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Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. Haines

Dendrolycopodium obscurum ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Dendrolycopodium obscurum, synonym Lycopodium obscurum, commonly called rare clubmoss,[2] ground pine,[3] or princess pine,[4] is a North American species of clubmoss in the family Lycopodiaceae.[5] It is a close relative of other species such as D. dendroideum and D. hickeyi, also treelike. It is native to the eastern United States and southeastern Canada from Georgia to Minnesota to Nova Scotia.[6] It grows in the understory of temperate coniferous and deciduous forests, where it is involved in seral secondary succession, growing in clonal colonies some years after disturbance has occurred.[7] It has also been found in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Russian Far East, and northeastern China.[8][9]

Description

Dendrolycopodium obscurum is known for the superficial resemblance of its sporophyte to various conifers. However, its above-ground parts are rarely more than 15 cm (6 inches) tall. Its main stem is actually a subterranean, creeping rhizome, which grows about 6 cm (2.4 inches) below ground. Several aerial shoots branch off of the rhizome, which also branch dichotomously several times, giving D. obscurum its distinctive appearance. Fertile shoots possess sessile strobili, borne at the tops of their main axes and sometimes at the tips of dominant lateral branches. The leaves are microphylls, each containing only a single vein and measuring less than 1 cm (0.4 inches) long. Two types of microphylls are formed, green trophophylls that cover most of the aerial shoots, and yellow to tan sporophylls that form the strobili, and contain the sporangia. D. obscurum reproduces sexually via spores and also vegetatively, through its rhizome.[10]

Grove of princess pine.jpg

The gametophyte of D. obscurum is disc shaped prothallus,[11] measuring an average of 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) in diameter.[12] It closely resembles other gametophytes of Lycopodium and related genera, so it cannot be identified by gametophyte alone. Doing so would be difficult nonetheless, as this type of gametophyte grows only underground, years after a disturbance has taken place.[12] Therefore, the compact soil caused by repeated human traffic would disturb these areas, causing D. obscurum spores not to germinate and existing gametophyes to be damaged or killed.

Identification

Closeup of underside of a lateral branch

Identifying D. obscurum in the wild can be difficult without prior study, because it is not only relatively rare, but shares much of its morphology with D. dendroideum and D. hickeyi. However, it can be identified with the naked eye by observing its leaves. Below its first branch, the microphylls of D. obscurum are tightly packed to the axis, while those of D. dendroideum are fully spread down to the soil.[13] The leaves on lateral branches of D. dendroideum and D. hickeyi are evenly shaped and distributed, while they are pressed into the horizontal plane in D. obscurum, with the underside leaves being much shorter than all others.[13]

Growth pattern

Growing in a stand

The rhizome of D. obscurum typically produces only one upright shoot per year and grows in a single direction.[14] In the beginning of a growing season, the rhizome grows a few centimeters and then forms one branch at a 90° angle, alternating sides each year, which remains only millimeters in length. It then grows another couple of centimeters and then again branches off to the same side to form an aerial shoot. The rhizome branch produced each year is usually very weak and dies the next, but serves as a reserve rhizome apex, with the potential to become a new main rhizome.[14] This happens if the plant is especially productive, or more frequently if the tip of the main rhizome is damaged so that it cannot grow. When a new main rhizome is formed, it makes a second 90° turn so that it is growing in the same direction as the rhizome from which it came. All underground branching occurs parallel to the ground, so upright shoots must then orient themselves appropriately in order to emerge from the soil.[14]

Every year, a main rhizome produces only one aerial shoot, but in the case of a plant with multiple main rhizomes a new shoot is produced from each.[14] The age of a shoot corresponds to the layers of compressed microphylls in its stem, caused by growth halting each winter, the same way as tree rings are formed. Shoot morphology can also be used to estimate their ages. First year shoots are unbranched and usually do not penetrate the soil surface. Second year shoots undergo rapid growth, usually reaching near their final heights, and forming several systems of lateral branches.[14] Branching occurs only in the second, and sometimes third years.[13] Strobili can be formed as early as the second growing season, but usually begin to be produced in the third. Strobilus production can continue through the fourth year, and shoots die in either the fourth or fifth year.[13]

