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Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: shrub, tree

loblolly bay
holly bay
gordonia
bay

TAXONOMY:
The scientific name for loblolly bay is Gordonia lasianthus (L.) J. Ellis (Theacea) [10,25].

LIFE FORM:
Tree, Shrub

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status

OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY




DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Gordonia lasianthus
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
Loblolly bay is distributed continuously along the Atlantic and Gulf
coastal plains from the Albermarle Sound of North Carolina to the
Appalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle. Discontinuous populations
exist in Florida, the coastal counties of Alabama, and southern
Mississippi. In South Carolina it is common in the lower Coastal Plain
but restricted to specific sites in the middle and upper Coastal Plain
[1,6,9,12].
licença
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citação bibliográfica
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Gordonia lasianthus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Inglês )

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More info for the term: forest

Loblolly bay is distributed continuously along the Atlantic and Gulf
coastal plains from the Albermarle Sound of North Carolina to the
Appalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle. Discontinuous populations
exist in Florida, the coastal counties of Alabama, and southern
Mississippi. In South Carolina it is common in the lower Coastal Plain
but restricted to specific sites in the middle and upper Coastal Plain
[1,6,9,12].



Distribution of loblolly bay. 1977 USDA, Forest Service map digitized by Thompson and others [26].

licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Gordonia lasianthus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: marsh, peat, swamp

Within swamp bay forests, three fires occurring within 60 or 70 years or
a single, deep peat burn with a high postburn water table may produce
open marsh areas or "prairies". These open areas provide important
habitat for a number of wildlife species, including the sandhill crane,
bitterns, rails, gallinules, the round-tailed muskrat, and waterfowl
[5].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Gordonia lasianthus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Loblolly bay occurs in evergreen shrub-tree bogsd and bayheads, baldcypress
(Taxodium distichum) swamps, and other and swamps [10,25].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Gordonia lasianthus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: shrub, tree

Tree, Shrub
licença
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citação bibliográfica
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Gordonia lasianthus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Because of its ability to grow in bogs and wet flats where loblolly pine
(Pinus taeda) does poorly, loblolly bay plantations may offer a
management alternative for such areas [12].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Gordonia lasianthus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( Inglês )

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More info on this topic.

Loblolly bay flowers from the last week in June to the first week in
July. Flowers remain open for 1 or 2 days and are pollinated by bees,
flies, and hummingbirds. After the second day, the sepals and petals
fall, leaving the ovary at the end of the peduncle. As the ovaries
develop, they gradually turn brown and five sutures develop. Mature
open capsules first appear during September or October, and all the
capsules open by the middle of December. Seedfall starts in October,
peaks in December, and continues until early March [12].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Gordonia lasianthus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Gordonia lasianthus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name for loblolly bay is Gordonia lasianthus (L.) J. Ellis (Theacea) [10,25].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Gordonia lasianthus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Associated Forest Cover ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Loblolly-bay is found in five forest cover types (2) within the Atlantic Coastal Plain (9,10,11). Pondcypress (Society of American Foresters Type 100) is found in certain Carolina Bays with ponded water. Loblolly-bay is not found in the bay interior with pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans), probably because of the high water table; rather it is found along better drained margins. Here it is growing with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and redbay (Persea borbonia var. borbonia) in the overstory and fetterbush (Lyonia lucida), inkberry (Rex glabra), and greenbrier (Smilax spp.) in the understory.

Loblolly-bay is a minor component of Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82) but cannot be found consistently. In the middle Coastal Plain of South Carolina, loblolly-bay is found with loblolly pine, water oak (Quercus nigra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), American holly (Ilex opaca), redbay, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Loblolly-bay is found only in the wetter areas of this forest cover type.

Loblolly-bay is a minor component of Atlantic White-Cedar (Type 97), along with pond pine (Pinus serotina), swamp cyrilla (Cyrilla racemiflora), redbay, and sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana).

Pond Pine (Type 98) is the typical vegetation of wet flats and some Carolina Bays in South Carolina. Loblolly-bay, pond pine, sweetbay, and redbay are the tree species present, and they rarely form a closed canopy. The thick, shrub layer is composed of fetterbush, greenbrier vines, inkberry, and loblolly-bay.

Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay (Type 104) is the "broadleaf evergreen forest" of the lower Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina. Loblolly-bay is a minor component in the overstory along with red maple (Acer rubrum), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. sylvatica), sweetgum, and water oak.

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Climate ( Inglês )

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The climate over the range of loblolly-bay is characterized by mild winters and warm summers. Air temperature data, compiled from a weather atlas (8), are as follows:

Northern extreme Southern extreme Temperature: 16° C (60° F) 21° c (70° F) Annual daily average 3° C (37° F) 11° C (52° F) Normal daily minimum; January 31 ° C (87° F) 32° C (90° F) Normal daily maximum; July 11° C (52° F) 10° C (50° F) Days with daily max. above
32° C (90° F) 20 120 Days with daily min. below
0° C (32° F) 50 3 Mean frost-free days 230 320

The average annual precipitation within the range of loblolly-bay is 1630 mm. (64 in) in Florida, declining to 1120 min (44 in) in North Carolina, and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.

Approximately 53 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during the months of June, July, August, September, and October. Annually there are from 110 to 120 days with only a trace of rainfall.

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Damaging Agents ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Only two symptoms of insects or pathogens have been observed locally. Neither causal agent was identified. An ooze was noticed in a wound at the base of a mature tree, but otherwise the tree appeared healthy. An unknown grazing insect consumed all but the leaf veins of the late-season flush of leaves during August. Another noticeable sensitivity is to fire. The thin bark and shallow root system of loblolly-bay probably contribute to its low fire tolerance.

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Flowering and Fruiting ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Flowers are perfect. Flower bud formation is visible by the time new leaves fully expand. The peduncle expands rapidly and the young bud slowly enlarges until it opens. Flower buds at the top of the tree open first. Flowers are first seen from the last week in June to the first week of July and may be seen until mid-August. Flowers remain open for 1 or 2 days and are pollinated by humble bees, thrips, flies, and hummingbirds. After the second day the sepals and petals fall, leaving the ovary at the end of the peduncle.

