Associated Forest Cover
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Loblolly-bay is found in five forest cover types (2) within the
Atlantic Coastal Plain (9,10,11). Pondcypress (Society of
American Foresters Type 100) is found in certain Carolina Bays
with ponded water. Loblolly-bay is not found in the bay interior
with pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans),
probably because of the high water table; rather it is found
along better drained margins. Here it is growing with loblolly
pine (Pinus taeda) and redbay (Persea borbonia var.
borbonia) in the overstory and fetterbush (Lyonia
lucida), inkberry (Rex glabra), and greenbrier (Smilax
spp.) in the understory.
Loblolly-bay is a minor component of Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type
82) but cannot be found consistently. In the middle Coastal Plain
of South Carolina, loblolly-bay is found with loblolly pine,
water oak (Quercus nigra), sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua), American holly (Ilex opaca), redbay,
longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera). Loblolly-bay is found only in the wetter areas
of this forest cover type.
Loblolly-bay is a minor component of Atlantic White-Cedar (Type
97), along with pond pine (Pinus serotina), swamp cyrilla
(Cyrilla racemiflora), redbay, and sweetbay (Magnolia
virginiana).
Pond Pine (Type 98) is the typical vegetation of wet flats and
some Carolina Bays in South Carolina. Loblolly-bay, pond pine,
sweetbay, and redbay are the tree species present, and they
rarely form a closed canopy. The thick, shrub layer is composed
of fetterbush, greenbrier vines, inkberry, and loblolly-bay.
Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay (Type 104) is the "broadleaf
evergreen forest" of the lower Coastal Plain of North and
South Carolina. Loblolly-bay is a minor component in the
overstory along with red maple (Acer rubrum), black
tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. sylvatica), sweetgum,
and water oak.
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Climate
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
The climate over the range of loblolly-bay is characterized by
mild winters and warm summers. Air temperature data, compiled
from a weather atlas (8), are as follows:
Northern
extreme
Southern
extreme
Temperature:
16° C (60° F)
21° c (70° F)
Annual daily average
3° C (37° F)
11° C (52° F)
Normal daily minimum; January
31 ° C (87° F)
32° C (90° F)
Normal daily maximum; July
11° C (52° F)
10° C (50° F)
Days with daily max. above
32° C (90° F)
20
120
Days with daily min. below
0° C (32° F)
50
3
Mean frost-free days
230
320
The average annual precipitation within the range of loblolly-bay
is 1630 mm. (64 in) in Florida, declining to 1120 min (44 in) in
North Carolina, and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the
year.
Approximately 53 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during
the months of June, July, August, September, and October.
Annually there are from 110 to 120 days with only a trace of
rainfall.
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Damaging Agents
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Only two symptoms of insects or pathogens
have been observed locally. Neither causal agent was identified.
An ooze was noticed in a wound at the base of a mature tree, but
otherwise the tree appeared healthy. An unknown grazing insect
consumed all but the leaf veins of the late-season flush of
leaves during August. Another noticeable sensitivity is to fire.
The thin bark and shallow root system of loblolly-bay probably
contribute to its low fire tolerance.
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Flowers are perfect. Flower bud
formation is visible by the time new leaves fully expand. The
peduncle expands rapidly and the young bud slowly enlarges until
it opens. Flower buds at the top of the tree open first. Flowers
are first seen from the last week in June to the first week of
July and may be seen until mid-August. Flowers remain open for 1
or 2 days and are pollinated by humble bees, thrips, flies, and
hummingbirds. After the second day the sepals and petals fall,
leaving the ovary at the end of the peduncle.
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Genetics
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Because loblolly-bay is the only native tree in the genus (6),
there are no hybrids. No information could be found concerning
the genetics of loblolly-bay.
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Growth and Yield
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Early tree growth (ages 5 to 15 years)
is relatively rapid. Height growth for the first 15 years
averages 0.6 m/yr (2.0 ft/yr), with a 10-year-old tree averaging
6.5 in (21.3 ft) in height. These figures do not compare with the
seedling's growth figures because growth and yield measurements
were made on stems that were most probably sprouts. Early
diameter growth at breast height is about 0.4 cm/yr (0.2 in/yr),
a 10-year-old tree being about 5.1 to 6.1 cm (2.0 to 2.4 in) in
d.b.h.
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Reaction to Competition
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Loblolly-bay is classed as
tolerant of shade. In bays and wet flats, where the tree cover is
relatively light, loblolly-bay is a strong competitor. It
generally increases in height faster than the pines on the
adjacent upland. However, if loblolly-bay is overtopped, older
trees will lose their characteristic conical shape and the crown
will break up.
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Rooting Habit
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The root system of loblolly-bay appears to
reflect its strong tendency to reproduce by sprouting. A number
of specimens examined had a large primary lateral root with
secondary roots branching downward.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
As the ovaries develop
they gradually turn brown and five sutures develop. Mature, open
capsules are first seen during September or October, and all of
the capsules open by the middle of December. Seeds are shaken out
of the capsules by the wind and empty capsules remain attached
until peduncle and capsule abscission, which first occurs about
the last of December and continues through the winter.