Taxonomy

The genus Dendrolycopodium is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I),[15] but not in other classifications, which submerge the genus in Lycopodium.[16]

Uses and conservation

Historically, Dendrolycopodium obscurum has been harvested from the wild for use as Christmas greens for wreaths, as well as the use of its spores for flash powder. While flash powder is now practically obsolete, the harvest of D. obscurum has caused it to become threatened in several areas, leading Indiana[1] and New York[3] to declare it protected by state law. When harvesting legally, it is recommended to cut the shoots using shears to minimize rhizome damage, alternate sites every year, and select only individuals possessing strobili with open sporophylls.[7] This ensures that immature shoots are not harvested, and will be allowed an attempt at reproduction.

References

  1. ^ a b USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database. Lycopodium obscurum L. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70874-4490 USA.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Lycopodium obscurum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  3. ^ a b Department of Environmental Conservation. 2000. Protected native plants. Division of Land and Forests, New York.
  4. ^ Native Plant Trust GoBotany. 2020. Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. Haines flat-branched tree-clubmoss. Native Pangt Trust, Framingham, Massachusetts USA.
  5. ^ Merritt Lyndon Fernald. 1954. Gray's Manual of Botany A Handbook of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Central and Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.
  6. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map, Dendrolycopodium obscurum
  7. ^ a b Nauertz, Elizabeth A. and Zasada, John C. 2000. Lycopodium: Growth Form, Morphology, and Sustainability of a Non-timber Forest Product. General Technical Report - North Central Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture National Forest Service. pp. 110-115.
  8. ^ Family Lycopodiaceae, genus Lycopodium; world species list
  9. ^ Flora of China, Lycopodium obscurum Linnaeus, 1753. 玉柏 yu bai
  10. ^ Flora of North America, Lycopodium obscurum Linnaeus, 1753.
  11. ^ Bruce, James G. and Beitel, Joseph M. 1979. A Community of Lycopodium Gametophytes in Michigan. American Fern Journal. 69:2. pp. 33-41.
  12. ^ a b Whittier, Dean P. 1977. Gametophytes of Lycopodium obscurum as grown in axenic culture. Canadian Journal of Botany. 55. pp. 563-567.
  13. ^ a b c d Hickey, R. James. 1977. The Lycopodium obscurum Complex in North America. American Fern Journal. 67:2. pp. 45-48.
  14. ^ a b c d e Primack, Richard B. 1973. Growth Patterns of Five Species of Lycopodium. American Fern Journal. 63:1. pp. 3-7.
  15. ^ PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
  16. ^ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
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Dendrolycopodium obscurum: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Dendrolycopodium obscurum, synonym Lycopodium obscurum, commonly called rare clubmoss, ground pine, or princess pine, is a North American species of clubmoss in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is a close relative of other species such as D. dendroideum and D. hickeyi, also treelike. It is native to the eastern United States and southeastern Canada from Georgia to Minnesota to Nova Scotia. It grows in the understory of temperate coniferous and deciduous forests, where it is involved in seral secondary succession, growing in clonal colonies some years after disturbance has occurred. It has also been found in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Russian Far East, and northeastern China.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia EN

Lycopodium obscurum ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El Lycopodium obscurum, comúnmente llamado licopodio raro,[2]pino molido, pino príncipe o pino princesa,[3][4]​ es una especie de la familia de las Lycopodiaceae.[5]​ Es un pariente cercano de otros tipos de licopodio como L. dendroideum y L. hickeyi. Es nativa del este de los Estados Unidos y del sureste de Canadá, desde Georgia hasta Minnesota y Nueva Escocia.[6]​ Crece en el sotobosque de bosques templados de coníferas y caducifolios, donde se involucra en la sucesión secundaria serial, creciendo en colonias clonales algunos años después de que se ha producido la perturbación.[4]​ También se ha encontrado en Japón, Taiwán, Corea, el Lejano Oriente ruso y el noreste de China.[7][8][3]