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Genetics ( Inglês )

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Because loblolly-bay is the only native tree in the genus (6), there are no hybrids. No information could be found concerning the genetics of loblolly-bay.

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Growth and Yield ( Inglês )

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Early tree growth (ages 5 to 15 years) is relatively rapid. Height growth for the first 15 years averages 0.6 m/yr (2.0 ft/yr), with a 10-year-old tree averaging 6.5 in (21.3 ft) in height. These figures do not compare with the seedling's growth figures because growth and yield measurements were made on stems that were most probably sprouts. Early diameter growth at breast height is about 0.4 cm/yr (0.2 in/yr), a 10-year-old tree being about 5.1 to 6.1 cm (2.0 to 2.4 in) in d.b.h.

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Reaction to Competition ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Loblolly-bay is classed as tolerant of shade. In bays and wet flats, where the tree cover is relatively light, loblolly-bay is a strong competitor. It generally increases in height faster than the pines on the adjacent upland. However, if loblolly-bay is overtopped, older trees will lose their characteristic conical shape and the crown will break up.

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Rooting Habit ( Inglês )

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The root system of loblolly-bay appears to reflect its strong tendency to reproduce by sprouting. A number of specimens examined had a large primary lateral root with secondary roots branching downward.

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( Inglês )

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As the ovaries develop they gradually turn brown and five sutures develop. Mature, open capsules are first seen during September or October, and all of the capsules open by the middle of December. Seeds are shaken out of the capsules by the wind and empty capsules remain attached until peduncle and capsule abscission, which first occurs about the last of December and continues through the winter.

Seedfall starts in October, peaks in December, and continues until the first of March. Loblolly-bay seeds are light (264,550 to 332,895/kg or 120,000 to 151,000/lb) and winged. Results from one study indicated that approximately 99 percent of the seeds produced fall within two tree heights of the source tree. This study also indicated that this distribution of seedfall is concentrated near the source tree, 60 percent of the seeds falling within a distance equal to one-half of the tree height, and 94 percent of the seeds falling within a distance equal to the tree height. Seedfall rates during a 2-year study varied from 2,645 to 272,920/ha (1,070 to 110,449/acre).

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Seedling Development ( Inglês )

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Seed germination in petri dishes in sunlight is high: 70 to 80 percent within 10 days. In a greenhouse heated at 13° to 16° C (55° to 60° F), similar germination percentages were obtained but up to 24 days were required. Germination is epigeal. Very few seedlings have been observed in the field and most of those seen apparently do not live past the first season. Loblolly-bay seedlings seem to require relatively open conditions and exposed soil for establishment. Older seedlings have only been observed where the mineral soil has been disturbed such as in recently plowed fire lines.

Initial growth of the seedlings is slow. Field observations indicated that by the end of the third growing season the seedlings were about 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) tall and by the eighth growing season they were only 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) high.

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Soils and Topography ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
In North and South Carolina, loblolly-bay is apparently very soil-specific even though it is found on several soil series. It grows on certain Spodosols, Inceptisols, Ultisols, and Histosols and to a lesser degree on Entisols and Mollisols (7). Soil profiles of a loblolly-bay site in South Carolina have the following general characteristics:

A1- O to 25 cm (0 to 10 in) black to dark gray, fine sand, loamy fine sand or loamy sand, very strongly or extremely acid,
A2- 25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 in ) black or gray, sand, loamy fine sand or sandy loam, very strongly or extremely acid (often there is no A2),
B- 38 to 51 to 127 cm (15 to 20 to 50 in) gray or brown, sand to sandy loam, very strongly acid (often not present),
C- 51 to 127 to 175 cm (20 to 50 to 69 in) gray or brown, sand, fine sand or loamy fine sand, strongly to very strongly acid.

Loblolly-bay grows in flat woodlands or shallow depressions with little or no slope, slow runoff, rapid permeability, and poor to very poor drainage. In South Carolina the soils are usually of sandy coastal plain or marine origin, except for the organic soils. The water table is at or near the soil surface for 6 to 9 months of the year.

In South Carolina's lower Coastal Plain, loblolly-bay is found in wet flats and in bays, typically the Carolina Bays (11). In the upper and middle Coastal Plain, it is found mainly along the edges of Carolina Bays and is widely dispersed in wet, flat woodlands on certain soil types.

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Special Uses ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Loblolly-bay has long been used by horticulturists in landscaping (1). Most research on loblolly-bay has been done by horticulturists interested in propagating it. In the Southeast, loblolly-bay is considered a handsome and hardy tree valued for its glossy dark-green leaves and abundant white flowers. Its wood has been used in cabinetmaking and its bark as a tanning agent (5).

Because of its ability to grow in wet bogs and flats where loblolly pine does poorly, loblolly-bay silviculture may offer a management alternative for such areas.

Laboratory papermaking tests conducted recently and other results reported in the literature (3,4) indicate that the pulp yield from loblolly-bay was acceptable (52 percent), the bulk of the paper was low (1.46 cm/g or 2.53 in/oz), and the strength acceptable. One laboratory test indicated a breaking length of 11,525 m (37,812 ft), a tensile strength of 10.2 kg/15 mm (38.1 lb/in), and a count of 836 folds using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology paper folding tester (1 kg or 2.2 lb). Although further testing needs to be done, these tests do not indicate any problems in making kraft paper from loblolly-bay pulp. Pulp mills in the lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina include loblolly-bay in their hardwood pulp.

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Vegetative Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Vegetative propagation of first-year shoots in a peat and sand medium under mist is commonly used by horticulturists (1). In the field, vegetative regeneration appears to be more common than regeneration from seed. Stump sprouts may grow as much as 1 in (3 ft) the first year after the tree is cut. These stump sprouts appear to be very attractive to deer and heavy browsing has been noticed.