Seedfall starts in October, peaks in December, and continues until
the first of March. Loblolly-bay seeds are light (264,550 to
332,895/kg or 120,000 to 151,000/lb) and winged. Results from one
study indicated that approximately 99 percent of the seeds
produced fall within two tree heights of the source tree. This
study also indicated that this distribution of seedfall is
concentrated near the source tree, 60 percent of the seeds
falling within a distance equal to one-half of the tree height,
and 94 percent of the seeds falling within a distance equal to
the tree height. Seedfall rates during a 2-year study varied from
2,645 to 272,920/ha (1,070 to 110,449/acre).
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Seedling Development
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Seed germination in petri dishes in
sunlight is high: 70 to 80 percent within 10 days. In a
greenhouse heated at 13° to 16° C (55° to 60°
F), similar germination percentages were obtained but up to 24
days were required. Germination is epigeal. Very few seedlings
have been observed in the field and most of those seen apparently
do not live past the first season. Loblolly-bay seedlings seem to
require relatively open conditions and exposed soil for
establishment. Older seedlings have only been observed where the
mineral soil has been disturbed such as in recently plowed fire
lines.
Initial growth of the seedlings is slow. Field observations
indicated that by the end of the third growing season the
seedlings were about 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) tall and by the
eighth growing season they were only 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in)
high.
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Soils and Topography
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
In North and South Carolina, loblolly-bay is apparently very
soil-specific even though it is found on several soil series. It
grows on certain Spodosols, Inceptisols, Ultisols, and Histosols
and to a lesser degree on Entisols and Mollisols (7). Soil
profiles of a loblolly-bay site in South Carolina have the
following general characteristics:
A1- O to 25 cm (0 to 10 in) black to dark gray, fine sand, loamy
fine sand or loamy sand, very strongly or extremely acid,
A2- 25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 in ) black or gray, sand, loamy fine
sand or sandy loam, very strongly or extremely acid (often there
is no A2),
B- 38 to 51 to 127 cm (15 to 20 to 50 in) gray or brown, sand to
sandy loam, very strongly acid (often not present),
C- 51 to 127 to 175 cm (20 to 50 to 69 in) gray or brown, sand,
fine sand or loamy fine sand, strongly to very strongly acid.
Loblolly-bay grows in flat woodlands or shallow depressions with
little or no slope, slow runoff, rapid permeability, and poor to
very poor drainage. In South Carolina the soils are usually of
sandy coastal plain or marine origin, except for the organic
soils. The water table is at or near the soil surface for 6 to 9
months of the year.
In South Carolina's lower Coastal Plain, loblolly-bay is found in
wet flats and in bays, typically the Carolina Bays (11). In the
upper and middle Coastal Plain, it is found mainly along the
edges of Carolina Bays and is widely dispersed in wet, flat
woodlands on certain soil types.
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Special Uses
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Loblolly-bay has long been used by horticulturists in landscaping
(1). Most research on loblolly-bay has been done by
horticulturists interested in propagating it. In the Southeast,
loblolly-bay is considered a handsome and hardy tree valued for
its glossy dark-green leaves and abundant white flowers. Its wood
has been used in cabinetmaking and its bark as a tanning agent
(5).
Because of its ability to grow in wet bogs and flats where
loblolly pine does poorly, loblolly-bay silviculture may offer a
management alternative for such areas.
Laboratory papermaking tests conducted recently and other results
reported in the literature (3,4) indicate that the pulp yield
from loblolly-bay was acceptable (52 percent), the bulk of the
paper was low (1.46 cm/g or 2.53 in/oz), and the strength
acceptable. One laboratory test indicated a breaking length of
11,525 m (37,812 ft), a tensile strength of 10.2 kg/15 mm (38.1
lb/in), and a count of 836 folds using the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology paper folding tester (1 kg or 2.2 lb).
Although further testing needs to be done, these tests do not
indicate any problems in making kraft paper from loblolly-bay
pulp. Pulp mills in the lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina
include loblolly-bay in their hardwood pulp.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Vegetative propagation of
first-year shoots in a peat and sand medium under mist is
commonly used by horticulturists (1). In the field, vegetative
regeneration appears to be more common than regeneration from
seed. Stump sprouts may grow as much as 1 in (3 ft) the first
year after the tree is cut. These stump sprouts appear to be very
attractive to deer and heavy browsing has been noticed.
Numerous root-collar sprouts are produced when the trees are
killed by fire (9) or if the root system is mechanically damaged
by a logging or disking operation.
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Distribution
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Loblolly-bay is continuously distributed along the Atlantic and
Gulf Coastal Plains from the Albermarle Sound of North Carolina
to the Appalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle.
Discontinuous populations exist in Florida, the coastal counties
of Alabama, and southern Mississippi. In South Carolina it is
commonly found in the lower Coastal Plain, but in the middle and
upper Coastal Plain it is restricted to specific sites.
-The native range of loblolly-bay.
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Brief Summary
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fornecido por Silvics of North America
Theaceae -- Tea family
Charles A. Gresham and Donald J. Lipscomb
Loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasianthus), also called holly-bay,
gordonia, and bay, is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree or
shrub found in acid, swampy soils of pinelands and bays on the
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. It is slow growing with soft,
light-colored, fine-grained wood of little commercial value,
although loblolly-bay could be managed as a source of pulpwood.
The white showy flowers and shiny foliage make it a desirable
ornamental, but it is not easy to cultivate. Deer browse stump
sprouts heavily.
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