Descripción

El Lycopodium obscurum es conocido por el parecido superficial de su esporófito con varias coníferas. Sin embargo, sus partes sobre el suelo rara vez miden más de 15 cm (6 pulgadas) de alto. Su tallo principal es en realidad un rizoma subterráneo y rastrero, que crece a unos 6 cm (2,4 pulgadas) bajo tierra. Varios brotes aéreos se ramifican del rizoma, que también se ramifica dicotómicamente varias veces, dando a L. obscurum su aspecto distintivo. Los brotes fértiles poseen estróbilos sésiles, que se encuentran en la parte superior de sus ejes principales y a veces en las puntas de las ramas laterales dominantes. Las hojas son microfilos, cada una de las cuales contiene una sola vena y mide menos de 1 cm (0,4 pulgadas) de largo. Se forman dos tipos de microfilos, los trofilos verdes que cubren la mayoría de los brotes aéreos, y los esporófilos de color amarillo a bronceado que forman los estrobilos, y contienen los esporangios. L. obscurum se reproduce sexualmente a través de esporas y también por esquejes, a través de su rizoma.[9]

El gametófito de L. obscurum es un protalo en forma de disco, que mide un promedio de 1,5 cm (0,6 pulgadas) de diámetro.[10]​ Se asemeja mucho a otros gametófitos del género Lycopodium, por lo que no puede ser identificado por gametófito solo. Sin embargo, sería difícil hacerlo, ya que este tipo de gametófito crece solo bajo tierra, años después de que se haya producido una perturbación. Por lo tanto, el suelo compacto causado por el tráfico humano repetido perturbaría estas áreas, causando que las esporas de L. obscurum no germinen y que los gametófitos existentes sean dañados o muertos.[10]

Identificación

 src=
Detalle de la parte inferior de una rama lateral

La identificación de L. obscurum en estado silvestre puede ser difícil sin un estudio previo, ya que no solo es relativamente raro, sino que comparte gran parte de su morfología con L. dendroideum y L. hickeyi.[11]​ Sin embargo, puede ser identificado a simple vista observando sus hojas.[12]​ Debajo de su primera rama, los microfilos de L. obscurum están fuertemente adheridos al eje, mientras que los de L. dendroideum están completamente esparcidos al suelo. Las hojas de las ramas laterales de L. dendroideum y L. hickeyi tienen una forma y distribución uniformes, mientras que en L. obscurum se presionan en el plano horizontal, siendo las hojas inferiores mucho más cortas que las demás.[12][11]

Patrón de crecimiento

 src=
Una mata de Lycopodium obscurum

El rizoma de L. obscurum produce típicamente un solo brote vertical por año y crece en una sola dirección. Al principio de una temporada de crecimiento, el rizoma crece unos pocos centímetros y luego forma una rama a un ángulo de 90°, alternando los lados cada año, que se queda sólo milímetros de largo.[13]​ Luego crece otro par de centímetros y luego se ramifica al mismo lado para formar un brote aéreo. La rama rizoma producida cada año es generalmente muy débil y muere al año siguiente, pero sirve como ápice rizoma de reserva, con el potencial de convertirse en un nuevo rizoma principal. Esto sucede si la planta es especialmente productiva, o más frecuentemente si la punta del rizoma principal está dañada para que no pueda crecer. Cuando se forma un nuevo rizoma principal, da un segundo giro de 90° para que crezca en la misma dirección que el rizoma del que proviene. Toda la ramificación subterránea ocurre paralela al suelo, por lo que los brotes verticales deben entonces orientarse adecuadamente para salir del suelo.[13]