Numerous root-collar sprouts are produced when the trees are killed by fire (9) or if the root system is mechanically damaged by a logging or disking operation.

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Distribution ( Inglês )

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Loblolly-bay is continuously distributed along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from the Albermarle Sound of North Carolina to the Appalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle. Discontinuous populations exist in Florida, the coastal counties of Alabama, and southern Mississippi. In South Carolina it is commonly found in the lower Coastal Plain, but in the middle and upper Coastal Plain it is restricted to specific sites.


-The native range of loblolly-bay.


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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
Theaceae -- Tea family

Charles A. Gresham and Donald J. Lipscomb

Loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasianthus), also called holly-bay, gordonia, and bay, is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree or shrub found in acid, swampy soils of pinelands and bays on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. It is slow growing with soft, light-colored, fine-grained wood of little commercial value, although loblolly-bay could be managed as a source of pulpwood. The white showy flowers and shiny foliage make it a desirable ornamental, but it is not easy to cultivate. Deer browse stump sprouts heavily.

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Gordonia lasianthus ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Gordonia lasianthus ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Gordonia innerhalb der Familie der Teestrauchgewächse (Theaceae). Sie kommt in den südöstlichen Vereinigten Staaten vor. Sie wird vielseitig verwendet.

Beschreibung

 src=
Blüte

Vegetative Merkmale

Gordonia lasianthus ist ein langsam wachsender, kleiner bis mittelgroßer immergrüner Baum oder Strauch. Er erreicht Wuchshöhen von etwa 15–25 Meter. Die bräunliche bis gräuliche Borke ist dick und furchig bis schuppig.

Die verkehrt-eiförmigen bis elliptischen oder lanzettlichen, ledrigen und kurz gestielten Laubblätter sind einfach. Die Blätter sind etwa 10–20 Zentimeter lang und 2,5–4,5 Zentimeter breit. Der Blattrand ist ganz bis gesägt, gezähnt, die Spitze ist rundspitzig bis spitz und die Blattbasis ist keilförmig. Die Nervatur ist gefiedert mit einer helleren, unterseits erhabenen Mittelader.

Generative Merkmale

Die relativ auffälligen, achselständigen, zwittrigen, duftenden und weißen Blüten sind lang gestielt, radiärsymmetrisch und fünfzählig mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Es sind viele Staubblätter vorhanden, die an der Basis in einem fleischigen, fünflappigen Ring verwachsen sind. Der behaarte Fruchtknoten ist oberständig mit einem dicken Griffel mit einer gelappten Narbe.

Es werden lokulizide, eiförmige und bespitzte, etwa 15–20 Millimeter lange Kapselfrüchte gebildet. Die vielen leichten, flachen und dunkelbraunen Samen sind einseitig geflügelt und mit Flügel 10–15 Millimeter lang.

Ökologie

Das weiche, helle, cremefarbene bis karminrote, feingemaserte Holz ist für die kommerzielle Nutzung wenig geeignet, obwohl es als Faserholz genutzt werden könnte. Beim Fällen alter Exemplare verströmt das Holz einen starken Geruch, ähnlich einer Mischung aus frischen Orangen und Kiefernharz. Die Rinde älterer Bäume nimmt Farben zwischen mittelgrau und rotbraun an. Tote Exemplare nehmen einen schimmernden Glanz an, wenn sie mehrere Jahre der Sonne ausgesetzt waren.

Die aus den Stümpfen treibenden Sprosse werden stark von Hirschen verbissen.

Entwicklung

Die Informationen dieses Abschnitts basieren auf Messungen und Beobachtungen in den nördlichen Küstenebenen von South Carolina.[1]

Reproduktion und frühe Stadien

 src=
Zweige mit Laubblättern, Blütenknospen und Blüte zu Beginn der Blütezeit im Juni im nördlichen Florida

Blüten und Früchte – Die Blüten sind vollkommen. Die Bildung der Blütenknospen erfolgt bei voller Entfaltung junger Laubblätter. Die Blütenstiele verlängern sich rasch, und die junge Knospe vergrößert sich langsam, bevor sich die Blüte, zunächst an der Spitze des Baumes, öffnet. Die ersten Blüten erscheinen ab der letzten Juniwoche und der ersten Juliwoche und bleiben bis Mitte August bestehen. Die Blüten bleiben für ein bis zwei Tage geöffnet und werden von Hummeln, Fransenflüglern, Fliegen und Kolibris bestäubt. Nach dem zweiten Tag fallen Kron- und Kelchblätter ab und lassen den Fruchtknoten am Ende des Stiels zurück.

Samenproduktion und -ausbreitung – Während der Entwicklung der Fruchtknoten werden diese schrittweise braun, und es entwickeln sich fünf Nähte. Reife, offene Kapselfrüchte erscheinen im September oder Oktober; bis Mitte Dezember sind alle Kapselfrüchte geöffnet. Die Samen werden vom Wind aus den Kapseln geschüttelt. Die leere Kapselfrüchte bleiben am Baum, bis sie zusammen mit den Blütenstielen ab Ende Dezember den ganzen Winter über abgestoßen werden.

Das Ausstreuen der Samen beginnt im Oktober, erreicht im Dezember seinen Höhepunkt und wird bis Anfang März fortgesetzt. Die Samen von Gordonia lasianthus sind leicht (265.000 bis 333.000 je Kilogramm) und geflügelt. Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung zeigten, dass etwa 99 % der Samen innerhalb eines Umkreises von der doppelten Baumhöhe um den Elternbaum herunterfallen, 94 % innerhalb eines Radius von der Baumhöhe und 60 % innerhalb eines Radius von der halben Baumhöhe. Während der zweijährigen Untersuchung schwankte die Samenproduktion zwischen 2.600 und 273.000 je Hektar.

