvorfra den ble introdusert til Europa. Til Norge kom den som fôr- og prydplante. Den har forvillet seg østover og nordover langs jernbanen og veinettet, så den har trolig vært benyttet av NSB som sandbinder. Den er funnet så langt nord som Tromsø, men den har ikke på langt nær nådd sitt potensielle areal, som trolig omfatter lavlandet og dalførene nord til indre Troms. I dag er den kjent i 10 av landets fylker.
Arten startet sin ekspansjon fra Sørvestlandet. Den trives i kystnær grus- og steinmark, elveløp og åpen flomfastmark.
Jærlupin (Lupinus perennis) er en flerårig urt (staude) som danner klynger med korte, krypende jordstengler. Den formerer seg bare med frø. Jærlupin blir omkring 50-70 cm høy. Arten er oppført på norsk svarteliste 2012 (SE).
Jærlupinen stammer fra det østlige Nord-Amerika, hvorfra den ble introdusert til Europa. Til Norge kom den som fôr- og prydplante. Den har forvillet seg østover og nordover langs jernbanen og veinettet, så den har trolig vært benyttet av NSB som sandbinder. Den er funnet så langt nord som Tromsø, men den har ikke på langt nær nådd sitt potensielle areal, som trolig omfatter lavlandet og dalførene nord til indre Troms. I dag er den kjent i 10 av landets fylker.
Arten startet sin ekspansjon fra Sørvestlandet. Den trives i kystnær grus- og steinmark, elveløp og åpen flomfastmark.
Lupinul peren (Lupinus perennis) este o varietate de lupin, folosit ca plantă medicinală și meliferă din familia Fabaceae. Crește în tufe mari, alcătuite din frunze palmat compuse, lucioase verde deschis și numeroase tije lungi, cu flori divers colorate. Florile de lupin se conservă bine în apă după ce sunt tăiate. Preferă solurile profunde, bogate. Înflorește în lunile iunie și iulie.
Люпин багаторічний (Lupinus perennis) — вид квіткових рослин родини Бобові (Fabaceae).
Рослина широко поширена в східній частині США (від штату Техас і Флорида до Мен і Міннесота), Канаді (південний Онтаріо), і на берегах Північного Льодовитого океану, де він росте на піщаних пагорбах і узбіччях доріг. В Україні люпин багаторічний зустрічається як декоративна рослина в садах.
Корінь товстий, м'ясистий, багаторічний. Висота рослини до 120 см. Листки великі, низові, на довгих черешках з продовгувато-овальними листочками. Квітки сині, в густих китицях. Під час цвітіння їх охоче відвідують джмелі і бджоли. Боби, так само як і темні насінини, дрібніші, ніж у інших видів люпину. Рослина дуже розростається по схилах, пустирях і щороку дає багату зелену масу. Насіння дозріває найшвидше і тому район поширення цього люпину сягає на північ далі від інших видів.
Це незавершена стаття про Бобові.Lupinus perennis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.[1]
.jpg){kind=small}
Bài viết liên quan đến tông đậu Genisteae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Lupinus perennis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.
Lupinus perennis L.
Люпин многолетний (лат. Lupinus perennis) — вид травянистых растений из подрода Platycarpos рода Люпин семейства Бобовые.
Растение широко распространено в восточной части США (от штата Техас и Флорида до Мэн и Миннесота), Канаде (южный Онтарио), и на берегах Северного Ледовитого океана, где оно растёт на песчаных холмах и обочинах дорог.
Корень толстый, мясистый, многолетний. Высота растения до 120 см. Листья крупные, низовые, на длинных черешках с продолговато-овальными листочками. Цветки синие, в густых кистях. Во время цветения их охотно посещают шмели и пчёлы. Бобы, так же как и тёмные семена, мельче, чем у других видов люпина. Растение очень разрастается по склонам, пустырях и ежегодно дает богатую зелёную массу. Семена созревают быстро и поэтому район распространения этого люпина простирается к северу дальше других видов.
Растение используется в садах как декоративное.
Люпин многолетний (лат. Lupinus perennis) — вид травянистых растений из подрода Platycarpos рода Люпин семейства Бобовые.
Растение широко распространено в восточной части США (от штата Техас и Флорида до Мэн и Миннесота), Канаде (южный Онтарио), и на берегах Северного Ледовитого океана, где оно растёт на песчаных холмах и обочинах дорог.
Корень толстый, мясистый, многолетний. Высота растения до 120 см. Листья крупные, низовые, на длинных черешках с продолговато-овальными листочками. Цветки синие, в густых кистях. Во время цветения их охотно посещают шмели и пчёлы. Бобы, так же как и тёмные семена, мельче, чем у других видов люпина. Растение очень разрастается по склонам, пустырях и ежегодно дает богатую зелёную массу. Семена созревают быстро и поэтому район распространения этого люпина простирается к северу дальше других видов.
Растение используется в садах как декоративное.
宿根羽扇豆（学名：Lupinus perennis），为豆科羽扇豆属下的一个植物种。[1]
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