Cada año, un rizoma principal produce solo un brote aéreo, pero en el caso de una planta con múltiples rizomas principales se produce un nuevo brote a partir de cada uno.[13]​ La edad de un brote corresponde a las capas de microfilas comprimidas en su tallo, causadas por la detención del crecimiento cada invierno, de la misma manera que se forman los anillos de los árboles. La morfología del brote también se puede utilizar para estimar sus edades. Los brotes del primer año no están ramificados y generalmente no penetran en la superficie del suelo. Los brotes de segundo año experimentan un crecimiento rápido, generalmente alcanzando cerca de su altura final, y formando varios sistemas de ramas laterales. La ramificación ocurre solo en el segundo y a veces tercer año. Los estróbilos se pueden formar tan pronto como la segunda estación de crecimiento, pero por lo general comienzan a producirse en la tercera. La producción de estróbilo puede continuar hasta el cuarto año, y los brotes mueren en el cuarto o quinto año.[13]

Usos y Conservación

Históricamente, L. obscurum ha sido recolectado del medio silvestre para su uso como verdura navideña para coronas, así como el uso de sus esporas para la pólvora destellante. Mientras que la pólvora destellante es ahora prácticamente obsoleta, la cosecha de L. obscurum ha provocado que se vea amenazada en varias áreas, lo que ha llevado a Indiana y Nueva York[3]​ a declararla protegida por la ley estatal. Cuando se cosecha legalmente, se recomienda cortar los brotes usando tijeras para minimizar el daño del rizoma, alternar los sitios cada año, y seleccionar solamente individuos que posean estróbilos con esporofilos abiertos.[4]​ Esto asegura que los brotes inmaduros no sean cosechados, y se permitirá un intento de reproducción.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b USDA, NRCS. 2011. The PLANTS Database. Lycopodium obscurum L. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70874-4490 USA.
  2. PLANTS id = LYOB taxon=Lycopodium obscurum 24 de junio de 2015
  3. a b c Department of Environmental Conservation. 2000. Protected native plants. Division of Land and Forests, New York Archivado el 12 de agosto de 2011 en Wayback Machine..
  4. a b c Nauertz, Elizabeth A. and Zasada, John C. 2000. Lycopodium: Growth Form, Morphology, and Sustainability of a Non-timber Forest Product. General Technical Report - North Central Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture National Forest Service. p. 110-115.
  5. Merritt Lyndon Fernald. 1954. Gray's Manual of Botany A Handbook of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Central and Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada.
  6. Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map, Dendrolycopodium obscurum
  7. «Family Lycopodiaceae, genus Lycopodium; world species list». Archivado desde el original el 27 de febrero de 2009. Consultado el 19 de noviembre de 2017.
  8. Flora of China, Lycopodium obscurum Linnaeus, 1753. 玉柏 yu bai
  9. Flora of North America, Lycopodium obscurum Linnaeus, 1753.
  10. a b Whittier, Dean P. 1977. Gametophytes of Lycopodium obscurum as grown in axenic culture. Canadian Journal of Botany. 55. p. 563-567.
  11. a b Bruce, James G. and Beitel, Joseph M. 1979. A Community of Lycopodium Gametophytes in Michigan. American Fern Journal. 69:2. p. 33-41.
  12. a b Hickey, R. James. 1977. The Lycopodium obscurum Complex in North America. American Fern Journal. 67:2. p. 45-48.
  13. a b c d Primack, Richard B. 1973. Growth Patterns of Five Species of Lycopodium. American Fern Journal. 63:1. p. 3-7.
 title=
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Lycopodium obscurum: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El Lycopodium obscurum, comúnmente llamado licopodio raro,​ pino molido, pino príncipe o pino princesa,​​ es una especie de la familia de las Lycopodiaceae.​ Es un pariente cercano de otros tipos de licopodio como L. dendroideum y L. hickeyi. Es nativa del este de los Estados Unidos y del sureste de Canadá, desde Georgia hasta Minnesota y Nueva Escocia.​ Crece en el sotobosque de bosques templados de coníferas y caducifolios, donde se involucra en la sucesión secundaria serial, creciendo en colonias clonales algunos años después de que se ha producido la perturbación.​ También se ha encontrado en Japón, Taiwán, Corea, el Lejano Oriente ruso y el noreste de China.​​​

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Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
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wikipedia ES

Lycopodium obscurum ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Lycopode obscur, Lycopode foncé

Le Lycopode obscur (Lycopodium obscurum) ou (Dendrolycopodium obscurum)[1], est une espèce de plante dans la famille des Lycopodiaceae.