Entwicklung der Keimpflanzen – Die Keimrate in besonnten Petrischalen ist hoch: 70 … 80 % der Samen keimen innerhalb von 10 Tagen. In einem beheizten Gewächshaus wurden bei 13 °C bis 16 °C ähnliche Keimraten beobachtet, doch waren dafür bis zu 24 Tage erforderlich. Die Keimung verläuft epigäisch. In freier Natur wurden nur sehr wenige Keimpflanzen beobachtet, und es scheint, dass die wenigsten die erste Saison überleben würden. Die Keimpflanzen von G. lasianthus scheinen lichte, exponierte Stellen zur Entwicklung zu benötigen. Ältere Setzlinge wurden nur an Stellen beobachtet, wie gestört wurden, wie z. B. in frischen Waldbrandschneisen.

Das Wachstum der Keimpflanzen ist zunächst langsam. Feldbeobachtungen zeigten, dass die Sämlinge zum Ende der dritten Vegetationsperiode 10 … 15 cm hoch waren, zum Ende der achten Vegetationsperiode erst 30 … 40 cm hoch.

Vegetative Vermehrung – Die vegetative Vermehrung einjähriger Schösslinge in einem Torf- und Sand-Medium unter Nebel wird von Gärtnern bevorzugt.[2] In der Natur scheint die vegetative Vermehrung häufiger zu sein als die über Samen. Schösslinge aus Baumstümpfen können im ersten Jahr nach dem Fällen des Baumes bis zu einem Meter hoch werden. Diese Schösslinge scheinen für Hirsche eine attraktive Nahrungsquelle zu sein, da starke Beweidung beobachtet wurde.

Zahlreiche wurzelbürtige Schösslinge werden erzeugt, nachdem der Baum verbrannte[3] oder wenn das Wurzelsystem durch Abholzen und Eggen mechanisch zerstört wurde.

Entwicklung der Schösslinge über Stangenholz zu reifen Bäumen

Wachstum und Ertrag – Das frühe Wachstum (bis zum Alter von 5 bis 15 Jahren) verläuft relativ rasch. Der Höhenzuwachs in den ersten 15 Jahren erreicht im Durchschnitt 0,6 m/Jahr, wobei 10-jährige Bäume im Schnitt eine Höhe von 6,5 Metern erreichen. Diese Raten werden nicht erreicht, wenn die Bäume aus Samen gezogen werden. Die Daten stammen aus Messungen an wurzel- oder stumpfbürtigen Schösslingen. Das frühe Dickenwachstum in Brusthöhe erreicht etwa 0,4 cm/Jahr, so dass ein zehnjähriger Baum 5,1 … 6.1 cm Durchmesser erreicht.

Wurzelsystem – Das Wurzelsystem von Gordonia lasianthus spiegelt die starke Tendenz der Art zur vegetativen Vermehrung wider. Eine Reihe untersuchter Exemplare wies eine große primäre seitwärts gerichtete Wurzel auf, von der aus sekundäre Wurzeln in die Tiefe gingen.

KonkurrenzverhaltenG. lasianthus wird als schattentolerant eingestuft. In Buchten und feuchten Senken, wo der Kronenschluss relativ licht ist, ist die Art konkurrenzstark. Im Allgemeinen wächst sie schneller als die Kiefern auf den benachbarten Hochflächen in die Höhe. Wenn sie jedoch überwuchert wird, verlieren ältere Bäume ihre typische konische Form, und die Spitze bricht ab.

Schadensursachen – Bisher wurden nur zwei Ursachen für lokale Schäden (Insekten und Pathogene) festgestellt. Allerdings wurde keiner der Schädlinge identifiziert. In der Wunde an der Basis eines älteren Baums wurde ein Schlamm gefunden, der Baum selbst schien jedoch sonst gesund. Ein unbekanntes Insekt war verantwortlich, als im August alle spät ausgetriebenen Blätter bis auf die Blattnerven abgefressen wurden. Ansonsten ist die Empfindlichkeit gegen Feuer zu erwähnen, zu der möglicherweise die dünne Rinde und die flachen Wurzeln beitragen. Totholz ist extrem anfällig für Pilze; ein Verrotten setzt schnell ein.

Vorkommen

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Natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet

Gordonia lasianthus kommt in den südöstlichen Vereinigten Staaten vor. Sie gedeiht dort in den Tiefländern der Atlantik- und Golf-Küsten. Sie ist durchgehend zwischen der Küste des südlichen Virginia bis zum Appalachicola River in Florida anzutreffen. Vereinzelte Populationen existieren in Florida, den Küsten-Countys von Alabama und Mississippi, im südlichen und südöstlichen Texas sowie im südlichen Louisiana. In South Carolina wird sie häufig in den Tieflagen der Küstenebenen angetroffen, ist in den mittleren und höheren Lagen dieser Regionen aber auf spezielle Standorte beschränkt.

Sie gedeiht am besten auf sauren, sumpfigen Böden von Kiefernheiden und Buchten

Klima im Verbreitungsgebiet

Das Klima im Verbreitungsgebiet von Gordonia lasianthus ist von milden Wintern und warmen Sommern bestimmt. Lufttemperatur-Daten aus einem Wetteratlas[4] lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen:

Der Jahresdurchschnittsniederschlag im Verbreitungsgebiet von Gordonia lasianthus liegt in Florida bei 1630 Millimetern (in North Carolina bei 1120 Millimetern) und ist über das Jahr einigermaßen gleich verteilt. Etwa 53 % des Jahresniederschlags entfallen auf die Monate Juni bis Oktober. Im Jahresverlauf gibt es zwischen 110 und 120 Tagen mit nur einer Spur Niederschlags.

Vergesellschaftung in Wäldern

Gordonia lasianthus wird in fünf Waldgesellschaften[5] innerhalb der Atlantischen Küstenebenen angetroffen.[6][3][7] Sumpfzypressen-Wälder (Typ 100 der Society of American Foresters) gibt es in mehreren der Carolina Bays mit stehendem Wasser. G. lasianthus gehört gemeinsam mit Aufrechter Sumpfzypresse (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) zum Arteninventar, möglicherweise wegen des hohen Grundwasserspiegels; sie wird an den besser durchlüfteten Rändern seltener. Hier wächst sie gemeinsam mit Weihrauch-Kiefer (Pinus taeda) und Persea borbonia var. borbonia in der Baumschicht sowie Lyonia lucida, Ilex glabra und Stechwinden (Smilax spec.) im Unterwuchs.

Gordonia lasianthus ist ein untergeordneter, aber nicht ständiger Bestandteil von Weihrauch-Kiefern-Wäldern (Typ 82). In den mäßig hoch gelegenen Küstenebenen von South Carolina ist sie üblicherweise mit Weihrauch-Kiefer, Wasser-Eiche (Quercus nigra), Amberbaum (Liquidambar styraciflua), Amerikanischer Stechpalme (Ilex opaca), Persea borbonia, Sumpf-Kiefer (Pinus palustris) und Tulpenbaum (Liriodendron tulipifera) vergesellschaftet. Sie wächst ausschließlich in den feuchteren Bereichen dieses Wald-Typs.

Gordonia lasianthus ist ein untergeordneter Bestandteil der Atlantischen Scheinzypressen-Wälder (Typ 97), zusammen mit Pinus serotina, Cyrilla racemiflora, Persea borbonia und Magnolia virginiana.

Pinus serotina-Wälder (Typ 98) bilden die typische Vegetation feuchter Senken und einiger Carolina Bays in South Carolina. Gordonia lasianthus, Pinus serotina, Magnolia virginiana und Persea borbonia sind die vorherrschenden Baumarten, die selten ein geschlossenes Kronendach bilden. Die mächtige Strauchschicht ist aus Lyonia lucida, Smilax-Arten, Ilex glabra und Gordonia lasianthus zusammengesetzt.

Magnolien-Tupelo-Persea-Wälder (Typ 104) sind die „Immergrünen Laubwälder“ der tiefer gelegenen Küstenebenen von North und South Carolina. Gordonia lasianthus ist ein untergeordneter Bestandteil, der in der Baumschicht gemeinsam mit Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica var. sylvatica, Magnolia virginiana und Quercus nigra wächst.

Böden und Topographie

In North und South Carolina ist Gordonia lasianthus anscheinend stark auf bestimmte Böden spezialisiert, auch wenn die Art auf verschiedenen Bodentypen gefunden wird. Sie wächst auf Podsolen, Inceptisolen, Ultisolen und Histosolen sowie mit einem geringeren Anteil auf Entisolen und Mollisolen.[8] Bodenprofile eines Standortes von Gordonia lasianthus in South Carolina sind durch folgende Eigenschaften in verschiedenen Bodenhorizonten charakterisiert:

  • A1 - 0 bis 25 cm: schwarz oder dunkelgrau; Feinsand oder lehmiger Sand; sehr stark oder extrem sauer,
  • A2 – 25 bis 38 cm: schwarz oder grau; Sand, lehmiger Feinsand oder sandiger Lehm; sehr stark oder extrem sauer (oft kein A2-Horizont vorhanden),
  • B – 38 bis 51 (127) cm: grau oder braun; Sand bis sandiger Lehm; sehr stark sauer (oft nicht vorhanden),
  • C – (51) 127 bis 175 cm: grau oder braun; Sand, Feinsand oder lehmiger Feinsand; stark bis sehr stark sauer.

Gordonia lasianthus wächst in ebenem Waldgelände oder flachen Mulden mit geringem oder ohne Gefälle, langsamem Wasserabfluss, starker Durchlässigkeit und geringer bis sehr geringer Durchlüftung. In South Carolina stammen die Böden mit Ausnahme der organischen Böden üblicherweise aus sandigen Küstenebenen oder dem Meer. Der Grundwasserspiegel liegt für 6 bis 9 Monate im Jahr direkt unter oder nahe der Bodenoberfläche.

In South Carolinas tiefer gelegener Küstenebene kommt Gordonia lasianthus in feuchten Senken oder Buchten vor, typischerweise in den Carolina Bays.[6] In den höher gelegenen Gebieten der Küstenebenen ist die Art in feuchten, flachen Wäldern auf verschiedenen Bodentypen weit verbreitet.

Trivialnamen in anderen Sprachen

Englischsprachige Trivialnamen sind: loblolly-bay, holly-bay, gordonia, bay.

Nutzung

Die attraktiven weißen Blüten und das glänzende Laub machen Gordonia lasianthus zu einer geeigneten Zierpflanze, die jedoch nicht leicht zu kultivieren ist. Gordonia lasianthus wurde lange Zeit von Landschaftsgärtnern verwendet.[2] Ein Großteil der Forschung wurde von Gärtnern initiiert, die an einer Verbreitung Gordonia lasianthus interessiert waren. Im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten gilt Gordonia lasianthus als genügsamer und harter Baum, der für sein glänzendes dunkelgrünes Laub und die zahlreichen weißen Blüten geschätzt wird.

Das Holz wurde zur Täfelung und die Rinde als Gerbstoff verwendet.[9] Wird die Rinde in warmes Wasser getaucht, werden sowohl der Behälter als auch das Wasser kräftig karminrot gefärbt.

Wegen der Fähigkeit, in nassen Mooren und Senken zu wachsen, wo die Sumpf-Kiefer nur schlecht gedeiht, könnte die forstwirtschaftliche Nutzung von Gordonia lasianthus im manchen Gegenden eine Alternative darstellen.