Notes et références

  1. « Le lycopode dendroïde, le lycopode de Hickey et le lycopode obscur », sur Comité régional pour la protection des falaises, 4 septembre 2017 (consulté le 21 mars 2022)

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
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wikipedia FR

Lycopodium obscurum: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Lycopode obscur, Lycopode foncé

Le Lycopode obscur (Lycopodium obscurum) ou (Dendrolycopodium obscurum), est une espèce de plante dans la famille des Lycopodiaceae.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Dendrolycopodium obscurum ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Dendrolycopodium obscurum là một loài thực vật có mạch trong Họ Thạch tùng. Loài này được (L.) A. Haines mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 2003.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Dendrolycopodium obscurum. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết chủ đề bộ Thạch tùng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
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wikipedia VI

Dendrolycopodium obscurum: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Dendrolycopodium obscurum là một loài thực vật có mạch trong Họ Thạch tùng. Loài này được (L.) A. Haines mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 2003.

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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia VI

만년석송 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

만년석송(Dendrolycopodium obscurum)은 희귀환 석송강,[1] 땅의 소나무,[2] 왕자 소나무[3] 등으로 불리는 석송과의 식물이다. 미국조지아주부터 미네소타주, 노바스코샤주까지 미국 동부와 캐나다의 남동부가 원산지이다.[4] 온대 침엽수림과 낙엽 활엽수림의 하층에서 자라며, 2차 연속 천이에 관여하며 교란이 발생한 후 몇 년 후에 클론 군체에서 자란다.[5] 일본, 중화민국, 대한민국, 러시아 극동 지역, 중화인민공화국 북동부에서도 발견되었다.[6][7]

설명

만년석송은 포자체가 다양한 침엽수와 표면적으로 유사한 것으로 알려져 있지만, 그러나 지상 부분의 높이는 거의 15cm를 넘지 않는다. 그것의 주요 줄기는 실제로 땅 아래에서 약 6cm가 모두 뿌리 줄기이다. 잎은 미세필로 각각 하나의 정맥만 포함하고 길이가 1cm 미만이며, 두 가지 유형의 미세 엽이 형성되는데, 대부분의 기생 싹을 덮는 녹색 영양엽과 스트로빌리를 형성하고 포자낭을 포함하는 황색 내지 황갈색의 포자엽이 형성된다. 만년석송은 포자를 통해 유성 번식을 하고 뿌리 줄기를 통해 영양적으로 번식한다.[8]

구별

 src=
가지를 자세히 찍은 사진.

만년석송의 배우자체는 직경이 평균 1.5cm로 디스크 모양이며,[9][10] 다른 석송 및 관련 속의 배우자체와 매우 유사하여 배우자체만으로는 식별할 수 없다.[10]

야생에서 만년석송을 구별하는 것은 만년석송이 희귀하고 다른 석송강의 생김새가 비슷해 구별하는 것이 매우 힘들다. 그러나 잎을 관찰하면 육안으로 식별할 수 있으며, 첫 번째 가지 아래에서 만년석송의 미세 필은 축에 단단히 채워져 있는 반면 다른 석송강의 식물의 미세 필은 토양까지 완전히 퍼진다.[11]