Labortests zur Papierherstellung in jüngerer Zeit und Daten aus der Literatur[10][11] legen nahe, dass die Fasergewinnung einen akzeptablen Ertrag (52 %) ergäbe; die Papierdicke (1,46 cm/g) war gering, die Festigkeit akzeptabel. Ein Labortest ergab eine Bruchlänge von 11.525 Metern, eine Zugbelastung von 10,2 kp/15 mm und eine Anzahl von 836 Faltungen bei Verwendung eines Faltungsprüfers des Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1 kg). Obwohl noch weitere Tests erforderlich sind, belegen diese Versuche keine Probleme bei der handwerklichen Herstellung von Papier aus den Fasern von Gordonia lasianthus. Zellstoffwerke in den tiefergelegenen Küstenebenen von South Carolina verwenden die Bäume in ihrer Produktion.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Charles A. Gresham, Donald J. Lipscomb: Selected Ecological Characteristics of Gordonia lasianthus in Coastal South Carolina. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 112, Nr. 1, Januar - März 1985, S. 53–58.
  2. a b L. H. Bailey: Standard encyclopedia of horticulture, Band 2. Macmillan, New York 1928, S. 1361.
  3. a b B. S. Wells: Plant communities of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina and their successional relations. In: Ecology. 9, 1928, S. 230–242.
  4. U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration: Weather atlas of the United States, (Nachdruck 1975). Auflage, Gale Research Co., Detroit, MI 1968, S. 262.
  5. F. H. Eyre (Hrsg.): Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC 1980, S. 148.
  6. a b B. W. Wells, S. G. Boyce: Carolina Bays: additional data on their origin and history. In: Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Society. 69, 1953, S. 119–141..
  7. B. W. Wells: The natural gardens of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 1932.
  8. Soil Survey Staff: Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys (= U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook), Band 436. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC. 1975, S. 754.
  9. E. S. Harrar: Hough's encyclopedia of American woods, Band 4. Robert Speller and Sons, New York. 1964.
  10. L. F. Foreman: Kraft pulping of southern hardwoods. In: Paper Mill News. 69, Nr. 4, 1946, S. 74.
  11. L. F. Foreman, D. D. Niemeyer: Kraft pulping of southern hardwoods (= Monograph Series 4). Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York 1947.
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Gordonia lasianthus: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

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Gordonia lasianthus ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Gordonia innerhalb der Familie der Teestrauchgewächse (Theaceae). Sie kommt in den südöstlichen Vereinigten Staaten vor. Sie wird vielseitig verwendet.

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Gordonia lasianthus ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Gordonia lasianthus (loblolly-bay, holly-bay, gordonia, or bay) is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree or shrub found in acidic, swampy soils of pinelands and bays on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the southeastern United States. It is a member of the tea or family Theaceae. It is slow growing with soft, light-colored (varies in color from cream to carmine), fine-grained wood of little commercial value, although loblolly-bay could be managed as a source of pulpwood. When older specimens are cut, the wood exudes a strong scent. It is similar to a mixture of fresh oranges and pine sap. The bark of the adult tree varies from medium grey to a red brown coloration. Dead adult specimens of loblolly bay exhibit a lustrous shine when exposed to sunlight for several years. The white showy flowers and shiny foliage make it a desirable ornamental, but it is not easy to cultivate. Deer browse stump sprouts heavily.

Habitat

Native range

Loblolly-bay is continuously distributed along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from Coastal Southern Virginia to the Appalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle. Discontinuous populations exist in Florida, the coastal counties of Alabama, the coastal counties of Mississippi, south and southeast Texas, and southern Louisiana. In South Carolina it is commonly found in the lower Coastal Plain, but in the middle and upper Coastal Plain it is restricted to specific sites.

Climate

The climate over the range of loblolly-bay is characterized by mild winters and warm summers. Air temperature data, compiled from a weather atlas (8), are as follows:

The average annual precipitation within the range of loblolly-bay is 1630 mm (64 in) in Florida, declining to 1120 mm (44 in) in North Carolina, and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.

Approximately 53 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during the months of June, July, August, September, and October. Annually there are from 110 to 120 days with only a trace of rainfall.

Soils and topography

In North and South Carolina, loblolly-bay is apparently very soil-specific even though it is found on several soil series. It grows on certain Spodosols, Inceptisols, Ultisols, and Histosols and to a lesser degree on Entisols and Mollisols (7). Soil profiles of a loblolly-bay site in South Carolina have the following general characteristics at various soil horizons:

  • A1- 0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 in) black to dark gray, fine sand, loamy fine sand or loamy sand, very strongly or extremely acid,
  • A2- 25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 in ) black or gray, sand, loamy fine sand or sandy loam, very strongly or extremely acid (often there is no A2),
  • B- 38 to 51 to 127 cm (15 to 20 to 50 in) gray or brown, sand to sandy loam, very strongly acid (often not present),
  • C- 51 to 127 to 175 cm (20 to 50 to 69 in) gray or brown, sand, fine sand or loamy fine sand, strongly to very strongly acid.

Loblolly-bay grows in flat woodlands or shallow depressions with little or no slope, slow runoff, rapid permeability, and poor to very poor drainage. In South Carolina the soils are usually of sandy coastal plain or marine origin, except for the organic soils. The water table is at or near the soil surface for 6 to 9 months of the year.

In South Carolina's lower Coastal Plain, loblolly-bay is found in wet flats and in bays, typically the Carolina Bays (11). In the upper and middle Coastal Plain, it is found mainly along the edges of Carolina Bays and is widely dispersed in wet, flat woodlands on certain soil types.

Associated forest cover

Loblolly-bay is found in five forest cover types (2) within the Atlantic Coastal Plain (9,10,11). Pondcypress (Society of American Foresters Type 100) is found in certain Carolina Bays with ponded water. Loblolly-bay is not found in the bay interior with pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans), probably because of the high water table; rather it is found along better drained margins. Here it is growing with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and redbay (Persea borbonia var. borbonia) in the overstory and fetterbush (Lyonia lucida), inkberry (Ilex glabra), and greenbrier (Smilax spp.) in the understory.

Loblolly-bay is a minor component of Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82) but cannot be found consistently. In the middle Coastal Plain of South Carolina, loblolly-bay is found with loblolly pine, water oak (Quercus nigra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), American holly (Ilex opaca), redbay, longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Loblolly-bay is found only in the wetter areas of this forest cover type.

Loblolly-bay is a minor component of Atlantic White-Cedar (Type 97), along with pond pine (Pinus serotina), swamp cyrilla (Cyrilla racemiflora), redbay, and sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana).

Pond Pine (Type 98) is the typical vegetation of wet flats and some Carolina Bays in South Carolina. Loblolly-bay, pond pine, sweetbay, and redbay are the tree species present, and they rarely form a closed canopy. The thick, shrub layer is composed of fetterbush, greenbrier vines, inkberry, and loblolly-bay.

Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay (Type 104) is the "broadleaf evergreen forest" of the lower Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina. Loblolly-bay is a minor component in the overstory along with red maple (Acer rubrum), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. sylvatica), sweetgum, and water oak.

Life history

The information of this section is based on measurements and observations made in the northern Coastal Plain of South Carolina.

Reproduction and early growth

Gordonia lasianthus beginning to bloom, June, N. Florida

Flowering and fruiting- Flowers are perfect. Flower bud formation is visible by the time new leaves fully expand. The peduncle expands rapidly and the young bud slowly enlarges until it opens. Flower buds at the top of the tree open first. Flowers are first seen from the last week in June to the first week of July and may be seen until mid-August. Flowers remain open for 1 or 2 days and are pollinated by humble bees, thrips, flies, and hummingbirds. After the second day the sepals and petals fall, leaving the ovary at the end of the peduncle.

Seed production and dissemination- As the ovaries develop they gradually turn brown and five sutures develop. Mature, open capsules are first seen during September or October, and all of the capsules open by the middle of December. Seeds are shaken out of the capsules by the wind and empty capsules remain attached until peduncle and capsule abscission, which first occurs about the last of December and continues through the winter.

Seedfall starts in October, peaks in December, and continues until the first of March. Loblolly-bay seeds are light (120,000 to 151,000/lb or 265,000 to 333,000/kg) and winged. Results from one study indicated that approximately 99 percent of the seeds produced fall within two tree heights of the source tree. This study also indicated that this distribution of seedfall is concentrated near the source tree, 60 percent of the seeds falling within a distance equal to one-half of the tree height, and 94 percent of the seeds falling within a distance equal to the tree height. Seedfall rates during a 2-year study varied from 2,600 to 273,000/ha (1,070 to 110,400/acre).

Seedling development- Seed germination in petri dishes in sunlight is high: 70 to 80 percent within 10 days. In a greenhouse heated at 13 °C to 16 °C (55 °F to 60 °F), similar germination percentages were obtained but up to 24 days were required. Germination is epigeal. Very few seedlings have been observed in the field and most of those seen apparently do not live past the first season. Loblolly-bay seedlings seem to require relatively open conditions and exposed soil for establishment. Older seedlings have only been observed where the mineral soil has been disturbed such as in recently plowed fire lines.

Initial growth of the seedlings is slow. Field observations indicated that by the end of the third growing season the seedlings were about 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) tall and by the eighth growing season they were only 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) high.

Vegetative reproduction- Vegetative propagation of first-year shoots in a peat and sand medium under mist is commonly used by horticulturists (1). In the field, vegetative regeneration appears to be more common than regeneration from seed. Stump sprouts may grow as much as 1 m (3 ft) in the first year after the tree is cut. These stump sprouts appear to be very attractive to deer and heavy browsing has been noticed.

Numerous root-collar sprouts are produced when the trees are killed by fire (9) or if the root system is mechanically damaged by a logging or disking operation.

Sapling and pole stages to maturity

Growth and yield- Early tree growth (ages 5 to 15 years) is relatively rapid. Height growth for the first 15 years averages 0.6 m/yr (2.0 ft/yr), with a 10-year-old tree averaging 6.5 m (21.3 ft) in height. These figures do not compare with the seedling's growth figures because growth and yield measurements were made on stems that were most probably sprouts. Early diameter growth at breast height is about 0.4 cm/yr (0.2 in/yr), a 10-year-old tree being about 5.1 to 6.1 cm (2.0 to 2.4 in) in d.b.h.

Rooting habit- The root system of loblolly-bay appears to reflect its strong tendency to reproduce by sprouting. A number of specimens examined had a large primary lateral root with secondary roots branching downward.

Reaction to competition- Loblolly-bay is classed as tolerant of shade. In bays and wet flats, where the tree cover is relatively light, loblolly-bay is a strong competitor. It generally increases in height faster than the pines on the adjacent upland. However, if loblolly-bay is overtopped, older trees will lose their characteristic conical shape and the crown will break up.

Damaging agents- Only two symptoms of insects or pathogens have been observed locally. Neither causal agent was identified. An ooze was noticed in a wound at the base of a mature tree, but otherwise the tree appeared healthy. An unknown grazing insect consumed all but the leaf veins of the late-season flush of leaves during August. Another noticeable sensitivity is to fire. The thin bark and shallow root system of loblolly-bay probably contribute to its low fire tolerance. Dead wood is extremely susceptible to rotting and Fungi.

Special uses

Loblolly-bay has long been used by horticulturists in landscaping (1). Most research on loblolly-bay has been done by horticulturists interested in propagating it. In the Southeast, loblolly-bay is considered a handsome and hardy tree valued for its glossy dark-green leaves and abundant white flowers. Its wood has been used in cabinetmaking and its bark as a tanning agent (5). If the bark is steeped in warm water, it will dye both the container and water a rich carmine color.

Because of its ability to grow in wet bogs and flats where loblolly pine does poorly, loblolly-bay silviculture may offer a management alternative for such areas.

Laboratory papermaking tests conducted recently and other results reported in the literature (3,4) indicate that the pulp yield from loblolly-bay was acceptable (52 percent), the bulk of the paper was low (1.46 cm/g or 2.53 in/oz), and the strength acceptable. One laboratory test indicated a breaking length of 11,525 m (37,800 ft), a tensile strength of 10.2 kgf/15 mm (38.1 lbf/in), and a count of 836 folds using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology paper folding tester (1 kg or 2.2 lb). Although further testing needs to be done, these tests do not indicate any problems in making kraft paper from loblolly-bay pulp. Pulp mills in the lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina include loblolly-bay in their hardwood pulp.