성장

Stand of young shoots.JPG

만년석송의 뿌리 줄기는 일반적으로 1년에 단 하나의 직립 싹을 생산하고 한 방향으로 자라며, 성장기가 시작될 때 뿌리 줄기는 몇 센티미터 성장한 다음 90도의 각도로 하나의 가지를 형성하고 매년 면을 번갈아 가며 길이가 밀리미터만 남는다. 그런 다음 몇 센티미터 더 자라다가 다시 같은 면으로 분기하여 공중 촬영을 형성하고, 매년 생산되는 뿌리 줄기는 일반적으로 매우 약하여 다음 번에 죽지만 예비 뿌리 줄기의 정점 역할을 하며 새로운 주 뿌리 줄기가 될 가능성이 있다.[12]

해마다 주근은 한 개의 기경만을 생산하지만, 다수의 주근을 가진 식물의 경우 각각에서 새로운 싹이 생성되며, 새싹의 나이는 나이테가 형성되는 것과 같은 방식으로 겨울마다 성장이 멈추기 때문에 줄기에 압축된 미세 엽록소 층에 해당한다. 새싹 형태는 또한 나이를 추정하는 데 사용할 수 있으며, 첫해의 새싹은 가지가 없고 일반적으로 토양 표면을 관통하지 않는다. 2년차 싹은 급속한 성장을 겪으며 일반적으로 거의 최종 높이에 도달하고 여러 가지 측면 가지 시스템을 형성하며, 분기는 두 번째, 때로는 세 번째 해에만 발생한다. 스트로빌리는 두 번째 성장 해에 일찍 형성될 수 있지만 일반적으로 세 번째 성장 해에 생성되기 시작하며, 스트로빌리 생산은 4년차까지 계속될 수 있으며 싹은 4년차 또는 5년차에 죽는다.[11][12]

분류

Grove of princess pine.jpg

스피룰럼속은 Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 분류에서 허용되지만,[13] 석송속에 다른 속을 넣는 분류에서는 허용되지 않는다.[14]

사용 및 보관

역사적으로 만년석송은 크리스마스 채소로 사용하기 위해 야생에서 수확되었으며, 포자는 섬광 분말로 사용되었다. 만년석송의 계속된 수확으로 인해 여러 지역에서 멸종 위기에 처했고 인디애나주[15]뉴욕주[2]는 주법에 의해 보호된다고 선언했다. 합법적으로 수확할 경우에는 가위로 싹을 잘라 뿌리줄기 피해를 최소화하고, 매년 부위를 교체하며 수확하여야 한다.[5] 이렇게 하면 미성숙한 새싹이 수확되지 않고 번식 할 수 있다.

각주

  1. “USDA Plants Database”. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함.
  2. “New York State Department of Environmental Conservation”. 2011년 8월 12일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함.
  3. “Dendrolycopodium obscurum (flat-branched tree-clubmoss): Go Botany”. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함.
  4. “Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map, Dendrolycopodium obscurum”. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함.
  5. 《Lycopodium: Growth Form, Morphology, and Sustainability of a Non-timber Forest Product. General Technical Report - North Central Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture National Forest Service》. 2000. 110~115쪽.
  6. “Family Lycopodiaceae, genus Lycopodium; world species list”. 2009년 2월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함.
  7. “Lycopodium obscurum in Flora of China @ efloras.org”. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함.
  8. “Lycopodium obscurum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org”. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함.
  9. 브루스, 제임스 G. 《A Community of Lycopodium Gametophytes in Michigan》. 33~41쪽.
  10. 《Gametophytes of Lycopodium obscurum as grown in axenic culture》. 563~567쪽.
  11. 히키, R. 제임스. 《The Lycopodium obscurum Complex in North America》. 45~48쪽.
  12. 《Growth Patterns of Five Species of Lycopodium》. 1973. 3~7쪽.
  13. “A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns”. 《Journal of Systematics and Evolution》 (영어) 54 (6): 563–603. 2016. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. ISSN 1759-6831.
  14. Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Chase, Mark W. (2014년 3월). “Trends and concepts in fern classification”. 《Annals of Botany》 113 (4): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
  15. “USDA Plants Database”. 2021년 9월 17일에 확인함.
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