Literature cited

  • 1. Bailey, L. H. 1928. Standard encyclopedia of horticulture. Vol 2. p. 1361. Macmillan, New York.
  • 2. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.
  • 3. Foreman, L. F. 1946. Kraft pulping of southern hardwoods. Paper Mill News 69(4):74.
  • 4. Foreman, L. F., and D. D. Niemeyer. 1947. Kraft pulping of southern hardwoods. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Monograph Series 4. New York. p. 167-173.
  • 5. Harrar, E. S. 1964. Hough's encyclopedia of American woods. vol. 4. p. 131-135. Robert Speller and Sons, New York.
  • 6. Sargent, Charles Sprague. 1891–1902. Silva of North America. vol. 1. p. 41-44. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA.
  • 7. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Survey Staff. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 436. Washington, DC. 754 p.
  • 8. U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration. 1968. Weather atlas of the United States. (1975 Reprinted Edition.) Gale Research Co., Detroit, MI. 262 p.
  • 9. Wells, B. S. 1928. Plant communities of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina and their successional relations. Ecology 9:230-242.
  • 10. Wells, B. W. 1932. The natural gardens of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. p. 67.
  • 11. Wells, B. W., and S. G. Boyce. 1953. Carolina Bays: additional data on their origin and history. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Society 69:119-141.
  • 12. http://www.floridata.com/ref/g/gord_las.cfm

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government. Gresham, Charles A.; Lipscomb, Donald J. (1990). "Gordonia lasianthus". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2 – via Southern Research Station.

References

  1. ^ Rivers, M.C. (2015). "Gordonia lasianthus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T62077548A62077558. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T62077548A62077558.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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Gordonia lasianthus: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Gordonia lasianthus (loblolly-bay, holly-bay, gordonia, or bay) is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree or shrub found in acidic, swampy soils of pinelands and bays on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the southeastern United States. It is a member of the tea or family Theaceae. It is slow growing with soft, light-colored (varies in color from cream to carmine), fine-grained wood of little commercial value, although loblolly-bay could be managed as a source of pulpwood. When older specimens are cut, the wood exudes a strong scent. It is similar to a mixture of fresh oranges and pine sap. The bark of the adult tree varies from medium grey to a red brown coloration. Dead adult specimens of loblolly bay exhibit a lustrous shine when exposed to sunlight for several years. The white showy flowers and shiny foliage make it a desirable ornamental, but it is not easy to cultivate. Deer browse stump sprouts heavily.

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Gordonia lasianthus ( Norueguês )

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Gordonia lasianthus er et lite eller mellomstort, eviggrønt tre eller busk i tebuskfamilien som er utbredt i sørøstlige USA.

Den har en søyleformet krone og blir opptil 21 m høy med en stammediameter på 50 cm. Bladene er elliptiske, tannete, 10–16 cm lange og 3–5 cm brede; de er mørkegrønne på oversiden, men lysere og litt hårete på undersiden. Gamle blad blir røde og sitter på en stund før de faller av. Blomstene er store, 7,5 cm i diameter, og har fem hvite kronblad. Frukten er en kapsel.

Gordonia lasianthus vokser på sur og våt jord der grunnvannsspeilet er nært markoverflaten seks til ni måneder i året. Den unngår likevel de dypeste delene av dammer der sumpsypress (var. imbricarium) vokser, men finnes i stedet langs de bedre drenerte kantene. Andre treslag som arten vokser sammen med, er virakfuru, Persea borbonia, vasseik, ambratre, amerikakristtorn, sumpfuru, tulipantre, Cyrilla racemiflora, Magnolia virginiana, rødlønn og Nyssa biflora. I undervegetasjonen finnes blant annet Lyonia lucida og Smilax.

Arten har et sammenhengende utbredelsesområde på kystslettene mot Atlanterhavet og Mexicogolfen fra Nord-Carolina til Apalachicola i Florida. Isolerte bestander finnes lenger vest i Florida og i Alabama og Mississippi.

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Gordonia lasianthus: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO


Gordonia lasianthus er et lite eller mellomstort, eviggrønt tre eller busk i tebuskfamilien som er utbredt i sørøstlige USA.

Den har en søyleformet krone og blir opptil 21 m høy med en stammediameter på 50 cm. Bladene er elliptiske, tannete, 10–16 cm lange og 3–5 cm brede; de er mørkegrønne på oversiden, men lysere og litt hårete på undersiden. Gamle blad blir røde og sitter på en stund før de faller av. Blomstene er store, 7,5 cm i diameter, og har fem hvite kronblad. Frukten er en kapsel.

Gordonia lasianthus vokser på sur og våt jord der grunnvannsspeilet er nært markoverflaten seks til ni måneder i året. Den unngår likevel de dypeste delene av dammer der sumpsypress (var. imbricarium) vokser, men finnes i stedet langs de bedre drenerte kantene. Andre treslag som arten vokser sammen med, er virakfuru, Persea borbonia, vasseik, ambratre, amerikakristtorn, sumpfuru, tulipantre, Cyrilla racemiflora, Magnolia virginiana, rødlønn og Nyssa biflora. I undervegetasjonen finnes blant annet Lyonia lucida og Smilax.

Arten har et sammenhengende utbredelsesområde på kystslettene mot Atlanterhavet og Mexicogolfen fra Nord-Carolina til Apalachicola i Florida. Isolerte bestander finnes lenger vest i Florida og i Alabama og Mississippi.

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Gordonia lasianthus ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Gordonia lasianthus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Theaceae. Loài này được (L.) Ellis mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1770.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Gordonia lasianthus. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 9 năm 2013.

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Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Họ Chè (Theaceae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Gordonia lasianthus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Gordonia lasianthus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Theaceae. Loài này được (L.) Ellis mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1770.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI